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Superconducting Fault Current Limiter-A Review International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 2, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Superconducting Fault Current Limiter-A Review Shilpi Yadav1, Kamlesh Bharati2, Vijay Tewari3 Rajkiya Engineering College Kannauj UP India Abstract system. Thus to suppress the fault current magnitude in smart grid having DC and AC microgrid, SFCL The electricity demand is increasing at a very high could be utilize which has not only a faster response rate. Introduction of Distributed Energy Sources time to reduce the magnitude of fault current by its (DES) is the highest change happening to the quenching properties of a superconductor compared distribution network. This paper describes different to conventional protection techniques but also types of current limiting methods which reduce the increases the transient stability of power systems [3]. magnitude of the fault current. The interconnected In resistive type SFCL, no adverse effects when the distributed energy sources to the conventional grid grid will working normally, but in the case of fault, improves the power generation capacity of the power the alteration from the state of superconducting into system but also increases the magnitude of fault normal conducting state provide optimal resistance to current which cannot tolerate by the short-circuit power networks immediate, which reduces the ratings of the circuit breaker, relays, isolator etc. current more effective and fast [4], [5]. Research and Many conventional methods for the protection development of SFCL are being conduct by several against excessive fault current installed in power electrical manufacturers, and utility for electric systems, mainly at the power stations are the transmission lines. Future installing of SFCL in the sequential circuit breaker tripping, current limiting transmission network will require the evaluation of reactor, high impedance transformer and bus their impact on the coordination between generator splitting. The problem with these methods are overall capability curves and generator distance phase time increase for fault clearance, unwanted power backup protection [6]. loss, expensive. This paper reviews on the innovative electric equipment i.e. Superconducting Fault Current Conventional Techniques for Protection Against Limiter (SFCL), which reduces fault current Fault Current magnitude in first cycle of fault current. Increase in distributed power generation sources causes rise in degree of fault current. This raised in Keyword: Distributed Energy Sources, Fault fault current has untimely effect on equipment of current, Superconducting Fault Current Limiter power system. Therefore it is essential to minimize (SFCL), Protection Equipment. this increased fault current. Power system manager can use different methods to provide protection Introduction against increased fault current[7]. Table 1 list out some of these techniques and their advantages and The requirement of the electricity in the world is disadvantages. From the Table 1given below it is increasing at a high rate including India and demand concluded that conventional fault current limiter of power is greater than the supply of power due to methods are not technical and economically efficient. bigger houses, population growth, air conditioners, bigger TVs and more computers. Up to now, many Table 1 Technique to Limit Fault Current[8-10] techniques such as, higher impedance transformer, split bus bars and fuses have been used in many S. Techniques Advantages and industries to suppress magnitude of the fault currents. No Disadvantage However these devices can degrade the reliability of Air-cooled transformers or the power system and increases power loss. SFCL is reactors with large one of the most emerging solutions to resolve the reactance can be utilized to raise impedance. problem of increasing fault current[1],[2]. By the Increase System Disadvantages: different routes from generating plant to the 1. Impedance undesirable power loss, conventional grid, DC and AC microgrid, the excess extra capital outlay and fault current in one microgrid could produce adverse power quality problems. effect in the neighboring Microgrid and due to the domino effect it leads to a blackout in the whole Page 1 of 6 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 2, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com It requires first opening of the upstream circuit breaker and after that downstream. Sequential Circuit Circuit breaker will be 2. Breaker tripping open. Disadvantages: This method increases final time required for fault removal. High magnitude of voltage applied to the system to reduce current level. Increase system Disadvantages: not 3. Voltage feasible method because high voltage equipment devices has higher cost. When a fault occurs, normally more than one Fig.1 Current during Normal and Faulty Upgrade Multiple breaker will be contrived. Condition with and without SFCL Circuit Breaker Thus Upgradation of 4. breakers are required. To improve the capacity of current HTS have been Disadvantage: Expensive developed to meet the requirements of power system. method and also not feasible Superconductor in parallel with substrate used to limits the resistance of SFCL in normal state. Therefore SFCL are fabricating using Bi-2223, Bi- Superconducting Fault Current Limiter 2212 film, YBCO, Zr02(Y), SrTi03 and MgO are The SFCL is a device which has the potential to limit normally used substrate materials. There specific fault current magnitude within the first cycle of fault resistance is approximately 100times more than the current whereas circuit breaker requires two to three normal superconducting material. Fig.2 shows the cycles of fault current. The application of SFCL in SFCL with impedance ZSH in parallel to reduce the the power system would not only reduce the stress on problem of hot spot during transition from the system devices, but also improves the security superconducting state to normal state[13]. and reliability of the power system[11]. There are different types of SFCL, which are of different design and of different superconducting material. Fig.1 shows the current with and without SFCL in different operating conditions[12]. The SFCL first made in 1983, employing low temperature material. The material was NbTi having eminent current carrying capacity but Low Temperature Superconductor (LTS) has one drawback cooling cost were very high. To overcome Fig.2 SFCL with Cooling System this drawback High Temperature Superconductors SFCL Applications in Power System (HTS) are developed. HTS fault current limiter is more satisfactory than LTS fault current limiter In a power system an SFCL can be placed at different because, location such as: (i) Feeder Point (i) More effective thermal stability (ii) Bus-Tie Location (ii) Less Refrigeration cost (iii) Busbar Coupling (iii) High ordinary specific resistance (i). SFCL at feeder point The Resistive type SFCL can be either used in the outgoing feeders or incoming feeders as transformer feeder, rely on the safety task as shown in Fig.3. This application provides protection for all components downstream at the point of installation. The device rating changes according to the chosen location [14]. Page 2 of 6 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 2, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com (iii) Hybrid Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (HSFCL) (i). Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (RSFCL) Fig.3 SFCL in feeder point The simplest type of SFCL is the RSFCL as shown in Fig.6 in which cryogenic shield is used (ii). SFCL in Bus-Tie Location for cooling purpose. It is simple because the Locating SFCL in a bus-tie location provide superconductors are series connected with the significant advantages in shunting bus sections phase conductors electrically. Resistive SFCL by considering loss of one or more transformers works on the concept that a current is passing in in the substation this is shown in Fig.4. It also the conductor, when this passing current is more provides paralleling of bus sections in formerly than the rated critical current, IC of split substations, more flexible arrangements, superconductor, quenching initiates and this allowing interconnectivity and improved power results in a switching to a resistive state. In quality. Depending on the fault reduction normal condition no electrical losses due to SFCL required and bus-bar topology one or more because it offers negligible zero resistance [17- SFCLs can be installed with minimum changes 19]. to existing protective devices[15]. Fig. 4 SFCL in Bus-Tie Location Fig.6 RSFCL Circuit Diagram (iii). Bus bar Coupling (ii). Inductive Superconducting Fault Current The Resistive type SFCL is mainly preferable for Limiter (ISFCL) busbar coupling this is shown in Fig.5. In fault condition, this limiter secures that the short- An inductive saturated iron-core SFCL is shown circuit offering from the non faulty bus is in Fig.7, It comprise of two iron cores, which are highly reduced. The non faulted side can operated by a DC bias supply. Two iron cores are support almost stable operation and voltage[16]. used that can limit the fault current in both directions. The inductive type SFCL has some unique merits like, large design flexibility because of the turn ratio, insulation between a power transmission
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