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Conservation data report No. W14.2 Department of Environment ISSN 0158-7757 RE195October1997 GOVERNMENT Wave data recording program Gold Coast Region 1987-1997

Abstract Contents This report summarises primary analyses of wave data 1 Introduction recorded in water depths of approximately 12m and 2 Recording equipment greater, off shore near the Gold Coast Seaway in south­ 2.1 Waverider system east Queensland. Data were recorded using a Datawell 2.2 Wave pole system waverider buoy, and cover the period 21 February 1987 2.3 Station configuration to 28 February 1997. The data were divided into seasonal 2.4 Laboratory calibration checks groupings for analysis. No estimations of wave direction 3 Wave recording and analysis procedures data have been provided. 4 Data losses 5 Wave climate This report has been prepared by the Coastal 5.1 Methodology Management Branch, Division of Conservation, 6 Data presentation Department of Environment, on behalf of the Beach 7 References Protection Authority. 8 Other reports in this series

Wave data recording program Appendices Gold Coast Region 1987-1997 Appendix 1 Details of wave recorder installation Appendix 2 Major meteorological events Disclaimer Appendix 3 Tropical cyclones of the east coast of While data in this report were collected, processed and Queensland compiled with reasonable care, the accuracy and reliability of this information are not guaranteed in any way by the Tables Beach Protection Authority. Neither the Queensland Table1. Wave statistics - wave period (Tp)/wave Government nor the Authority accepts liability for any height (Hsig) occurrences - All data, decision or actions taken on the basis of this report. all directions, measured in days. Table2. Wave statistics - wave period (Tp)/wave Copyright height (Hsig) occurrences - Summer data, © Queensland Government 1997 all directions, measured in days. Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes Table3. Wave statistics - wave period (Tp)/wave permitted by the Copyright Act, storage, transmission or height (Hsig) occurrences - Winter data, reproduction of all or any part by any means is prohibited all directions, measured in days. without the prior written permission of the Department of Table 4. Wave statistics - Wave period (Tp)/wave Environment. Direct enquiries to the Manager, Education height (Hsig) occurrences - All data, and Information Unit, PO Box 155 ALBERT all directions, measured in percentage STREET OLD 4002. occurrences. Table s. Wave statistics - wave period (Tp)/wave RE195 October 1997 height (Hsig) occurrences - Summer data, Recycled paper saves energy and resources all directions, measured in percentage occurrences. Table 6. Wave statistics - wave period (Tp)/wave height (Hsig) occurrences - Winter data, all directions, measured in percentage occurrences.

Figures Figure 1. Locality plan Figure2. Percentage (of time) exceedance of wave heights (Hsig) for all wave periods (Tp) Figure3. Histogram percentage (of time) occurrence of wave heights (Hsig) for all wave periods (Tp) Figure 4. Histogram percentage (of time) occurrence of wave periods (Tp) for all wave heights (Hsig) Figure s. Wave parameter relationships Figures. Daily wave recordings Figure7. Whole recording period single plot of wave heights (Hsig) Figures. Cyclone tracks

Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 1 Introduction (2.56Hz), are recorded in bursts of 4096 points (approximately 26 minutes) and recorded on the PC's hard As part of its long-term data collection program, the disk. The proprietary software running on the PC controls Beach Protection Authority (the Authority) has been the timing of data recording and processes the data in 'near recording wave characteristics along Queensland's coast since 1968. This has been done using a series of wave real time' to provide a set of standard sea-state parameters and spectra that may be accessed remotely via the public recording stations. This report summarises the primary telephone network. Recorded data and analysis results are analyses of wave data collected at the Gold Coast station. It also provides brief details of the recording equipment, downloaded daily to a central computer system in Brisbane for checking, further processing and archiving. the methods of handling raw data and the types of analyses employed. For more information on the buoy operation and recording systems, contact the sources listed in section 7. 2 Recording equipment The wave recording program uses two systems to Laboratory calibration checks measure wave data: the waverider system and the wave 2.4 pole system. Waverider buoys are calibrated before deployment and also after recovery. Normally, a buoy is calibrated once every 12 months. Calibration is performed at the Waverider system 2.1 Queensland Government Hydraulics Laboratory, using a The waverider system, manufactured by Datawell bv of buoy calibrator (ferris wheel) to simulate sinusoidal waves the Netherlands, uses a waverider buoy to determine sea with amplitudes of either 2m or 2.8m depending on surface fluctuations at an offshore location. Directional and whether a 0.7m or 0.9m diameter buoy is involved. The non-directional buoys are used. wheels are electrically controlled and the frequency may be varied from 0.016-0.25Hz. It is usual to check three In both types of buoys, vertical acceleration of the buoy frequencies during the calibration procedure. is measured by an accelerometer, mounted on a stabilised platform suspended in a fluid-filled plastic sphere at the The following characteristics of the buoy are also checked bottom of the buoy. This data is then twice integrated to during the calibration procedure: give displacement. • compass (directional buoy), • phase and amplitude response, The directional buoy also measures horizontal • accelerometer platform stability, acceleration, using two fixed accelerometers and an • platform tilt, onboard fluxgate compass to give the directional • battery capacity, and displacement in two horizontal axes. A transformatio � • power output. matrix is used to calculate these measured accelerations in north-south and east-west directions. The recorded wave data are not adjusted in light of the laboratory calibration results. Instantaneous water levels and directional data are then transmitted to a shore station as a frequency-modulated Waverecording and analysisprocedures high frequency radio signal. 3 From 21 February 1987 to 31 October 1991, wave data were generally recorded four times a day at 0300, 0900, Wave pole system 2.2 1500 and 2100 hours (Australian Eastern Standard Time). The wave pole system, manufactured by the Queensland During storm events, the recording frequency may have Government Hydraulics Laboratory, consists of a single, . been manually switched by the operator to record eight perforated metal pipe, surrounding an inner metal pipe times a day. that acts as a co-axial transmission line to the water. An enclosed circuit-board housing containing an electronic Since 1 November 1991, the PC based recording system oscillator is mounted on the top. This system is mounted has generally recorded data at (nominally) hourly intervals. vertically on a suitable offshore structure. During periods when the recorded Hsig value reaches the storm threshold of 2m, the recording frequency increases Relative wave height measurements are taken, based to (nominally) 30 minute intervals. on the principle that a sharp change in the electrical impedance of the wave pole occurs at the fluctuating water Recorded non-directional wave data are analysed in the and the period of oscillation is linearly proportional surface time domain by the zero upcrossing method and in the the length of the wave pole that is not immersed in water. to frequency domain by spectral analysis. Spectral analysis of the WAREP/DIMA data was performed by the Water surface elevations are recorded at the wave pole autocorrelation method, providing 50 lags at a spacing of and are transferred via radio modem to a remote data 0.02Hz. The PC based analysis uses Fast Fourier Transform recording computer. techniques to give 128 spectral estimates in bands of 0.01Hz. The zero upcrossing analysis is equivalent in both 2.3 Station configuration systems. In the original configuration of the Gold Coast station, first installed on 21 February 1987, the shore station Wave parameters resulting from this processing include consisted of a WAREP mark II waverider receiver and a the following: DIMA digitiser/recorder. The WAREP receiver controlled S(f) energy density spectrum. the timing of data recording and provided a paper chart Hsig significant wave height (time domain), the of the water level signal. Wave data were recorded by the average of the highest one-third of the waves DIMA unit in 20-minute bursts and digitised at 0.5 second in the record intervals (2.0Hz). The data were recorded on digital Hmax highest individual wave in the record (time cassettes and, along with the paper charts, transferred domain) to the Brisbane office for processing. Hrms root mean square of the wave heights in the record (time domain) On 1 November 1991, the wave recording system was Tsig significant wave period (time domain), the upgraded to a personal computer (PC) based system, average period of the highest one-third of using the Datawell DIWAR waverider receiver/digitiser. waves in the record The water level data, digitised at 0.39 second intervals

2 Wa ve da ta recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987-1997 • October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 Tz average period of all zero upcrossing waves location of the buoy and the water depth in which the in the record {time domain) buoy was moored should be noted. This information is Tp wave period corresponding to the peak of the in appendix 1. The non-directional waverider recording energy density spectrum {frequency domain) systam records only vertical movements of the water Tc average period of all the waves in the record surface, and any wave directions must be assigned to based on successive crests {time domain) individual wave records by other means.

These parameters are the basis for the summary plots and Appendix 2 summarises meteorological events that tables in this report. occurred during the recording period covered by this report, where the recorded Hsig value reached the storm 4 Data losses threshold of 2m during the event. The wave parameters Data losses can be divided into two categories: losses due Hsig, Hmax, and Tp are listed for each event, together to equipment failure and losses during data processing with other relevant information. Only cyclone events that due to signal corruption. Common causes of data contributed to Hsig reaching the storm threshold of 2m corruption include radio interference and a spurious low are listed in appendix 2 and plotted in fig.8. frequency component in the water level signal caused by a tilting accelerometer platform in the waverider buoy. Appendix 3 lists names and dates of cyclones that occurred along the eastern seaboard of Queensland r Analysis of data recorded by both the WAREP/DIMA and during the recording period covered by this repo t. the PC based systems includes some data rejection checks. In the case of the WAREP/DIMA data, the length of For analysis, summer has been taken as the period from the record may be shortened to exclude corrupt data points. 1 November to 30 April of the following year. Winter covers In the PC based analysis, a small number of spurious data the period 1 May to 31 October in any one year. points may be corrected by an interpolation procedure. Otherwise the entire series is rejected. 7 References Permanent International Association of Navigation Details of data losses for the Gold Coast wave recording Congresses (1986), List of Sea State Parameters, station are included in appendix 1. Brussels, Belgium. Datawell, Operation and Service Manual for the waverider 5 Wave climate - series 6000. The wave climate data presented in this report are based Datawell, Manual of Waverider Receiver type WAREP - on statistical analyses of the parameters obtained from the mark//. recorded wave data. Programs developed by the Authority Datawell, Manual of the Digital Waverider Receiver type provide statistical information on percentage of time DIWAR. occurrence and exceedance for wave heights and periods. Datawell, Manual of the Digital Magnetic Tape Recorder The results of these analyses are presented in tables 1 to 6 type DIMA - mark II. and figs.2, 3 and 4. Similar analyses are carried out on the Datawell, Operation and Service Manual for Directional relationships between the various wave parameters and Waverider from serial no. 30109. these are presented in fig.5. Lawson and Treloar Pty Ltd (1991}, Real Time Wave Analysis Package, Sydney. , Monthly Weather Reviews, 5.1 Methodology Melbourne. As discussed above, various data losses can cause occasional gaps in records. Rejection of data records causes relatively short gaps, while buoy or recording 8 Other reportsin this series equipment malfunctions cause much longer gaps. Wave data recording program, Cairns Region {Report No. W01.1) 2 May 1975-3 Sept 1978 In calculating wave climate statistics, each record is Wave data recording program, Cairns Region assigned a total duration equal to half the recording {Report No. W01.2) 2 May 1975-11 Jun 1985 interval on either side of that record. The duration on the Wave data recording program, Mackay Region side of records adjacent to gaps in the data is limited to {Report No. W02.1) 17 Sept 1975-5 Nov 1976 a maximum value dependent on the nominal recording Wave data recording program, Mackay Region interval of that record. {Report No. W02.2) 17 Sept 1975-23 Aug 1985 Wave data recording program, Mackay Region During the period when four records per day were taken, {Report No. W02.3) 19 Sept 1975-31 Oct 1996 the nominal recording interval was six hours. The maximum Wave data recording program, Townsville Region allowable total duration of a record is equal to the nominal {Report No. W03.1) 16 July 1975-23 Feb 1979 recording interval of six hours. Each duration on either side Wave data recording program, To wnsville Region of a record greater than nominal three hours {half the {Report No. W03.2) 19 Nov 1975-29 Dec 1987 maximum allowable total duration) is set to the maximum Wave data recording program, Sunshine Coast Region allowable of exactly three hours, and a gap in the data {Report No. W04.1) 5 Apr 1974-5 Jul 1977 is reported. Wave data recording program, Burnett Heads Region {Report No. W05.1) 5 May 1976-5 Mar 1982 During the period when nominal recording interval is one Wave data recording program, Burnett Heads Region hour, the maximum allowable total duration of a record is {Report No. W05.2) 5 May 1976-13 Oct 1988 equal to three hours. Each duration on either side of a Wave data recording program, Abbot Point Region record greater than 90 minutes {half the maximum {Report No. W06.1) 6 May 1977-9 Aug 1979 allowable total duration) is set to the maximum allowable Wave data recording program, Weipa Region of exactly 90 minutes, and a gap in the data is reported. {Report No. W07.1) 21 Dec 1978-7 Apr 1983 Wave data recording program, Gladstone Region {Report No. W08.1) 19 Dec 1979-16 May 1983 6 Data presentation Wave data recording program, Brisbane Region No attempt has been made to interpret the recorded data {Report No. W09.1) 30 Oct 1976-30 Jun 1983 for design purposes or to apply corrections for refraction, Wave data recording program, Brisbane Region diffraction and shoaling to obtain equivalent deep-water {Report No. W09.2) 30 Oct 1976-30 Jun 1994 waves. Therefore, before this data can be used, the exact

Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 3 Wave data recording program, Brisbane Region (Report No. W09.3) 30 Oct 1976-28 Feb 1997 Wave data recording program, Bowen Region (Report No. W10.1) 14 Sept 1978-15 Nov 1984 Wave data recording program, Moreton Island Region (Report No. W11.1) 15 Jun 1983-12 Apr 1985 Wave data recording program, Bramston Beach Region (Report No. W12.1) 16 Dec 1981-28 Oct 1985 Wave data recording program, Hay Point Region (Report No. W13.1) 22 Mar 1977-25 May 1987 Wave data recording program, Gold Coast Region (Report No. W14.1) 20 Feb 1987-30 Jun 1994 Wave data recording program, Gold Coast Region (Report No. W14.2) 21 Feb 1987-28 Feb 1997 Wave data recording program, Kirra (Report No. W15.1) 25 Aug 1988-30 Jun 1994 Wave data recording program, Kirra (Report No. W15.2) 25 Aug 1988 - 28 Feb 1997 Wave data recording program, Repulse Bay (Report No. W16.1) 2 Jun 1994 - 22 Oct 1995 Wave data recording program, Hayman Island (Report No. I W17.1) 26 Oct 1995 - 14 Oct 1996 Wave data recording program, Tweed Region (Report No. W18.1) 13 Jan 1995 - 28 Feb 1997

4 Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 •October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 Appendix 1 Details of wave recorder installation Gold Coast Region

Location of buoys See fig.1 for locations of waverider buoys and receiving station for the period covered by report.

Location: 153° 26' 15" east, 27° 58' 40" south Description: 800m off shore from Narrowneck Water depth at buoy: 12m low water datum Period: 21 February 1987-23 July 1987

Location: 153° 26' 15" east, 27° 58' 00" south Description: 800m off shore from Southport Spit, bearing 70° true from Mirage Resort Water depth at buoy: 12m low water datum Period: 23 July 1987-26 April 1988

Location: 153° 26' 29" east, 27° 57' 54" south Description: 1 ·3km off shore from Southport Spit, bearing 70° true from Mirage Resort Water depth at buoy: 16m low water datum Period: 26 April 1988-10 September 1991

Note: The above buoy locations have been calculated using radar ranging and compass bearings to prominent landmarks.

Location: 153° 26' 26" east, 27° 58' 00" south Description: 1 ·2km off shore from Southport Spit, bearing 70° true from Mirage Resort· Water depth at buoy: 18m low water datum Period: 10 September 1991-28 February 1997

Note: The above buoy location was measured using GPS fixing procedures. All water depths are accurate to ±1 m.

Location of recording stations Gold Coast City Council Chambers Location: 153° 25' 06" east, 28° 00' 05" south Period: 21 February 1987-31 October 1991

Gold Coast Seaway Sand Pumping Complex Location: 153° 25' 35" east, 27° 56' 25" south Period: 1 November 1991-28 February 1997

Recording intervals 21 February 1987-31 October 1991: four 20-minute records daily at 0300 hours, 0900 hours, 1500 hours and 2100 hours.

1 November 1991-28 February 1997: one-hourly records each of approximately 26 minutes. This gives 4096 water surface elevation values for that period, from which sea state parameters are calculated and recorded. When the recorded Hsig value reaches the storm threshold of 2m, the recording frequency is increased to (nominally) 30- minute intervals.

Data collection and analysis Period: 21 February 1987-28 February 1997 Number of records collected: 50 470 Number of records used in analysis: 50 470 Number of days in recording period: 3660·34 Number of days used in analysis: 3124·87 Number of days lost: 535.47

Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 •October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 5 Appendix 2 Major meteorological events

Meteorological Central Date Estimated Maximum Maximum Tp Event Pressure position Hsig Hmax of cyclone recorded recorded relative (Note 1) (Note 2) (Note 3) to buoy (hPa) (km) (m) (m) (secs) Low pressure syst?m 1008 06-03-87 2-44 4-09 9-14 off south-east

Queensland coast ' High pressure system 1032 18-04-87 2-33 3-80 9·23 over Tasman Sea High pressure system 1036 09-05-87 3.55 6·10 10·04 over Tasman Sea High pressure system 1036 07-06-87 2·13 4-02 8-18 over Tasman Sea High pressure system 1040 08-07-87 2·21 4.14 8·16 over southern New South Wales Low pressure system 1012 30-07-87 2·18 4.39 9.90 over Tasman Sea High pressure system 1036 12-08-87 2·80 5·02 9.55 off Victorian coast Low pressure system 988 01-12-87 2-21 3·82 6·72 over Victoria Cyclone Agi 993 14-01-88 1160 NNE 3.32 5.93 12·86 High pressure system 1024 29-01-88 2·12 4.09 10·35 over Tasman Sea High pressure system 1028 09-03-88 2·77 4.53 14.34 over Tasman Sea High pressure system 1028 25-03-88 2.33 4.57 a.04 over Tasman Sea High pressure system 1020 05-04-88 4·28 6-43 9·80 over Tasman Sea & and low pressure 1004 system over western Queensland High pressure system 1036 11-04-88 4·82 8·76 10·78 over Tasman Sea & and low pressure 1008 system off south-east Queensland coast Low pressure system off 1016 03-05-88 2·09 3·78 9.55 New South Wales coast Low pressure system 1000 05-06-88 4-45 5.73 10.11 off Victorian coast High pressure system 1032 05-07-88 2·96 4.97 8·86 over Tasman Sea High pressure system 1032 12-07-88 2·71 4.23 9.24 over Victoria Low pressure system 1000 15-09-88 2·33 3-84 10-09 off northern New South Wales coast Low pressure system 1000 09-11-88 3·10 5.73 12-50 over Low pressure system 996 18-12-88 3.75 7.57 10-48 over central Queensland coast Low pressure system 1008 27-12-88 2-41 4.35 13·18 over south-east Queensland Low pressure system 1004 04-01-89 2·19 4·04 10·04 off northern New South Wales coast High pressure system 1028 24-01-89 2-42 4.30 8·26 over Tasmania Low pressure system off 992 30-01-89 2·53 4.25 10.35 Victorian coast Cyclone Harry and high 988 19-02-89 1070 ENE 2·84 4.71 11·24 pressure system & over Tasman Sea 1020 High pressure system 1024 28-02-89 2-36 4.31 9.33 over Tasman Sea

6 Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987-1997 • October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 Meteorological Central Date Estimated Maximum Maximum Tp Event Pressure position Hsig Hmax of cyclone recorded recorded relative (Note 1) (Note 2) (Note 3) to buoy (hPa) (km) (m) (m) (secs)

High pressure system 1032 17-03-89 2·45 4.25 8·59 over Southern Ocean Cyclone Aivu and high 1000 05-04-89 1270 WNW 3.07 5·61 10·05 pressure system & over Tasman Sea 1036 Low pressure system off 1004 25-04-89 5·60 10·04 10·71 central Queensland and & high pressure system 1028 over Tasman Sea Low pressure system over 1004 28-05-89 3·48 6·88 10·15 Coral Sea and high & pressure system 1024 off southern New South Wales coast Low pressure system off 1008 06-06-89 2·05 3.11 9.37 central New South Wales coast Low pressure system 1004 23-06-89 3.34 5·69 12·08 off southern New South Wales High pressure system over 1036 30-06-89 2·82 4·67 9·88 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1028 27-07-89 2·80 4.50 10·91 Tasman Sea Low pressure system off 1004 19-08-89 3.55 5.37 10·34 central Queensland and & high pressuresystem 1032 over Tasman Sea Low pressure system off 1008 12-12-89 2·19 3·65 10·27 central Queensland 980 02-02-90 40 E # # # High pressure system over 1028 24-02-90 2·28 4.19 9.30 Southern Ocean Ex Cyclone Hilda off 988 09-03-90 2·73 5·21 12·00 New South Wales Cyclone Ivor and high 990 17-03-90 1270 N 2·01 3-40 8·15 pressure system & over Tasman Sea 1024 High pressure system over 1028 23-03-90 2·49 3.94 8·74 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1032 05-04-90 2·61 4.45 8·04 Tasman Sea High pressure system 1024 16-05-90 2·22 3.70 16·00 off southern New South Wales coast Low pressure system 1016 28-05-90 2·14 3.74 9.31 off south-east Queensland coast High pressure system over 1032 09-06-90 3·85 6·79 10.52 Tasman Sea and low & pressure system off 1008 central Queensland Low pressure system off 1008 07-11-90 3.73 6·02 10·25 south-east Queensland coast High pressure system over 1024 02-01-91 2·05 3.15 7·02 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1020 13-01-91 2·74 5·78 10·72 Tasman Sea Low pressure system off 1000 08-03-91 2·20 3.33 8·41 northern Queensland and & high pressure system 1024 over Tasman Sea High pressure system 1032 09-04-91 2·14 3.49 7·89 over Tasman Sea Low pressure system 1016 17-05-91 2·09 3.34 8·36 off south-east Queensland coast

Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987-1997 • October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 7 Meteorological Central Date Estimated Maximum Maximum Tp Event Pressure position Hsig Hmax of cyclone recorded recorded relative (Note 1) (Note 2) (Note 3) to buoy (hPa) (km) (m) (m) (secs)

Low pressure system over 1004 13-12-91 3-14 6·02 9-27 New South Wales 975 12-01-92 890 NE 2-93 5.45 11-80 975 19-02-92 340 ESE 3·65 6·99 12-67 High pressure system off 1028 27-02-92 3-21 6·05 10-38 southern Victoria I Cyclone Fran 970 14-03-92 770 NNE 3·42 6-01 10-21 High pressure system over 1036 04-04-92 3-11 5.59 9.70 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1036 02-06-92 2·23 4·05 9-63 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1032 17-07-92 2·07 3.59 5.94 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1016 28-08-92 2·00 3.75 13.37 central Australia and low & pressure system over 996 Tasman Sea Low pressure system over 1000 23-10-92 2-36 4.30 13-05 Tasman Sea Low pressure system 1008 07-11-92 2-06 3.75 10-46 off northern New South Wales coast High pressure system off 1012 25-11-92 2·14 4-41 6·86 Queensland coast Cyclone Oliver and high 960 07-02-93 1260 NNW 2-48 4.37 9.59 pressure system & over Tasman Sea 1024 Low pressure system over 984 05-03-93 2-28 3.72 13.55 Tasman Sea Cyclone Roger 985 17-03-93 500 NNE 5.73 10-97 13·07 High pressure system over 1036 15-05-93 2-01 3-07 11·66 Southern Ocean and low & pressure system over 1008 Tasman Sea Low pressure system off 1008 30-07-93 2-49 4·28 9·38 Queensland coast Low pressure system off 1004 07-08-93 2·32 4-08 11-61 New South Wales coast High pressure system over 1036 05-09-93 2·24 4-15 14-70 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1032 14-09-93 2-30 4·08 7.91 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1032 31-10-93 2·33 4.54 7-17 Tasman Sea and low & pressure system over 1012 central Queensland High pressure system off 1020 24-11-93 2·01 3.55 6·02 New South Wales coast High pressure system over 1028 08-12-93 3.32 5-67 8-70 Tasman Sea Cyclone Rewa 990 21-01-94 370 ENE 2-63 4-78 10-34 High pressure system over 1020 26-01-94 2-25 4.34 8-17 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1028 15-02-94 2·52 4.94 10-56 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1028 03-03-94 2-78 4.97 9.59 Tasman Sea and low & pressure system off 1004 south-east Queensland Low pressure system off 1012 10-03-94 2-04 3.57 8-19 Victorian coast High pressure system 1032 26-03-94 3·21 5·83 11·27 over Tasman Sea Low pressure system 1004 15-04-94 2·04 4-01 11-80 over Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1032 05-05-94 2-32 4.47 8-73 Tasman Sea

8 Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997• ISSN O 158-7757 Meteorological Central Date Estimated Maximum Maximum Tp Event Pressure position Hsig Hmax of cyclone recorded recorded relative (Note 1) (Note 2) (Note 3) to buoy (hPa) (km) (m) (m) (secs)

Low pressure system over 1012 07-06-94 2·24 4-15 13-43 Tasman Sea Low pressure system over 992 29-06-94 2·25 3-82 10-90 Tasman Sea High pressure system off 1028 10-07-94 2·07 4-02 7.57 New South Wales Low pressure system over 992 21-09-94 3·03 5-64 13-82 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1028 22-10-94 2·09 3-84 11-32 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1024 16-11-94 2-02 3.57 8·02 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1028 03-12-94 2·75 5-07 10-32 Tasman Sea High pressure system 1028 15-02-95 5·05 9-21 10·52 over Tasman Sea and & low pressure system 1004 off south-east Queensland coast High pressure system off 1024 25-02-95 2-05 3.57 8-28 New South Wales coast Cyclone Violet and high 980 07-03-95 290 SE 3·23 5.95 12·28 pressure system & over Tasman Sea 1024 High pressure system in the 1024 10-03-95 2-71 4.34 8-75 Great Australian Bight & and low pressure system 1000 over Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1024 23-04-95 2-03 4-01 8·90 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1028 09-05-95 2-04 4-48 7·28 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1032 16-08-95 2-62 5.53 8-60 Tasman Sea Low pressure system off 996 24-12-95 2-43 4-27 9-24 central Queensland coast Low pressure system over 1004 10-01-96 2-09 3-44 6-92 central Queensland coast Low pressure system off 1000 15-02-96 3-29 6-03 13·15 south-east Queensland coast High pressure system over 1032 23-02-96 2-69 4-83 9.43 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1028 08-03-96 2-15 4.47 9·82 Southern Ocean High pressure system over 1024 29-03-96 2-79 5-19 13·28 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1028 03-05-96 7-05 12-03 13-19 Tasman Sea and low & pressure system over 1008 south-east Queensland High pressure system over 1032 17-05-96 3.97 6-61 10-53 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1032 16-06-96 2-42 4-23 9-26 Tasman Sea High pressure system over 1028 28-07-96 2-67 4.75 8-45 Tasman Sea and low & pressure system 1012 over Victoria and New South Wales High pressure system off 1024 27-12-96 2-00 4-17 9.43 Victorian Coast Low pressure system over 1004 02-02-97 2·52 4.39 13-53 Tasman Sea Cyclone Harold4 and 996 20-02-97 # 2-37 4.33 7.95 high pressure system & over Tasman Sea 1016

Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987-1997 • October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 9 Notes: The above table includes all events with a recorded Hsig value that reached the storm threshold of 2m. #: records unavailable 1, 2: Hsig values and Hmax values are the maximum values recorded for each event and are not necessarily coincident in time. 1, 3: Tp values and Hsig values presented are coincident as a single event on the date shown. 4: The corrected track of was being produced by the Bureau of Meteorology and was unavailable for use at the time of writing.

Highest significant wave height (Hsig) recorded was 7.05m on 3 May 1996, coincident with a 1028hPa high pressure system over the Tasman Sea and a 1008hPa low pressure system over south-east Queensland.

Highest maximum wave height (Hmax) recorded was 12.03m on 3 May 1996, coincident with a 1028hPa high pressure system over the Tasman Sea and a 1008hPa low pressure system over south-east Queensland.

Meteorological information was obtained from the Monthly Weather Review published by the Bureau of Meteorology.

10 Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 Appendix 3 Tropical cyclones of the east coast of Queensland 21 February 1987-28 February 1997

Cyclone name Year Month

Blanche 1987 5 Agi 1988 1 Charlie 1988 2 Delilah 1988 1 Harry 1989 2 Aivu 1989 4 Meena 1989 5 Ernie 1989 5 Felicity 1989 12 Nancy-90 1990 1 Hilda 1990 3 Ivor 1990 3 Joy 1990 12 Kelvin 1991 2 Lisa 1991 5 Mark 1992 1 Betsy 1992 1 Daman 1992 2 Esau 1992 2 Fran 1992 3 Nina 1992 1 Oliver 1993 2 Polly 1993 2 Roger 1993 3 Rew a 1993 1 Sadie 1994 1 Theodore 1994 2 Violet 1995 3 Agnes-95 1995 4 Barry 1996 1 Celeste 1996 1 Dennis 1996 2 Ethel 1996 3 Fergus 1996 12 Gillian 1997 2 Harold 1997 2 lta 1997 2

Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 • /SSN 0158-7757 11 Table1. Wave statistics Wave period/wa ve height occurrences All data, all directions, measured in da ys.

Significant wave height (Hsig) Peak energy wave period (Tp) (seconds) (metres)

0-2·99 3-4·99 5-6·99 7-8·99 9-10·99 11-12·99 13-14·99 >14·99 Totals

0·00-0·19 ...... 0·00 0·20-0·39 . 0·63 1·67 4·06 8·56 9·19 4·07 1·15 29.33

0-40-0·59 0·17 9·60 30·80 46·42 83·02 I 48·97 17·91 5·87 242·77 0·60-0·79 0·04 37-49 88·00 130·87 169·06 94.50 37.92 10·56 568·45 0·80-0·99 . 32·14 106·67 182·36 199.53 99·26 30·95 11 ·31 662·22 1·00-1·19 . 15·83 84·95 184·51 165·97 77.44 20·49 7.21 556-40 1.20-1.39 . 4.35 47.53 137·38 109.72 50·00 12·65 4·06 355.79 1-40-1·59 . 1.37 23·64 99·20 81·18 31·06 8·28 2·69 247·42 1·60-1 ·79 . . 12·38 72·24 54.52 25·09 6·00 0-46 170·68 1·80-1·99 . . 3.53 37.03 33·56 13-32 4-17 0.17 91-87 2·00-2-19 . . 0-96 25-32 24-47 9-48 3-58 0·29 64-09 2-20-2-39 . . 0-29 11-75 18-17 6·06 1 ·16 0-34 37.77 2-40-2-59 . * 0-04 5.59 16-18 4.49 0-88 0·08 27·26 2·60-2-79 . * . 3-56 7·89 5-12 0-62 . 17-20 2-80-2-99 . . . 1-90 11-05 4.13 0-25 . 17-33 3-00-3-19 . . . 1-04 4-41 0-96 0·08 0-04 6-54 3-20-3-39 . . . 0·33 4·04 1-29 0-13 * 5.79 3.40-3.59 . . . 0·04 2-96 0·21 0-08 . 3.29 3-60-3-79 . . . . 1-16 0-72 . . 1-88 3-80-3-99 . . . . 0-86 0-23 . . 1-09 4-00-4-19 . * . . 1 ·05 0-67 . * 1-72 4-20-4-39 . . . . 0·63 0-63 . . 1-26 4-40-4·59 . . . . 0.33 0-54 0·02 * 0·90 4-60-4-79 . . . . 0-16 0-52 0-02 . 0-70 4·80-4·99 . * . . 0-33 0-26 0-14 * 0-73 5-00-5-19 . * . . 0-27 0-55 0-06 . 0-89 5.20-5.39 . . . . . 0-09 0-02 . 0.11 5.40-5.59 . . . . 0-02 0-16 0-05 . 0-23 5·60-5·79 . . . . 0-25 0-07 0-07 . 0-40 5·80-5·99 . . . . . 0-30 0-06 . 0-36 6·00-6-19 . . . . . 0-11 . . 0-11 6-20-6·39 . . . . . 0·15 . . 0-15 5.40-5.59 . . . . . 0-08 . * 0-08 6-60-6·79 ...... 0·00 6·80-6·99 ...... 0·00 7·00-7·19 ...... 0-06 . 0-06 7.20-7.39 ...... 0·00

Totals 0·21 101.42 400-67 943·60 999-36 485-67 149.73 44-23 3124-87

• = 0.00 (Table values are numbers of days for the recording period, rounded to the second decimal place.)

12 Wave da ta recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997• ISSN O158-7757 Table2. Wave statistic s Wave period/wave height occurrences Summer da ta, all directions, measured in days.

Significant wave height (Hsig) Peak energy wave period (Tp) (seconds) (metres)

0-2-99 3-4-99 5-6·99 7-8·99 9-10-99 11-12·99 13-14-99 >14-99 Totals

0-00-0-19 . * * . * . * * 0-00 0·20-0·39 . 0-13 0-75 1·58 0-58 0-29 0-04 0-04 3-42 0-40-0-59 0-04 5-25 12-58 18-46 25-52 9.74 1-98 0-67 74-24 0-60-0-79 0-04 20-08 45.32 62-47 65-21 27-62 8-89 2-88 232-51 0·80-0·99 * 19-46 51-16 104-74 78-44 31-66 8-41 2-02 295-89 1-00-1-19 * 11-50 48·51 111-18 85-68 26-87 7-11 1-56 292-43 1-20-1-39 . 2-06 27-86 83-54 62-79 20-30 5-04 1-17 202-77 1-40-1-59 . 1-00 14-01 66·29 51-78 12-89 2-84 0-42 149-23 1-60-1-79 * * 7.53 52-40 39-22 14-84 3-04 0-12 117-26 1-80-1-99 * * 2-34 23-54 24-00 7.55 2·00 0-08 59-51 2·00-2-19 * * 0-67 16-94 19-46 6-02 2-46 0-04 45-58 2·20-2·39 * * 0-29 7.79 14-11 4-69 0-91 0-08 27-88 2-40-2-59 * * 0-04 3.93 13-14 3·36 0-84 0-08 21-39 2·60-2-79 * * . 1-98 6-35 3.34 0·54 . 12·20 2-80-2-99 * * . 0-98 6·63 3-12 0-21 * 10-94 3-00-3-19 * * . 0-46 3-08 0-96 0-04 0-04 4-58 3-20-3·39 * * . 0-25 1-54 0-75 0-13 * 2-67 3.40-3.59 * * * . 1-54 0-21 0-08 * 1-83 3-60-3-79 * * * . 0-91 0-28 . * 1-19 3-80-3·99 * * * * 0-32 0-04 * . 0-37 4·00-4-19 * * * . 0-82 0-46 * * 1-28 4-20-4-39 * * * . 0-52 0-46 . * 0-98 4.40-4.59 * * * . 0·08 0-39 . . 0-47 4.50-4.79 * * * . 0-10 0-30 . * 0-41 4.50-4.99 * * * . 0-33 0-19 0-07 * 0-59 5-00-5-19 * * * . 0-27 0-50 0-02 * 0-79 5·20-5-39 * * * . * 0-06 . * 0-06 5·40-5-59 * * * . * 0-04 0·03 * 0-07 5·60-5-79 * * * . 0-25 * 0-03 * 0-28 5-80-5-99 . * * . * . . . 0-00 6-00-6-19 . * * * * . . * 0-00 6-20-6-39 * * * * * . . . 0-00 5.40-5.59 . * * * * * . * 0-00 6-60-6-79 * * * * * . . * 0-00 6-80-6·99 * . * . * * . * 0-00 7-00-7-19 * * * . * . . . 0-00 7-20-7-39 * . * * * . * . 0-00

Totals 0-08 59.49 211·16 556-53 502-70 176-93 44.73 9-21 1560-83

* = 0.00 (Table values are numbers of days for the recording period, rounded to the second decimal place.)

Wave da ta recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 13 Table3. Wa ve statistics Wa ve period/wa ve height occurrences Win ter data, all dire ctions, measured in days.

Significant wave height (Hsig) Peak energy wave period (Tp) (seconds) - (metres)

0-2·99 3-4·99 5-6-99 7-8·99 9-10·99 11-12·99 13-14·99 >14·99 Totals

0·00-0·19 ...... 0·00 0·20-0·39 . 0·50 0·92 2·48 7·98 8·90 4.03 1·11 25·91 0·40-0·59 0·12 4.35 18·22 27·96 57.50 39·23 15.93 5.21 168·53 0·60-0·79 . 17-41 42·68 68·40 103·86 66·88 29·03 7·68 335.94 0·80-0·99 . 12·68 55.51 77·62 121 ·09 67·60 22·54 9.29 366·33 1 ·00-1·19 . 4.33 35.43 73.32 80·29 50·57 13.37 5·65 263·97 1.20-1.39 . 2.29 19·78 53·83 45.93 29·70 7·61 2·90 163·02 1-40-1 ·59 . 0·38 9.53 32·92 29-40 18·17 5.44 2·27 98·19 1-60-1-79 . . 4.75 19·83 15·30 10·25 2·96 0.33 53.42 1· 80-1-99 . . 1-29 13.49 9.55 5.77 2-17 0·08 32·35 2·00-2·19 . . 0-29 8-37 5·01 3-46 1-13 0·25 18·51 2·20-2·39 . . . 3-96 4·06 1·37 0·25 0-25 9-90 2·40-2·59 . . . 1·66 3.04 1-13 0·04 . 5-87 2·60-2·79 . . . 1-59 1·54 1-79 0·08 . 5-00 2·80-2·99 . . . 0-92 4-42 1 ·01 0·04 . 6-38 3·00-3·19 . . . 0·58 1·33 . 0-04 . 1-96 3·20-3·39 . . . 0-08 2-50 0-54 . . 3-12 3-40-3·59 . . . 0-04 1-42 . . . 1·46 3-60-3-79 * * * * 0-25 0-44 * * 0-69 3·80-3-99 * * * * 0·53 0·19 * * 0-72 4·0o-4·19 * * * * 0·23 0·21 * * 0-44 4·20-4-39 * * * * 0·10 0-18 * * 0-28 4-40-4-59 * * * * 0·25 0-16 0-02 * 0-43 4-60-4·79 * * * * 0·05 0·22 0-02 * 0·29 4·80-4·99 * * * * * 0-07 0·06 * 0·14 5·00-5·19 * * * * * 0-05 0·04 * 0-09 5·20-5·39 * * * * * 0-03 0·02 * 0-05 5.4(}-5.59 * * * * 0-02 0·11 0-02 * 0-16 5-60-5-79 * * * * * 0·07 0·04 * 0-11 5·80-5·99 * * * * . 0-30 0·06 * 0-36 6-00-6-19 * * * * * 0·11 * * 0-11 6-20-6-39 * * * * * 0·15 * * 0-15 5.40-5.59 * * * * * 0-08 * * 0-08 6-60-6-79 * * * * * * * * 0·00 6-80-6-99 * * * * * * * * 0·00 7-00-7·19 * * * * * * 0-06 * 0·06 7-20-7-39 * * * * * * * * 0-00

Totals 0-12 41-93 189·50 387·07 496-65 308-74 105·00 35-02 1564·04

* = 0.00 (Table values are numbers of days for the recording period, rounded to the second decimal place.)

14 Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 •October 1997• ISSN O158-7757 Table 4. Wave statistics Wave period/wa ve height occurrences All data, all directions, measured in percentage occurrences.

Significant . wave height (Hsig) Peak energy wave period (Tp) (seconds) (metres)

0--2·99 3-4-99 5---6-99 7-8-99 9-10·99 11-12·99 13-14-99 >14-99 Totals

0-00--0·19 * * * * * * * * 0-00 0·20-0·39 * 0-02 0·05 0-13 0-27 0-29 0-13 0-04 0-94

0-40--0·59 0-01 0-31 0-99 1-49 2·66 . 1-57 0-57 0-19 7.77 0-60--0-79 * 1·20 2-82 4-19 5-41 3-02 1-21 0-34 18-19 0·80--0-99 * 1·03 3.41 5·84 6-39 3-18 0·99 0-36 21-19 1-00--1·19 * 0·51 2-72 5·90 5·31 2-48 0-66 0-23 17-81 1-20--1-39 * 0-14 1-52 4.40 3.51 1-60 0-40 0·13 11·71 1-40-1 ·59 * 0·04 0-76 3-17 2·60 0-99 0-26 0-09 7.92 1 ·60--1·79 * * 0-40 2-31 1-74 0·80 0·19 0-01 5-46 1 ·80--1·99 * * 0-12 1-18 1·07 0-43 0-13 0-01 2·94 2·00-2·19 * * 0-03 0-81 0·78 0·30 0·11 0-01 2·05 2·20--2·39 * * 0-01 0-38 0-58 0·19 0·04 0-01 1 ·21 2-40--2·59 * * * 0-18 0-52 0-14 0-03 * 0·87 2·60--2-79 * * * 0-11 0-25 0-16 0·02 * 0-55 2-80--2-99 * * * 0·06 0-35 0-13 0-01 * 0·55 3-00--3- 19 * * * 0-03 0-14 0·03 * * 0-21 3·20--3·39 * * * 0-01 0-13 0-04 * * 0·19 3.40--3.59 * * * * 0-09 0·01 * * 0-11 3-60--3-79 * * * * 0-04 0-02 * * 0·06 3·80--3-99 * * * * 0-03 0·01 * * 0·03 4-00-4· 19 * * * * 0-03 0·02 * * 0·06 4.20-4.39 * * * * 0-02 0-02 * * 0-04 4.40-4.59 * * * * 0·01 0-02 * * 0-03 4.50-4.79 * * * * 0-01 0-02 * * 0·02 4-80-4·99 * * * * 0·01 0·01 * * 0-02 5-00--5-19 * * * * 0-01 0·02 * * 0·03 5.20--5.39 * * * * * * * * 0-00 5.40--5.59 * * * * * 0-01 * * 0-01 5·60--5-79 * * * * 0-01 * * * 0-01 5-80--5·99 * * * * * 0-01 * * 0-01 6-00--6·19 * * * * * * * * 0·00 6·20--6-39 * * * * * * * * 0-00 6·40--6-59 * * * * * * * * 0-00 6-60--6·79 * * * * * . * . 0·00 6·80--6·99 * * * * * . * * 0·00 7-00--7·19 * * . * * . . . 0-00 7-20--7-39 . * * . . * * * 0·00

Totals 0·01 3-25 12-82 30·20 31·98 15-54 4.79 1·42 100·00

• = 0.00 (Table values are percentage occurrences for the recording period, rounded to the second decimal place.)

Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 15 Table s. Wa ve statistics Wave period/wa ve height occurrences Summer da ta, all directions, measured in percentage occurrences.

Significant wave height (Hsig) Peak energy wave period (Tp) (seconds) -. (metres)

0-2-99 3-4·99 5--6-99 7-8-99 9-10·99 11-12-99 13-14-99 >14-99 Totals

0-00-0-19 ...... 0-00 0-20-0-39 . 0·01 0-05 0-10 0-04 0-02 . . 0-22 0·40-0-59 . 0.34 0-81 1-18 1 ·64 0-62 0·13 0-04 4.75 0·60-0-79 . 1-29 2-90 4·00 4-18 1-77 0-57 0-18 14-90 0-80-0-99 . 1·25 3·28 6·71 5-03 2-03 0·54 0-13 18-96 1·00-1-19 . 0-74 3-11 7-12 5.49 1-72 0-46 0-10 18·74 1.20-1.39 . 0·13 1-78 5.35 4-02 1-30 0-32 0-07 12-99 1·40-1-59 . 0-06 0-90 4-25 3.32 0-83 0·18 0-03 9.55 1-60-1-79 . . 0-49 3.35 2·51 0-95 0·19 0-01 7.51 1-80-1-99 . . 0·15 1-51 1·54 0-48 0-13 0-01 3-81 2-00-2-19 . . 0-04 1-09 1·25 0-39 0·16 . 2·92 2·20-2-39 . . 0-02 0·50 0-90 0·30 0·06 0·01 1·79 2·40-2·59 . . . 0·25 0-84 0·22 0·05 0-01 1.37 2-60-2-79 . . . 0.13 0-41 0-21 0·03 . 0·78 2·80-2-99 . . . 0·06 0-42 0-20 0·01 . 0·70 3-00-3-19 . . . 0·03 0-20 0·06 . . 0·29 3-20-3·39 . . . 0·02 0-10 0-05 0·01 . 0·17 3.40-3.59 . . . . 0-10 0-01 0·01 . 0·12 3-60-3-79 . . . . 0-06 0-02 . . 0·08 3-80-3-99 . . . . 0-02 . . . 0·02 4·00-4-19 . . . . 0·05 0-03 . . 0·08 4-20-4-39 . . . . 0·03 0-03 . . 0-06 4-40-4-59 . . . . 0-01 0-02 . . 0-03 4·60-4-79 . . . . 0-01 0·02 . . 0-03 4-80-4·99 . . . . 0-02 0·01 . . 0-04 5-00-5-19 . . . . 0-02 0·03 . . 0-05 5-20-5·39 ...... 0-00 5.40-5.59 ...... 0-00 5-60-5-79 . . . . 0.02 . . . 0-02 5·80-5-99 ...... 0-00 6·00-6-19 ...... 0·00 6·20-6-39 ...... 0-00 6·40-6-59 ...... 0·00 6-60-6·79 ...... 0·00 6-80-6·99 ...... 0-00 7-00-7·19 ...... 0-00 7.20-7.39 ...... 0-00

Totals 0-01 3·81 13-53 35-66 32-21 11·34 2·87 0·59 100-00

• = 0.00 (Table values are percentage occurrences for the recording period, rounded to the second decimal place.)

16 Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997• ISSN O158-7757 Table 6. Wa ve statistics Wa ve period/wa ve height occurrences Winter data, all directions, measured in percentage occurrences.

Significant wave height (Hsig) Peak energy wave period (Tp) (seconds) (metres)

0-2-99 3-4-99 5-6·99 7-8·99 9-1 0·99 11-12·99 13-1 4-99 >14-99 Totals 0-00-0-19 * * * * * * * * 0-00 0·20-0-39 * 0-03 0·06 0·16 0·51 0-57 0·26 0·07 1·66 0-40-0-59 0·01 0-28 1 ·16 1.79 3·68 2·51 1 ·02 0·33 10·78 0·60-0·79 * 1-11 2·73 ·4.37 6·64 4·28 1-86 0·49 21 ·48 0·80-0·99 * 0-81 3.55 4.95 7.74 4.32 1·44 0·59 23·42 1 ·00-1 -19 * 0·28 2·33 4.59 5·13 3·23 0-86 0·36 16·88 1.20-1 .39 * 0·15 1 ·26 3.44 3·00 1·90 0·49 0·19 10·42 1·40-1 ·59 * 0.02 0·62 2·1 0 1·88 1-16 0.35 0·15 6·28 1·60-1 ·79 * * 0·30 1-27 0·98 0·66 0·19 0·02 3.42 1·80-1 ·99 * * 0-08 0·86 0·61 0·37 0·14 0·01 2.07 2·00-2·19 * * 0·02 0-54 0-32 0.22 0·07 0·02 1 ·18 2·20-2·39 * * * 0·25 0·26 0·09 0·02 0-02 0-63 2·40-2·59 * * * 0-1 1 0-19 0·07 * * 0·38 2·60-2·79 * * * 0·10 0·10 0· 11 0·01 * 0-32 2·80-2 ·99 * * * 0·06 0·28 0·06 * * 0·41 3·00-3· 19 * * * 0·04 0·09 * * * 0·13 3·20-3·39 * * * 0·01 0·16 0·03 * * 0·20 3.40-3.59 * * * * 0·09 * * * 0·09 3.50-3.79 * * * * 0-02 0-03 * * 0·04 3·80-3·99 * * * * 0-03 0·01 * * 0-05 4.00-4. 19 * * * * 0·01 0·01 * * 0·03 4.20-4.39 * * * * 0·01 0-01 * * 0·02 4.40-4.59 * * * * 0·02 0-01 * * 0·03 4.50-4.79 * * * * * 0-01 * * 0·02 4.50-4.99 * * * * * * * * 0·01 5·00-5·19 * * * * * * * * 0·01 5·20-5·39 * * * * * * * * 0·00 5.40-5.59 * * * * * 0·01 * * 0-01 5·60-5·79 * * * * * * * * 0·01 5·80-5·99 * * * * * 0·02 * * 0-02 6·00-6·19 * * * * * 0-01 * * 0·01 6·20-6·39 * * * * * 0-01 * * 0-01 5.40-5.59 * * * * * 0·01 * * 0·01 6·60-6·79 * * * * * * * * 0-00 6·80-6·99 * * * * * * * * 0·00 7·00-7·1 9 * * * * * * * * 0·00 7.20-7.39 * * * * * * * * 0·00

Totals 0-01 2·68 12·12 24.75 31 ·75 19-74 6·71 2·24 100-00

* = 0.00 {Table values are percentage occurrences for the recording period, rounded to the second decimal place.)

Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987-1997 •October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 17 "' 0 � • .., ;., � !;!!

21•50· . 4 21•50· Scale

� kilometres : • Wave recording station .6. Waverider buoys De.pth in metres to mean sea level . .21•55• . Waverider buoy locations 21•55· t 21 February 1987 to 23 July 1987 2 23 July 1987 to 26 Aprll 1988 3 26 April 1988 to 10 September 1991 4 10 September 1991 to 28 February 1997

Wave recording station locations Southport Council Chambers - 21 February 1987 to 31 October 1991 ...... P mping complex - November to February ...... u 1 1991 28 1997 ...... · ...... ·

·

2e·o·· · Gold coaat City Council · · · · "' C.hambera . l 0 "' 0

28"5'

Queensland 2e•10·

Caloundra Not 4to scale

Brisbane • Location

N.S.W

Locality plan

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 1 Queenslan d Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

18 Wa ve da ta recording program, Gold Coastregion - 1987-1997 • October 1997• ISSN O158-7757 - .... °' !'Cl OJ» Ill Q) t'll E CD «i 0 E c:o 0 "C ��� OJ,," 0 � llI •I o,°' I I t °'"'

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..

c:i"

' <:>·

0 0

Percentage (of time) exceedance of wave heights (Hsig) for all wave periods (Tp) 21 February 1987 to 28 February 1997

Beach Protection Wave data recording program Authority Figure 2 Queensland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

Wa ve datarecording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 •October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 19 25

Q) 20 E :;::;

0 15 Q) u c

t:::> 10 u u 0 � 5

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Hsig (metres) Winter data

25

Q) E

0 15 Q) u c

t:::> 10 u u 0

5

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Hsig (metres) Summer data

25

Q) E

0 15 Q) u c

t:::> 10 u u 0 � 5

0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Hsi q (metres) All data

Histogram percentage (of time) occurrence of wave heights (Hsig) for all wave periods (Tp)

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 3 Queensland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

20 Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 40

0 25 1--�� Cl> g 20 1--��

t 151------uB 0 � 101--��-

5 1--��-

o _ 1.L0 _.3.0 •• 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 >15.0 Tp (seconds) Winter data

40

3o f------:;:;E 0 25 r------<11 20 1------<11g t 151------uB 0 � 101--��-

5 1--��-

o ,____ _

1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 >15.0 T p (seconds) Summer data

40

Cl> g 20 1--��

t 151--�� uB 0 � 101--��-

3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 >15.0 Tp (seconds) All dote

Histogram percentage (of time) occurrence of wave periods (Tp) for all wave heights (Hsig)

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 4 Queensland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 •October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 21 40 2.00

1.90

"' ·;; � 1.80 0 20 E r

c 1.70 .. . . 0 ...... ·· . ·· ·· ...... · . ... - . . . E 1.60 -

0 1.50 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0 2 J ratio Hmox / Hsig Hs;9 (m)

80 1.8

60 1.6 �

r '� ················ 40 -� 1,41- ··········-············ r c ll E

20 1.2>-

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40

JO "'

20 (� 21- c - 0 ..E 10 �

0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0 5 10 15 ratio Tp / lsig Tp (sec)

Wave parameter relationships 21 February 1987 to 28 February 1997

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 5 Queenslan d Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

22 Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 •ISSN 0158· 7757 u u Q) Q) 0 0

> > 0 0 z z

-u t5 0 0

a. a. Q) Q) Cf) Cf)

Cl Cl ::I :J <{ <{

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c: c: :J :J ...., ....,

a...... <{

.0 .0 Q) Q) u.. u..

,..._ ,..._ c: co c: co al CJ) al CJ) �-�--�--�--' ....,,... �-�--�--�--� · ,... q q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 co co C\i 0 ..,; cri C\i cO 0 C\I ,... ,...

Daily wave recordings 21 February 1987 to 31 December 1987

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 6.01 Queen sland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

Wave da ta recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 23 (,) Q) 0

. .

> 0 ~ z

t> 0

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Daily wave recordings 1 January 1988 to 31 December 1988

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 6.02 Queensland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

24 Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987-1997 •October 1997• ISSN O158-7757 iii cu 0 (.) "O u u 0 Q) Q) (!) < 0 � 0

> > 0 0 z z :� :' -::;''

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Daily wave recordings 1 January 1989 to 31 December 1989

Beach Protection Wave data recording program Authority Figure 6.03 Queensland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 •October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 25 (.) (.) Cl Cl :--,. _}> ' ' > ' ' > 0 ' ' 0 : : z z :�' ' ':-=< ': ' '

ti ti 0 0

a. Cf)

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u 0 � 0 c 0) c 0)

Daily wave recordings 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1990

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 6.04 Queenslan d Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

26 Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 (.) Q) 0

> 0 z

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Daily wave recordings 1 January 1991 to 31 December 1991

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 6.05 Queenslan d Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 •October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 27 iii Cll 0 (.) "O (.) (.) 0 QJ QJ CJ 0 0

> > 0 0 z z

ti ti 0 0

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Cl Cl :::::l :::::l < <

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Daily wave recordings 1 January 1992 to 31 December 1992

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 6.06 Queensland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

28 Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 •October 1997• ISSN O158-7757 ii5cu 0 (.) "'O (.) (.) 0 Q) Q) CJ 0 0

> > 0 0 z z

u u 0 0

c.. c.. Q) Q) Cf) Cf)

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Daily wave recordings 1 January 1993 to 31 December 1993

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 6.07 Queensland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987-1997 • October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 29 1ii ct! 0 (.) "O (.) (.) 0 (1) (1) <.!) 0 0

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0 0 0 0

a. a. (1) (1) (/) (/)

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Daily wave recordings 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1994

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 6.08 Queenslan d Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

30 Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 • /SSN 0158-7757 (ii <1l 0 (.) "O u u 0 <1l

> > 0 0 z z

t> t> 0 0

a. a. <1l

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Daily wave recordings 1 January 1995 to 31 December 1995

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 6.09 Queensland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 31 - Cf)ro 0 (.) "O u u 0 Q) Q) (!) 0 0

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Daily wave recordings 1 January 1996 to 31 Decembe r 1996

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 6.10 Queen slan d Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

32 Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 l

iii «!0 (.) "O 0 0 0 Q) Q) C!J 0 0

> > 0 0 z z

- 0 0 0ti

a. a. Q) Q) Cf) Cf)

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Daily wave recordings 1 January 1997 to 28 February 1997

Beach Protect ion Wave data recording program Authority Figure 6.1 1 Queenslan d Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 •October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 33 .....(/) aj 0 () "'C 0 CJ Qj .:!: co Cl) m m ..-

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Whole recording period single plot of wave heights (Hsig)

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 7 Queen slan d Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

34 Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987-1997 • October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 ______" ------J_ss· ------J ------_119�------1-t§ -1-Q" !

------· : ------··--· ------· - I ------� � ·· · ·· ··· - - ··· ----- · - -- -- r_19 ------·------�Q:;-: .,�- - - -·- - : - - · ···.::.·'f' ···· ·· ------f------··· ------· · --- - l '- ... --� ' \/I \ I .... \ ... ' \ ' \ \ ' \ ! '- \' \' ,... ' i, - · - - -·------'. ------· ------· - · ·· ·· · ···· · ------· - - - ···· - · · ·· · ···· ··· - ·----··------__,-� -- - 1 - - - - t - - �'- - · · ··· - · · ·· ···· - �------� : ! ...- : i \ --- ! � F_ · ·· ,' i : i \ i i! � : ' , cairns�- ' ' \ ' , ' \ . ' I \ � ' ! � \ ./ \:,: To�ns_ville;:_, - - - -+i______:- ______------, _ _ ___ 2 ' ____ _ ·------\\- -- 0---- - ····· - ··· · · ! ,, - - '

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Ke y to cyclones N ----- Agi • - - • - - • - Ai vu t Harry 1:16000000

0 160 320 480 640 800 Kilometres

Cyclone tracks 1988 to 1989

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 8.1 Queensland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 •October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 35 '. _____ .. . .1 9 · · ...... •••············-···- ...... -·-··-·-·····- · �· ········ ·····-- ···········-············ · ... J1Q._ __ ...... Jl!?. . - ·····-··············-·····J ?.�-- ·· · . . 1 �. - - ·· ··········· ·· ··· : - - \ . . i . · · ··· ······ ············· ··· . ... ·-- - ···· -· ·· ··- -.. .. - --· · ······· ·- --· - -- ...... ········· 1 ..... - ; · - · · q;· '.: : - �-- · -r - · ------...... - . . -i 1Q·...... -

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: __ ·· · ·- ::.: ::-::: ...::::: : . - :: : :. - · · ��-_ .. : .-�:: :::==:::.::::.:=:: :=�- :_._-=.�.T��--.-:.:::.�::.:::::. . .�::.�:.::::::: -.-:· ±_-:::-_:_:::-:.�::::::::.::��--=::::: � -.-: ::::�:.J-_-: ::::::.:::.:= : . 1I- : :: --- ···---.. ) I - . I I I Key to cyclones \ \ • - -•--•- \ Hilda Ivor \ \ t Nancy-90 1:1 6000000

0 160 320 480 640 . 800 Kilometres

Cyclone tracks 1990 to 1991

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 8.2 Queensland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

36 Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987-1997 • October 1997 • /SSN 0158-7757 - - -·. _ _ ------·---- -·- - --J �L----·-·-----·--·------·------·--· ______------·· ------····------·- - JlEi" ______------J �- 1 ------..J .�_9· r� : .• j JQ".. . ·· · --+··------·· ·:·c;._ ...... · ---·······t····------···-·············--· ···------··· .,. ------. . ········ ·· ··--- :Q:; ·-··· -···--- - -··· -·--···· -··--· f ---- ' ! "iJ. ·.

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To wnsville

.. . ,_ . •. C - \i9'...... -·-�T '- ...... y + ...... fr···.-,4-ct.>:Cl:+.�� Mackay • ' ·r , ,;- ! -�--·- - i \ �I ! ' ' I .. , , I ; \ I ... I -····· ··---·····------·--·---···------+ ------t------. . l.i�'. -····-----·-····---\---· · ·····------".:'- ···--- _ __ · ·:··� · · ·· · · --1 . 1 · : ···--_ ------· . ; _ J , _ _ ------· ! , _ 1 , _ :! '

·- -- · - - · · ------···------·---···---·-----· - --···- · ------··- - · ::t:=::-::-:·:�:� ------·1------···------.. l.�.O� - -- -�- ·::::-:::�::- :�:� ::-=.·:.:::=. ... ------.__ - _ - _ -_ ----� ------;

Key to cyclones N ----- Betsy Daman t • - - • - - • - Fran 1:16000000

0 160 320 480 640 800 Kilometres

Cyclone tracks 1992

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 8.3 Queensland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

Wave data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987-1997 •October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757 37 • ______-· ------·-· - - - _ ·------··------·· ------· ______-- -·· ------· - __ --· - ·· · ···· - - 145' - ----·- · ------· ·· -- 150" ------·· - J Q - · 1 r , ------

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------· ----- ·------·------· ··--- ·· ------· -- ·---+ '· ------· � -....:: ------L.ur .. ------r- � ',\ \ I I ' I . I . I i ... I \ C ' l : To;,.,nsville ...... - i-i ------· ·-----·------· ·------·------· ' ·· ··· ·------T : 20·· �: \: r i

. •

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------·- -- -;2,�_· ___ ------· ·------····---·------· · ------·····------·-· · ·----··------·· -- · --·· ----·------··- - \ -- · · - i t 1 - - · ·------

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.- : : =- .- : : - ·- .-- .-.-.-�:_·_·::_·_·::_·_·_�_:::.- :.-.-.-.-.�------::r--.-�--- --·-=::.-.-.-.-.-:::.- :.-.-.-�::.-::.-.-_-_-_- -�--- ::.- ;.------. -- -- . . :: . ::::.-�--�::=�: :��-�� : �:.-.-.:� - . ��=: .-�� _ . -::.- �: � � : = \_-�-��----- ::.- �:�:-.-.-��i-- ± . -���--:;: _ _:_·_-,_<�:j

Key to cyclones N ----- Oliver ·--·--·- Roger t Rewa ··---··- Violet 1:16000000

0 160 320 480 640 800 Kilometres

Cyclone tracks 1993 to 1996

Beach Protection Authority Wave data recording program Figure 8.4 Queensland Gold Coast Region Department of Environment

38 Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997• ISSN O158-7757 Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987- 1997 • October 1997 • ISSN 0158-7757 39 .,.

40 Wa ve data recording program, Gold Coast region - 1987-1997 • October 1997 •ISSN 0158-7757