INTRODUCTION

Herbs are staging a comeback and herbal „renaissance‟ is happening all over the globe. The herbal products today symbolise safety in contrast to the synthetics that are regarded as unsafe to human and environment. Although herbs had been priced for their medicinal, flavouring and aromatic qualities for centuries, the synthetic products of the modern age surpassed their importance, for a while. However, the blind dependence on synthetics is over and people are returning to the naturals with hope of safety and security.

Over three-quarters of the world population relies mainly on plants and plant extracts for health care. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other, were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries such as United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries such as China and India, the contribution is as much as 80%. Traditional systems of medicine continue to be widely practised on many accounts. Population rise, inadequate supply of drugs, prohibitive cost of treatments, side effects of several allopathic drugs and development of resistance to currently used drugs for infectious diseases have led to increased emphasis on the use of plant materials as a source of medicines for a wide variety of human ailments.

About 8,000 herbal remedies have been codified in Ayurveda. Unfortunately, much of the ancient knowledge and many valuable plants are being lost at an alarming rate. With the rapid depletion of forests, impairing the availability of raw drugs, Ayurveda, like other systems of herbal medicines has reached a very critical phase. Medicinal plants are being widely used, either as single drug or in combination in health care delivery system. Indian Dhātaki ,Woodfordia fructiosa (Family: Lytheraceae) is a commonly know Indian Medicinal Plant, which is widely recognized in traditional systems of Medicine.

From the ancient literature like Caraka Samhitā, Susruta samhitā to till today Dhātaki has been a famous shrub for the treatment of different ailments. Its a much branched shrub upto 10 feet height, its leaves are opposie, apetiolate, apex pointed and lower surface is hairy. Flowers are bright red in cluster which contributes the name of the plant as fire flame bush. Fruits are ovate containing slimy seeds. In most of ̅sava and Arista preparations, Dhātaki is the chief agent. Lawsone along with tannin and glucose are the chief chemical constituent of Dhātaki. It is especially used to cure diseases like diarrhoea, dysentry, leucorrhoea, haemorrhoids etc. The general distrubution of Dhātaki is found upto 5000 ft.

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Dhātakī in Samhitas

CARAKA SAMHITA(1000 BC)

 Madhuka , Madhuparni, Prsniparni, Ambasthaki, Samanga, Mocarasa, Dhātakī, Lodhra, Priyangu, and Katphala these ten are union-promoting(Sandhaaniya).(Ca.S.Su.4/5)

 Priyangu, Ananta, Amrasthi(stone), Aralu, Lodhra, Mocarasa, Samanga, Dhātakī(flowers), Padma and Padmakesara, these ten are faeceal astringent. (Ca.S.Su.4/31)

 Padma, Utpala, Nalina, Kumuda, Saugandhika, Pundarika, Atapatra, Madhuka, Priyangu and Dhātakī(flowers) these ten are urinary depingmenters. (Ca.S. Su.4/34)

 The Puspasavas (Asavas prepared from flowers) are ten such as those prepared from (the flowers of) Padma, Utpala, Nalina, Kumuda, Saugandhika, Pundarika, Satapatra, Madhuka, Priyangu and Dhātakī. (Ca.S.Su.25/49)

 Two ameliorate the streaking of skin (Kikkisa) the breast areola of mother should be massaged gently with the paste of sandal and lotus stalk, or the powder of Dhātakī mustard and madhuka or the paste of kutaja, arjaka seeds, musta and haridra or the paste of nimbi, kola ,tulasi and manjistha or triphala mixed with blood of prsat(spotted deer), deer and rabbit , massage with oil cooked with karavira leaves and sprinkling with water processed with jati and madhuka should be applied. (Ca.S.Sa.8/31)

 Dhātakī along with Priyangu, Anantamula, Patha, Lodhra, Mocarasa, Manjistha, Jambu etc. are all kept in Kasaya Skandha (group of astrigent drugs). (Ca.S.Vi.8/144).

 Candan ̅dya Tailam; Dh ̅taki along with Tagara, D ̅ruharidr ̅, Bharangi, Khasa, S ̅riva, Madhuka, N ̅gkeshara etc is used for preparing Candan ̅dya Taila. (Ca.S.Ci.3/258)\

 Dhātakī, Yav ̅sa, Sugandhav ̅la and Bela is mixed and made Peya is used for the treatment of Raktapitta. (Ca.S.Ci.4/46)

 Priyangav ̅di Peya: Priyangu, Sveta Candana, Lodhra, S ̅riva, Madhuka, N ̅garmoth ̅, Harro and flowers of Dh ̅taki is mixed with the sugar water which is best Raktapittan ̅saka recipe. (Ca.S.Ci.4/81)

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 Dhātakī along with Nilotpala, Gairika, Sankha Bhasma, Candana etc. is used for the Sthambhaka Yoga for N ̅sagata Rakta -Pitta. (Ca.S.Ci.4/99)

 Lodhra, Sugandhavala, Pitacandana & flowers of Dh ̅ taki is one of the 10 Kaphaja Pramehaghna yoga. (Ca.S.Ci.6/31)  Lodhr ̅di lepa: Lodhra, flowers of Dh ̅taki, Vatsaka Beeja, ̅ragbadh & M ̅lati when made paste and smeared will cure Kustha. (Ca.S.Ci.7/95)

 Dhātakī flowers along with M ̅tulunga, Dadima, Arjuna, Jambu etc. is used to cure Atis ̅ra in case of Tuberculosis patient. (Ca.S.Ci.8/130)

 Kutaja, N ̅gkesara, Neelkamal, Lodhra & flowers of Dhātakī are used for ther preparation of recipe which is used for the treatment of Rakt ̅rsa with pain.(Ca.S.Ci.14/197)\

 Hriber ̅di ghrita: Sungandhavala, Nilkamala, Lodhra, Manjisth ̅, Cabya, Candana etc. are used for the preparation of Hriber ̅di ghrita which is for the Arsa, Atisara, Grahani, P ̅ndu etc. (Ca.S.Ci.14/231).

 The Yavaagu prepared by mixing Bilva, Mustaa, Aksibhaisajya(Lodhra), flowers of Dhātakī, Sunthi in Takra is very effective on curing Atisaara. (Ca.S.Ci. 15/113)

 N ̅gar ̅dya Curna- N ̅gara, Ativisa, N ̅garmoth ̅, Dh ̅taki etc is used for the preparation of N ̅gar ̅dya Curna which is used for the treatment of Pittaja Grahani. (Ca.S.Ci.15/130)

 If the flowers of Dh ̅taki, P ̅tha and Lodhra is made powdered and smeared in Gud ̅, then it will be useful in blood discharges from anus and Gudap ̅ka. (Ca.S.Ci.19/90)

 Ajay ̅di curna, Ajaji, P ̅tha, Sunthi, Marica & 2 parts of Dh ̅taki flowers mixed & taken for Kaphaj Atis ̅ra. (Ca.S.Ci.19/107).

 Ras ̅njan ̅di Curna: Ras ̅jana, Atisara, Kutaja & 2 parts of Dh ̅tak ,̅ flowers are used & made Ras ̅nan ̅di curna is used for the Kaphaj Atis ̅ra. (Ca.S.Ci.19/108).

 Dh ̅taki, N ̅gara, Bilva, Lodhra, P ̅dma, Kesara is one of the Kh ̅da Yoga used for the Kaphaj Atis ̅ra. (Ca.S.Ci.19/109).

 Samang ̅, flowers of Dh ̅taki, Belgiri, Jambu, ̅mrabark is one of the Kh ̅da Yoga used for the treating Kaphaja, Atisara. (Ca.S.Ci.19/110).

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 Manjisth ̅, Dh ̅taki flowers, Lodhra, Prinyangu and Katphala bark when made powdered and smeared on Vrana, will heal it. (Ca.S.Ci.25/67)

 Suktibhasma, Dh ̅taki and Lodhra mixed and made powder to smear on Vrana will heal it. (Ca.S.Ci.25/68)

 Prapaundarika, Jivanti, flowers of Dh ̅taki, bal ̅ and black sesamum when made paste by mixing on ghee is used for the healing of Vrana. (Ca.S.Ci.25/89)

 Kampilakl ̅ Taila: Dh ̅taki along with Khadira, Bidanga, Kampillaka, Triphal ̅, Must ̅ etc. is used for the preparation of this recipe which is used for the healing of Vrana. (Ca.S.Ci.25/91)

 A famous formulary for the treatment of Mukharoga i.e. Khadir ̅di gutik ̅ contains Dh ̅taki as its active ingredient. (Ca.S.Ci.26/208).

 Red Candana, flowers of Dh ̅taki, Kustha, T ̅lisa patra and Khasa on equal amount made powder and taken with honey water will cure Urusthambha. (Ca.S.Ci.27/29)

 Dh ̅taky ̅di Taila: Flowers of Dh ̅taki, ̅mlaki, Tejpatra, Yasthimadhu, Jambhu, Lodhra, D ̅dima etc. is used to make this recipe. This is used in slippery, discharging inflammatory and painful vagina. (Ca.S.Ci.30/78)

 A famous Ayurveda formulation used especially on female unusual discharges like Svetapradara, Raktapradara i.e. Pushyanug Curna contains Dhātakī as one of its constituent. Maharsi Aatreya has praised this medicine. (Ca.S.Ci.30/92)

 K ̅sis ̅di Yoga: K ̅sisa, Triphala, Fitkiri, Amra, Jamuna, flower of Dhātakī when powdered and mixed with Madhu and used is very beneficial for the slippery problem of vagina. (Ca.S.Ci.30/121)

 Kacchur ̅, flowers of Dh ̅taki, Bilva etc. mixed and made Yavagu, if taken will cure Atis ̅ra. (Ca.S.Si.8/38-39)

 Jivanti, Agnimantha, Dh ̅ aki flowers, Kutaja, these four are made Kvatha and is used as Sangrahika Vasti. (Ca.S.Si.10/30)

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Susruta Samhita (1000-1500 B.C.)

 It is one of the Dravya included in Priyangvaadi Gana. (Su.S.Su. 38/44)

 It is one of the Dravya included in Ambasthaadi Gana. (Su.S.Su. 38/45)

 Both of the Priyangvaadi and Ambasthaadi Gana mentioned above are used in treatment of Pakva Atisaara, Asthi Bhagna, Pitta Vikaara and Vrana Ropana.

 In D ̅runa Karma Dhātakī powder is used for the healing of Vrana along with Dhava, Priyangu, Triphalaa etc. (Su.S.Ci. 1/85)

 The Taila made from Dhātakī, along with Pippali, Must ̅, Lodhra etc. can be used in treatment of diseases like Gandamaala, Ropana of Vrana relaed with Mandala, Prameha and Bhagandara. (Su.S.Ci. 8/44)

 Different medicinal plants along with Dhataki are used to treat Prameha making different formulations like Arista, Ayaskriti, Avaleha and Aasava. (Su.S.Ci. 11/9)

 For the treatment of Slesmodara the poultice made from Dh ̅taki flower, Sarsyu, Beeja of radish etc. are used. (Su.S.Ci. 14/7)

 An oil is prepared by mixing flowers of Dhātakī, Priyangu, Lodhra, Katphala, Tinisa and Saindhava Lavana is used to treat Vrana. (Su.S.Ci. 16/42)

 For the quick Ropana of Salyaja Naadi and Vrana, Taila Paaka should be done by using the Kalka of flowers of Dhātakī, Kumphi, Nisotha etc. (Su.S.Ci. 17/28)

 In the case of Savisa Dantakaastha, Dhātakī flowers, Harro, Jamuna etc. are prescribed. (Su.S.Ka. 1/48)

 Samanga, Dhātakī flowers, Naramallika, Gairika, resin & Rasanjana or of as many of them would be available, mixed with the honey should be licked. (Su.S.Sa. 10/56)

 Rasakriya can be prepared by mixing Dhātakī, Saandana and Dhavana for Anjana purposes. (Su.S.U.10/9)

 In the treatment of Raktaabhisyanda, the powder of Paatalaa, Arjuna, Gambhari, Dhātakī, etc are mixed equally with Madhu or Iksu rasa and is used as Anjana. (Su.S.U.12/11)

 For the treatment of auricular discharges, taila made from Priyangu, Madhuka, Dhātakī, etc is used. (Su.S.U.21/48)

 The suddha ghee made from kasaaya of Dhava, Asvakarna, Arjuna, Dhātakī, Tuntuka mixed with kalka of kaakolyaadi gana is very good for childrens. (Su.S.U.31/5)

 Samangaa; flowers of Dhātakī, Manjistha, Lodhra and Mustaa, these 4 dravyaas are used in Pakva Atisaara. (Su.S.U.40/69)

 Dhātakī, N ̅gara, Indrajau, etc when mixed with rice water and Madhu is very useful in Shula and Rasayukta Atisaara. (Su.S.U.40/94)

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th Astanga Sangraha of Vāgbhata (6 century A.D.) lk|oË''k'ikf~hgo'UdkwfM kwf›hf] of]hgjNogGtf . dft›'df] df]r/;M ;dËf k'GgfuzLt+ dbgLox]t'M .. As.S.Su16/25 Priyangu, Pusp ̅njana, Yugma, Padm ̅, Padmakesara, Manjisth ̅, Anant ̅, S ̅lmali, Mocarasa, L ̅jjalu, Puna ̅ga, Candana & Dh ̅taki are compiled under Priyangv ̅di gana

======

/f]w|+ wft'ls laNjk]lzs] s6'jËM sdnf]b|Efj+ /hM .. As.S.Su16/31 Amb ̅sth ̅, Yastimadhu, Lajjalu, Gambh ̅ri, Pal ̅s, Kapikacchu, Lodhra, Dh ̅tak ,̅ Bilva, Syn ̅ka and Kam ̅l are compiled om Amb ̅sth ̅di Gana. The both Priyangv ̅di & Amb ̅sth ̅di Gana are Pakv ̅tis ̅ra N ̅sak, Sandh ̅niya & Vranaropaka & good on Pittavik ̅ra.

======wfqLkmnwftsLk'ikwfkBk'ik======. As.S.Su18/25

Dh ̅taki is kept on Kas ̅yaSkandha along with Haritaki, Priyangu, S ̅riv ̅, Lodhra etc.

lz/LifwftsL ;if{kdw'sr'0f]{jf{ . ======. As.S.Sa3/4 The pregnant lady should be given fresh butter processed with drugs of sweet taste to eat, followed by water with kola, her breast and abdomen should be massaged with the paste of candana & mrin ̅la or with a powder of Sirisa, Dh ̅taki, Sarsapa and Madhuka.

wftsLu}l/s;h{/;f~hgr"0f{ ======. As.S.Sa4/5 If the amount of blood discharge in pregnancy is too much, powder of Dh ̅taki, Gairika, Sarjarasa & Anjana mixed with honey or a paste prepared from the bark or sprouts of drugs of Nyagrodh ̅di group should be licked.

ÅLj]/+ wftsLk'ik+ laNjdWo+ b'/fnef .

======.. As.S.Ci 3/19 After purification therapies Pey ̅ made of Hribera, Dh ̅taki puspa, Bilva, Madhya, Duv ̅labh ̅ should be taken.

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======u'8t'nfåo]g wftsLknfi6s]g ;+of]Ho======. As.S.Ci 10/19 Dh ̅taki is one of the ingredient of Abhy ̅rista along with Abhay ̅, Amal ̅ki, Indravarudi, Vidanga, Pippali etc. which is used to cure piles, duodenal disease, anaemia, heart disease, jaundice etc.

======t'nfy{ wftsLs'8j+ r k|lzio 3[tefhg] ======. As.S.Ci 10/20 Dh ̅taki is one of the ingredient of Dantyarista along with Danti, Citraka,Triphal ̅, Dasmoola etc. used for the same purposes mentioned in Abhy ̅rista.

u'Uu'n'knrt'i6oefdnsk|:y+ wftsLk|:ydeof ======. As.S.Ci 10/22 In guggul ̅sara 1 prastha of Dh ̅taki is mixed with guggulu. ̅malaki, Guda, Pancakola, Ajamoda, Katphala, Musta etc. used for the same purposes mentioned earlier.

======df]r/;d':tfwftsLkmnlaNj======. As.S.Ci 10/31 Dh ̅taki is one of the ingredient of Kutaj ̅raleha. 1 along with Kutaja, Vyosa, Yas ̅njana, Mocarasa, Must ̅ etc. which is used for the treatment of piles, bleeding, diarrhoea, discharge of Kapha & Pitta from upper & lower tract.

/Qmfltk|j[Q} r nf]3|wftsLs'6hTj ======. As.S.Ci 10/32 For the same disorders, Dh ̅taki along with the lodhra, Kutajatvak kesara & Nilotpala etc. are consumed making the paste.

======;dËfltljifflaNjwftsLdw's======. As.S.Ca. 10/33 Medicated ghee is prepated from paste of P ̅th ̅, Lodhrahribera, Utpala, Cavya, Samang ̅, Ativisa, Bilva, Dh ̅taki etc. If used for the treatment of piles, diarrhoea, dysentry, rectal prolapse, fever etc.

======gfu//;f~hgfltljiffwftsLwgkf7f ======. As.S.Ci. 12/12 N ̅gara, Ras ̅njana, Ativis ̅, Dh ̅taki, P ̅th ̅ etc. is used for the treatment of Pittaj grahani. wftsLk'iktsf{/LhLjGtLe"njT;sfM . k|uxM vlb/M s'i7+ zdL lk08Ltsf] ojfM .. As.S.Ka. 4/28 The decoction of Dh ̅takipuspa, Tarkari, Jivanti, Vatsaka, Pragraha, Khadira, Kustha, Sami, Pinditaka, & Yava are used in enema to purify the Pakv ̅saya. sR5'/fwftsLlaNj+;dË/Qmd"nleM . e;"/fZj+Tyz'Ë}Zr ojfu"M /;f~hg] >"t}M .. As.S.Ka. 6/73 The Yav ̅gu prepared with Kacchura, Dh ̅taki, Bilva, Samang ̅, Raktamuli, Masura & Sprouts of Asvattha is used in Vastivy ̅pat Cikitsa.

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Ast ̅nga Hridaya Samhit ̅ (7th century A.D.)

 Paathaa, Yastimadhu, Lajjalu, Nandivrksa, Palaasa, Lodhra, Dh ̅taki, Bilva majja, Syonaaka and Kamal Kesara fall on Ambasthaadi gana. These plants along with plants of Priyangvaadi gana are used in Pakvaatisaara, Sandhaaniya, Vrana Ropaka and useful in Pitta vikaara. (A.H.Su. 15/38)

 In the case of Kunapa Sukra, ghee prepared from Asanaadi gana or from flowers of Dh ̅taki, Khadira, Dadima and Arjuna should be used. (A.H.Sa. 1/13)

 The Pey ̅ made from Hribera, flowers of Dh ̅taki, Bilva, Dur ̅labh ̅ are used for the treatment of RaktaPitta. (A.H.Ci.2/17)

 Dh ̅taki is one of the ingredient of Abhay ̅dyarista along with Abhay ̅ ,Lodhra, Marica, Pippali, Vidanga,Ela etc.used for the treatment of Arsa, Grahani, P ̅ndu etc. (A.H.Ci 8/64-67)

 Kutaj ̅dyavaleha (2nd) is very effective on diseases like Arsa, Grahani, Sv ̅sa, K ̅sa etc. in which Dh ̅taki is an active ingredient. (A.H.Ci 8/117)

 The Ghrta made Siddha from Svarasa of Dh ̅ taki flowers, Lodhra bark, Kutaja, Yavaks ̅ra etc. is very best Pathya in Rakt ̅rsa. (A.H.Ci 8/23)

 The „Yav ̅gu‟ prepared by mixing Bilva, Must ̅, Aksibhaisajya(Lodhra), flowers of Dh ̅taki, Sunthi in Takra is very effective on Pakv ̅tis ̅ra. (A.H.Ci 9/23)

 Dhātakī is also an important ingredient of “Apar ̅jita Khanda” which is Agnidipaka, P ̅caka, Gr ̅hi, Rucik ̅raka and Prav ̅hikaa N ̅saka.(A.H.Ci 9/26)

 Drink the solution prepared by mixing bark of Lodhra, flower of Dh ̅taki, leaf of Bilva in Dadhi, Madhu and Kapittha Rasa as the Anupaana of Baalabilv ̅di Leha. (A.H.Ci 9/36)

 Sunthi, Dh ̅taki puspa, Dadima bark & Utpala these 4 plants are combinedly used in treatment of Pitt ̅tis ̅ra. (A.H.Ci 9/63)

 Paatha, Mocarasa, Mustaa, flowers of Dhātakī, Bilva and Sunthi which mixed with Guda & Takra keeps away any type of Kathina Atisaara. (A.H.Ci 9/109)

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 The use of Kapitthastaka Curna has been prescribed in Kaphaja Atis ̅ra.The brief description of it is given in Saarangadhar Samhitaa. (A.H.Ci 9/111)

 Dhātakī is used in the preparation of Naagaraadi Curna which is especially used in Pittaja Grahani, Arsa, Guda Sula, Atis ̅ra etc. (A.H.Ci 10/40)

 Lodhra, Must ̅, K ̅liyaka and Dh ̅taki are used in Pittaja Prameha. (A.H.Ci 12/8)

 The Modaka made from flowers of Dh ̅taki along wth Sarkaraa and L ̅jasattu Mantha is Sangr ̅hi. (A.H.U. 1/39)

 Rub the powder of Dhātakī flowers mixing with Amalaki, Pippali and Madhu on the teeth root of the child. (A.H.U. 2/35)

 Dh ̅taki is one of the ingredient of Kaasyapa Ghrta which is used during the different problems related to children during teeth sprouting time. (A.H.U. 2/41)

 In Baala Sosa, paste made from Badari, flowers of Dh ̅taki, powder of Aamalaki mixed with ghee is given to child. (A.H.U. 2/48)

 The oil made from Priyangu, Dhātakī, Yasthimadhu, Paath ̅ etc.is used in the treatment of auricular discharges problem. (A.H.U. 18/20)

 To cure the problem of Putimukha, we have to clean the mouth with the Kvaath made by mixing Manjisth ̅, flower of Dhātakī, Lodhra, Priyangu and Padmaka. (A.H.U. 22/80)

 A famous formulary for the treatment of Mukha Roga i.e. Khadiraadi Gutikaa contains Dh ̅taki as it‟s active ingredient. (A.H.U. 22/92)

 Asvagandhaa, Durvaa, Rodhra, Katphala, Yasthimadhu, Manjistha and flowers of Dhātakī are best Ropana Dravyas. (A.H.U. 25/53)

 In the treatment of Asthibhanga consisting Vrana, powder of Dhātakī along with Lodhra, Manjistha etc. are prescribed to use. (A.H.U. 27/24-25)

 The Taila made Siddha from plants like Dhātakī, Padma, Kesara etc. is called Bhagandarnaasaka Taila and is used in Bhagandara, Apaci, Kustha, Madhumeha and Vrana. (A.H.U. 28/35)

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 A famous Ayurveda formulation used especially on female unusual discharges like Svetapradara, Raktapradara i.e. Pushyanug Curna contains Dhātakī as one of its constituent. Maharsi Aatreya has praised this medicine. (A.H.U. 34/47)

 An oil is extracted from Dhātakī along with other many Dravyas like Amla, Yasthimadhu etc. and using it either by Abhyanga or Picuvasti helps to cure all vaginal diseases. (A.H.U. 34/51)

 K ̅sis, Triphal ̅, Fitkiri, Amra, Jamuna, flower of Dhātakī when powdered and mixed with Madhu and used is very beneficial for the slippery problem of vagina. (A.H.U. 34/55)

 As Stambhana is special property of Dhātakī, a special preparation called Stambhana Curna has been prescribed in which Daataki, Palaasa, Jambu, Mocarasa etc. are mixed. (A.H.U. 34/56)

Kashyapa Samhit ̅/Vriddha Jivaka Tantra (12-13th Century) wftsLk'ikd]nf r ;dËf dl/rflg r . hDa'Tjr{ ;dw's+ IfL/zf]ygd'Qdd\ .. sfZok ;+lxtf !(cf+} cWofo, k[i7 !@@

Flowers of Dh ̅tak ,̅ Ala, Manjisth ̅, Marica, Jambu bark and Yastimadhu are the best galactopurifier. cZjs0f{:o k'ikfl0f wftSofl:ttGb's:o r . ss'e:o r k'ikfl0f bfl8d:o wj:o r . sfZok ;+lxtf @)cf+} cWofo, k[i7 !#&

Flowers of Asvakarna, Dhātakī, Tinduka, Arjuna, D ̅dima etc when done paka with milk and given to child in usuaal amount will make the child healthy.

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Dh ̅tak ̅ in Chikitsa Granthas Chakra Datta (11th Century) ======wftsLG›ojfhfhLr"0f{ bTjf knåod\ .. #%, clt;f/lrlsT;f, s'6hn]x In Kutajaleha Dh ̅taki is preserved along with Lodhra, Yavaks ̅ra, Vida Lavana, Saindhava Lavana, Pippalim Indrayava etc. which is used to cure Atis ̅ra & Prav ̅hika.

;dËfltljiff d':t+ ljZj+ x[La]/wftsL . s'6hTjs\kmn+ laNj+ SjfyM ;jf{lt;f/g't\ .. $&, clt;f/lrlsT;f, ;dfËflbSjfy Dh ̅taki along with Manjisthā, Sunthi, Hribera, Kutajatvak etc. and made decoction will cure all kinds of Atisāra.

wftsL >[Ëj]/Zr k|lkj]t\ t08'nfDa'gf .. %*, clt;f/lrlsT;f ======. Dh ̅taki along with Kutaja, Shringavera, Tandulodaka etc, are used with honey to treat Rakt ̅atis ̅ra, kf7f+ ;dËfltljiff ;d':tf+ laNj r k'ikfl0f r wftsLgfd\ . @*, lqbf]ifhu|x0fL lrlsT;f, kf7fB+ r"0f{d\ In Kutaj ̅staka, Dh ̅taki is present. This recipe is used in Atis ̅ ra, Grahani along with bleeding Arsa.

;laNjwftsLdf]r}M l;4+ ;jf{lt;f/g't\ . ======.. !!, u|x0fLlrlsT;f, afnrfË]/L 3[t Grahani in children is checked better by B ̅lac ̅ngeri Ghrita which contains Dh ̅taki as its active components. gfu/fltjiffd':t+ wftsL ;/;f~hgd\ . ======.. @@, u|x0fLlrlsT;f, gfu/fB+ r"0f{d\ Dh ̅taki is present in N ̅gar ̅dyam C ̅rnam which is best medicine to cure Grahani.

======kfq]˜l/i6flb;Gwfg+ wftsLnf]3|n]lkt] .. !*, cz{lrlsT;f, bGTofl/i6 Dantyaristam, which is used to cure Agnim ̅ndga, Arsa, P ̅ndu etc. contains Dh ̅taki as an important component. wftsLlaNjwGofsnf]w|]G›ojjfns}M . ======.. @%, lkQHfHj/ lrlsT;f, wfTfSoflb r"0f{ Dh ̅taki is present on Dh ̅takyadi powder used to cure fever in children. df]r/;M ;dËf r wftsL kBs]z/d\ . ======.. !(, /Qmfflt;f/ lrlsT;f, df]r/;flb ojfu' Dh ̅taki is one of the ingredient of Mucarasc ̅di Yav ̅gu used to cure Rakt ̅tisara especially children.

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Gada nigraha (12th Century)

Gadanigrahah of SriVaidya Sodha ======u'8ft'nfrt'js+ r tbwf{ wftsL ej]t\ , ======. &, cz{/f]uflwsf/ Dhātakī is one of the ingredient of Kum ̅ry ̅sava along with Kumari, Dasmool, Puskarmool, Guduci etc. Kumarysava is used in Arsa, V ̅taroga, Grahan ,̅ P ̅ndu, K ̅mal ̅, Halimaka, Ud ̅varta etc. kBf]Tknglngs'd'b;f}ulGws kf}08/Lsztkq}M . k'ik}d{w"shft}M lk|oËgf wftsLs';'d}M .. @(, k'ikf;j bz k'ikf;jfM k"j{ d'lgleM kl/sLlt{tfM . Pusp ̅sava is prepared from flowers of Padma, Utpala, Nalina, Kumuda, Saugandhika, Paundarika, Satapatra, Madhuka, Priyangu, Dh ̅taki. The collection of these 10 flowers is called Pusp ̅sava.

›f]0fz]if] siffo] t' k"t] zLt] k|bfko]t\ . wftSofM iff]8zkn+ dflIfs:o t'nfqod\ .. $(, jft/f]uflwsf/ ======Dh ̅tak ̅ is one of the ingredients of Devad ̅rv ̅sava along with Devad ̅ru, V ̅s ̅, Danti, Manjistha, Tagara, amra Haridr ̅, R ̅sn ̅, Guduci etc. which is used in Prameha, M ̅trakriccha, V ̅taRoga, Grahani & Arsa Vik ̅ .

;lj8Ëdq dw'knztåo+ k|lIfj]T;j{d\ .. %#,, Zjf;/f]uflwsf/ wftsLknfJoi6f} Sjfy] rfl:ek|b]oflg . Dh ̅tak ̅ is one of the ingredients of Kanak ̅rista along with Khadira, Triphal ̅, Haridr ̅, B ̅kuc ,̅ Guduc ,̅ which is used for the treatment of Sv ̅sa, K ̅sa, Arsa, Bhagandara & will be full of charm (K ̅nti) on face like Kanaka. knflg bz wftSof u'8:of r ztqod\ . tf]o›f]0fåo] l;4f] ejTo]if ;'vfjxM .. (&, u|x0fL/f]uflwsf/ Dh ̅tak ̅ along with Marica, Pippali, Lodhra, P ̅th ̅, Aml ̅, Cabya, Citraka, Viddnga, Raktacandana, Priyangu etc. is used for the preparation of Pipply ̅rista which is used for the preparation of Grahan ,̅ P ̅nduroga, Arsa, V ̅ta, Gulma etc. It is best used for Ksayaroga. knd]s+ lqkmnfof b]o+ lqkn+ r wftsLk'ikft\ klns+ r k~rsf]nfb\ 3[tef08]:yfko]TkIfft\ .. !!^, KnLxf/f]uflwsf/ ======Dh ̅tak ̅ is one of the ingredient of Rohitak ̅sava along with pancakola, ghrita etc which is used for the treatment of Jvara, Gulma, Arsa, Plih ̅roga, AsthiBhagna and mainly on Plih ̅roga.

======dflIfs:o ztåGå+ wftSofM knlj+zltd\ .. !@#, d'v/f]uflwsf/ zs{/fof:t'nfdsf+ r"0ff{gLdflg bfko]t\ . ======Dh ̅tak ̅ is one of the ingredient of Khadir ̅sava along with Devad ̅ru, Khadira, Triphal ̅, D ̅ruharidr ̅, B ̅kuc ̅ etc. This recipe is used mainly on Kustha, P ̅ndu, Hridroga, K ̅sa etc. ======›f0fz]if] /;] zLt] u'8:o lqzt+ lIfk]t\ .. !#@, s'i7/f]uflwsf/

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 12 wftSofM k|:yd]s+ u' lkKknLgf+ knåod\ . ======Dh ̅tak ̅ is one of the ingredients of Babbuly ̅sava along with Pippali, Triphal ̅, Lavang, Kankola, D ̅lcini, Tejpatra, N ̅gkeshar etc. Babbuly ̅rista is used for the treatment of Ksaya, Kustha, Prameha, K ̅sa ans Sv ̅sa. df]r/;d':tgfu/kf7f/n'wftsLs';'d}M . r"0f{ dlyt;d]t+ ?0flå uËfk|jfxdlk . %*, clt;f//f]uflwsf/ Mocarasa, Must ̅, Sunthi, P ̅th ̅, Aralu, flowers of Dh ̅tak ̅ when mixed with Takra will cure gang ̅ like Atis ̅ra. This is called Gang ̅dhar C ̅rna. jT;sf} åf} k|ltljiff >[Ëj]+ /;f~hgd\ .. !)&, clt;f//f]uflwsf/ wftsL låu'0ff Iff}›o't+ Zn]idflt;f/g't\ . Must ̅di C ̅rna, Must ̅, Lodhra, Dh ̅tak ,̅ Belgiri, Indrayava in equal amount when used with Takra will cure all kinds of Atisara. chdf]bf df]r/;+ ;>[Ëj]/+ r wftsL;'dd\ uf]dlyt;+k|o'Qm+ uËfdlk jflxgL ?GWofd\ .. !@^, clt;f/f]uflwsf/ Ajamod ̅di C ̅rna: Ajamod ̅, Moc ̅rasa, Sunthi, flowers of Dh ̅tak ,̅ when mixed with Gau T ̅kra stops Atis ̅ra like that of flow of Gang ̅. bfl8dLwftsLd"ns06f/Ls'6hTjrM . /f]w|+ t'08ntf]o]g k|lki6dlt;f/lht\ .. !@(, clt;f//f]uflwsf/ Dadim ̅di Kalka, D ̅dima, flowers of Dh ̅tak ,̅ Puskarmool, Kantak ̅ri, bark of Kutaja & Lodhra these all made paste and taken with Tandulodaka will defeat Atis ̅ra. s6's]G›otf} kf7f+ s'6hTju|;f~hgd\ . wftSofltljif+ z'07L d':tf lki6\jf r jfl/0ff .. #!, u|x0fL/f]uflwsf/ Katuk ̅di Kalka: Kutki, Indrayava, P ̅th ̅, bark of Kutaja, Ras ̅njana, flowers of Dh ̅taki, Ativis ̅, Sunthi & N ̅garmoth ̅ when made paste mixed with honey and taken will cure all degree of Pittajanya Grahani. df]tl;Gw"NkNJof]ifnfhlaNjfDa'wftsL . ======.. ^@, u|x0fL/f]uflwsf/ B ̅lac ̅ngeri ghrita, Mocarasa, Saindhava Lavana, Nilakamala, Vyosa, L ̅ja, Bel, Dh ̅taki flowers mixed and made ghritam is called B ̅lcangeri ghrta. It is used for the treatment of grahani. k~rjNsnr"0f{}jf{ z'lQmr"0f{;dfo't}M . wftsL/f]w|r"0f}{jf{ tyf /f]xlGt t] j|0ffM .. ^$, j|0f/f]uflwsf/ Dh ̅taki flowers along with candana, Vataankura, Manjisth ̅, Madhuka, Durv ̅ etc. are mixed and boiled on milk and mad candan ̅dyan Tailam. This is used in Dagdhavrana. lqkmnfwftsL/f]w|dd~rg+ r]lt k"0f{o]t\ . z/fj;+k'6] bUw+ k'gb{jlb r"0f{o]t\ . !(, pkb+z/f]uflwsf/ Triphal ̅, Dh ̅tak ̅ bark, Lodhra, Anjana when powdered and heated on saucer and mixed with Madhu and smeared will cure Upadamsa.

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Sārangadhar Samhita (13th century)

Quatha of Kutaja , Ativisa, Paatha, Dhātakī, Lodhra, Mustaa, Hribera and Dadima is known as Kutajaastaka quatha taken with honey and mocarasa. It relieves Atisaara(diarrohea) and Amasula(pain in the abdomen due to indigestion). (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.2/65-66) Quatha of Hribera, Dhātakī, Lodhra, Paathaa, Lajjalu, Vatsaka, Dhaanyaka, Ativisa, Mustaa, Guduchi, Bilva and Naagara cures even chronic atisaaras(diarrhoea), arocaka(anorexia), amasula(colic pain), raktasula(pain and bloody diarrhoea), jvara(fevers) and is a paacana(digestive). (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.2/67) Quatha of Dhātakī , Bilva, Lodhra, Valaka and Gajapippali cooked and given to children with honey relieves atisaaras(diarrhoea).(Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.2/69) Curna of mustā, Indrayava, Bilva, Lodhra, Mocarasa and Dhātakī taken with butter milk and jaggery stops all varieties of atisara(diarrohea) and parahikaa(dysentery) know as Laghu gangadhar curna. It is good sangrahaka(anti-diarrhoeal). (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.6/47) Dhātakī along with Mustaa, Sunthi, Lodhra etc. is an ingredient of Vrihadgangadhar curna. This when takes with honey and rice water quickly, relieves all varities of pravaahika, atisara and grahani.pravaahikaa(dysentery), atisaara(diarrohea),grahani(sprue). Known as Vrddha Gangadhara Curna, it stops atisara(diarrhoea) like a dam across the river. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.6/49) Curna of Mustaa, Aralu, Sunthi, Dhātakī, Lodhra, Vaalaka ,Aamrabeeja, Prativisa and Lajjalu-taken with honey and rice water quickly, relieves all varieties of Curna of Ajamodaa, Mocarasa, Sringdvera and Dhātakī, Kusuma taken with butter milk of cow can even stop the flow of river ganga(can stop severe diarrhoea). (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.6/52) Dhātakī is one of the ingredient of Kapitthastaka curna which is beneficial in diseases of throat, atisara, ksaya, gulma and grahani. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.6/54) Dhātakī is one of the ingredient of Kutajaastakavaleha. This recipe taken along with water, goat‟s milk or other gruels relieves all types of severe atisara(diarrhoea), asrgdara(menorrhagia), arsa and pravaahika. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.8/46) Irimedadi taila consists Dhātakī as an active ingredient . This oil relieves the diseases of the mouth such as bad gums, carries, vidradhi, dourgandha etc. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.9/166) Dhātakī is one of the active ingredient of Usiraasava which cures rakta pitta, pandu, kustha, arsa, krimi and sotha. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.10/16) Dhātakī is one of the active ingredient of kumaryasava along with guda, honey, lavanga, caturjataka etc. This recipe of used to increase strength, digestive capacity and udara diseases, prameha diseases, sukra dosas, asmari etc. without doubt. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.10/24) Dhātakī is one of the active ingredient of Pippalyasava along with haridra, chitraka, lavanga, kustha, twak, ela, nagakesara, mamsi,etc which is taken in suitable dose to cure kshaya, gulma, udara, karsya, grahani etc. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.10/31)

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Dhātakī is one of the active ingredient of Lohaasava, along with trikatu, yavani, vidanga, musta, chitraka etc. which are taken in suitable doses to improve digestion, pandu, swayathu, gulma, plihaamaya, kandu, kaasa, svaasa, bhangadara etc. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.10/35) Dhātakī is one of the active ingredient of mridvikaaristha along with lavanga, jaatiphala, maricha, kankola, patra, pippali, chitraka, renuka etc. which are taken in suitable doses to improve digestion, cure arshas, krimi, kustha, jathara, gulma, aksiroga etc. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.10/40) Kutaja bark half a tula,mrdwika,half tula,ten palas each of madhukapuspa and kashmari are boiled in four drones of water and reduced to one drones.to it are added twenty palas of Dhātakī,one tula of jaggarery and kept in pot for one month.this recive known as kutajaristha relief all fever and improves agni . (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.10/46) Dhātakī is one of the active ingredient of Vidangarista along with vidanga, rasna kutajatvak, kutajaphala pata, dhaatri etc which are taken in suitable doses to improve arsamari, urustambha, meha, bhandara, gandamala, hunustambha etc. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.10/49) Dhātakī is one of the active ingredient of Devadarvayadi aristha along with devdaru, vasa, manjistha, indrayaya, danti, tagara, rajanis, raasna, mustaa, srisa, khadira, arjuna,etc. which are taken in suitable doses to improve prameha, vataroga, grahani, arshas, mutrakrcha, kandu, kustha etc. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.10/56) Dhātakī is one of the active ingredient of Khadiraristha along with khadira, devadaru, bakuchi ,darvi, triphala etc. which are taken in suitable doses to improve krmi, kaasa, svaasa, plihodara etc. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.10/62) Two tulas of bark of babbula in four dronas of water and decoction reduced to one drone. To it are added 3 tulas of jaggery; sixteen palas of Dhātakī and powder of two palas of krsna; and one pala each of jatiphala, kankola ela, tvak, patra, kesara, lavanga and marica and kept in a pot for one month.This prepararation known as Babbularista cures ksaya, kustha, atisaara, prameha, svaasa and kaasa. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.10/67) Dhātakī is one of the active ingredient of Rohitakaarista which consist of jaggery, pancakola, trijaata, triphalaa etc. which is used in appropriate doses to cure arsas, grahani, pandu, hrdroga, pliha, gulma, udara, kustha, aruci etc. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.10/74) Dhātakī is one of the active ingredient of Dasmularistha which consists citraka, puskara, lodhara, guduci, kustha, devdaru, khadira, bijasra, pathyaa, manjisthaa, vidanga, madhuka, aksa etc. which is used in appropriate doses to cure grahani, aruci, svaasa, kaasa, gulma, bhangadra, vaatavyadhi, kshaya, chardi, panduroga, kamala, kustha, arsas, meha, mandaagni, udararoga, sarkara, ashmari etc. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.10/87) Apamaarga, lodhra, mustaa, Dhātakī, indrayaya and amrita are used for mardana purpose of grahanikapata which is used to cure atisara and grahani of all types. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.12/250) Dhātakī, indrayaya, mustaa, lodhra, bilva and guduci are used for the mardana of Grahani Vajrakapata rasa used in all types of grahani diseases. (Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.12/257) For the mardana of kandarpa sundar rasa the juices of Dhātakī kakoli, madhuka, mamsi, the three balas, visa, draaksaa pippali, etc. are used.The recipe is used for making the user capable of copulating with many women without loss of semen.(Sa.Sa.Ma.Kha.12/269)

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Harihar Samhita

Dh ̅taki along with Candanavau, D ̅ruharidr ̅, Tagara, Devdaru, Kesara, Tvak, Tejpatra, N ̅gkesara etc. are the ingredients of Candan ̅di Taila, which is used to cure Jvara, Raktapitta, Ksaya, D ̅ha, Sveda, Durgandha, Kustha etc.(Ha.S. Candan ̅di Taila, Page: 46) d[udbzlz;"Øf{wftsLz'slzDaL /htsgsd'Qmflj›e+ nf}xkf7f . !@@ ======.. Dh ̅taki is one of the ingredients of BriharKast ̅ri Bhairava Rasa along with Kast ̅ri Karpoora, Tamra Bhasma, Mukt ̅, Svarna Bhasma, Arka etc. which is used to cure all types of Jvara. (Ha.S. Brihar Kast ̅ri Bhairav Rasa, Page 99-100)

;fwf/0f]˜lj;f/] ;]Jo+ u+ufw/ a[XRrr"0f{d\ . !$ ======s'6hfl/i6+ bwft\ ls+jf u+ufw/ j}BM .. !% In the treatment of Atis ̅ra Cikits ̅, Vriddha Gang ̅dhar Curna, Kutaj ̅rista, Gang ̅dhar Rasa, Lai-curna has been prescribed where Dh ̅taki is one of the active ingredients. (Ha.S. Vriddha Gang ̅dhar, Page 174)

Dh ̅taki is one of the ingredients of Kutaj ̅di Kvatha along with Kutaja, D ̅dima, N ̅garmoth ̅, Belgiri, Candana etc. (Ha. S. Atis ̅radhik ̅ra, Page. 214)

In S ̅rivady ̅sava, Dh ̅taki flowers are also mixed along with both species of Sariv ̅, N ̅garmoth ̅, Peepal, Amla, Guda etc. used to cure all types of Prameha, V ̅tarakta, Bh ̅gandara etc. (Ha.S. S ̅rivady ̅sava, Page 314)

======>[Ëj]/ ;fltljiff wftsL /;f~hgd\ .. @^ ======Dh ̅taki is one of the active ingredients of Candana along with Candana, Jat ̅m ̅nsi, P ̅th ̅, Lodhra, Kh ̅sa, N ̅gkesara etc. used for treatment of different types of Pradara in female. (Ha.S.Candan ̅dicurnam, Page 421) bBfb \ u'8:o wftSofM kniff]8zs+ dtd\ . ======.. ^$ Dh ̅taki is present in Asok ̅rista along with Asoka, Guda, N ̅garmotha, Kunthi, D ̅ruharidra, Triphal ̅ etc. used to cure Raktapradara, Jvara, Raktapitta, Arsa etc.(Ha.S. Asok ̅rista Page 426) wftsL iff]8zknf hn›f]0fåj] lgk]t\ . ======.. &@ Patr ̅g ̅sava which is used to treat different Pradara, Jvara, P ̅ndu, Sotha etc. has Dh ̅taki, Khadira, V ̅s ̅, S, S ̅lmali, Bal ̅, Bhallataka etc. as their active ingredients.(Ha.S. Patr ̅g ̅sava, Page: 477)

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Yogaratn ̅k ̅ra (17th Century) by Vaidya Sri Laxmipati S ̅stri ;nf]w|+ wftsL laNj+ d':tfd|fl:y slnËsd\ . lka]Gdflxifts|]0f kSjtL;f/gfzgd\ .. !, clt;f/lrlsT;f,k[i7 @%(

Taking Lodra, flowers of Dh ̅taki, Biva, N ̅garmoth ̅, ̅mra, Indrayaca after making the powder with M ̅hisa Takra will cure Pakva Atisara.

Laghugan ̅ C ̅rna df]r/;d':tegfu/kf7f/n'wftsLs';'d}M . r"0f{ dlyy;d]g+ s7flb uËfk|jfxdlk .. $, clt;f/lrlsT;f, k[i7 @^)

Mocarasa, N ̅garmoth ̅, Sunthi, P ̅th ̅, Flowers of Dh ̅tak ̅ take in equal amount mixed with Dadhi Takra and taken will cure Atis ̅ flowering like that of Gang ̅.

Brihadgang ̅dhar C ̅rnam d':tdf]rj;nf]3|wftsLk'iklaNjlul/sf}6h}M kmn}M . r"l0f{tM ;u'8ts|;+ljt}lgDadfhn/of]˜lk ?åot] .. !%, clt;f/lrlsT;f, k[i7 @&@ N ̅garmoth ̅, Macarasa, Lodra, flowers of Dh ̅tak ,̅ Belgiri, Indragara when made powdered and taken with Takra will cure Atisara same as that of flowering river. chdf]bfdf]r/; ;>[Ëj]/+ ;wftsLs';'dd\ . s/dlyt;+k|o'Qm uËfdlk jflxgL ?GWoft\ .!^, clt;f/lrlsT;f, k[i7 @&#

Ajamod ̅, Mocarasa, Sunthi, flowers of dh ̅taki when all made powder and taken with Takra cures Atis ̅ra same as that of flowering river.

/;f~hg+ k|ltljif+ s'6h:o kmnTjrf} . wftsL >[Ëj]/+ r kfoo]Q08'nfDa'gf .. %, lKfQflt;f/ lrlsT;f, k[i7 #))

D ̅ruharidra, Prativis ̅, Kutajatvak, flowers of Dh ̅tak ,̅ Sunthi on mixed with equal amount and mixed with Tandulodaka and honey cures pitt ̅s ̅ra.

;dËf wftsLk'ik laNj+ ;f}jr{n+ lj8d\ . ;Iff}›+ bfl8d r}j kLt+ t08'njfl/0ff . *, lkQflt;f/ lrlsT;f, k[i7 #)! Manjisth ̅, flowers of Dh ̅taki, Bilva, Sauvarchal & Vida lavana D ̅dima when powdered and mixed with Tandulodaka of honey will cure Pittatis ̅ra.

Rakt ̅tis ̅ra xLa]/fltljiffd':t+ laNjwfGosjT;sd\ . ;dËf wftsL nf]3| ljZj+ bLkgkfrgd\ . #, /Qmflt;f/ lrlsT;f, k[i7 #!@

Hribera, Ativis ̅, Must ̅, Bilvagiri, Dh ̅nyaka, Maanjista, flowers of Dh ̅tak ,̅ Lodhra, Sunthi when mixed and made Kv ̅th, it will be Dipan and P ̅canam.

/;f~hg ;fltljif+ s'6h:o kmnTjrd\ . wftsL>[Ëa]/+ r lka]t08'nfl/0ff .. !@, /Qmflt;f/ lrlsT;f, k[i7 #!@

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D ̅ruharidr ̅, Ativis ̅, Kutajaphalatvak, flowers of Dh ̅tak ,̅ Sunthi when taken in equal amount and taken with Tandulodaka will cure Raktatis ̅ra.

Slesmapitt ̅tis ̅ra ;dËf wftsLk'ikdfd|l:y gfus]z/d\ . laNj df]r/;+ nf]3| s'6h:o kmnTjrd\ .&, Zn]idlkQflt;f/ lrlsT;f k[i7 #!%

Manjisth ̅, flowers of Dh ̅taki, Amrasthi, N ̅gkeshara, Belgiri, Mocarasa, Lodhra, Indrayava when made Kvath or kalka & taken with Tandulodaka will cure Slesmapitt ̅tis ̅ra.

Jvar ̅tis ̅ra wftsLSjfy;+l/4f ljZje]ifhslNstf . bfl8dfDno'tf k]of Hj/ftL;f/z'lngfd\ .. %, Hj/flt;f/lrlsT;f, k[i7 #!%

Flowers of Dh ̅tak ̅ made Kv ̅th, Sunthi Kalka when mixed with soure D ̅dima should be given to patient with Jvar ̅tis ̅ra and S ̅la.

;f}jr{nojIff/lj8;}GwjlkKknL . WfftsLG›ojfhfjLr"0f{ bTjf knåod\ . @ ======.. $, cfdflt;f/ lrlsT;f, k[i7 #!^

Saurvacala, Yavaks ̅ra, Vida, Saindhara, Pippali, Dh ̅tak ,̅ Indrayava these are mixed in proper amount will cure all pakva and ̅ma Atisara.

Bhaisajya Ratnāvali (18th century)  Dh ̅taki is one of the ingredients of Kutaj ̅valeha along with P ̅tha, Manjisth ̅, Bilva, Mustaka etc. which is used for all types of diarrhoea, grahani etc. Bha.Ra.6/4

 Kutaja leha has Dh ̅taki as one of its ingredient along with Kutaja, Suvarchala salt, black salt, Yavaks ̅ra, rock salt etc. used for the treatment of sprue and dysentry. Bha. Ra.7/69

 Babb ̅ ly ̅ dya Arista: Dh ̅ taki along with Babb ̅ la, Pepper powder, J ̅ tiphala, N ̅gkeshara, Marica etc. is used for the preparation of Babb ̅l ̅dy ̅rista which is used for the treatment of different skin diseases. Bha.Ra.7/172.

 Kutaj ̅dya Arista: Dh ̅taki along with Kutaja, Madhuka, Bark of Gambh ̅ri, Sugar etc. are used for the preparation of Kutaj ̅ dya Arista which is best medicine for Sangrahani. Bha.Ra.7/175.

 Dh ̅taki is one of ingredients of Ras ̅njanadi Curna along with Kutaja, ginger etc. used for Grahani associated with Pitta disorders. Bha.Ra.8/14.

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 M ̅rkandeya C ̅rna which is used for Sangrahani, has Dh ̅taki along with P ̅rada, Gandaka, Hingula, Borax etc. Bha.Ra.8/114.

 Kutaj ̅dya Ghritam, which is used for the treatment of piles has Dh ̅taki along with Kutaja, Kesara, Lodhra, M ̅rcchita ghrita as its ingredients.. Bha.Ra.9/91.

 Parpat ̅di Arista where Dh ̅taki along with plant of Parpata, Ghrita, sugar, Guduci, Daruharidra, Kantakari etc. are mixed, is used for the treatment of jaundice, edema, anemia, Visamjvara etc. Bha.Ra.12/124.

 Usir ̅sava where Usira along with Dh ̅taki, Gambhari, Priyangu, Lodhra, Manjisth ̅ are present is used to cure diseases like Rakta-pitta, Kustha, Prameha, Arsa etc. Bha.Ra.13/165.

 Dr ̅ks ̅rista where Dr ̅ks ̅ along with Dh ̅taki, sugar, cardamomom, N ̅ gkesara, Priyangu etc. are present is used to cure Ur ̅ ksatah, Ksaya, K ̅ sa, Asthma etc. Bha.Ra.14/75

 Kanakāsava where Dhatura along with Dh ̅ taki, Madhuka, Pippali, Kantakari, N ̅ gkesara etc. are present is capable of curing all types of asthma, K ̅ sa, Tuberculosis, Raktapitta etc. Bha.Ra.16/117

 Asvagandh ̅ rista where Dhātaki along with Asvagandha, Manjistha, Haritaki, Turmeric, Mustaka etc. are present controls the diseases like Epilepsy, Dementia, Piles etc. Bha.Ra.21/18.

 Sr ̅ khand ̅ sava, where Dh ̅ taki along with Srikhanda, Jatamansi, turmeric, Daruharidr ̅, are present is used for removing diseases like Mada, P ̅navibhrama etc. Bha.Ra.22/31

 Dh ̅taki along with Bal ̅, Asvaganda, Aranda, Rasna, Gandhapras ̅rini, Ushira etc. are present in Bal ̅rista which is very effective in eliminating severe types of V ̅ta diseases. Bha.Ra.26/608.

 P ̅rth ̅dyarista where Dh ̅taki along with Arjuna, resin, Madhuka, water etc. is used to cure all disorders of heart and lungs. Bha.Ra.33/76.

 Devad ̅rva Arista is used to cure incurable Prameha, rheumatoid problems, Grahani, Piles etc. where Dh ̅taki along with Devdaru, Adusa, Manjisth ̅, Danti, Daruharidra etc. are present. Bha.Ra.37/240.

 Rohitak ̅rista is used for the problems related to GI tract, Gulma, Sangrahani, Arsa, Jaundice etc. where Dh ̅taki along with Rohitaka, ginger, Citraka, Pippali, Triphala etc. are present. Bha.Ra.41/236.

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 Punarnav ̅sava is capable of curing Sotha, Plihavriddhi, AmlaPitta, Gulma, Fever etc. where Dh ̅ taki along with Punarnava, dried ginger, Marica, Pippali, Triphala, Daruharidra, Gokshura etc. are present. Bha.Ra.42/195.

 ̅ragvadhadi-kvatha alleviates disorders like Visarpa, Dadru, Vicarcika etc. where Dh ̅taki along with ̅ragvadha, Karavira, Dhava, Arjuna, S ̅la, Pal ̅sa, Kadamba etc. Bha.Ra.54/64.

 Dh ̅taki along with Khadira bark, Devdaru, B ̅kuci, Triphala etc. are present on Khadir ̅rista which is used in getting relief from M ̅hakusta, Arbuda, Gulma etc. Bha.Ra.54/367

 Dhātaki along with Asoka bark, Mustaka, dried ginger, D ̅ruharidr ̅ , blue lotus, Triphal ̅ etc. are present in Asok ̅rista, which is used in checking diseases like Raktapradara, piles, indigestion,Raktapitta etc. Bha.Ra.66/115

 Laksāmanrista is used to cure all kind of female diseases has Dh ̅ taki as its component along with Laxmana, Mustaka, Madhuyasti, Bal ̅ , Triphala etc. Bha.Ra.66/120.  Dh ̅taki along with Murchita tila taila, Am ̅laki, Coriander, Tagara etc. are used to make Dh ̅ taky ̅ di Tailam which is used for massaging a puerperal lady. Bha.Ra.69/129.

 Jirak ̅dyarista is used in alleviating puerperal indispositions, Sangrahani, Atis ̅ra, Agnim ̅ndhya in which Dh ̅taki, Jiraka, Ginger, Mustaka, Nagkesara etc. are present. Bha.Ra.69/129.

 Dh ̅taki along with Unripe Bilva, Coriander, Lodhra, Honey, Kutaja etc. is used in preparation of Dh ̅taky ̅di Curnam which helps in checking in diseases of children such as fever, Atis ̅ra and Vamana. Bha.Ra.71/38

 The decoction of Bilva, Dh ̅ taki, Netrab ̅ l ̅ , Lodhra and Gajapippali will cure diarrhoea . Bha.Ra.71/48.

 The Yavagu of Mocarasa, Manjistha, D ̅taki and Padmakeshara will cure Rakt ̅tis ̅ra of children. Bha.Ra.71/55.

 Pippilay ̅dya ghritam is used in teeth troubles, diarrhea, vomiting of children where Dh ̅taki, ̅malaki, ghrita, guduci, P ̅th ̅, Musta etc.are present. Bha.Ra.71/143.

 Dh ̅taki along with Brahmi, Sat ̅vari, Vid ̅rikanda, Haritaki, water, honey etc. is used in the preparation S ̅rasvatarista, which is used in all mental disease. Bha.Ra.73/185.

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Dh ̅ in KOSHA AND NIGHANTUS

AMARKOSHA (5th Century ) cd/sf]if lj¢¢/ cd/l;Fx lj/lrt 6Lsfsf/Ù - kl08t s'nrG› zdf{ uf}td, g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg, lj=;+=@)@^ clUgHjfnf;'leIf] t' wftsL wfft[k'liksf . !@$ k[i7= (( Agnijvālā, Subhikshyā, Dhātaki and Dhātripusphi are the synonyms of Dhātaki. nËf z]kmflnsf 6Lsf wftsL kl~rs˜˜9sL .. #%& k[i7= @(% Dhātaki is compiled under 5 female representating words.

SAUSHRUTA NIGHANTU (6-7thCentury) ;f}>''tlg306' - by Dr. K ̅shiraj Sharma Suvedi, Dr. Narendra Nath Tiwari; Mahendra Sanskrit University wftsL tfd|k'ikf r s'~h/f dBjfl;gL kfj{t]of ;'k'ikf r k+vk'ikf r zlAbtf .. @$!, k[i7= (# Dhātaki has the synoyms as Tāmrapuspā, Kunjarā, Madyavasini, Pārvateya, Supuspā & Pankhapuspā.

;dËf wftsL s';'dflg rfDai7fbf} .. @$%, k[i7 ($ Dhātaki along with Samangā and Kusuma are placed on Ambasthādi Gana.

Dhanwantari Nighantu (10-13th century) and Rāja Nighantu (15th Century) - Vin ̅yak Ganes ̅pte; ̅nand ̅sr ̅ma Mudran ̅laya; 2nd Edition 1925 A.D., Page: 113-114 wftsL tfd|k'ikL r s'~h/f dBjfl;gL . kfj{tLof ;'leIff r a'l4k'ikf r zlAbtf .. () .. The synonyms of Dhātaki are Tāmrapuspi, Kunjarā, Madyavasini, Pārvateya, Subhikshyā & Buddhipuspā. u'0f wftsL s6'sf]i0ff r dbs[låifgflzgL . clt;f/x/f ue{:yfkgL s[ld/Qmg't\ .. (! .. Dhātaki has Katu rasa, Usna and used for making Madya, Visha, Atisāra, Garbhasthapana and different Krimi disorders.

/fhlg306f} lkKkNoflb ifi7f] ju{M wftsL alXgk'ikL r tfd|k'ikL r tfd|k'iKfL r bfxgL . clUgHjfnf ;'leIff r kfj{tL ax'k'liksf .. !%! .. tLj|Hjfnf alXglzvf dBk'ikf r lj+zltM .. u'0ff– wftsL s6'?i0ff r dbs[låifgflzgL . k|jflxsflt;f/£gL lj;k{j|0fgflzgL .. !%# .. It is mentioned in Pippalyadi varga and is described as having Katu rasa used for the treatment of Madajanya visa, Pravāhikā, Atisāra, Visarpa and Vrana.

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MADANP ̅L NIGHANTU (14th Century) - dbgkfnlg306' ;Dkfbgs Pj+ efiosf/ k+ xl/k|;fb lqkf7L rf}VfDaf s[i0fbf; csfbdL, jf/f0f;L, @))( ;+:s/0f wftsL s'~h/f l;Gw'k'ikL k|elbgL dbf . kfj{tLof tfd|k'ikL ;'leIff d]wjfl;gL .. @!# wftsL s6'sf zLtf dGbf]i0ff t'j/f n3'M . t[i0fftL;f/lkQf;|ljifls|ldlj;k{lgt\ .. @!$ Synonyms: Kunjar ̅, Sindhupusp ,̅ Pramadin ,̅ Mad ̅, P ̅rvatiy ̅, T ̅mrapusp ,̅ Subhiks ̅, Meghav ̅sini. Properties: It is Katu, S ̅ , Alpa Usna, Kas ̅ya and Laghu in guna. It cures pip ̅ , diarrhoea, raktapitta, Visakrimi and Visarpa. Lastly, this plant is found mostly on high altitude . The flowers are used for medicinal purpose whereas the leaves are fed for cows.

KAIYADEVA NIGHANTU (15th Century) s}ob]jlg306'M kYofkToljaf]bsM - rf}vDaf - By Acharya Priyavrata Sharma and Dr. Guruprasad Sharma) cf}lvGolgof @))( dbx]t'M ;Lw'k'ikL wftsL dbgL dbf . tfd|k'ikL alxGk'ikf s'~h/f dw'jfl;gL .. !)&# kf+z'eIff kj{tLof dbgLof /lt:k[xf . wftsL zLtnf s6\jL siffof dbs[Nn3'M .. !)&@ t[i0fflkqf;|jL;k{ljifftL;f/ hGt'lgt\ . ?If+ :jfb' ljif£g r tR5fs{ jLo{zLtnd\ .. !)&# lkQn+ bLkg+ kYodlt;f/ljgfzgd\ . ?If+ siffo+ r n3' wftDofM s';'d+ dtd\ .. !)&$

Synonyms: Madahetu, Sidhupusp ,̅ Madani, M ̅d ̅, T ̅mrapusp ,̅ Vanhipuspa, Kunjar ̅, Madhuvasini, Pansubhaks ̅, P ̅rvatiy ̅, Madaniya, Ratisprn ̅. Guna Karma: S ta̅ Virya, Katu + Kas ̅ya, Madakaaraka, Laghu, Tris ̅-raktapitta-visarpa-visa-atisara- krimi N ̅saka Dh ̅taki S ̅ka, Ruksha, Madhura, VisaN ̅saka, S ta̅ V rya,̅ Pittavardhaka, Agnidipaka, Atis ̅raN ̅saka Flowers of Dh ̅taki: Kas ̅ya, Ruksa, Laghu

Bhavprakaash Nighantu (16th Century)

- (Commentator:- Bisvanāth Dvivedi Shāstri)

• It is used for treatment of Trisnā, Atisāra, Pitta-rakta dosas, Krimi visa and Visarpa. Actions and uses:- Stimulant and astringent, given in dysentery, beaten up with honey; also in checking haemorrhages and chronic discharges such as menorrhagia and leucorrhoea. The

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 22 powder of flowers is sprinkled over vesicular eruptions and foul ulcers to diminish the discharges. It promotes granulations. In western principle it is used with madhu to treat ̅mātisāra, and Raktātisāra. It is also used to stop the Rakta and Sveta- pradara. Dhātakī powder is used in kshata to fulfill the vranas and to promote formation of pus in wounds. wftsL - efjk|sfzlg306'MÙ 6Lsfsf/ leifu|Gg >L a|XfzÍ/ zf:qLÙ rf}VfDaf ;+:s[t ;L/Lh cflkm;, jf/fo0fL !Ù!(%^ lx= wftsL, wjO{, wfjO{, wfO{, wfcf]nf, wfo a= wfOkm"n, wfO{km"n d= wfo6L, wfo6L km"n u'= wfa0fL, wfj8L gf km"n s= wflo, wflokm"n cjw= w]tL g]= blx/L d'= wfOtL n]= Woodfordia Floribunda wftsLsf] j[If k|foM ;a} k|fGtdf sflx sflx kfOG5 . of] h+undf kfpg'sf] ;fy} au}rfdf klg /f]lkG5 . j[If– 5f]6f] !)–!@ kmL6 cUnf] jf Tof] eGbf a9L . zfvf– nfdf] km}lnPsf] . kft– sflx sflx tLg tLg kQf Ps ;fy u'R5fsf] ?kdf b]lvg] . @–$ O~r nfdf], !–@ O~r rf}8fO, cgLbf/ of c08fsf/, h8lt/ uf]nfsf/ x'g] . aLhsf]if– 5f]6f] aLh– uf8f e"/] /+u

ABHINAVA NIGHANTU (1850 A.D) Flowers of Dh ̅tak ̅ wftsLwft'k'ikLrtfd|k'ikLs'+h/f ;'leIffax'k'ikLrjlXfHjnfr;f:d[tf wftsLs6'sfzLtfdbs[Q'j/fn3'M .. t[i0fftL;f/lkQf;|ljifs[ldlj;k{lat\ .. Dh ̅taki, Dh ̅tapusp ̅ Tamrapusp ,̅ Kunjar ̅, subhisksa, Kahupusp ,̅ & Vahnijv ̅l ̅ are the synonyms of it. Hindu- Dh ̅yake phula, Dh ̅vai le phula Bengal- Dh ̅iphula Ma ̅thi- Dh ̅yatiph ̅la Gujar ̅ti– Dh ̅radin ̅ph ̅la Latin- Grislea tomentosa It is a tree, leaves are like that of pomegranate. Flowers are pink and red coloured, small, ½ inched, long bell shaped and fruit like that of small Ela containing Beeja. Guna: Katu, S tala,̅ M ̅daha, K ̅s ̅ya, Laghu Uses: Trisn ̅, Atis ̅ra, Raktapitta, Visa, Krimi, Visarpa Dose: 1 M ̅s ̅

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 23

Nighantu Aadarsha(1928 A.D) - lg306' cfbz{ -k"jf{w{_Ù>L afkfnfn=u=j}B=Ùrf}vDaf ljBfejg jf/f0ff;L !(^*

Dh ̅takyadi Varga , Lytheraceae Dhātakī Synonym: Dh ̅taki, T ̅mrapusp ,̅ Vahni v̅ ̅la, Madakar ̅, Subhiks ̅ Latin Name: Woodfordia floribanda. Syn. Woodfordia fructicosa

Nirukti clUgM Hjfn]j /Qmk'ikTjft\ . Agnijv ̅la: – having red flowers like Agni Subhiks ̅: due to capacity of having disease like Trisna, patients praise it Dhātakī: for making Dh ̅tu strong Dhatripusphika: its flowers nourishes the body

Distribution: Cosmopolitan Parts used: Puspa, Moola Rasa: Katu, Kas ̅ya Vip ̅ka: Katu Virya: Sita Dosaghnat ̅: Vaata Pitta

Guna wftsL s6'sf]i0ff r dbs[b\ ljifgflzgL . clt;f/x/f ue{:yfkgL ls|ld/Qmg't\ .. w=lg= Description: The plant of Dh ̅taki is 5-12 ft in height. It contains thin and long many branches. It is mostly found tilting on a pond or a river. Leaves are alternate. 2-4" long, 1/2- 1" broad & leaf-tip is somewhat like a needle. The upper part of leaf is somewhat greenish whereas the lower one is whitish & containing hairs. It is somewaht Aml ̅ and more Kas and more Kas ̅ya in rasa. Flowers are bright red and like that of pomegranate.

According to Dr. Walfer- This plant contains a kind of resin which is called 'Dhauka-Goda'. It is used in colouring agent. Zj]tk|b/]– wftSofZrfIfdfq+ rf ======. kf08'k|b/zfGToy{ kfoo]Q08'nfDa'gf .. – zf]9n  Zj]tk|b/df ! tf]nf wftsLk'ikr"0f{ t08'nf]bs ;Fu lknfpg'k5{ . o;n] Zj]tk|b/ gi6 ub{5 . j|0f/f]k0f–] wftsLr"0f{nf]3|}jf tyf /f]xlGt t] j||0ffM ..– rs|bQ  wftsLk'iksf] r"0f{ j|0fdf 5s{g'k5{ . cfdoLs k|of]u– s'i7–nf]w|, wftsL ======cflbsf] r"0f{sf] n]k Tjrfdf k|of]u ug{'k5{ .– r/s clt;f/– wftsL / afb/Lkqsf] r"0f{ bxLsf] ;fydf lknfpg'k5{ . – efjld> jQmJo– r/s;+lxtfdf d"qlj/+hgLo ;+wfgLo k'/Lif–;u|x0fLo eg]/ wftsLnfO{ elgPsf] 5 . cf;jof]lgsf] ;"rLDf wftsLk'iksf] u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . k|foM ;a} cf;jx?df wftsLk'ik x'G5 . ;+ejt– To;}n] o;sf] gfd dBk'ik ePsf] xf] . ;'>'tn] lKf|o+Ujflb / cDai7flb u0fdf wftsLsf] u0fgf u/]sf 5g] . wftsLn] ue{kf]if0f u5{ eGg] dflgG5 .

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Shankar Nighantu (1935 A.D.)

Sankrit: Dh ̅taki Bengal: Dh ̅i Phool Mar ̅thi- Dh ̅yat ̅ Gujar ̅ti- Dh ̅rani English- Grislea tomentosa Dose: 3 M ̅s ̅ Taste: Katu Guna: Sita, Kas ̅ya, Katu, Madak ̅rak, Laghu, Garbhasth ̅pak It destroys Raktaprar ̅hik ̅, Pitta, Trishn ̅, Visarpa, Vranakrimi, Atis ̅ra & blood disorders. Dh ̅taki flowers are very useful in dental problems. Expaination: It has a medium sized tree. Leaves like that of D ̅dima but D ̅dima flowers are more dark blue white Dh ̅taki leaves are light colored. Flowers are reddish. The decoction made from flowers of Dh ̅taki when taken for 3 days will cure discharges. It is famous in the name of Dhambi on Simla pr ̅nta.

NEPALI NIGANTU ( नेपालीननघ赍टु : ) (2025 B.S) • It is used in Garbhasthaapana, Atisaara, Raktapravaahikaa, Pitta dosa, Krimi dosa, Raktavikaara, Trisnaaa, Visarpa, Vrana.

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Dh ̅taki in Dravyaguna Text

Dravyaguna Vijnayan,GYANENDRA PANDEY (VOL III)

DHATAKI Botanical Name: Woodfordia fruticosa Kurtz Family: Lytheraceae Classical Name: Dh ̅taki Sanskrit Names Dh ̅taki, Dh ̅tupuspi, Vahnijv ̅la, Raktapuspa, Madini, D ̅dimipatra Regional Names Dhay(Hi.), Dhava(Panj.), Dhavas(Mar.), Dhavani(Guj.), Sironji(Tel.), Dathari jargi(Tam.), Woodfordia(Eng.)

Description A straggling leafy shrub reaching 3-6 meters high; branches long, spreading; bark smooth, Cinnamoon brown, peeling off in fibres; young shoots terete, often clothed with fine white pubescence. Leaves 5-9 by 1.3-2.5 cm, opposite or subopposite, sometimes in whorl of 3, sessile, ovate- lanceolate, acute, softly velvety above, usually hoary and always nigro-punctate beneath, base rounded or cordate; main nerves 6-12 pairs; arcuate, prominent beneath, uniting in a distinct intramarginal nerve. Flowers numerous, in short 2-15 flowered cymes from the axils of former, less commonly of present leaves; panicles short, glandular-pubescent. Calyx 1.6 cm long, striate covered with glandular dots, with a small campanulate base and a long slightly curved bright red tube which is a slightly contracted above the included capsule; mouth oblique; teeth about 2.5mm long triangular, acute. Petals slightly longer than the calyx-teeth, narrowly linear, produced at the apex to a long fine point. Capsule 1 cm. long, usually splitting the calyx near the base, irregularly dehiscent. Seeds cuneate obovoid, brown, smooth.

Flowering and Fruiting time Spring season and onwards.

Distribution It is found throughout India, specially in the greater part of country; extending upto 1600 meters in the Himalayan regions.

Chemical composition Flowers as well as generally the whole plant yield tannin upto 20 percent. Pharmacodynamics Rasa : Kas ̅ya, Katu. Guna : Laghu, Rukshya Virya : Sita

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Vip ̅ka: Katu Doskarma: Kaphapittasamaka Action and Properties Karma : Stambhana-raktastambhana,Sandhaniya-raktapittas ̅maka, Mutravirajaniya, Yonisr ̅varodhaka, Kusthagna, Jvaraghna, D ̅haprasamana, Vranaropana, Trsn ̅nigrahana, Madakara, Tvacya, Balya.

Roga a) Abhyantara : Atisara-prav ̅hika-rakt ̅tis ̅ra, Raktapitta-Raktasr ̅va, Paittika prameha, Sr ̅vayuktayonivy ̅pat-svetapradara raktapradara, jvara-paittika jvara Carmaroga-visarpa-kustha D ̅ha-raktasr ̅va-vrana Agnidagdha, Trsna-daha, Visa, Krimiroga, Jvar ̅tisara, Stanavikrti- stanapida, Yakrdvikara, Dourbalya

b) B ̅hya: D ̅ha, Rakt ̅srava, Vrana-dustavrana, Agnidagdha, Visphota-kandu- slesmikalavik ̅ra, Anya (other)-Puspa- ̅sav ̅rista Kalpana, Sandh ̅na- madakarana-ranjana Karma.

Therapeutic Use: The dried flowers are astringent; and they are used in dysentery,menorrhagia, derangement of the live, diarrhea, disorders of the mucous membrane and hemorrhoids. They are considered safe stimulant in pregnancy.

The dried flowers are given with milk in dysentery and other bowel complaints; it is used internal hemorrhage. The flowers are given in leucorrhea, menorrhagia, piles and liver complaints.

The powder of the flowers in dried form or three decoction is applied over foul ulcers and wounds. The powder of the flowers is dusted over burns or applied in other suitable form. Bark is crushed or ground and the material is boiled in water to prepare an ointment (by continuous heating) and after getting it cool, this recipe is applied to burns lesions as an effective remedy.

The flowers powder is applied to cuts as a styptic for checking blood hemorrhage and also for healing the ulcers.

The flowers are frequently employed during pharmaceutical process of alcoholic preparations ( ̅sava arista kalpan ̅) as fermentation and coloring agents (sandh ̅na-ranjana dravya)

Parts Used: Flowers, Bark

Dose: Flowers 1-3 gms

Formulations (Yoga): a. Dh ̅taky ̅di c ̅rna, Dh ̅taky ̅di taila, Dh ̅takyarista, Laghu, Gang ̅dhara curna. b. Kut ̅ jarista, Abhay ̅ rista, Pippaly ̅ sava, Karnak ̅ sava, Khadir ̅ rista, Asok ̅ rista, P ̅rthyadyarista

Groups (gana) Purisasamgrahninya, Mutravirajaniya, Sandh ̅niya (Caraka), Priyangv ̅di, Amnasth ̅di (Susruta)

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 27

Views of modern authors Medicinal Plants of Nepal - Bulletin of the Department of Plant Resources No. 28; Government of Nepal Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal; 2007, Page 161-162 wofF/f] (Dhayaanro) Scientific name: Woodifordia fructicosa (Linn.) Kurz.

Family: Lythraceae

Other Name: Fire flame bush (Eng), Dawi, Dhaura, Dhai, Thawi (Hind), Dhātakī, Agnijwala (Sans.)

Description: A much branched, straggling beautiful shrub with spreadin branches, 1-3m tall. Leaves simple, opposite, stalked, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-9 cm long and 1.3-2.5 cm broad. Flowers numerous in 2-15 flowered cymes, brillant red in dense, axillary clusters. Fruits capsules, ovoid, 1cm long.

Flowering and fruiting: February- April

Parts Used: Flowers

Uses: Dried flowers are astrigent to bowel complaints. It is useful inn dysentery and diarrhoea and safe stimulant in pregrancy.

Chemical Composition: Flowers and leaves contain polyphenol-ellergic acid, polystachoside adn myricetin-3- galactoside. Flowers also contain anthocyanins, pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside and cyaniding- 3,5 diglucoside, octacosanol, chrysophanol-8-0-- glucopyrnoside and - sitostero, hecogenin, mesoinsitol and flavonee glycosides-quercetin-3-rhamnoside, naringenin-7- glucoside and keampferol. Bark contains C-glucoside-bergenin. Stem contains octacosanol, - sitosterol, nor-berginin, berginin and gallic acid. Plant contains benzoic acid and cinnamic acid. (Husain et. al.1992)

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 28

Non Timber forest products of Nepal -S.K. Ghimire, I.B Sapkota, B.R. Oli. R.R Parajuli; 2008, WWF, Kathmandu, Nepal

Woodfordia fruticosa linn.kurz Nep: Dhayaro Sans: Dhatupuspi, Dhātakī Eng: Fire-flame bush Hindi: Dawi, Dhaura Tam: Bipkanda Che: Darsing Dar: Dhaiyar Gur: Dhurseli Sat: Icha Dan:Chyuhuwa

Family: Lythraceae

Habit: A much branched shrub Flowering and fruiting period: February-May

Chemical Constituents: The flower, leaves, bark and fruits contain tannin. The leaves also contain lawsone. The stems contain β-sitosterol.

Occurrence: tropical and sob tropical zone. 200-1800m.

Description: A 04ch branched, beautifulshrub, with fluted stems and long, spreading branched, 1-3 high, rarely upto 7m, commonly occurring to an altitude of 1500m. bark reddish brown, peeling off in thin, fibrous strips; leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; flowers numerous, brilliant red in dense axillary paniculate-cymose clusters; capsule ellipsoid, membranous; seeds brown, minute, smooth, ovate.

Uses: The flowes yield a red dye and are employed for dyeing fabrics, or as an adjunct or mordant. The flowerws appear to be a promising tanning material with a fairy a high content of tannin. The flowers tannin may also prove useful in heavy leather tonnage.

Fruits and leaves also provide tannin. The barks contain 20-27% tannin. The dried flowers are credited with stimulant and astringent properties. They are often added to the ayurvedic arishtas to cause s alcoholic fermentation. The drug from dried fruits, flowers, buds, and broken pieces of inflorescences in much used in bowled complaints and hemorrhages and also administered in menorrhagia and seminal weakness. An extract of plant was found to stimulate the contraction of the intestinal loop and the drug in bowel complaints. The drug also show antipyretic action. The dried flowers are powered and sprinkled over ulcers and wounds to diminish discharge and promote gran ulation. A paste of flowers is used for the treatments of coughs. The flowers also enter into an ointment used on the pustules of smallpox. The leaves show antibiotic activity. A gum is collected from the stem and employed for coating the parts of the fabric which are not to be dyed. The flowers are gathered and sucked by children for sweet nectar. They are also eaten fresh. Flowers are crushed and mixed with honey and given to diarrhea patient. The decoction of flowers is drunk to cure leucorrhoea. Fruit juice is given to urinary troubles, and to treat dysentery with bloody stools. Plants are used to control mites and moths in rice grains. Decoction of leaf is taken in malaria fever. Dried flowers is soaked in the cold water, then drunk for stomachache.

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 29

Material medica Of Hindus (1989 A.D.) - UC Dutta- The Materia Medica of the Hindus, Mittal Publication-1989, Page: 165-166

Nat. Order Lythrace Woodfordia Floribunda Syn. Grislea tomentosa. Roxb. Sans: Dhātakī, Agnijvaala Ver. Dhaiphul, Beng. Dhai, Hind

The sanskrit synonyms of this beautiful flowering shrub well describe some of its prominent characters. It is called Tamrapusphi or red flowered, on account of its bright red permanent calyx, and Guchchhapushpi or having clusters of blossoms, one account of its numerous small flowers, which give it a gaudy appearance. From the circumstance of its being common in mountainous tracts, it has got the name of Parvati or hill-born

The dried flowers of Woodfordia floribunda are regarded as stimulant and astrigent and are much used, in combination with other astrigent medicines, in bowel complaints and haemorrhages. Two dranchus of the dried flowers are given with curdled milk in dysentry, and with honey in menorrhagia. In the dysentry of children, the following combination is recommended to be given in the form of powder or decoction with the addition of honey. Take of the flowers of Woodfordia floribunda, bel fruits, bark of Symplocos racemosus (lodra), root of Pavonia odorata (b ̅l ̅),and the fruits of Pothos officinalis (gajapipul), in equal parts, two tolas in all, and prepare a decoction in the usual way.

The powdered flower is sprinkled over ulcers for diminishing their discharge and promoting granulation.

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 30

A compendium of Medicinal Plants in Nepal - S.R Baral and P.P Kurmi, Kathmandu, Nepal-2005, Pg:302

Woodfordia fructicosa (L.) Kurz Lythrum fruticosum L.

Nep: Dhaero, Amar phul, Kaling Eng: Woodfordia, Fireflame, Shirangi tea

Distribution: Africa, W. Asia, Subtropica; Himalaya, India, Srilanka, Myanmar, east to China. Dist-Nepal: WCE, Tropical -subtropical

Description: Pubescent shrub. Leaves opposite, someimes in whorls of three, sessile, lanceolate, 5-10 cm long, entire, under surface white and with black glandular dots. Flowers clustered, numerous, shortly stalked and red corolla.

Parts used: Bark leaves, flowers

Application: Decoction, juice

Uses: Bark is pungent, acrid, anthelminthic, toxic, uterine, sedative. Dried flowers are astringent, styptic, uterine, sedative, antihelminthic, antibacterial, vulnerary, alexiteric and febrifuge. It is used in diarrhoea, dysentry, menorrhea, in derangement of liver, haemorrhoides, leprosy, skin diseases, erysiples, foul ulcers, diabetes, hepatopathy, verminosis etc. It is considered as a safe stimulant in pregrancy, it averts abortion. Flowers aid fermentation.

Flora of Phulchoki & Godawari - Bulletin of the Depart of Medicine Plants No-2, H.M.G of Nepal. Ministry of Forests. Department of Plants, 1st Edition June 1969.

Woodfordia fructicosa (linn) Kurz. in Journ. Asias. Soc. Beng. 40 (2): 56 (1871)- Beneji, I.c:47 (1966)- Hara, I.c.: 218(1966)-Bull. Dept. Med. PI. Nepal1:17(1967) W. floribunda Salisb; Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 572 (1879) A large spreading shrub with slender branches. Leaves sub-opposite, oblique-lanceolate.

Flowers in short-panicled cyme, scarlet

Local Name: Dhainyaro

Flowering: April

Flora of The Flora of British India o J.D Hooker- vol I , M/s Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun 1978

Woodfordia: Shrub with red flowers; stames 12.1 sp W. fructicosa (L.) Kurtz Pakistan to S.W. China. India. Burma. W. Asia. Africa. 300-1800 m. Light forests, open slopes; common. Feb.-Apr.

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 31

An evergreen shrub 1.5 m with speeading branches, with opposite lanceolate pointed leaves, conspicuous when in flowers with short dense axilaru clusters of bright red tubular flowers often borne on lower leafless branches. Calyx tubular, bright red, 9-13mm long, with 6 short triangular lobes; petals small, red, scarcely as long as calyx-lobes; stamens with red filament, much longer than the calyx tube. Leaves 5-10cm, usually two ranked, sometimes in whorls of 3, gland-dotted, paler beneath. Capsule ovate or elliptic, 6-10 mm. Leaves and twigs give a yellow dye; the flowers a red dye. Bark and flowers used medicinally

Some research work conducted

Woodfordia fruticosa: traditional uses and recent findings.

- Das PK, Goswami S, Chinniah A, Panda N, Banerjee S, Sahu NP, Achari B. - Source : Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India. [email protected]

Abstract

Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz of the family Lythraceae is a plant of tropical and subtropical region with a long history of medicinal use. A wide range of chemical compounds including tannins (especially those of macrocyclic hydrolysable class), flavonoids, anthraquinone glycosides, and polyphenols have been isolated from this species in recent times. Extracts and metabolites of this plant, particularly those from flowers and leaves, possess useful pharmacological activities. A comprehensive account of the chemical constituents and the biological activities is presented and a critical appraisal of the ethnopharmacological issues is included in view of the many recent findings of importance on this plant.

Hepatoprotective activity of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. - Chandan BK, Saxena AK, Shukla S, Sharma N, Gupta DK, Singh K, Suri J, Bhadauria M, Qazi GN. - Source Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-Tawi 180016, J&K, India. [email protected]

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance: Dried flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. Family Lythraceae are used in variety of diseases in traditional Indian system of medicine including hepatic ailments.

Aims of study: The aim of present study was to validate hepatoprotective activity of flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz.

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 32

Materials and methods: Petroleum ether (WF1), chloroform (WF2), ethyl alcohol (WF3) and aqueous (WF4) extracts of the flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity using biochemical markers, hexobarbitone sleep time, bromosulphalein (BSP) clearance test and effect on bile flow and bile solids.

Results: The aqueous extract (WF4) was most potent among the four extracts studied in detail. WF4 showed significant hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity as evident by restoration of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and triglycerides. The restoration of microsomal aniline hydroxylase and amidopyrine-N-demethylase activities indicated the improvement in functional status of endoplasmic reticulum. Restoration of lipid peroxidation and glutathione contents suggests the antioxidant property of WF4. The recovery in bromosulphalein clearance and stimulation of bile flow suggested the improved excretory and secretary capacity of hepatocytes. Light microscopy of the liver tissue further confirmed the reversal of damage induced by hepatotoxin.

Conclusion: Present study showed that the aqueous extract of Woodfordia fruticosa significantly restores physiological integrity of hepatocytes. WF4 did not show any sign of toxicity up to oral dose of 2g/kg in mice.

In vitro and in vivo immunostimulatory activity of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers on non-specific immunity. by Shah AS, Juvekar AR. - Source: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Mumbai University Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parikh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, India. Abstract Context: Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. (Lythraceae), a non-rasayana immunomodulatory Indian medicinal plant, used traditionally as an anthelmintic, in dysentery, leprosy, blood diseases, leucorrhea, and menorrhagia.

Objective: To investigate the effect of ethanol extract of W. fruticosa flowers on non-specific immune responses in mice.

Materials and methods: In vitro immunomodulatory activity of the extract was examined on murine peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis (nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction, lysosomal enzyme activity, nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase) and on proliferation of bone marrow cells by

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 33 sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, while the in vivo potential on macrophages and bone marrow cells was evaluated by using carbon clearance test and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression, respectively.

Results: Significant increase in the release of myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide lysosomal enzyme and superoxide from macrophages along with significant increase in phagocytic index in carbon clearance test indicate stimulatory activity of the extract on macrophages. The extract also demonstrated 60% increase in bone marrow cell proliferation and offer protection towards cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression which represents the stimulation of bone marrow activity.

Discussion: Significant increase in mediators released from macrophages and phagocytic index in carbon clearance test suggests the release of cytokines from macrophages and stimulation of reticulo- endothelial system. Proliferation of bone marrow cells indicates the plausible release of colony stimulating factors, which further stimulates the immune system through generation of immune cells.

Conclusion: The result described here indicates the immunostimulatory activity of ethanol extract of W. fruticosa flowers by stimulating non-specific immune responses, macrophages and bone marrow cells.

Antihyperglycemic activity of Woodfordia fruticosa (Kurz) flowers extracts in glucose metabolism and lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Verma N, Amresh G, Sahu PK, Rao ChV, Singh AP. Source Department of Pharmacology, Goel Institute of Pharmacy & Sciences, Faizabad Road (Near Indira Canal), Lucknow 227 105, India. [email protected]

Abstract The ethanolic extract of W. fruticosa flowers (250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly reduced fasting blood glucose level and increased insulin level after 21 days treatment in streptozotocin diabetic rats. The extract also increased catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase activities significantly and reduced lipid peroxidation. Glycolytic enzymes showed a significant increase in their levels while a significant decrease was observed in the levels of the gluconeogenic enzymes in ethanolic extract treated diabetic rats. The extract has a favourable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreatic beta-cells in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The results suggest that W. fruticosa possess potential antihyperglycemic effect by regulating glucose homeostasis and antioxidant efficacy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 34

'Ashvagandharishta' prepared using yeast consortium from Woodfordia fruticosa flowers exhibit hepatoprotective effect on CCl4 induced liver damage in Wistar rats. - Bhondave PD, Devarshi PP, Mahadik KR, Harsulkar AM. - Source : Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: [email protected].

Abstract Ethanopharmacological relevance: Consortium of yeasts sourced from traditionally used Woodfordia fruticosa flowers proved to be beneficial for fermenting Ashvagandharishta. It resulted in faster fermentation, acceptable organoleptic properties and demonstrable hepatoprotective potential in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. To formulate Ashvagandharishta using consortium of yeasts and to investigate its physiochemical parameters. Standardize the formulation with the help of standard withaferin-A and withanolide-A and to evaluate its hepatoprotective potential in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in the rat model.

Material and methods: Ashvagandharishta was prepared using a 5% consortium of yeasts and ascertained its quality through physiochemical and phytochemical investigation. Withaferin-A and withanolide-A was simultaneously estimated by HPLC for standardization. Hepatoprotective potential was evaluated by administering 2.31 and 1.15ml/kg doses while considering biochemical parameters like serum AST, ALT, ALP and lipid profile. Gene expression study was carried out for the expression of antioxidant and inflammatory genes such as CAT, GPx and proinflammatory gene IL-6. Histopathology of liver was also studied with the help of H&E staining.

Results: Ashvagandharishta was found organolepticaly acceptable with optimized physiochemical parameters. Withaferin-A and withanolide-A in Ashvagandharishta estimated as 0.3711, 0.7426 (%w/v), respectively. In the CCl4 induced hepato-toxicity model, Ashvagandharishta- 2.31ml/kg dose showed significant decrease in elevated hepatic level of AST(p<0.001), ALT(p<0.01) and ALP(p<0.001). Both doses of Ashvagandharishta showed significant reduction of TG, Cholesterol, VLDL and LDL in serum, with corresponding reduction of (p<0.001) serum-HDL. Ashvagandharishta also showed increased serum protein (p<0.05) and albumin (p<0.01) with decrease in bilirubin (p<0.01). Additionally, Ashvagandharishta administration revealed up-regulation in antioxidant genes such as CAT and GPx in liver with concomitant down-regulation in proinflammatory IL-6gene (p<0.01). Histopathological parameters revealed restoration of normal tissue architecture by both doses of Ashvagandharishta.

Conclusions: Consortium of yeasts from Woodfordia fruticosa flowers showed better fermentation pattern for Ashvagandharishta produced with acceptable organoleptic properties. Hepatoprotection shown by Ashvagandharishta was mainly through prevention of oxidative damage. Up- regulation of CAT and GPx genes and corresponding down regulation of proinflammatory IL6 gene was revealed as possible mechanism of its action.

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Taxonomy and Botanical Description of Lytharaceae family Taxonomy Division: Magnoliophyta Class:Magnoliopsida Order:Myrtales Family:Lythraceae Genus:Woodfordia Species: Woodfordia Fruticosa

Botanical Description Lythraceae Jaume St.-Hil. Including Ammanniaceae Horan., Diplodontaceae Dulac, Lagerstroemiaceae J.G. Agardh, Lawsoniaceae J.G. Agardh, Salicariaceae Juss.; excluding Punicaceae, Rhynchocalycaceae, Sonneratiaceae, Trapaceae. Habit and leaf form. Herbs (mostly), or shrubs, or trees. ‘Normal’ plants. Plants non- succulent. Young stems not breaking easily at the nodes. Helophytic to xerophytic, or hydrophytic (in Rotala); rooted. Leaves opposite (usually), or alternate, or whorled; when alternate, spiral; petiolate to sessile; gland-dotted, or not gland-dotted; simple. Lamina entire; pinnately veined; cross-venulate. Leaves stipulate (the stipules small), or exstipulate. Lamina margins entire. Leaf development not „graminaceous‟. Leaf anatomy. The leaf lamina dorsiventral (usually), or bifacial (rarely, e.g., in Pemphis). Mucilaginous epidermis present, or absent. Stomata mainly confined to one surface (abaxial), or on both surfaces; anomocytic. Hairs present (with numerous kinds represented); eglandular and glandular; unicellular and multicellular (someteimes tufted or branched). Adaxial hypodermis present, or absent. The mesophyll without sclerenchymatous idioblasts; containing calcium oxalate crystals. The mesophyll crystals raphides and solitary- prismatic. Minor leaf veins without phloem transfer cells (Cuphea, Lythrum).

Axial (stem, wood) anatomy. Young stems cylindrical, or tetragonal. Secretory cavities absent. Cork cambium present; initially deep-seated. Nodes unilacunar (usually), or tri- lacunar. Primary vascular tissue in a cylinder, without separate bundles; bicollateral. Internal phloem seemingly nearly akways present. Secondary thickening developing from a conventional cambial ring. The wood ring porous to diffuse porous. The vessels small to medium; solitary, radially paired, and in radial multiples. The vessel end-walls simple. The vessels with vestured pits; without spiral thickening. The axial xylem with fibre tracheids (Heimia, Woodfordia, Pleurophora), or without fibre tracheids (mostly); with libriform fibres (mostly); at least sometimes including septate fibres, or without septate fibres. The fibres without spiral thickening. The parenchyma predominantly paratracheal. „Included‟ phloem absent. The wood not storied. Tyloses present, or absent. Reproductive type, pollination. Unisexual flowers absent. Plants hermaphrodite; homostylous (mostly), or heterostylous (several genera, e.g. Pemphis, Adenaria). Pollination entomophilous.

Inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed morphology. Flowers solitary, or aggregated in „inflorescences‟; when aggregated, in cymes, or in panicles, or in racemes, or in verticils. The ultimate inflorescence units cymose, or racemose. Inflorescences terminal, or

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 36 axillary. Flowers two bracteolate; minute to medium-sized; regular to very irregular; not resupinate. The floral irregularity when apparent, involving the perianth and involving the androecium. Flowers usually 4 merous, or 6 merous; cyclic, or partially acyclic. When partially non-cyclic, the androecium acyclic. Flowers when fully cyclic, usually pentacyclic. Floral receptacle developing an androphore, or with neither androphore nor gynophore. Free hypanthium present (this elongated, sometimes with a posterior spur). Hypogynous disk or a unilateral gland (Cuphea) present (around G), or absent.

Perianth with distinct calyx and corolla (usually), or sepaline (C rarely absent); (3–)8– 16(–32); 2 whorled (usually), or 1 whorled; isomerous. Calyx (3–)4, or 6, or 8(–16); 1 whorled; polysepalous (sometimes?), or gamosepalous (usually, in that the „floral tube‟ extends beyond the level of insertion of the corolla); tubular, or campanulate, or urceolate (rarely); unequal but not bilabiate, or regular; persistent; lobes valvate. Epicalyx present (commonly), or absent. Corolla (3–)4, or 6, or 8(–16); 1 whorled; polypetalous (at the mouth of the hypanthium); plicate; unequal but not bilabiate, or regular; often red, or purple, or orange. Petals clawed, or sessile.

Androecium (4–)8–16(–100) (rarely fewer than K, usually twice K or C, sometimes „many‟). Androecial members when numerous, maturing centripetally (or the outer cycle initiating first); free of the perianth (but adnate low down on the hypanthium); all equal, or markedly unequal; free of one another; 1–3 whorled (or several). Androecium usually exclusively of fertile stamens. Stamens (4–)8–16(–35); reduced in number relative to the adjacent perianth to isomerous with the perianth to polystemonous; alternisepalous, or oppositisepalous; inflexed in bud (usually), or erect in bud. Anthers dorsifixed; versatile (mostly), or non-versatile (Crenea, Pleurophora); dehiscing via longitudinal slits; introrse; tetrasporangiate. Endothecium developing fibrous thickenings. Microsporogenesis simultaneous. The initial microspore tetrads tetrahedral. Anther wallinitially with more than one middle layer; of the ‘dicot’ type. Tapetum glandular. Pollen grains aperturate; 3 aperturate (usually), or 9 aperturate; colpate, or colporate, or colpate and colporate (sometimes with pseudocolpi intervening, sometimes syncolpate); 2-celled (in Polar nuclei fusing prior to fertilization. Antipodal cells formed; 3; not proliferating; ephemeral. Synergids hooked. Hypostase usually present. Endosperm formation nuclear. Embryogeny onagrad. Fruit non-fleshy; dehiscent, or indehiscent; a capsule, or capsular-indehiscent. Capsules septicidal, or loculicidal, or circumscissile, or splitting irregularly. Seeds non-endospermic; winged (in a few genera, the wing unilateral in Lagerstroemia, encircling in Lafoensia, Galpinia etc.), or wingless (in most genera). Cotyledons 2; flat (usually), or folded (Lagerstroemia). Embryo achlorophyllous (2/3); straight.

6 genera). Gynoecium 2–4(–6) carpelled. The pistil 1 celled, or 2–4(–6) celled. Gynoecium syncarpous; eu-syncarpous; superior. Ovary 1 locular (rarely), or 2–4(–6) locular (but sometimes with the septa not reaching the top); sessile to stipitate (stipitate in Lagerstroemia, Diplusodon, Peplis etc.). Gynoecium stylate (mostly), or non-stylate to stylate. Styles 1; apical. Stigmas 1; usually capitate; wet type (known only in Lagerstroemia), or dry type (recorded in 13 genera); papillate; Group II type. Placentation rarely (i.e.when unilocular), parietal; usually axile. Ovules (1–)5–50 per locule (usually „many‟); ascending, or horizontal; non-arillate; anatropous; bitegmic; crassinucellate. Outer integument contributing to the micropyle. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type.

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Seedling. Germination phanerocotylar.

Physiology, phytochemistry. C3. C3 physiology recorded directly in Ammannia, Lythrum. Anatomy non-C4 type (Decodon). Sugars transported as oligosaccharides + sucrose (Lagerstroemia). Not cyanogenic. Alkaloids present, or absent (mostly). Anthraquinones detected (Woodfordia); polyacetate derived. Iridoids not detected. Saponins/sapogenins absent. Proanthocyanidins absent. Flavonols present (Cuphea), or absent; when present, kaempferol and quercetin. Ellagic acid present (4 species, 4 genera). Aluminium accumulation not found Floral Formula

Floral Diagram of Flower of Lytharaceae family

Transverse Diagram of Lytheraceae family

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Conclusion

Dhātaki also called Vahnijvālā, Dhātupuspi etc. is described as one of fermentating agent in Caraka Samhitā. It is also kept under 10 urinary depigmenters. The flowers are used to prepare different formulations like Priyangvādi Peyā, Lodhrādi lepa, Nāgarādya curna, Kāsisādi Yoga etc. Dhātaki is especially described to treat Vrana, Atisāra, Mukharoga, Pradara etc. in Caraka Samhitā.

In Susruta Samhitā it is kept under Priyangvādi and Ambasthādi Gana. Dhātaki is prefered for the treatment of disease like Vrana, Bhagandara, Prameha, Atisāra, auricular discharges etc.

Vriddha Vāgbhata also in his Astanga Sangraha kept Dhātaki under a foresaid Ganas. Dhataki is preferred for Pitta Vikāra, Piles, Bleeding disorders, Diarrhoea, Grahani etc. Besides it is used for enema and to prepare formulations like Abhayārista.

In Astānga Hridaya, Dhātaki is referred for the treatmnet of diseases like Raktapitta, Raktārsa, Pakvātisāra, Pittaj Prameha etc. Different preparations like Aparajita Khanda, Kutajādyāvaleha, Pushyānga curna etc. are made from Dhātaki.

Kāsyapa Samhita found Dhātaki as a galacto purifier and good for the children related problems.

Nāgarādyam Curna, Vriddha gangādhar Curnā,Pāthyādi Curna, Kumāryāsava etc. are the common formulation related with Dhātaki found on almost all of the Cikitsā Granthas.

Besides it, Gada Nigraha found Dhātaki useful in KsayaRoga, Dagdha Vrana along with for the preparation of BaalCaaangeri Ghrita.

Sārangadhar Samhita added different arista preparations and defined Dhātaki useful in Anorexia, ̅masula & Vājikāraka. Brihat Kasturi Bhairav Rasa is added formulation of Harihar Samhitā.

Yogaratnākar explained the different combination of Dhātaki for different kinds of Atisāra.

Bhaisajya Ratnāvali has given different newer formulations like Mārakandeya Curna, Rasānjanādi curna, Srikhandāsava, Rohitakārisata, Sārasvātārista, Pippalyādi Ghritam etc.

Amarkosa has given different synonyms of Dhātaki like Agnijvālā, Subhiksā, Dhātripuspi etc. The oldest Nighantu ever found, Sausruta Nighantu also gave the synonyms of Dhātaki.

According to Madanpal Nighantu Dhātaki is used to treat ailment like Pipāsa, diarrhoea, Visarpa etc.

Rāja Nighantu mentioned Dhātaki in Pipplayādi Varga.

Bhāv Prakash Nighantu mentioned the different local names of Dhātaki along with its morphological characters and uses of it on menorrhagia, vaginal discharges, vrana etc. Abhinava Nighantu mentioned Dhātaki as Gristea tomentosa.

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 40

Nighantu ̅darsa gave the Nirukti of the different synonyms of Dhātaki and different uses of it according to the references of Sodhala, Cakradatta, Caraka etc. are described on it. Shankar & Nepali Nighantu gave the uses of Dhātaki on ailment like Atisāra, Raktapravāhika, Vranakrimi etc. Woodfordia fructicosa along with the aforesaid disease is also used for different disorders of mucous membrane and hemorrhoids. It is best Sthambhaka plant and also called Sandhānkārak on different Dravyaguna texts.

In Nepali it is also called "Dhanyero" and is found mostly on tropical and subtropical zones. The flowering and fruiting time is February- April.

Besides these, different research works have been done in Dhātaki and many works are on pipeline.

Dhātaki has potent hepatoprotective activity on CCl4 induced hepato-toxicity. It also has good immunostimulatory activity, antihyperglycemic activity etc. Woodfordia fructicosa is kept on division Magnoliophyta and family Lytheraceae.

In this way, Dhātaki (Woodfordia fructicosa Kurtz.) is very useful herb since the ancient time and the ̅sava, Arista formulations needs are relook because of their high efficacy on diseases.

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 41

Harihar Samhita, Vaidyak ̅j Harihas Nath sankhy ̅e ̅rya; Va dyaraj̅ HariHarNath S ̅nkhy ̅c ̅rya Maharsi Ausadh ̅laya; 1st Edition, 1939.1. Feb. - Vidyoniti Hindi Commentary by Vaidya Srilaxmipati S ̅stri; Ch ukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan; 2050 B.S.

Monograph on Woodfordia fruticosa Page 42