DOCSLIB.ORG

Abortion and Contraception in the High Middle Ages, Circa 1050-1300

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Abortion and Contraception in the High Middle Ages, Circa 1050-1300 Durham E-Theses Evacuating the Womb: Abortion and Contraception in the High Middle Ages, circa 1050-1300 HARRIS, LYDIA,MICHELLE How to cite: HARRIS, LYDIA,MICHELLE (2017) Evacuating the Womb: Abortion and Contraception in the High Middle Ages, circa 1050-1300, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12395/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Evacuating the Womb: Abortion and Contraception in the High Middle Ages, circa 1050-1300 Lydia Harris Submitted in Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History Durham University 2017 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author’s prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 1 Contents Illustrations . 4 Table of Texts . 8 Abbreviations . 15 Acknowledgements . 16 Dedication . 17 Introduction . 18 Thesis Outline . 21 Research Parameters . 26 Historical Background and Source Origins . 29 Literature Review . 45 Reproductive Ambiguity . 53 Chapter I: Sterility and Infertility . 59 Tests, Trials, and Midwives . 61 Incomplete Men . 68 Inhospitable Wombs . 76 Purposeful Sterility . 83 Conclusion . 91 Chapter II: Abstinence. 93 Virginal Mothers . 99 Controlling Lust . 108 Mothers, Children, and the Church . 117 Conclusion . 124 Chapter III: Marital Sex . 127 Coitus and Conception . 131 Non-Christian Contraception and Medicinal Appropriation . 140 Contraception and Controlling Sexuality . 149 Conclusion . 157 Chapter IV: Illicit Sexuality . 161 The ‘Secrets’ of Women . 164 Prostitution and Promiscuity . 172 Violent Abortions . 181 Herbal Abortions . 191 Conclusion . 195 Chapter V: Implicit Control . 197 Moving the Menses . 200 Intention . 213 The Transmission of Medical Knowledge . 219 2 Conclusion . 228 Thesis Conclusion . 231 Bibliography . 238 Primary Sources . 238 Secondary Sources . 243 3 Illustrations Image I: Trota of Salerno Wellcome Library, MS 544 (Miscellanea medica XVIII) Early 14th century, France 4 Image II: Trota of Salerno educating a man on the nature of women Rennes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 593, f. 532r Pre-1304, France 5 Image III: A page from the Antidotarium Nicolai detailing the methods and remedial medicines which used pennyroyal (right) British Library, MS Egerton 747, fol. 76r c. 1280-1310, Salerno 6 Image IV: Midwife administering pennyroyal to an ailing patient Vienna, MS Lat. 93, fol. 93 First half of the 13th century, Sicily 7 8 Qānūn fī t-tibb 1 Pantegni, (Kitāb Kāmil aā- (Canon of Medicine) Medieval 3 Text şinā`a at-tibbīya) , eds. Charles Gerald J. Grudzen, J.Grudzen, Gerald Constantine the African (c. 1010-1087) Ibn-Sīnā (d. 1037) `Alī ibn `Abbās al-Mağūsi Author (d. 982/994) (Leiden: Brill,1994); (Leiden: c. 1070s – Latin translation Avicenna in Renaissance Italy: The Canon and c. 1016-1025 (Lewiston, N.Y.; Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, c. 977 – Arabic original Hamadan Salerno Mağūsi: The Pantegni and Related Texts - Date/Place of Creation Aristotle Faitheds.,ThomasStevenGlick,Wallis,and F. Livesey, Galen - al-Rāzī Influences `Alī ibn `Abbās ağūsi: The Pantegni and Related Texts Related and ağūsi: Pantegni The M - Salerno School Trotula Compendium Peter of Spain Dragmaticon Philosophae, (London: Routledge, 1992); Nancy Siraisi, De secretis mulierum William of Conches Albertus Magnus Adelard of Bath Mentions Influenced/ Thomas Aquinas 1127 – Stephen of Antioch Avicenna Constantine the African and ‘Alī ibn ‘Abbās al Arabic, Latin, Hebrew, French, Italian, Spanish, Latin, Arabic 147. English - (London: Routledge,(London: 2005). Practica VIII,’ in Languages (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University(Princeton,PrincetonNJ:Press,1987); and, 1500 By 13th c. – Canterbury, al‘Abbās ibn ‘Alī Africanand theConstantine Bologna, Paris, Amiens, 100+ extant manuscript 1300 Toledo, Monte Cassino, copies Copies byCopies Salerno, Montpellier, et al (Oxford: OUP, 2010); Lenn E. Goodman, 1150-1187 – Gerard of Cremona translation 1140 – Hildesheim 12th – 18th c. – curriculum Avicenna Mid-12th c. –St. Amand at universities of Paris, Mid-12th c. – Durham Montpellier, Bologna, Notable 1177-1194 – Peterborough2 Circulations Oxford, et al, School at Salerno Jon McGinnis, Monica H. Green, ‘The Recreation of the Pantegni Charles Burnett and DanielleJacquart,Burnettand eds. Charles Burnett Burnett and Danielle Jacquart Brill,(Leiden: 1994),144 3 Medical Theory about the Body and the Soul in the Middle Ages: The First Western Medieval Curriculum at Monte Cassino 2007). Denotes* indirect or supposed influences. 1 MedicalTeachingafter Italian inUniversities Science, Technology,and Medicine: An Encyclopedia 2 9 Viaticum, (Zād al-musāfir De Viribus Herbarum5 4 Text wa-qūt al-ḥāḍir) Latin translation - (Philadelphia, PA: UPP, (Bern: (Bern: Peter Lang, 2012); Exact Identity Unknown – Constantine the African Macer Floridus Jazzār On Sexual Diseases and and Diseases Sexual On Jazzār 92r) - Arabic original – - Author Odo of Meung Ibn al-Jazzār (c. 895 -979) Ibn al Ibn c. 1070s – Latin translation Possibly late-11th c. c. 950s – Ibn al-Jazzār Northern France Salerno Black,Winston add “I Arab oncethe will taught”: what Date/Place of Creation 66; - Hippocrates 312; Gerrit Bos, ed. and trans., trans., ed.and Bos, Gerrit312; Aristotle Galen - Rufus of Ephesus Dioscorides Contraception Abortion and from the Ancient to World the Renaissance Galen of Pergamom Pliny the Elder Influences Paul of Aegina 18, (1976):no. 2 62 e Ancient Mediterranean through the Medieval West: Essays in Honor of John M. JohnHonorEssaysofin AncientMedievalWest: Mediterraneane the through s s in the Middle Ages: The Viaticum and its Commentaries 37, (1993): 296 37,(1993): Al-Rāsī (d. 923/24) Alexander Neckham Trotula compedium Giles of Corbeil Thesaurus Pauperum, Lovesicknes Henry of Huntingdon Mentions Peter of Spain Influenced/ Pharmacy in History MedicalHistory Beginning 11th c. – Greek Latin, Italian, French, Herbsfrom and th Healers 1070s – Latin English, Catalan, Spanish, 1124 – Hebrew Hebrew, Danish The Middle English Version of De Viribus Herbarum (GUL MS Hunter 497, ff. 1r Languages García, eds., - 123 extant manuscripts 100+ extant manuscripts 1300 Copies byCopies Jazzar on Women’s Diseases and their Treatment,’ their and DiseasesWomen’s Jazzar on 1290s – Bologna - th (London: Kegan Paul International, 1997); and, Mary Wack, 13 c. – Montpellier A: HarvardA: University Press, 1992). 1320s/1330s – Kings Martín and Antonio Miranda School, Universities of - Jaume and Alfonso IV of Bologna, Paris, & Oxford Notable Aragon P. Flood, MedievalJr., Herbal‘The Tradition Macerof Floridus,’ , eds.Van Anne Arsdall and GrahamTimothy (Farnham: Ashgate, 2012); and, John M. Riddle, Circulations errit Bos, ‘Ibn Al Bos,‘Ibn errit Javier Calle G Bruce NorthernMedicalVerse,’in Europeanin the Constantine African Riddle (Cambridge, M 4 their Treatments 1990). 5 Liber de sinthomatibus 10 mulierum Regimen Sanitatis (Book on the Conditions of 6 Text Salernitanum Women) of the Trotula compendium7 Medieval Medicine Exact Identity Unknown – Exact Identity Unknown – Brewer, 1990). John of Milan Attributed to Author Arnold of Villanova Trocta/Trota of Salerno F. Benton, ‘Trotula, Women’s Problems,Women’s ‘Trotula, Benton, F. LSM prior to 1187 (Cambridge: (Cambridge: D. S. Trotula compendium 12th century compiled by mid-13th Salerno Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 2010); Melitta century ( Date/Place of Creation Salerno *Hippocrates (Berlin: Peter Lang, 1995); Plinio Prioreschi, Viaticum & Pamtegni, *Soranus of Ephesus Constantine the African *Galen of Pergamom *De viribus herbarum Viaticum, Ibn al-Jazzār Influences 53; and, Edward F. Tuttle, ‘The “Trotula” and Old Trot:Dame Note A on the ofLady - *De viribus herbarum Orderic Vitalis Century England: Introduction and Texts - John of Milan Sefer Dinah… Arnold of Villanova Peter of Spain (1985): 30 Mentions Pedro de Crescenzi De Secretis Mulierum Influenced/ 59, no. 1 Late 12th c. – Hebrew By 15th c. – 40 languages, 13th c. – Anglo-Norman, including French, BHM French; 14th c. – Dutch, German, Italian, and Middle English, German, English k in Regimen Sanitatis, Literature from 800 to 1400 Languages Irish, Italian Popular Medicine in Thirteenth y 72. 7 extant manuscripts from - the 13th century 29+ extant manuscripts 1300 28 copies by 1500 Copies b Copies 120 print copies Flos Medicine (Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum): estudio, edición crítica y traducción c. 1250 - Italy, France, & c. 1200 - Bologna Medieval Dietetics: Food and Drin Germany 50, 1976): no. 1 (Spring 61 c. 1200 – Montpellier and 1305 – Montpellier School Paris th de Frutos Gonzalez, Mid-14 – Sorbonne, Paris BHM Notable c. 1200 - England Circulations Virginia Virginia See: Monica H. Green, ed. and trans., Trotula: A Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine (Philadelphia,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Del Nacer Y El Vivir. Fragmentos Para Una Historia De La Vida En La Baja
    de La versión original y completa de esta obra debe consultarse en: https://ifc.dpz.es/publicaciones/ebooks/id/2510 Esta obra está sujeta a la licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Internacional de Creative Commons que determina lo siguiente: • BY (Reconocimiento): Debe reconocer adecuadamente la autoría, proporcionar un enlace a la licencia e indicar si se han realizado cambios. Puede hacerlo de cualquier manera razonable, pero no de una manera que sugiera que tiene el apoyo del licenciador o lo recibe por el uso que hace. • NC (No comercial): La explotación de la obra queda limitada a usos no comerciales. • ND (Sin obras derivadas): La autorización para explotar la obra no incluye la transformación para crear una obra derivada. Para ver una copia de esta licencia, visite https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-nd/4.0/deed.es. Del nacer y el vivir Fragmentos para una historia de la vida en la Baja Edad Media María del Carmen García Herrero COLECCIÓN DE LETRAS Del nacer y el vivir Fragmentos para una historia de la vida en la Baja Edad Media María del Carmen García Herrero Edición a cargo de Ángela Muñoz Fernández Institución «Fernando el Católico» (C.S.I.C.) Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza ZARAGOZA, 2005 PUBLICACIÓN NÚMERO 2.526 DE LA INSTITUCIÓN «FERNANDO EL CATÓLICO» (EXCMA. DIPUTACIÓN DE ZARAGOZA) PLAZA DE ESPAÑA, 2 • 50071 ZARAGOZA (ESPAÑA) TELS. [34] 976 28 88 78/79 • FAX [34] 976 28 88 69 [email protected] www.ifc.dpz.es © María del Carmen García Herrero. © De la presente edición, Institución «Fernando el Católico».
    [Show full text]
  • Books As a Source of Medical Education for Women in the Middle Ages
    Books as a Source of Medical Education for Women in the Middle Ages MONICA H. GREEN (*) SUMMARY 1.—Professional female practitioners and their books. 2.—Religious women and their books. 3.—Conclusions and speculations: the role of gender. ABSTRACT The development of philosophical medicine in the high and late Middle Ages brought with it a powerful association of medical knowledge with the written word. To possess books, or at least to have access to books, was both a prerequisite for and a symbol of the kind of theoretical learning that distinguished the learned practitioner from the empiric. This study examines evidence for women’s access to medical books, raising the question of what difference gender made. I argue that, for the most part, women did not own medical books, whether they were laywomen or religious. I suggest that this was largely due to the limits on advanced education for women, a factor that would have effected both laywomen and nuns. BIBLID [0211-9536(2000) 20; 331-369] Fecha de aceptación: 23 de noviembre de 1999 (*) Associate Professor. Department of History. 226 Carr Building, Duke University. Durham, NC 27708-0719. USA. E-mail: [email protected] DYNAMIS. Acta Hisp. Med. Sci. Hist. Illus. 2000, 20, 331-369. 332 MONICA H. GREEN A few legendary accounts notwithstanding, it is well known that women were excluded from the newly-founded universities of high and later medieval Europe (1). Had medical education been provided exclusively within the bounds of university culture, then we could readily assume women’s complete exclusion from the scientific (philosophical) medi- cine being developed and taught by university masters.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Women's Writing Workshop: Reading Pack
    Medieval Women’s Writing Workshop: Reading Pack . Wednesday 24th February 2018 Generously supported by the Department of French. Contact: Louise Campion: [email protected] Jane Sinnett-Smith: [email protected] Clemence of Barking England, fl. c. 1163 to 1200 Little is known about Clemence, other than the information she gives about herself when she signs her name at the end of her Life of St Catherine, written in Anglo-Norman French in the late 12th century: that her name is Clemence and she is a nun from Barking Abbey in Essex. Barking Abbey was a wealthy and powerful institution that maintained links to the royal and political elite. Barking was an important centre for women’s literary culture, with several surviving works being produced by or for the female community there, and there is evidence of a relatively substantial library. The Life of St Catherine written by Clemence follows the tale of Catherine of Alexandria, a young Christian martyr who died in the early 4th century. Clemence translates and adapts her text into French from a very popular 11th century Latin version. In comparison to her source, Clemence is particularly interested in questions of women’s authorship and speech. Her text survives in 3 manuscripts, at least one of which we know was owned by another female religious community at Campsey in England, suggesting how this text might resonate with a readership of women. I who have translated her life am called Clemence by name. I am a nun of Barking, for love of which I took this work in hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Guide Morrison a Medieval Woman's Companion
    A Medieval Woman's Companion: Women's Lives in the European Middle Ages Oxbow Books, 2016: ISBN: 978-1785700798 About the Book A Medieval Woman's Companion: Women's Lives in the European Middle Ages. By Susan Signe Morrison. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2016. ISBN: 978-1-78535-009-2. Available in paperback. Ages: Adult and Young Adult Book Summary What have a deaf nun, the mother of the first baby born to Europeans in North America, and a condemned heretic to do with one another? They are among the virtuous virgins, marvelous maidens, and fierce feminists of the Middle Ages who trail-blazed paths for women today. Without those first courageous souls who worked in fields dominated by men, women might not have the presence they currently do in professions such as education, the law, and literature. Focusing on women from Western Europe between c. 300 and 1500 CE in the medieval period and richly carpeted with detail, A Medieval Woman's Companion offers a wealth of information about real medieval women who are now considered vital for understanding the Middle Ages in a full and nuanced way. Short biographies of 20 medieval women illustrate how they anticipate and shape current concerns, including access to education; creative and emotional outlets such as art, theater, romantic fiction, and music; marriage and marital rights; fertility, pregnancy, childbirth, contraception and gynecology; sex trafficking and sexual violence; the balance of work and family; faith; and disability. Their legacy abides today in attitudes to contemporary women that have their roots in the medieval period. The final chapter suggests how 20th and 21st century feminist and gender theories can be applied to and complicated by medieval women's lives and writings.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Women's Writing
    Medieval Women’s Writing Workshop: Reading Pack . Wednesday 24th January 2018 Generously supported by the Department of French. Contact: Louise Campion: [email protected] Jane Sinnett-Smith: [email protected] Clemence of Barking England, fl. c. 1163 to 1200 Little is known about Clemence, other than the information she gives about herself when she signs her name at the end of her Life of St Catherine, written in Anglo-Norman French in the late 12th century: that her name is Clemence and she is a nun from Barking Abbey in Essex. Barking Abbey was a wealthy and powerful institution that maintained links to the royal and political elite. Barking was an important centre for women’s literary culture, with several surviving works being produced by or for the female community there, and there is evidence of a relatively substantial library. 1. The Life of St Catherine, c. 1163 to 1200 The Life of St Catherine written by Clemence follows the tale of Catherine of Alexandria, a young Christian martyr who died in the early 4th century. Clemence translates and adapts her text into French from a very popular 11th century Latin version. In comparison to her source, Clemence is particularly interested in questions of women’s authorship and speech. Her text survives in 3 manuscripts, at least one of which we know was owned by another female religious community at Campsey in England, suggesting how this text might resonate with a readership of women. In this extract, Clemence identifies herself. I who have translated her life am called Clemence by name.
    [Show full text]
  • Monica H. Green, “Bibliography on Medieval Women, Gender, And
    DIGITAL LIBRARY www.sciencia.cat Bibliography on Medieval Women, Gender, and Medicine 1980-2009 (Latest update: February 2, 2010) Monica H. Green Arizona State University [email protected] his bibliography comprises all the entries that appeared in the bibliography on “Women and Medicine” that I published periodically in the Medieval Feminist Forum (formerly, T Medieval Feminist Newsletter) from 1990 to 2004.1 The previously published entries have been merged into a single alphabetical list by author, and some editorial commentary has been updated or modified. I have added items that were previously overlooked or that date before the original dates covered,2 and I have added new material published up through 2009, including a few items that cross over into the early modern period since they carry forward issues that began in the late Middle Ages.3 Multiple entries for a single author are listed chronologically by date of publication. For cross-referencing, I have used the author’s last name ----------------------------------- 1Monica H. Green, “Women and Medicine,” Medieval Feminist Forum (formerly, Medieval Feminist Newsletter): no. 10 (Fall 1990), pp. 23-24; no. 11 (Spring 1991), pp. 25-26; no. 13 (Spring 1992), pp. 32-34; no. 15 (Spring 1993), pp. 42-43; no. 19 (Spring 1995), pp. 39-42; no. 21 (Spring 1996), pp. 39-41; and no. 26 (Fall 1998), pp. 8-11; no. 30 (Fall 2000), pp. 44-49; no. 32 (Fall 2001), pp. 50-53; no. 34 (Fall 2002); no. 37 (Spring 2004), pp. 35-39. All back issues of Medieval Feminist Forum are now available gratis online at <http://ir.uiowa.edu/mff/>.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Women Physicians
    Medieval Women Physicians By Lady Isobel of Carnewyth University of Atlantia Session 104 - June 13, 2020 Abella (14th century), Italian physician; Adelle of the Saracens (12th-century), Italian physician; Adelmota of Carrara (14th-century), Italian physician; Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th-century), Muslim nurse; Maesta Antonia (1386-1408), Florentine physician; Ameline la Miresse (fl. 1313-1325), French physician; Jeanne d'Ausshure (d. 1366), French surgeon; Zulema L'Astròloga (1190-after 1229), Moorish astronomer; Brunetta de Siena (fl. 15th-century), Italian-Jewish physician; Hildegard of Bingen (1099–1179), German natural philosopher; Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes; Denice (fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon; Demud (fl. ca. 13th century), German physician; Dobrodeia of Kiev (fl. 1122), Byzantine physician; Dorotea Bucca (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine; Constance Calenda (15th century), Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye; Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1276), Jewish-Sicilian physician; Caterina of Florence (fl. 1400s), Florentine physician; Jeanne de Cusey (fl. 1438), French barber-surgeon; Antonia Daniello (fl. 1400), Florentine-Jewish physician; Clarice di Durisio (15th century), Italian physician; Fava of Manosque (fl. 1322), French-Jewish physician; Fatima al-Fihri (9th century), born in Tunesia, founder of world's first university in Fez (Morocco); Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician; Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra (15th-century), Catalan physician; Maria Gallicia (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon; Bellayne Gallipapa (fl. 1380), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician; Dolcich Gallipapa (fl. 1384), Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician, Na Pla Gallipapa (fl. 1387), Sarah de St Giles (fl. 1326), French-Jewish physician and medical teacher; Alessandra Giliani (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist; Rebecca de Guarna (fl.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovering Women in Late Medieval Health
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange TOME-funded Monographs Open Access Books & Monographs 2021 Acts of Care: Recovering Women in Late Medieval Health Sara Ritchey University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_tome Recommended Citation Ritchey, Sara, "Acts of Care: Recovering Women in Late Medieval Health" (2021). TOME-funded Monographs. 2. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_tome/2 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Books & Monographs at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in TOME-funded Monographs by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ACTS OF CARE ACTS OF CARE Recovering Women in Late Medieval Health Sara Ritchey CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS Ithaca and London Copyright © 2021 by Cornell University This book is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem)—a collaboration of the Association of American Universities, the Association of University Presses, and the Association of Research Libraries—and the generous support of the University of Tennessee. Learn more at the TOME website, available at: openmonographs.org. The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. To use this book, or parts of this book, in any way not covered by the license, please contact Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.
    [Show full text]
  • Haverford College English Department Fall 2019 Course Guide
    Haverford College English Department Fall 2019 Course Guide . Containing descriptions of readings, approaches and course conduct for all department offerings. Major Requirements: Admission to the major requires completion of at least two courses, one at the 100 level and 1-2 at the 200 level, by the end of the sophomore year; note: ENGL 150L may be counted as one 200-level course (since its rubrics are in line with 200-level materials). In the total major requires eleven credits, including a .5 credit tutorial (298j) as part of Junior Seminar. Note 399F and 399B comprise a 1.5 credit course taken over the full senior year. • Seven courses at the 100, 200 and 300 levels of which o At least two must be in literature written before 1800; o At least two in literature written after 1800; o At least one (and no more than two) must be at the 100 level; a minimum of two, preferably three, must be at the 200 level (WRPR 150 “Approaches to Literary Analysis” counts); and a minimum of two must be at the 300 level. • ENGL 298 and 299, the two-semester Junior Seminar in English • ENGL 298J, the .5 credit yearlong Junior Seminar in English • ENGL 399F (Fall) and 399B (Spring) for a total of 1.5 credit Senior Conference Note: The department will give major credit for one credit for one semester course in a foreign literature in the original language or for Comparative Literature 200. No more than four major credits will be awarded for work done beyond the Tri-College Consortium, whether abroad or in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Trotula: a Medieval Compendium of Women's Medicine
    The Trotula: A Medieval Compendium of Women's Medicine Edited and Translated by Monica H. Green University of Pennsylvania The Trotula 6244 Green / THE “TROTULA” / sheet 1 of 319 Tseng 2001.1.26 15:13 DST:103 THE MIDDLE AGES SERIES Ruth Mazo Karras, Series Editor Edward Peters, Founding Editor A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher. 6244 Green / THE “TROTULA” / sheet 2 of 319 Tseng 2001.1.26 15:13 DST:103 The Trotula A Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine 6244 Green / THE “TROTULA” / sheet 3 of 319 Edited and Translated by Monica H. Green PENN University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Tseng 2001.1.26 15:13 DST:103 Copyright © University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Published by University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - 6244 Green / THE “TROTULA” / sheet 4 of 319 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Trotula : a medieval compendium of women’s medicine / edited and translated by Monica H. Green. p. cm. — (The Middle Ages series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN --- (alk. paper) . Gynecology—Early works to . Obstetrics—Early works to . Medicine—Italy—Salerno—History. Women— Health and hygiene—Early works to . Medicine, Medieval. I. Green, Monica Helen. II. Series. RG .T '.'—dc - Tseng 2001.1.26 15:13 DST:103 Ilā bintayya al-‘azīzatayn Malaika wa Kanza 6244 Green / THE “TROTULA” / sheet 5 of 319 Tseng 2001.1.26 15:13 DST:103 This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations
    [Show full text]