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Fault Current Limiters Types, Operations and Its Limitations Rafiq Asghar ABSTRACT: Fault Currents Can Degrade Circuit Breakers and Other Expensive System Components

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Fault Current Limiters Types, Operations and Its Limitations Rafiq Asghar ABSTRACT: Fault Currents Can Degrade Circuit Breakers and Other Expensive System Components International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 2, February-2018 ISSN 2229-5518 1020 Fault Current Limiters Types, Operations and its limitations Rafiq Asghar ABSTRACT: Fault currents can degrade circuit breakers and other expensive system components. By installing FCLs, many utilities can protect the system from detrimental condition with low cost. Solid state and superconductor based FCL technology are developed and getting greater attention from the market. With the cost reduction in high power switching devices and introduction of HTS wires the FCLs can be utilize for numerous applications at commercial and transmission level. This paper highlights the downsides of FCLs that will be problematic for fault current protection. The downsides can be further improved to amputate the possibility of failure and enhance reliability of systems. Keywords: Grid Fault, Fault current limiter, Superconductor FCL, Solid State FCL. ————————— ————————— 1. INTRODUCTION enhancing the stability of electrical power systems. Fault current is the accidental or abnormal One solution is the used of fault current limiter (FCL). connection between phases or phase to earth. In Fault current limiter recognizes and limits the short electrical fault the impedance of system becomes very circuit level during substation fault without low at effected point as a result of 5 to 15 times of disconnecting wind turbine. The FCL is the series rated current flow through the system. When this protection device which shows low impedance large fault current passes through the components, during normal operation. When the fault occurs on create excessive heat which can be damage or burn the system, the impedance increases to a the equipment. Mismatch loads, overload of power predetermined value and so prevents over-current system equipment, short circuits, or failure of devices strain which can cause damaging, degradation, are the major reasons for transient current. Many electromechanical forces and additional heating of protection devices were introduced to control the electrical equipment. excess fault current. The most common used are fuses, circuit breaker, and reactors. These devices have numerous constraint and not feasible to regulate the fault current. IJSERThe fuse interrupts the entire portion which is cover by it until it is manually replace [1]. Air-Core Reactors (ACR) has a voltage drop which requires voltage regulation to level the output voltage. Further it has high stray magnetic field which produce eddy current losses in nearby equipments and produce heat and it is very difficult to enclose [2] [3]. The circuit breaker used for HV system have Figure 1: Equivalent circuit of FCL high-priced such as for 66kV substation the cost of CB 2. IDEAL FAULT CURRENT LIMITER is from $18,000 to $20,000 excluding installation and maintenance expenses while the life span is FCL are suitable for various application in power inadequate [4]. There has been an increased in system such protection of electrical generator, research surveys for the alternate solution of transmission and distribution system and bus bars. Ideally FCL should be capable of confining the first ———————————————— peak of fault current and withstand stresses imposed • Rafiq Asghar is currently pursuing masters degree program in electric power engineering in University of Engineering and Technology on distribution and transmission system due current Peshawar, Pakistan. and voltage. In normal operation mode, it exhibits • E-mail: [email protected] low impedance, low voltage drops and low power [email protected] loss while in fault condition it should have large impedance. It should provide instantaneous and accurate judgment between a temporary overcurrent IJSER © 2018 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 2, February-2018 ISSN 2229-5518 1021 situation and a true fault event. The recovery time with the variation in temperature, current and should be minimum under full load current, or even magnetic field [7]. In Figure 2, superconducting state under overcurrent conditions. The installation and exists when T < Tc, H < Hc and J < Jc. When maintenance cost should be low and should have superconductor materials cooled down below its long service life [5]. critical temperature, resistance immediately drops to The transition period from normal state to faulted zero. At this stage superconductors have the ability to state should fast enough to provide protection from perfectly conduct electrical current. A basic property the continuous fault. However, a very immediate of SFCL is the electric field strength E, which depends increase of the impedance leads to unsafe overvoltage on current density J, the temperature T and the in the circuit. The time of impedance change from magnetic flux density B. If there is no applied field 2ms to 4 ms is sufficient for the restriction of the first [8], fault current peak and prevent over voltages [6]. 3. OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE For symmetrical three-phase fault, when the capacity of the circuit breaker is less than the transient (퐼푠) and steady state fault current (퐼푠푠), then the FCL should limit the excesses current. This leads to the constraint on FCL impedance 푍푛: 푈 푝ℎ 푍푛 > − 푍퐾푀 (1) 퐼푐푐 Figure 2: Boundary limit for superconductor [7] where 푈푝ℎ is phase voltage, 푍푘푚 impedance of the circuit under fault condition. The maximum value of 퐸 = 퐸(퐽, 푇) (4) impendence 푍푘 that initiates the operation of the FCL Superconductor conductor usually obeys power law and limit excessive current only, for flux flow. 퐽 푈 푛(푇) 푧 푝ℎ (2) 퐸(퐽, 푇) = 퐸푐. ( ) (5) 푘< − 푍푛 퐽푐 2퐼푛푚 Both critical electric field (퐸푐) and current density (퐽푐) The initiation current of the FCL (퐼푎) to its are the functions of temperature. During faulted impedance 푍푛 can be related from the following equation: condition, the temperature of superconductor rises 푈푝ℎ with passage of time. 퐼 > 2푘 퐼 (3) 푎 푡푐 푛푚 푈 −2푍 퐼 휕푇 푝ℎ 푛 푛푚 퐶 = 퐸(퐽, 푇 ) · 퐽(푡) (6) 휕푡 Where 퐾푡푐 is the transientIJSER current coefficient. For non- Due to non-linear behavior of superconducting symmetrical faults, the conditions are replaced by materials they are very suitable for FCLs operation more complex expressions and depend on the type of [9]. The superconductor FCL are broadly classified fault. into two groups: quench type SFCLs and non-quench- 4. TYPES OF FAULT CURRENT LIMITER type SFCLs. In the non-quench-type SFCL, the transition between two states is not required [10]. Many FCLs types are introduced to limit overcurrent as well as to improve LVRT capabilities 4.1.1 QUENCH TYPE SUPERCONDUCTOR FCL of wind turbine but these have some constraints and drawbacks that reduce the capability of LVRT which will be examined in next section. FCL are classified In quench-type SFCL, transition occurs from into major two groups which uses different technique superconducting state to normal stage and the for limiting excess current such as superconducting resistances of the superconductor exponentially FCL [5] and Solid FCL. increase and restrict the current passing through the material. These phenomena are called quenching. Under quenching state of SFCL, the over current 4.1 SUPERCONDUCTOR FAULT CURRENT radiate excessive thermal energy which rapidly LIMITER increases the temperature of the SFCL element. A cooling arrangement is used to prevent overheating Superconductor materials can conduct electricity and reduce to the thermal effect on the element [11]. and carry electrons from one atom to another with no Quench-type SFCL further classified into: resistance. The current limiting performance initiate IJSER © 2018 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 2, February-2018 ISSN 2229-5518 1022 • RESISTIVE TYPE SFCL secondary shorted winding. The secondary side superconducting materials (Li) are situated in cryostat In resistive type SFCLs shown in Figure 3, the which is a refrigerant. Through mutual coupling of superconducting materials are connected in series AC coils an electrical connection is made linking the with the line to be protected. Resistive type line and the superconducting materials. The magnetic superconductor FCL works on a zero-resistance field produced due to primary link the secondary principle. During normal operation, the value of superconducting material. On the occurrence of fault, current and temperature are less than the critical current on secondary increases which quench the values of Ic & Tc and show small impedance to the HTS element and as a result a voltage increase occur flow of current. During faulted condition, due to large across 퐿1 that counteract to fault current [14]. current density the temperature of superconducting material rises. Hence transition occurs from superconducting to normal state as a result the resistance increased proportional to the current. Thus, the excessive current is limited [12]. Figure 4: Inductive type SFCL [12] Under normal operation the flux density can be calculated as [15], 푁 퐵0 = 휇0 퐼 (10) 푙1 During fault condition, the flux density (B) penetrates Figure 3: Resistive type SFCL [16] 휇 The resistivity of the superconductor materials is a into the core by a factor of 푟, and hence the binary function of temperature and current density inductance considerably increases. 퐵 = 휇 (퐵 − 휇 퐽 (푟 − 푟 )) [13]. 푐 푟 0 0 푐 20 2푖 (11) 푟 − 푟 Where ( 20 2푖) is the thickness of the 0 (퐽 < 퐽푐, 푇 < 푇푐) superconducting material. 퐽 The main drawbacks of the shielded iron core type 휌 = {휌푐( )푛−1 (퐽 > 퐽푐, 푇 < 푇푐) (7) 퐽푐 IJSERinductive SFCL are its weight which is due to its 휌퐻푇푆(푇) 푇 > 푇푐 heavy iron core, and the voltage drop throughout Where normal operation triggered by leakage reactance. This 휌푐 = 퐸푐/퐽푐 (8) leakage reactance exists between the spaces of two 퐽푐 = 퐽푐0(푇푐 − 푇)/(푇푐 − 푇표푝) (9) windings and also distorts the magnetic field in the Where, 휌푐 is the critical resistivity, 퐽푐0 is the critical air gap. current density, n is the exponential index and 푇표푝 is operational Temperature.
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