NORDIC MAJOR CITY STATISTICS Data on 16 Major Cities and Their Regions

NORDIC MAJOR CITY STATISTICS Data on 16 major cities and their regions. From the NORDSTAT database (nordstat.org) Iceland

Reykjavik

Finland Norway Oulu Sweden

Trondheim

Tampere Turku Helsinki Bergen Oslo Stockholm Stavanger

Gothenburg Denmark Aalborg

Århus Copenhagen Odense Malmö

2 The NORDSTAT database 16 major Nordic cities work together INFORMATION Oslo kommune Utviklings- og kom to produce comparable statistics. This petanseetaten collaboration has been established for City of Copenhagen, www.oslo.kommune.no/statistikk/ close to 30 years now. Koncernservice, Statistics [email protected] City of Stockholm ”Major City Regions of Scandinavia” www.kk.dk/statistik City Executive office was first published in 1992. One of the [email protected] pioneering new features of the publi City of Helsinki Urban Facts http.start.stockholm/om-stock cation was that it defined major city www.hel.fi holms-stad/utredningar-statistik- regions, and presented comparable och-fakta/statistik/ statistics for cities, regions and coun City Halls Reykjavik tries. In connection with this project, www.reykjavik.is the NORDSTAT database, which is available at www.nordstat.org, was set up. Contents Page Since then, current statistics have been Map of the Nordic region...... 2 added to the database on an annual Contents...... 3 Contact details for capital city statistics ...... 3 basis. An extract from the database Population...... 4 has been published each year, entitled Population pyramids...... 6 ”Nordic Major City Statistics”. Households...... 8 Migration...... 10 It is now 28 years since the database Foreign citizens...... 12 was first launched. The fact that data is Dwellings completed...... 14 now available for a significant number Educational background...... 16 of years means that considerable time Proportion of jobs in different industries...... 18 Emloyment and unemployment...... 20 series can be produced. This year’s Participation in the last four elections...... 22 publication includes a number of The municipalities included in each region...... 22 time series, with key figures or indices from the database, in order to give an This report was produced by Sweco Society AB. The data presented was obtained idea of the information which can be from the NORDSTAT database: www.nordstat.org compiled using the database.

The database contains more and more detailed information.

3 POPULATION AND POPULATION Population 1 Jan 2019 CHANGES

City Region The Nordic major city regions are steadily growing. This growth has risen Change Total Change Total 2018 1 Jan. 2019 2018 1 Jan. 2019 from less than half a percent per year in Copenhagen 10 730 624 018 19 436 2 050 154 the 1970s to over one percent annually Aalborg 1 630 215 188 1 412 590 560 since the turn of the millennium. The Odense 1 355 203 703 1 699 497 942 population in the regions has increased Århus 3 655 344 076 6 778 890 142 Helsinki 7 650 650 922 18 028 1 493 123 from 8.5 million inhabitants in 1971 Tampere 1 663 233 516 6 673 391 974 to over 14,3 million 2019. Oulu 7 088 208 898 8 404 256 679 Turku 586 190 255 2 228 330 300 Reykjavik 6 786 132 827 7 095 229 579 Cities and regions have developed at Oslo 6 834 680 303 15 512 1 303 007 different rates in different periods. Bergen 744 280 536 2 427 420 084 Until the turn of the millennium the Stavanger -590 132 550 629 333 365 Trondheim 2 272 195 773 3 080 265 163 regions of Oulu, Stavanger and Rey Stockholm 10 015 959 776 35 521 2 343 664 kjavik had the fastest incease. Between Gothenburg 7 577 571 616 12 577 1 025 146 2000 and 2010, the population in the Malmö 4 736 338 369 10 899 730 084 regions of Oulu, Tampere, Stavanger and Reykjavik increased significantly. Since 2010, the regions of Stockholm, Oulu, Oslo has shown the fastest Population changes 1971-2019. Prognoses 1 Jan. 2020-2040. increase. Index: 1971=100 * Modified regionalization Copenhagen Odense In regions, but also cities, the regional 280 280 division has changed over the years. In 260 260 240 240 Oulu more municipalities were being 220 220 added to the region. This has also been 200 200 180 180 the case in the regions of Stockholm, 160 160 Gothenburg and Malmö as well as in 140 140 120 120 Aalborg and Århus. 100 100 80 80 60 60 The cities are growing steadily as well, 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40 but on a smaller scale than in the regions. Population growth has been more moderate in the Danish cities and Aalborg Århus regions. In the city of Copenhagen the 280 280 260 260 population has even decreased until 240 240 shortly before the millennium. 220 220 200 200 180 180 160 160 The charts on this page and the next * 140 140 * page show population trends from 120 120 1971 onwards and a forecast up until 100 100 80 80 2040. 60 60 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40

Pages 6-7 show population pyramids Region City for cities and regions 2008 and 2018. 4 Helsinki Reykjavik Trondheim 280 280 280 260 260 260 240 240 240 220 220 220 200 200 200 180 180 180 160 160 160 140 140 140 120 120 120 100 100 100 80 80 80 60 60 60 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40

Tampere Oslo Stockholm 280 280 280 260 260 260 240 240 240 220 220 220 200 200 200 180 180 180 160 160 160 140 140 140 * 120 120 120 100 100 100 80 80 80 60 60 60 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40

Oulu Bergen Gothenburg 280 280 280 260 260 260 240 240 240 220 * 220 220 200 200 200 180 180 180 160 160 160 140 140 140 * 120 120 120 100 100 100 80 80 80 60 60 60 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40

Turku Stavanger Malmö 280 280 280 260 260 260 240 240 240 220 220 220 200 200 200 180 180 180 160 160 160 140 140 140 * 120 120 120 100 100 100 80 80 80 60 60 60 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40 71 80 90 00 10 20 30 40

5 Population by age (% of the whole population in the regions) 2008 and 2018 Region City Copenhagen Helsinki age 2008 2018 age 2008 2018

100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2

Aalborg Tampere age 2008 2018 age 2008 2018 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2

Odense Oulu age 2008 2018 age 2008 2018

100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2

Århus Turku age 2008 2018 age 2008 2018 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2

6 Reykjavik Trondheim age 2008 2018 age 2008 2018

100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2

Oslo Stockholm age 2008 2018 age 2008 2018

100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2

Bergen Gothenburg age 2008 2018 age 2008 2018

100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2

Stavanger Malmö age 2008 2018 age 2008 2018 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2

7 HOUSEHOLDS Households 1 Jan 2019 40 % of all households in the regions City Region consist of one person. 31 % consist of With children With children two people, with the remainder con sisting of three or more people. This Total 0-17 years % Total 0-17 years % has not, in a significant way, changed Copenhagen 303 862 75 825 25% 936 667 281 681 30% Aalborg 106 182 26 010 24% 282 474 74 051 26% since 1991. In central municipalities, Odense 98 358 25 450 26% 236 204 63 712 27% single-person households make up Århus 163 331 41 892 26% 408 398 118 690 29% 45 % of all households, slightly less Helsinki 335 061 62 360 19% 717 625 163 881 23% Tampere 127 639 21 495 17% 195 237 40 948 21% than 20 years ago. Oulu 99 329 22 058 22% 116 914 28 326 24% Turku 105 025 16 721 16% 167 113 33 317 20% During the period 1991-2019 the pro Reykjavik 73 691 ...... Oslo 345 670 76 961 22% 609 453 159 158 26% portion of households consisting of Bergen 138 848 32 121 23% 194 502 50 461 26% one person have grown in the regions Stavanger 60 990 16 383 27% 142 816 43 458 30% Trondheim 103 043 22 631 22% 131 524 31 793 24% and cities in Denmark (with the excep Stockholm 452 953 ...... tion of Copenhagen), Finland and in Gothenburg 267 015 ...... Reykjavik. In Norway and Sweden the Malmö 156 277 ...... development has been the opposite. . . Data not available.

We find the highest proportion of small households in the capital regions. Households by size 1 jan 1992 and 2019 (%) The proportion of households with Copenhagen Odense children are on the whole lower in the 0 20 40 60 80 100 cities than in the regions. We find the 0 20 40 60 80 100 lowest proportion of households with Region 1992 Region children in the cities of Turku and 1992 City Tampere and the highest in Stavanger 1992 City 1992 and Copenhegen regions. Region 2019 Region 2019 City Household size is closely associated City 2019 with the size of the dwellings. For 2019 example, a higher share of larger hous eholds in Stockholm is due to a shift towards larger apartments between Aalborg Århus

1991 and 2019. 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

Region Region 1992 1992

City City 1992 1992

Region Region 2019 2019

City City 1 person 2 persons 2019 2019 3 persons 4+ persons

8 Helsinki Reykjavik Trondheim

0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

Region Region Region 1992 1992 1992

City City City 1992 1992 1992

Region Region Region 2019 2019 2019

City City City 2019 2019 2019

Tampere Oslo Stockholm

0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

Region Region Region 1992 1992 1992

City City City 1992 1992 1992

Region Region Region 2019 2019 2019

City City City 2019 2019 2019

Oulu Bergen Gothenburg

0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

Region Region Region 1992 1992 1992

City City City 1992 1992 1992

Region Region Region 2019 2019 2019

City City City 2019 2019 2019

Turku Stavanger Malmö

0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

Region Region Region 1992 1992 1992

City City City 1992 1992 1992

Region Region Region 2019 2019 2019

City City City 2019 2019 2019

9 MIGRATION Net migration 2018

The charts on this spread shows migra City Region tion trends for the period 1992-2018. Total From abroad Total From abroad Migration is shown in relation to Copenhagen 3 771 3 836 8 405 7 881 population. Aalborg 1 404 549 2 704 2 241 Odense 1 222 1 196 1 689 2 263 Most of the cities and major city re Århus 2 724 1 096 -840 1 547 Helsinki ...... gions gained a relatively large influx Tampere ...... of new inhabitants, especially in the Turku ...... mid-1990s and since the mid-2000s. Reykjavik ...... Oslo 2 214 3 574 4 589 5 752 In recent years, growth has slowed Bergen 130 651 229 756 somewhat. This is particularly evident Stavanger 153 380 441 492 in Norwegian cities and regions. Years Trondheim 1 749 1 259 1 850 1 486 Stockholm 5 788 10 384 23 255 23 452 when net migration has been negative Gothenburg 4 485 7 248 11 105 9 798 are significantly few and have primarily Malmö 3 317 3 819 7 974 6 935 concerned the cities. . . Data not avaialble. Net migration has been lowest in the Danish regions, most clearly seen in Odense and Aalborg up until recent years. In recent years, net migration Net Migration 1992-2018 (%) has been low in Oslo, Bergen and Stavanger. Copenhagen Odense

3,0 3,0 The NORDSTAT database includes 2,5 2,5 more detailed vital statistics. 2,0 2,0 1,5 1,5 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,5 0,0 0,0 -0,5 -0,5 -1,0 -1,0 -1,5 -1,5 -2,0 -2,0 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

Aalborg Århus

3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,0 2,0 1,5 1,5 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,5 0,0 0,0 -0,5 -0,5 -1,0 -1,0 -1,5 -1,5 -2,0 -2,0 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

Region City

10 Helsinki Reykjavik Trondheim

3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 -0,5 -0,5 -0,5 -1,0 -1,0 -1,0 -1,5 -1,5 -1,5 -2,0 -2,0 -2,0 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

Tampere Oslo Stockholm

Oulu Bergen Gothenburg

Turku Stavanger Malmö

11 FOREIGN CITIZENS Foreign citizens 2019

Foreign nationals has gradually in City Region creased in most cities and regions, both Foreign Other Other Other Foreign Other Other Other in terms of numbers as in percentage citizens Nordic Europe country citizens Nordic Europe country of the population. Copenhagen 104 905 13% 49% 38% 246 865 10% 50% 39% Aalborg 16 074 9% 49% 42% 39 768 8% 51% 41% In Sweden, the proportion of foreign Odense 18 467 10% 52% 38% 35 800 8% 52% 40% nationals was relatively high at the Århus 32 368 9% 47% 44% 69 936 7% 53% 40% Helsinki* 60 969 3% 49% 48% 128 559 2% 53% 45% beginning of the Nordstat presenta Tampere* 10 651 2% 37% 60% 12 820 3% 41% 56% tion period – the early 1990s. In the Oulu* 5 868 4% 28% 68% 6 184 5% 29% 66% Swedish cities almost one of ten citizen Turku* 12 346 4% 48% 48% 15 471 4% 50% 46% Reykjavik* 15 596 4% 78% 17% 23 122 5% 80% 15% had foreign citizenship at that time. Oslo 44 316 8% 62% 30% 189 975 19% 52% 29% In the regions, the proportion was Bergen 44 363 10% 61% 28% 32 208 9% 59% 32% slightly lower. With the exception of Stavanger 25 041 11% 50% 39% 19 539 12% 55% 33% Trondheim 275 825 12% 40% 48% 20 434 11% 48% 40% the development in Malmö and the Stockholm 91 003 12% 34% 54% 110 068 12% 40% 49% Malmö region since the mid-2000s, Gothenburg 81 985 20% 35% 45% 66 288 11% 34% 56% the proportion of foreign nationals in Malmö 48 091 24% 32% 44% 49 869 22% 32% 46% the Swedish cities has not increased in * Refer to 2018 the same extent as we have seen for example in Norway. There, since the mid-2000s, the rise has accelerated. Foreign citizens 1991-2019 (% of population)

The lowest percentage of foreign Copenhagen Odense citizens is seen in the Finnish cities 18 18 of Tampere, Oulu and Turku – as has 16 16 been the case throughout the reported 14 14 period. But also in these cities he pro 12 12 10 10 portion of foreign citizens increases. 8 8 6 6 Overall, the proportion of foreign 4 4 2 2 nationals is a few percentage points 0 0 higher in the cities than in the entire 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 regions. The greatest difference bet ween the city and region is noted for Aalborg Århus Copenhagen. 18 18 16 16 The database Nordstat includes fo 14 14 12 reign citizens in the categories; Other 12 10 10 Nordic country, other EU country, 8 8 other European country, North Ame 6 6 rica, Asia and other country. 4 4 2 2 0 0 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 Region City

12 Helsinki Reykjavik Trondheim

18 18 18 16 16 16 14 14 14 12 12 12 10 10 10 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19

Tampere Oslo Stockholm

Oulu Bergen Gothenburg 18 18 18 16 16 16 14 14 14 12 12 12 10 10 10 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19

Turku Stavanger Malmö 18 18 18 16 16 16 14 14 14 12 12 12 10 10 10 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19

13 DWELLINGS COMPLETED Dwellings 1 Jan 2019 and dwellings completed 2018

The construction of dwellings varies City Region considerably between the regions. Completed Total Completed Total Housing construction has naturally 2018 1 jan 2019 2018 1 jan 2019 been most notable in the major re Copenhagen 6 376 328 036 11 240 1 023 443 gions. The construction is mainly Aalborg 2 237 118 239 3 286 344 740 Odense 1 384 102 934 2 239 264 785 located in parts of the regions outside Århus 3 858 173 145 6 593 453 650 the cities. But there are exceptions. Helsinki ...... Tampere ...... Oulu ...... Oulu, and also Tampere, has for all Turku ...... reported years had a high level of Reykjavik ...... residential construction. In recent Oslo 4 241 336 901 10 112 599 605 Bergen 1 444 139 910 2 492 199 766 years Stavanger and Trondheim re Stavanger 362 61 693 1 542 146 166 gions have exhibited high housing Trondheim 1 768 102 493 2 095 132 146 production. Stockholm 5 497 465 236 15 150 1 031 759 Gothenburg 2 738 265 275 5 812 452 368 Malmö 2 927 158 398 4 512 319 792 In absolute terms, most new dwellings have been completed in the Stockholm region in the last ten years, more than 10 000 annually.

Dwellings completed 1992-2019 (% of dwelling stock)

NEXT SPREAD Copenhagen Odense – LEVEL OF EDUCATION The next spread presents the level 3,5 3,5 of education, in terms of number 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5 of years. The proportion of high 2,0 2,0 education has increased steadily in all 1,5 1,5 cities and regions. In most cases, the 1,0 1,0 proportion of highly educated people 0,5 0,5 is higher in cities than in regions 0 0 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

Aalborg Århus

3,5 3,5

3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5

2,0 2,0

1,5 1,5 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,5

0 0 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 Region City

14 Helsinki Reykjavik Trondheim

3,5 3,5 3,5

3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,5

2,0 2,0 2,0

1,5 1,5 1,5 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,5 0,5

0 0 0 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

Tampere Oslo Stockholm

3,5 3,5 3,5

3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,5

2,0 2,0 2,0

1,5 1,5 1,5 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,5 0,5

0 0 0 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

Oulu Bergen Gothenburg

3,5 3,5 3,5

3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,5

2,0 2,0 2,0

1,5 1,5 1,5 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,5 0,5

0 0 0 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

Turku Stavanger Malmö

3,5 3,5 3,5

3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,5

2,0 2,0 2,0

1,5 1,5 1,5 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,5 0,5

0 0 0 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

15 Educational background 25–64 years 1 jan 1992-2019 13- years 10-12 years 0-9 years Unknown

Copenhagen Helsinki* Region City Region City

100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

Aalborg Tampere* Region City Region City

Odense Oulu* Region City Region City

Århus Turku* Region City Region City 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

* The classification of education (ISCED) was changed in 1998. The data on year 1997 and before is not comparable with the data from year 1998 and onwards.

16 Reykjavik Trondheim Region City Region City

Oslo Stockholm Region City Region City

Bergen Region City Gothenburg Region City

Stavanger Malmö Region City Region City 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

17 Proportion of jobs in different industries 1st of January 2018

Copenhagen * HelsinkiHelsinki* Region City Region City Region City

1% 1% 4% 3% 2%

5% 8% 7% 10% 12% 6% 14% 21% 19% 30% 25% 25% 31% 27% 23% 11% 10%

6% 7% 21% 24% 22% 25%

Aalborg*Aalborg * Tampere Region City Region City Region City

2% 4% 4% 5% 3% 5% 2% 6% 16% 20% 21% 18%

28% 29% 33% 36% 24% 19% 23% 19%

8% 11% 14% 18% 6% 19% 4% 3%

Odense * Oulu*Oulu Region City Region City Region City

5% 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 4% 12% 4% 17% 19% 19%

33% 34% 36% 25% 33% 24% 18% 18%

5% 5% 13% 15% 17% 18% 5% 3%

Århus * Turku*Turku Region City Region City Region City 2% 4% 3% 5% 1% 4%4% 5% 17% 12% 20% 16%

31% 32% 30% 33% 25% 20% 25% 21%

4% 6% 16% 19% 18% 20% 3% 4%

Manufacturing and construction Trade, transport and accomodation Information and media Finance, real-estate, liberal professions and support services Public administration, education, health and social welfare servies 18 Arts and culture recreation and other services Other and unknown Reykjavik * Helsinki*Trondheim Region City Region City Region City 2% 3% 3%

6% 13% 4% 13% 4% 12%

Data not available 29% 21% 21% 27% 38% 38%

4% 4% 16% 7% 17% 18%

OsloAalborg* Stockholm * Region City Region City Region City

3% 2% 3% 2%

5% 10% 6% 9% 4% 11% 5% 7%

21% 24% 24% 21% 28% 31% 30% 22%

12% 9% 8% 9% 29% 19% 23% 23%

Bergen Oulu*Gothenburg * Region City Region City Region City

3% 3% 6% 6% 3% 3% 4% 15% 4% 12%

19% 18% 22% 21% 29% 36% 36% 30% 22% 21% 3% 15% 3% 17% 18% 5% 20% 6%

Stavanger Turku*Malmö * Region City Region City Region City

3% 3% 11% 3% 17% 15% 17% 4% 14% 12% 4% 4% 15% 19% 4% 32% 35% 22% 23% 29% 34% 15% 13% 3% 6% 17% 5% 21%

* Data refer to 2017 19 EMPLOYMENT Labour market 2018 AND UNEMPLOYMENT City Region

For most cities the level of unem Employed Unemployed Employed Unemployed ployment reached a peak in 1993-95. 1 Jan. annual average 1 Jan. annual average At that time, the sixteen regions had Copenhagen* 367 861 12 137 995 837 29 917 a combined total of over half a mil Aalborg* 100 982 3 996 243 875 8 640 lion unemployed. Unemployment has Odense* 93 447 3 666 190 319 7 337 Århus* 181 307 6 091 380 617 12 291 since fallen in most cities and regions. Helsinki** 302 012 35 283 680 050 71 607 In many cities and regions unemploy Tampere** 98 619 16 079 163 420 22 430 ment reached a lowest level in 2008. Oulu** 81 953 13 162 99 898 15 101 Turku** 79 229 12 595 138 884 17 434 It has since then incerased somewhat. Reykjavik* 68 235 757 120 384 1 211 This is for example seen in Helsinki, Oslo 347 301 9 820 639 312 16 206 Tampere, Oulu and Turku. Bergen 135 121 4 443 197 119 6 458 Stavanger 63 240 2 240 157 781 5 285 Trondheim 95 792 2 213 127 428 2 910 Unemployment rates differ signifi Stockholm 480 378 19 030 1 114 107 43 327 cantly between countries more than Gothenburg 271 493 12 125 484 353 16 771 Malmö 138 786 11 545 306 187 17 398 between cities or regions. * Emplyed refer to 2017. ** Unemployed refer to 2017 Finnish cities generally report the highest proportion of job seekers. Unemployed (looking for work) 20–64 years 1995-2018 (annual average) % The cities often have somewhat higher levels of unemployment than their Copenhagen Odense surrounding regions, e.g. Malmö and 18 18 Turku. 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17

Aalborg Århus

18 18 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 Region City 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17

20 Helsinki Reykjavik Trondheim

18 18 18 16 16 16 14 14 14 12 12 12 10 10 10 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17

Tampere Oslo Stockholm

18 18 18 16 16 16 14 14 14 12 12 12 10 10 10 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17

Oulu Bergen Gothenburg

18 18 18 16 16 16 14 14 14 12 12 12 10 10 10 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17

Turku Stavanger Malmö

18 18 18 16 16 16 14 14 14 12 12 12 10 10 10 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17

21 Participation (%) in the last six/seven elections to local councils 1992-2019

100 Den inn Ien Noy Seen 90

0 Copen- Aalborg Odense Århus Helsinki Tampere Oulu Turku Reykjavik Oslo Bergen Sta- Trond- Stock- Gothen- Malmö hagen vanger heim holm burg

ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION 2010, 2014 and 2018, in Norway in the 1990’s Reykjavik had the highest 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 and level of electoral participation, but Municipal elections are held every four 2015. For Iceland data refer to 1994, it has fallen gradually. In Stockholm years in the Nordic countries. Munici 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014. and Gothenburg 84 % participated pal elections were held in Finland in in the latest local election. The lowest 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 Electoral participation is high in the voter turnout we find in Finland and and 2017, in Denmark in 1993, 1997, Nordic countries. Since 1992, the level Norway. There is no general direction, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013 and 2017, in of electoral participation in the cities either towards higher or lower turnout Sweden in 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, has varied between 50 % and 90 %. In

he Major Nordic Cities and Re municipalities: Albertslund, Allerød, ninglund, Frederikshavn, Hjørring, Tgions have been functionally de Ballerup, Brøndby, Dragør, Egedal, Jammerbugt, Læsø, Mariagerfjord, limited. They all comprise a major Fredensborg, Frederikssund, Furesø, Morsø, Rebild, Thisted and Vesthim city of 100 000 inhabitants or more, Gentofte, Gladsaxe, Glostrup, Greve, merland. and a commuting area consisting of Gribskov, Halsnæs, Helsingør, Herlev, neighbouring municipalities. Hillerød, Hvidovre, Høje-Taastrup, Compared to the former region the Hørsholm, Ishøj, Køge, Lejre, Lyng new region was in 2007 increased with by-Taarbæk, Roskilde, Rudersdal, Rø 82000 inhabitants. The municipality DENMARK dovre, Solrød, Tårnby og Vallensbæk. of Aalborg was in 2007 increased with The Copenhagen Region was in 2007 30 000 inhabitants. THE COPENHAGEN REGION decreased with 10 000 inhabitants. The Copenhagen Region includes part THE ODENSE REGION of the administrative region called THE AALBORG REGION The region includes part of the ad Region Hovedstaden and parts of Re The region correspond to the admi ministrative Region Syddanmark. It gion Sjælland. It consists of the central nistrative Region Nordjylland. It con consists of Odense and 9 surroun municipalities Copenhagen City and sists of Aalborg and 10 surrounding ding municipalities: Assens, Nordfyn, Frederiksberg, and the surrounding 31 municipalities: Brønderslev-Dron Faaborg-Midtfyn, Kerteminde, Lang

22 eland, Middelfart, Nyborg, Svendborg ICELAND SWEDEN and Ærø. THE REYKJAVIK REGION THE STOCKHOLM REGION THE ÅRHUS REGION The region comprises 9 munici The region comprises Stockholm The region includes part of the ad palities: Reykjavik, Mosfellssveit, and the 25 other municipalities in ministrative Region Midtjylland. It Seltjarnarneshreppur, Kopavogur, the Stockholm County: Danderyd, consists of Århus and 10 surrounding Gardahreppur, Bessastadahreppur, Ekerö, Järfälla, Lidingö, Norrtälje, municipalities: Favrskov, Hedensted, Hafnarfjördur Kjalarneshreppur and Sigtuna, Sollentuna, Solna, Sundby Horsens, Norddjurs, Odder, Randers, Kjosarhreppur. berg, Täby, Upplands-Bro, Upplands Samsø, Silkeborg, Skanderborg and Väsby, Vallentuna, Vaxholm, Österå Syddjurs. ker, Botkyrka, Haninge, Huddinge, NORWAY Nacka, Nykvarn, Nynäshamn, Salem, Compared to the former region the Södertälje, Tyresö and Värmdö. new region was in 2007 increased with THE OSLO REGION 137000 inhabitants. The region comprises the city of Oslo THE GOTHENBURG REGION and the Akershus County with 22 The region consists of Gothenburg municipalities: Vestby, Ski, Ås, Frogn, and 12 neighbouring municipalities: FINLAND Nesodden, Oppegård, Baerum, As Ale, Alingsås, Härryda, Kungsbacka, ker, Aurskog-Höland, Sörum, Fet, Ra Kungälv, Lerum, Lilla Edet, Möln THE HELSINKI REGION elingen, Enebakk, Lörenskog, Skeds dal, Partille, Stenungsund, Tjörn and The region comprises Helsinki and mo, Nittedal, Gjerdrum, Ullensaker, Öckerö. 13 neighbouring municipalities: Es Nes, Eidsvoll, Nannestad and Hurdal. poo, Kauniainen, Vantaa, Hyvinkää, THE MALMÖ REGION Kerava, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, THE BERGEN REGION The region comprises 12 muni Sipoo, Järvenpää, Tuusula, Vihti and The region comprises Bergen and 13 cipalities: Eslöv, Höör, Malmö, Lund, Mäntsälä, Pornainen (from 1.1.2001). neighbouring municipalities: Fusa, Trelleborg, Vellinge, Kävlinge, Sku Samnanger, Os, Sund, Fjell, Asköy, rup, Svedala, Staffanstorp, Lomma THE TAMPERE REGION Vaksdal, Osteröy, Meland, Öygarden, and Burlöv. The region comprises Tampere Radöy, Lindås and Austrheim. and 7 neighbouring municipalities: Kangasala, Lempäälä, Nokia, Pirk THE STAVANGER REGION kala, Vesilahti, Ylöjärvi and Orivesi The region consists of Stavanger and (from 1.1.2010). the following 9 neighbouring muni cipalities: Sandnes, Hå, Klepp, Time, THE OULU REGION Gjesdal, Sola, Randaberg, Strand and The region comprises Oulu and Rennesöy. 6 neighbouring municipalities: Kempele, Muhos, Hailuoto, Liminka, THE TRONDHEIM REGION Lumijoki and Tyrnävä. The region comprises Trondheim and the following 5 neighbouring muni THE TURKU REGION cipalities: Melhus, Skaun, Klaebu, The region comprises Turku and 10 Malvik and Stjördal. neighbouring municipalities: Naan tali, Raisio, Kaarina, Lieto, Masku, Nousiainen, Paimio, Rusko, Sauvo and Mynämäki.

23 COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAM- PERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AAL- BORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTH- ENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANG- ER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIKIn 1990 sixteen OSLO Nordic BERGEN cities STAVANGER started a statistical TRONDHEIM project STOCKHOLM – GOTHENBURG MALMÖ CO- PENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM NORDSTAT – aiming to create a database containing only STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLMvariables that GOTHENBURGcould be compared MALMÖ in a COPENHAGEN reliable way. The AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAM- PERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLOdatabase BERGEN contains STAVANGER statistics TRONDHEIM from the16 STOCKHOLM Urban regions, GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AAL- BORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPEREtheir ”core OULU cities” TURKU and – REYKJAVIKwhere it is meaningful OSLO BERGEN – on eachSTAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTH- ENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORGcountry. ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANG- ER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIKThe figures OSLO have BERGENbeen chosen STAVANGER mainly from TRONDHEIM the cities´ ownSTOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ CO- PENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUSdata HELSINKI holdings, corresponding TAMPERE OULU to the TURKU official REYKJAVIK statistics in OSLO each BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖcountry COPENHAGEN and broken AALBORG down to ODENSEregional and ÅRHUS local HELSINKI level. The TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLMNORDSTAT closely GOTHENBURG follows available MALMÖ COPENHAGENinternational stan AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAM- PERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AAL- dards and recommendations for statistical variables. BORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTH- ENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANG- ER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURGThis publication MALMÖ includes COPENHAGEN a number AALBORG of time series,ODENSE with ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGERkey figures TRONDHEIM or indices STOCKHOLM from the database,GOTHENBURG in order MALMÖ to give COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIKan idea of OSLOthe information BERGEN whichSTAVANGER can be TRONDHEIMcompiled using STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ CO- PENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM the database. STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAM- PERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLOIf youBERGEN wish toSTAVANGER learn more TRONDHEIMabout the Nordic STOCKHOLM cities and theGOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AAL- BORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERENORDSTAT OULU project TURKU we REYKJAVIKrecommend OSLOa visit BERGENto the NORD STAVANGER- TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTH- ENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORGSTAT website: ODENSE www.nordstat.org ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANG- ER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ CO- PENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAM- PERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AAL- BORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTH- ENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANG- ER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ CO- PENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAM- PERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AAL- BORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTH- ENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANG- ER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ CO- PENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AALBORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAM- PERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTHENBURG MALMÖ COPENHAGEN AAL- BORG ODENSE ÅRHUS HELSINKI TAMPERE OULU TURKU REYKJAVIK OSLO BERGEN STAVANGER TRONDHEIM STOCKHOLM GOTH-