II. the Moiety and Functional Groups Possibly Involved in the Mordanting Effect
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Tannic Acid-Based Prepolymer Systems for Enhanced Intumescence in Epoxy Thermosets
Cite this article Themed Issue: Sustainable flame Keywords: environmental impact/green Korey M, Johnson A, Webb W et al. (2020) retarded materials polymers/sustainable materials Tannic acid-based prepolymer systems for enhanced intumescence in epoxy thermosets. Paper 1900061 Green Materials 8(3): 150–161, Received 29/09/2019; Accepted 05/03/2020 https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.19.00061 Published online 06/04/2020 ICE Publishing: All rights reserved Green Materials Tannic acid-based prepolymer systems for enhanced intumescence in epoxy thermosets Matthew Korey Mark Dietenberger Graduate Research Assistant, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Research General Engineer, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA (Orcid:0000-0002-2285-5646) Jeffrey Youngblood Alexander Johnson Professor, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Undergraduate Research Assistant, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA (Orcid:0000-0002-8720-8642) William Webb John Howarter Staff, Career Academy, San Diego, CA, USA Associate Professor, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA (corresponding author: [email protected]) Tannic acid (TA) is a bio-based high-molecular-weight organic molecule. Although biologically sourced, TA is a pollutant in industrial wastewater streams, and there is desire to find applications in which to downcycle this molecule. Many flame retardants (FRs) used in epoxy are synthesized from petroleum-based monomers. Various bio-based modifiers have been developed, but increasing the flame retardancy of the system without trade-offs with other properties has proved challenging. In this work, TA is incorporated into the thermoset. The molecular behavior of the system was dependent on the TA loading, with low concentrations causing the molecule to be surface-functionalized, while at higher concentrations the molecule was cross-linked into the network. -
Monocyclic Phenolic Acids; Hydroxy- and Polyhydroxybenzoic Acids: Occurrence and Recent Bioactivity Studies
Molecules 2010, 15, 7985-8005; doi:10.3390/molecules15117985 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Review Monocyclic Phenolic Acids; Hydroxy- and Polyhydroxybenzoic Acids: Occurrence and Recent Bioactivity Studies Shahriar Khadem * and Robin J. Marles Natural Health Products Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2936 Baseline Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-613-954-7526; Fax: +1-613-954-1617. Received: 19 October 2010; in revised form: 3 November 2010 / Accepted: 4 November 2010 / Published: 8 November 2010 Abstract: Among the wide diversity of naturally occurring phenolic acids, at least 30 hydroxy- and polyhydroxybenzoic acids have been reported in the last 10 years to have biological activities. The chemical structures, natural occurrence throughout the plant, algal, bacterial, fungal and animal kingdoms, and recently described bioactivities of these phenolic and polyphenolic acids are reviewed to illustrate their wide distribution, biological and ecological importance, and potential as new leads for the development of pharmaceutical and agricultural products to improve human health and nutrition. Keywords: polyphenols; phenolic acids; hydroxybenzoic acids; natural occurrence; bioactivities 1. Introduction Phenolic compounds exist in most plant tissues as secondary metabolites, i.e. they are not essential for growth, development or reproduction but may play roles as antioxidants and in interactions between the plant and its biological environment. Phenolics are also important components of the human diet due to their potential antioxidant activity [1], their capacity to diminish oxidative stress- induced tissue damage resulted from chronic diseases [2], and their potentially important properties such as anticancer activities [3-5]. -
The Use of Plants in the Traditional Management of Diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and Toxicological Considerations
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Review The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and toxicological considerations Udoamaka F. Ezuruike n, Jose M. Prieto 1 Center for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: The prevalence of diabetes is on a steady increase worldwide and it is Received 15 November 2013 now identified as one of the main threats to human health in the 21st century. In Nigeria, the use of Received in revised form herbal medicine alone or alongside prescription drugs for its management is quite common. We hereby 26 May 2014 carry out a review of medicinal plants traditionally used for diabetes management in Nigeria. Based on Accepted 26 May 2014 the available evidence on the species' pharmacology and safety, we highlight ways in which their Available online 12 June 2014 therapeutic potential can be properly harnessed for possible integration into the country's healthcare Keywords: system. Diabetes Materials and methods: Ethnobotanical information was obtained from a literature search of electronic Nigeria databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus up to 2013 for publications on medicinal plants Ethnopharmacology used in diabetes management, in which the place of use and/or sample collection was identified as Herb–drug interactions Nigeria. ‘Diabetes’ and ‘Nigeria’ were used as keywords for the primary searches; and then ‘Plant name – WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy accepted or synonyms’, ‘Constituents’, ‘Drug interaction’ and/or ‘Toxicity’ for the secondary searches. -
Effect of Salicylic Acid Application on Biochemical Changes in Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe)
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(5), pp. 790-795, 9 February, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.1459 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Effect of salicylic acid application on biochemical changes in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Ali Ghasemzadeh1* and Hawa Z. E. Jaafar2 1Department of Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 University Putra Malaysia (UPM) Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Accepted 18 November, 2011 Salicylic acid (SA) belonging to plant phenolics group is found in some plant species and is capable of enhancing plant growth and yield. Effects of SA application (10−3 and 10−5 M) on synthesis of total soluble carbohydrate (TSC), total flavonoids (TF) and total phenolics (TP) were studied out in two ginger varieties (Halia Bentong and Halia Bara) under greenhouse conditions. In treated plants as the level of SA increased (from 10−5M to 10−3M) the production of TF increased while synthesis of TP decreased. SA induced production of TSC content in both varieties. Halia Bara exhibited a higher content of TSC (7.98 mg/g dry weight) compared to Halia Bentong (7.59 mg/g dry weight) when sprayed with low concentration (10−5M) of SA. The result of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that concentration of the some majority flavonoids (quercetin, catechin and kaempferol) decreased significantly in plants when treated with different concentration of SA. Accordingly, high concentrations of these flavonoids were found in control plants. -
Plant Phenolics: Bioavailability As a Key Determinant of Their Potential Health-Promoting Applications
antioxidants Review Plant Phenolics: Bioavailability as a Key Determinant of Their Potential Health-Promoting Applications Patricia Cosme , Ana B. Rodríguez, Javier Espino * and María Garrido * Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; [email protected] (P.C.); [email protected] (A.B.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.E.); [email protected] (M.G.); Tel.: +34-92-428-9796 (J.E. & M.G.) Received: 22 October 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 12 December 2020 Abstract: Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites widely spread throughout the plant kingdom that can be categorized as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Interest in phenolic compounds has dramatically increased during the last decade due to their biological effects and promising therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss the importance of phenolic compounds’ bioavailability to accomplish their physiological functions, and highlight main factors affecting such parameter throughout metabolism of phenolics, from absorption to excretion. Besides, we give an updated overview of the health benefits of phenolic compounds, which are mainly linked to both their direct (e.g., free-radical scavenging ability) and indirect (e.g., by stimulating activity of antioxidant enzymes) antioxidant properties. Such antioxidant actions reportedly help them to prevent chronic and oxidative stress-related disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, among others. Last, we comment on development of cutting-edge delivery systems intended to improve bioavailability and enhance stability of phenolic compounds in the human body. Keywords: antioxidant activity; bioavailability; flavonoids; health benefits; phenolic compounds 1. Introduction Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites widely spread throughout the plant kingdom with around 8000 different phenolic structures [1]. -
Biomolecules
biomolecules Article Tannic Acid Improves Renal Function Recovery after Renal Warm Ischemia–Reperfusion in a Rat Model Louise Alechinsky 1, Frederic Favreau 2,3, Petra Cechova 4 , Sofiane Inal 1,5, Pierre-Antoine Faye 2,3, Cecile Ory 1, Raphaël Thuillier 1,5,6,7 , Benoit Barrou 1, Patrick Trouillas 8, Jerome Guillard 9 and Thierry Hauet 1,5,6,7,* 1 INSERM, U1082 IRTOMIT, 86021 Poitiers, France; [email protected] (L.A.); sofi[email protected] (S.I.); [email protected] (C.O.); [email protected] (R.T.); [email protected] (B.B.) 2 Université de Limoges, Faculté de Médecine, EA 6309 “Maintenance Myélinique et Neuropathies Périphériques”, 87025 Limoges, France; [email protected] (F.F.); [email protected] (P.-A.F.) 3 CHU de Limoges, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, 87042 Limoges, France 4 University Palacký of Olomouc, RCPTM, Dept Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; [email protected] 5 CHU de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Biochimie, 86021 Poitiers, France 6 Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 86073 Poitiers, France 7 Département Hospitalo-Universitaire de Transplantation SUPORT, 86021 Poitiers, France 8 Inserm, UMR 1248, Fac. Pharmacy, Univ. Limoges, 87025 Limoges, France; [email protected] 9 Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285 IC2MP, Team 5 Organic Chemistry, 86073 Poitiers, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 February 2020; Accepted: 9 March 2020; Published: 12 March 2020 Abstract: Background and purpose: Ischemia–reperfusion injury is encountered in numerous processes such as cardiovascular diseases or kidney transplantation; however, the latter involves cold ischemia, different from the warm ischemia found in vascular surgery by arterial clamping. -
Interference of Paraben Compounds with Estrogen Metabolism by Inhibition of 17Β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Interference of Paraben Compounds with Estrogen Metabolism by Inhibition of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases Roger T. Engeli 1, Simona R. Rohrer 1, Anna Vuorinen 1, Sonja Herdlinger 2, Teresa Kaserer 2, Susanne Leugger 1, Daniela Schuster 2,* and Alex Odermatt 1,* ID 1 Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; [email protected] (R.T.E.); [email protected] (S.R.R.); [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (S.L.) 2 Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (T.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (A.O.); Tel.: +43-512-507-58253 (D.S.); +41-61-207-1530 (A.O.) Received: 20 July 2017; Accepted: 14 September 2017; Published: 19 September 2017 Abstract: Parabens are effective preservatives widely used in cosmetic products and processed food, with high human exposure. Recent evidence suggests that parabens exert estrogenic effects. This work investigated the potential interference of parabens with the estrogen-activating enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) 1 and the estrogen-inactivating 17β-HSD2. A ligand-based 17β-HSD2 pharmacophore model was applied to screen a cosmetic chemicals database, followed by in vitro testing of selected paraben compounds for inhibition of 17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2 activities. All tested parabens and paraben-like compounds, except their common metabolite p-hydroxybenzoic acid, inhibited 17β-HSD2. -
Conductometric Study of the Acidity Properties of Tannic Acid (Chinese Tannin)
Journal of the UniversityL. Costadinnova, of Chemical M. Hristova, Technology T. Kolusheva, and Metallurgy, N. Stoilova 47, 3, 2012, 289-296 CONDUCTOMETRIC STUDY OF THE ACIDITY PROPERTIES OF TANNIC ACID (CHINESE TANNIN) L. Costadinnova1, M. Hristova1, T. Kolusheva1, N. Stoilova2 1 University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Received 22 May 2012 8 Kl. Ohridski, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria Accepted 12 June 2012 2 CLVCE, Department of VMP Analysis, 5 Iskarsko shose Blvd., Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Two tannic acids are studied (H T, n = 52), C H O , with average molar mass 1701.20 g mol-1. Using their UV and n 76 52 46 IR spectra it is shown that they have identical composition with respect to their functional groups, while by potentiometric and conductometric titration their structure of chinese tannin is verified and the relations between the acidity constants K > K K ... are determined. The absence of gallic acid is proved by HPLC. The conformational flexibility of the a1 a2 : a3 : tannin molecule is used to measure the stepwise constant K . By direct conductometry the acids were studied in the a1 concentration range of 5.00x10-4 to 5.00x10-2 mol l-1. The latter is determined from the Onsager-Shedlovsky relation. The molar conductivity of the ions − for the infinitely dilute solutions of the two tannic acids is found to be 55.2 and HTn1− 64.3 S L mol-1 cm-1. The degree of dissociation á in the studied concentration range varies from 0.03 to 0.3. The results for the acidity constant exponent pK are generalised using variance analysis, yielding ±∆ = ± , n = a1 pKa1 pK a1 4.19 0.02 26. -
Identification of the 100 Richest Dietary Sources of Polyphenols: an Application of the Phenol-Explorer Database
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2010) 64, S112–S120 & 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0954-3007/10 www.nature.com/ejcn ORIGINAL ARTICLE Identification of the 100 richest dietary sources of polyphenols: an application of the Phenol-Explorer database JPe´rez-Jime´nez1,2, V Neveu1,2,FVos1,2 and A Scalbert1,2 1Clermont Universite´, Universite´ d’Auvergne, Unite´ de Nutrition Humaine, Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France and 2INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France Background/Objectives: The diversity of the chemical structures of dietary polyphenols makes it difficult to estimate their total content in foods, and also to understand the role of polyphenols in health and the prevention of diseases. Global redox colorimetric assays have commonly been used to estimate the total polyphenol content in foods. However, these assays lack specificity. Contents of individual polyphenols have been determined by chromatography. These data, scattered in several hundred publications, have been compiled in the Phenol-Explorer database. The aim of this paper is to identify the 100 richest dietary sources of polyphenols using this database. Subjects/Methods: Advanced queries in the Phenol-Explorer database (www.phenol-explorer.eu) allowed retrieval of information on the content of 502 polyphenol glycosides, esters and aglycones in 452 foods. Total polyphenol content was calculated as the sum of the contents of all individual polyphenols. These content values were compared with the content of antioxidants estimated using the Folin assay method in the same foods. These values were also extracted from the same database. Amounts per serving were calculated using common serving sizes. -
Predicting the Health Impact of Dietary Polyphenols Using a Network Medicine Framework Italo F
Supplementary Information: Predicting the Health Impact of Dietary Polyphenols Using a Network Medicine Framework Italo F. do Valle, Harvey G. Roweth, Michael W. Malloy, Sofia Moco, Denis Barron, Elisabeth Battinelli, Joseph Loscalzo, Albert-László Barabási Supplementary Note 1 - Unveiling the Mechanisms Responsible for the Therapeutic Effects of Specific Polyphenols To demonstrate how the network-based framework can facilitate the mechanistic interpretation of the therapeutic effects of selected polyphenols, we next focus on vascular diseases (VD). Of 65 polyphenols evaluated in this study, we found 27 to have associations to VD, as their targets were within the VD network neighborhood (Table S3). We, therefore, inspected the targets of 15 of the 27 polyphenols with 10 or less targets, as experimentally validating the mechanism of action among the interactions of more than 10 targets would provide complexities beyond the scope of this study. As we discuss next, the network analysis identified direct links between biological processes related to vascular health and the targets of three polyphenols, gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, and 1,4-naphthoquinone (Fig S5). Gallic Acid: Gallic acid has a single target, SERPINE1, which is also a VD-associated protein, resulting in �! = 0 and �"! = −3.02. An inspection of the LCC formed by VD proteins also reveals that SERPINE1 directly interacts with the VD proteins PLG, LRP1, and F2 (Fig S5), proteins directly or indirectly related to blood clot formation and dissolution. Indeed, recent studies using in vivo models report that gallic acid has protective effects on vascular health1–5. 1,4-Naphthoquinone: 1,4-naphthoquinone targets four proteins, MAP2K1, MAOA, CDC25B, and IDO1, which are proximal to VD-associated proteins (�! = 1.25, �"! =−1.51) (Fig S5). -
Hplc∓Dad∓ESI-MS/MS Screening of Bioactive Components
Food Chemistry 166 (2015) 179–191 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food Chemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchem HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS/MS screening of bioactive components from Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac) fruits ⇑ Ibrahim M. Abu-Reidah a,b,c, Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh a, , Rana M. Jamous a, David Arráez-Román b,c, ⇑ Antonio Segura-Carretero b,c, a Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center (BERC), Til, Nablus POB 696, Palestine b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain c Functional Food Research and Development Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, Edificio Bioregión, 18016 Granada, Spain article info abstract Article history: Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is an important crop widely used in the Mediterranean basin as a food spice, and Received 25 March 2014 also in folk medicine, due to its health-promoting properties. Phytochemicals present in plant foods are in Received in revised form 29 May 2014 part responsible for these consequent health benefits. Nevertheless, detailed information on these Accepted 3 June 2014 bioactive compounds is still scarce. Therefore, the present work was aimed at investigating the Available online 12 June 2014 phytochemical components of sumac fruit epicarp using HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS/MS in two different ionisation modes. The proposed method provided tentative identification of 211 phenolic and other Keywords: phyto-constituents, most of which have not been described so far in R. coriaria fruits. More than 180 Palestinian sumac phytochemicals (tannins, (iso)flavonoids, terpenoids, etc.) are reported herein in sumac fruits for the first Anacardiaceae Hydrolysable tannins time. -
Spinal Curaracardiac Poisons.Pdf
STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA KUCHILA Powerful alkaloids Strychnine and brucine ( 1& ½ %) Seeds also contain glucoside loganine Fruit hard, rough, glossy orange, 4‐5 cm wide, jelly like white or pale yellow pulp. It has 3‐5 seeds Strychnine occurs as colourless, odourless, rhombic prisms, having an intensely bitter taste The bark contains only brucine Fruit pulp ‐‐‐ low strychnine content Strychnine = 20 X brucine • Seeds are flat, circular discs or slightly convex on one side, concave on other side • 2.5 cm in diameter, 6mm in thickness • Ash grey or light brown in colour • Seeds are very hard, tough, difficult to pulverise • USES • In Chinese herbal medicine, the seeds of strychnine are eaten to alleviate external pains. • Different types of tumors as well as allay paralysis such as Bell’s palsy or facial paralysis. • Useful herbal medicine • Ingredient of homeopathic medication and is particularly recommended for digestive problems, feeling for cold as well as tetchiness. • As a respiratory stimulant • As a rodenticide • For killing stray dogs, even wild animals ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION All mm Much is taken by liver, muscle to be either released again into blood stream or to be destroyed This release produces convulsions on the 2nd or 3rd Day 80% is oxidised mainly in the liver Excreted slowly by the kidneys and traces in the bile, milk, saliva • ACTION • Competitively blocks ventral horn motor neuron postganglionic receptor sites in the spinal cord and prevent the effect of GLYCINE • Widespread inhibition in the spinal cord results in “release”