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The Role of Soil Conservation in Promoting Agriculture

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The Role of Soil Conservation in Promoting Agriculture THE ROLE OF SOIL CONSERVATION IN PROMOTING AGRICULTURE PRO I)UCTION IN MASWA DISRICT, SHINYANGA - TANZANIA BY SINGU ISAACK ELIAS BEM/20006/82/DF \ DISSFRT\TION SI’BMITTED IN PARTIAl. FULFILMENT THF REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF KAMPALA INTERNATION UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 2011 DECLARATION I Singu Isaack Elias declare that this dissertation is my own work and has not been submitted for the award of a degree in any other university or institutions of higher learning. Student’s name: SINGU ISAACK ELIAS. Signature Date: APPROVAL This dissertation entitled “The Role of soil conservation in promoting agricultural production • i~:t T~inz~in a, ~ us done under my SU~CF\ isbn and it is ready for submission to the department of environmental sciences of Kampala International University for examination with my approval as supervisor Supervisor: DANSON MUSINGUZI Signature: Date ~ Iv~~fa DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my lovely wife Mercy Daniel, my sons Eliya, Jonathan and ni~ dau~lik1 Iiii~tni Kabula v~ ho iaiss~d mc during my study at. Kampala intcrnational university. May God bless them. 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am taking this opportunity to thanks our Lord Jesus Christ who kept me healthily throughout the learning period. My special thanks go to the lecturers in Environmental management department Mis Anne Tumushabe,(the head of department) Mr. Amon Orishaba, Mis Hadijah Katongole, Mr. Daniel Omuna and others for their technical guidance to me on how to go about this study. My appreciations go to my supervisor Mr. Danson Musinguzi for being close to me during my study and for his cooperation. I also thank my employer, the district excusive director (DED) for financial support and my lovely brother Robert E. Singu with his family for being close to me and giving me assistance financially in case of any bankruptcy during my study. Gratitudes go to my fellow Environment class members at Kampala International University for their assistance especially during group discussions, Mr. Johnson Jeps, Mr Linus, Mr Mohamed Miewa, Miss Rose Nankya, Mr. Kalisa Bwankoko, Mr. Kagisa and many others. Lastly great thanks go to our secretary Mrs. Omary Bori for assisting me typing re-arranging and editing my work. May God bless them all. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS \gricuhuic c~x~nsion relbim ARIU Agriculture research institute Ukiriguru CBOs Community Based Organization DED District executive director DGR District growth rate EOs Extension officers FFSs Farmers Field School FEEs larmer Lo Farmer Extension GDP Gross Domestic Product MALD Ministry of agriculture and livestock development MDC Maswa district council NGOs Non Governmental Organization SSF Small scale farmers T&V Training and Visit VEO Village executive officer v DEFINITIONS OF OPERATION TERMS Crop production is the art and science of crop raising in its broadest sense, agriculture comprises the eptire range of technologies associated with the production of useful products from plants and animals, including soil cultivation, crop and livestock management, and the activities of processing and marketing. Extension service - an educational opportunity provided by colleges and universities to people who are not enrolled as regular students procedures in improving farming methods, techniques and any other Environmental issues~ The activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill whereby people received no formal education. Environmental degradation is a process through which the natural environment is compromised in some way, reducing biological diversity and the general health of the Cil\ irunm~it. I hi~ process can be enurely natural in origin, or it can be accelerated or caused by human activities. Food security means assurance of minimal adequate levels of food for consumption. It prevails if all people have access at all times to enough food for an active and health life. Soil aggregates are clumps of soil particles that are held together by moist clay, organic matter such as roots by organic compounds from bacteria and fungi and by fungal hyphae pronounced highfee. Aggregates vary in size from about 2 thousandths of a millimetre across up to about 2 millimetres across, and are made up of particles of varying sizes Soil conservation is a set of management strategies for prevention of soil being eroded from the earth’s surface or becoming chemically altered by overuse, acidification, Sterilization salini7ation or other chemical soil reaction. vi Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil by means of water, wind and tillage which resulted from natural, animals and human activities and affects both agriculture and the natural environment. Soil loss, and its associated impacts, is one of the most important (yet probably the least well-known) of today’s environmental problems. Soil exhaustion is a condition that occurs frequently when plants of the same genus and spe cies are raised multiple times in the same location after one another. Through a deficiency in specific nutrients, reduced root growth with negative effects, depressed growth and harvests will then often appear, which can lead to reduced crops in fruit and vegetable gardens, and bad growth and flower blooms in a decorative garden. Soil Fertile has an abundance of plant nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, an abundance of minerals including zinc, manganese, boron, iron, sulfur, cobalt, copper, magnesium, molybdenum, and chlorine and an abundance of organic matter. In addition. fertile soil has a pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.2 and good drainage. vii TABLE OF CONTENT Declaration. ~A~pproval II I)edication ~Ii Acknowledgements iv list ofal,breviations V Definitions of operation terms vi Table of content viii Abstract Xi CHAPTERONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.lBackgroundtothestudy 1 1.2Problem statement 3 1.3Objective of the study 4 1.3.lResearch questions 4 .4Si.ope and iut.aliuti oI the stud) area 4 1.5 Significance of the study 5 ~ TWO 7 L.I’rER.A’rI.J1~.E L~E’~iIE’W 7 2.lAgriculture Potentiality 7 22 Natural resources 8 2.3 Soil erosion 8 22 Soil conservation technology 10 2.2.1 Farm planning 10 22.1 Classification of land based on slope and soil 11 22.2Culti’vationonSteepSlopes 11 22.3 Depositing effect ofrunoff 12 2.2.4 Damaging effects ofrunoff 13 2.3 Significance of slope 13 2.4 Aetiviucs which favour erosion 14 2.5 Prevention and control of erosion 14 VI” 2.5.1 Organic matter:-. 15 ~.5.. High ieiuli~y rates 15 2.5.3 Early Planting 16 2.5.4 Choice of crop 16 2.5,5 Companion crops 17 2.5.6 Mulching 17 2.5.7 Trash farming 18 2.5.8 Green manure 18 2.5.9 Rotations 19 2.5. 10 Contour farming 1 9 2.5.11 Ridging (or listing) 20 2.5.12 Strip cropping 20 2.5.13 Infiltration zones 21 2.6 Challenges experienced during implementation on soil conservation practices 21 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 24 3.1 Research design 24 3.2 Description of the study area 24 3.3 Study population 24 3.4.2 Sampling procedure 25 3.4 Sample size and sampling procedures 25 3.4.1 Sample sire 25 3.4.2 Sample size determination 26 3.5 Data collection instruments! methods 27 3.5.1 Questionnaire 27 3.5.2 Observations 27 3.5.3 Interviews schedule 28 3.6 Validity and reliability of the instruments 28 3.6.1 Reliability 28 3.6.2 Validity 29 ~ 7 Data analvsic 29 3.8Limitations of the study 29 ix rTT\pTrRrot’P. 30 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .30 4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents 30 4.1.1 Gender and age ofrespondents 30 4.1.2 Education level ofrespondents 30 4.1.3 Occupation ofrespondents 31 42PatternoflanduseinMaswadistrict 32 4.3 Yield utilization pattern 33 4.4 Production constraints 34 4.5 House hold food security information 36 CI•I.A.PI’Elt FIVE 38 EXCCUTIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATIONS 38 5.1 Executive summary 38 5.2 Conclusions 41 ~.., i{cwilunt11uaflons 42 5.3.1 Demographic characteristics ofrespondents 42 5.3.2 Pattern qIlciiul use 42 5.3.3 Yield utilization pattern 43 5.3.4 Production constraints 44 5.5.5 House holdfood security Information 45 REFERENCES 47 APPEI’Jl)ICES 49 APPEI41)IX 1 :Introciuctor3c letter 49 APPENI)I)C 2: (≥isestionnaires 54 APPENDlX3lnterviewGuide 54 x ABSTRACT This research study conducted in Maswa district. The overall objective of this study was to finding out the impacts of soil conservation practices in promoting agriculture production in Maswa district. The problem investigated by the researcher in this study was poor management practices of soil conservation in Maswa district and to suggest a better way of increasing sustainable soil use and crop production. The researcher used face to face interviews using questionnaires and interview informant guides, observations and computer Microsoft world excel to correct data and transform it into information respectively. The raw data was arranged and coded to eliminate errors before analysis and discussion was done. The study revealed that Females are not involved in decision making concerning conservation practices, only 27% of female respondents involved in the study. Farmers in Maswa district keep large number of livestock over the carrying ~ ~\ ~ CI~uson ~I~d WjN alleet agricultuic production h~ causing laud degradation Whereas management practices and technologies in soil conservation done by community members in Màswa district is done by few farmers in the district. Very few number of household affords having enough food throughout the year and manage to take thrice meals per day for about 23%. About 25% of farmers have irregular meals The researcher concluded and recommends that proper dissemination of the knowledge in conservation particularly in improving slopes in mountains will have a significant impact in agriculture production and sustainability.
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