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Development and Education in the Mwanza District (Tanzania), a Case Study of Migrationand Peasant Farming

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Development and Education in the Mwanza District (Tanzania), a Case Study of Migrationand Peasant Farming DOCUMENT RESUME ED 034 627 RC 003 892 AUTHOP Heijnen, Johannes Daniel TITLE Development and Education in the Mwanza District (Tanzania), A Case Study of Migrationand Peasant Farming. INSTITUTION Centre for the Study of Education in Changing Societies, Amsterdam (Netherlands). PUP DATE 20 Sep 68 NOTE 177p. FDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-T0.75 HC Not Available fromEDRS. DESCRIPTORS Academic Achievement, *Agriculture, Economic Disadvantagement, Educational Objectives, *Educational Problems, Employment,Geography, Job Market, *Migration, Population Trends,*Primary Education, *Rural Economics, VocationalEducation IDENTIFIERS *Africa, Tanzania ABSTPACT The objectives and functions of the primaryschool in Tanzania, Africa,are evaluated and analyzed in terms of the agricultural needs and employment ofthe residents. The document includes discussions on the people, theland, Mwanza Township (the area under study), migration (causes and consequences),influences of primary education on migration, productivityin peasant farming (cotton-growing methods), the Bukumbi creditunion, and the Usagara block cultivation scheme. The last chapterpresents conclusions on the observable effect of primary educationon economic behavior. Maps, charts, and graphs are included in thebody of the document. The appendices include statistical datacollected and the tests used in the study. rNot available in hardcopy due to marginal legibility of original document.1 (DB) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION N. THIS DOCUMENT HAS 11EN REPRODUCED EXACTLY ASRECEIVED FROM THE (\I PERSON OR ORGANIZAII014 ORIGINATING 11.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIAS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICEOF EDUCATION .1) POSITION OR POLICY. .4. re\ DEVELOPMENT AND c::, EDUCATION IN c) w THE MWANZA DISTRICT(TANZANIA) A CASE STUDY OF MIGRATION ANDPEASANT FARMING PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAADVAN DOCTOR IN DE SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN AAN DERIJKSUNIVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTORMAGNIFICUS, PROF. DR. J. LANJOUW, VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN DE SENAAT IN HET OPENBAAR IT VERDEDIGEN OP VRIJDAG20 SEPTEMBER 1968 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 3.15 UUR DOOR JOHANNES DANIEL HEIJNEN GEBOREN OP 4 DECEMBER 1936 TE RENKUM 1968 "BRONDER-OFFSET" ROTTERDAM PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. J.VAN BAAL CONTENTS page I Introduction II 1 The setting, Bukumbi subdivision:the land 7 III The setting, Bukumbi subdivision:the people IV 32 The setting, Mwanza Township 47 V Migration; causes andconsequences VI 68 The influence of primary educationon migration 91 VII Productivitity in peasant farming, cotton growing methods 105 VIII The Bukumbi credit union and the Usagara block cultivationscheme 135 IX Conclusion 147 MAPS AND FIGURES Map 1: Location of research areas 8 2: Bukumbi subdivision 9 3: Soil map Kigoma kibanda 12 4: Bukumbi subdivision, administratiVedivision 5: 16 Kigoma kibanda, pattern ofhabitation 33 6: Mwanza town 50 7: Second Mwanza townsurvey, tribal origin of non-Sukuma respondents (Tanzania only) 52 Figure 1: Outline of a catena with graniteoutcroppings according to Morison and Wright (mimeo 1951) 11 2: The ridge in Sukuma cultivation and the system of makingnew ridges 21 3: Bukumbi survey, age structureof respondents and of the childrenunder ten years of age living with them(exc. labourers Ng'walugwabagole emery) 37 4: Bukumbi survey, educationalstatus and age of respondents 40 5:Bukumbi survey, religious affiliationand educational standard of respondents 41 6: Bukumbi survey, statement ofrespondents on literacy 43 7: Second Mwanza townsurvey, age structure of respondents and of children under ten years of age living with them 55 8: First Mwanza townsurvey, age structure and educational standard of respondents 60 9: First Mwanza townsurvey, religious affiliation and educational standard of respondents 61 10: First Mwanza town survey, statement of respondents on literacy 62 APPENDIXES Appendix I: Literacy test applied in Mwanza town and Bukumbisubdivision 159 II: Additional tables from Bukumbisurvey 160 III: Additional tables from Mwanza town surveys 163 IV: Job preference test 166 V: List of tribes recorded in both Mwanza townsurveys 168 Glossary Bakwilima Young men, accompanying the bridegroom to his father-in-lew's homestead. Banamhala Members of the old men's society in the village. Banangoma Council of elders to the chief. Basumba Members of the society of young men and girls in the village. Buyobe The custom of cultivating land with the help of neighbours. Catena A distinct sequence of soil types on the slopes of the hills. Chama Society or association. E.A.R. & II. East African Railways and Harbours. Gunguli Administrative unit with a headman in charge, consisting of several shibanda. Ibambasi Hardpan soil, occurring between Mbuga and Itogoro, especially in the upper part of the valleys. Ibushi A calcareous chocolate loam or a friable Mbuga, of rare occurrence in Bukumbi subdivision. Ikurusi A rich loam, only produced from metamorphic rocks, of rare occurrence in Bukumbi subdivision. NU Cultivating society. Isanga Pale sandy soil, similar to Luseni, seepage area. Itongo Used in Bukumbi to describe the site of an abandoned homestead. Itogoro A grey cemented lower colluvial soil. Kibanda Administrative unit with a subheadman in charge, consisting of one or several nzengo. Kikungu I A red skeletal soil formed directly on granite. Kikungu II A red mature soil with an ironstone or ferricrete layer above the decomposing granite. Kaaba Piece of land cultivated by a member of the household. Kilup cf. Itongo. Kisumba Society of young men and girls in the village. Lugum Term used by Harris (mimeo 1966) to describe dark gritty soil near granite outcropping. Luseni Pale coloured upper colluvial soil, generally without a definite concretionary horizon. Mbuga Dark coloured soil of the valleys. Nduha Used in Northern Sukumaland to denote all red soils, in particular Kikungu I and IL Nsumba ntale Leader of the Kisumba. N. U. T. A. National Union of Tanganyika Workers. Nzengo Smallest residential unit larger than the homestead. Village in the sociological sense. Sesa The scraping off of the weeds, shortly before ridging. Shamba Field. Shibanda Plural of kibanda. Strip Witchweed (strip helmontica). flgonjwa illness. Utani Special, generally joking, relationship. Ir.F.CU. Victoria Feduation of Co-operative Unions. 1 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. The subject. The present study forms part ofa series of six reports, based on the findings df a research project undertaken by the Centre for the Study of Education in Changing Societies (Amsterdam). The project as a whole centred round the role and the effect of primary education in a modern African society. The field workwas carried out from January 1965 to April 1967 in the Mwanza district, Tanzania, bya team of six members representing different fields. Each team member concentratedon one or more specific topics related to the general theme of the project as a whole. The members of the team, other than the author were: Mr. L.F.B. Dubbeldam, sociologist, who made a study of various school sociological aspects, including the position of the primary school teacher. Mrs. A.C. Grol-Overling, educationalist, who dealt with the methods and techniques of school education. Mr. J. Kaayk, psychologist, who specialized on the psychological effects of primary education on personality. Mr. P.B. Renes, educationalist and anthropologist, who studied a teacher training centre in the research area. Miss C. Varkevisser, anthropologist, who collected material on the cultural background of the population and later concentrated on the early home education of the child. The task of the present author was to make a study of the economic development in the area and to assess the observable effect of primary education on economic behaviour. The relevance of this topic is obvious. Like many other developing countries, Tanzania spends some 20 per cent of the total government revenues on educating its youth. of which primary I 1 1 education consumes by far the greatest portion. All hopesare set on education as an in- strument promoting rapid economic development. Money isa scarce resource everywhere in the world, but this holds perhapseven more true in the "tiers monde". From this angle the huge investments in "human capital" through primary educationcan only be justified, if the school really functions as an effective instrument of economicand social change. Naturally a choice had to be made among the many research topics whichthe earlier mentioned task demands. The main parts of the investigationswere: The conducting of three general surveys, to provide thenecessary background data. An analysis of the nature of migration and of the size of thelabour market. A study of peasant farming, with emphasison cotton growing practices. A study of a credit union and a mechanized block cultivation scheme,both located in our research area. One of the functions of the primary school, froman economic point of view, is to prepare a number of its pupils for further education in secondary schools, in orderto satisfy the requirements for middle- and high-levelmanpower. In practice, especially in the higher standards, all efforts are at present directed towardssuccess in the general entrance exami- nation, which opens the door to the secondary school. Secondaryschool education has become the chief object of parents, children and teachers in the primaryschools. The teachers and the school tend to be judged according to the percentage of "passes"in the general entrance examinations. Yet, only
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