The Role of Tourism in Poverty Alleviation At
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THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION AT SEDIBENG DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY FUSI AMELIA MSIBI B.ED. HONS (PU for CHE), BA HONS (NWU) Mini dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER ARTIUM In Development and Management NORTH-WEST UNIVERSITY (VAAL TRIANGLE CAMPUS) SUPERVISOR: PROF EP ABABIO Vanderbijlpark NOVEMBER 2010 DECLARATION I, Fusi Amelia Msibi, solemnly declare that this work is original and the result of my own labour. It has never, on any previous occasion, been presented in part or whole to any institution or Board for the award of any Degree. I further declare that all information used and quoted has been duly acknowledged by complete reference. Student Signature ________ Date: ______________ Supervisor Signature ________________ Date _____________ II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to extend my earnest gratitude to our Heavenly Father for giving me the wisdom and the strength to complete the study. Without His will and grace all my efforts would have been in vain. • Prof EP Ababio, my study supervisor, I must place on record my sincere gratitude for his valuable guidance and friendly encouragement. His constructive criticism made me work harder. • Ms. Jacqie Kitching: The Coordinator of Institutional Projects and Tourism Department in Sedibeng District Municipality for always going beyond the call of duty in providing tourism information for me. • My colleagues at Gauteng Department of Education, Sedibeng East District, for their selfless support and understanding when the going was getting tough. • A word of thanks goes to all the people who contributed to the successful fulfillment of this study. • This mini-dissertation is dedicated to the loving memory of my mother, Mrs. Selloane Angelinah Nthinya, may her soul rest in peace. • A special gratitude goes to my dearest and lovely daughters Sibongile and Phindile Msibi, who were always pillars of my strength in my endeavour to complete this study. I hope this will inspire you to greater heights. • Thanks to all the institutions for granting the permission to conduct research . • Lastly, I would like to thank everybody that I might have failed to mention by name, God bless you . iii ABSTRACT Local Authorities have a duty to promote the economic, social and environmental well being of their communities. The study deals with the promotion of community involvement and other stakeholders by municipality in ensuring the tourism sustainability. The objectives of this research are to explain the theoretical analysis of the concepts: tourism and poverty alleviation; mechanisms and procedures to be used to encourage community participation in making tourism economically viable around Sedibeng District Municipality; results in economic benefits to business and host community and management of available resources and procedures. A random sample of thirty participants took part in the study. A questionnaire was used as research instrument for data gathering from the participants. Literature study was utilized to support the empirical research and to check implementation of legislation and regulations, regarding tourism management. It was discovered that municipalities may not be so capable of effectively addressing the role that tourism can play in poverty alleviation. As such, it is recommended that local government's existing mechanisms, resources and systems to manage tourism be reviewed to help promote a sustainable training programme. iv LIST OF CONCEPTS (ABREVIATIONS) I. SDM- Sedibeng District Municipality 2. GDP - Gross Domestic Products 3. GGDS - Gauteng Growth and Development Strategy 4. SMMEs - Small Micro and Medium Enterprises 5. BEE - Black and Economic Empowerment 6. ELM- Emfuleni Local Municipality 7. IDPs -Integrated Development Programmes 8. RSA- Republic of South Africa 9. GTA - Gauteng Tourism Authority I 0. UNWTO - United Nations World Tourism Organization II. WDR - World Development Report 12. LED - Local Economic Development I 3. LDCs- Least Developed Countries 14. DEAT - Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism 15. WTO - World Tourism Organization 16. PPT - Pro-Poor Tourism 17. SMSTEs - Small and Medium-Sized Tourism Enterprises 18. MSA - Municipal Systems Act 19. MTS - Municipal Tourism Sector 20. TEP - Tourism Enterprise Partnership 21. TGCSA - Tourism Grading Council of South Africa 22. MICE - Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Events 23. MTGS- Marketing Tourism growth Strategy 24. VFR - Visiting Friends and Relatives 25. GCP - Global Competitiveness Programme 26. TBCSA - Tourism Business Council of South Africa 27. TGS - Tourism Growth Strategy v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .......................................................................... ............. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........ ....................................... .... ..... .. ................ .iii ABSTRACT ............... ................................................................. ............ iv LIST OF CONCEPTS ( ABREVIATIONS) .. ....................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................... .. X LIST OF FIGURES ................................................ .. ..................................xi ANNEXURES ................ ......... ... ................................................................xi CHAPTER ONE ........................................................... .. ........................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................. ................... 1 1.2 ORIENTATION AND BACKGORUND TO STUDY ..................................... 1 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT ......................... .................. ......................... 2 1.4 HYPOTHESIS ............................ ............ ... ........................................ 3 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................ ............................ 3 1.6 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................. ........ ......... 3 1. 7 RESEARCH METHODS ........................................ ... ........................... 4 1.7.1 Literature study ..................................... ...... ......... ......... .. ........... ..... 4 1.7 .2 Empirical survey .............................................................................. 4 1.8 PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Chapter One: Introduction ......... ....... ..... .......................................... ...... 5 Chapter Two: The concept of tourism as a strategy for poverty alleviation ..... 5 Chapter Th ree: Tourism attractions and practices in Sedibeng District Municipality and Gauteng . 5 vi Chapter Four: Evaluation of tourism as poverty alleviation initiative in Sedibeng District Municipality ........................................... 5 Chapter Five: Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations . 5 CHAPTER TWO: THE CONCEPT OF TOURISM AS A STRATEGY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION ......................................................................... 6 2.1 INTRODUCTION .... ................. .............. ...... ............... ........................6 2.2 DEFINITION OF TOURISM ................................................................. 6 2.3 RATIONALE FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION ........................................ 1 0 2.3.1 Definition of poverty ........................................ ................................... 10 2.4 REDUCING POVERTY THROUGH TOURISM ........................................ 12 2.4.1 Why is tourism important for poverty ................................................... 12 2.5 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM .................................................... .... .. ... ..... 15 2.5.1 Principles of Sustainable Tourism ... ... .......... .......... ................... ..... ..... 15 2.6 THREE DIMENSIONS OF TOURISM .. .................................................. 16 2.6.1 Economic impact of tourism ..................................... ............................. 17 2.6.1 .1 Pro-poor tourism ......................... .................. ... ............ ..... ............ 17 2.6.1 .2 Tourism as an employment creation .............................. ...... ............... 17 2.6. 1.3 Employment strategy ..................................................................... 18 2.6.1.4 Small and Medium-Sized Tourism Enterprises ..................................... 19 2.6.1.5 Direct sales of goods and services to visitors by the poor ....................... 20 2.6.1.6 Investment in infrastructure stimulated by tourism .................................20 2.6.1.7 Tax or levy on tourism income ............................................. .............21 2.6.2 Social impact of tourism ..................................... ... ...... ........................ 21 2.6.2.1 Social and cultural sustainability ....... ........... .......................................22 vii 2.6.2.2 The positive social impact of tourism .................................................. 22 2.6.2.3 Negative social impact of tourism ........................................... ........... 24 2.6.3 Environmental impact of tourism .......... ................................................ 24 2.6.3. 1 Raising environmental awareness .................. ................................... 24 2.6.3.2 Protection and preservation ..............................................................25 2.6.3.3