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Major Texas Floods of 1935

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Major Texas Floods of 1935 ANCH C. H, Pierc If y»u do not need this report after it has served your purpose, please return it to the Geological Survey, using the official mailing label at the end UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary LIBRARY W. C. Mendenhall, Director WATER RESOURCES DIVK *C REPORTS SECTION Water-Supply Paper 796 G MAJOR TEXAS FLOODS OF 1935 BY TATE DALRYMPLE AND OTHERS Q Prepared in cooperation with the TEXAS BOARD OF WATER ENGINEERS Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1937 (Pages 223-290) UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 15 cents WATER RESOURCES DIVISION REPORTS SECTION CONTENTS Page Abstract______________________________________ 223 Introduction____________________________________________________ 224 Definition of terms_---_____-__________________________ 227 Administration and personnel______________________________ 227 Acknowledgments-________________________________________________ 228 Physical features of Texas as related to the general character of the streams. 22& Determination of flood discharges_________________________________ 229» May flood on Seco Creek____________________________ 232' Precipitation_____________.________________________ 233; Maximum discharge-_______________-___.___________ 234 Previous floods _______________________________________ 236' June floods------_______________________________ 236- Precipitation____-_______________________________________ 237" Colorado River Basin__________________________ 239? Colorado River flood_______ __________________ 239 Llano River flood_________________________.-___ 241 Nueces River Basin._ __________________________________. 245 Nueces River flood____________________________________ 245 West Nueces River flood____________.____________-___ 249 Determination of discharge near Brackett ville_________ 252 Frio River flood____________________________ 256 Atascosa River flood_____-_________________________________ 256 Rio Grande Basin____-_-_-_ _________________________________ 257 Stages and discharges of May and June floods __.-_ ______ 257 Colorado River near San Saba________________________________ 258 Colorado River at Austin______ _ _____________ _ ____ 259" Colorado River at Smithville______________________ 26Q Colorado River near Eagle Lake_____________________________ 2621 North Llano River near Junction.______________________________ 263; Llano River near Junction______________________________________ 264 Llano River near Castell_______________________________________ 264' Pedernales River near Spicewood--___-------__--_---_---_-_____ 266 Guadalupe River near Spring Branch_____-________-_____________ 266 San Antonio River near Falls City__________________ ________ 267 Cibolo Creek near Falls City_________________________ 267 Nueces River at Laguna___________________ f _______________ 268 Nueces River near Uvalde__--_______________-___-___-_-_-_-____ 2691 Nueces River at Cotulla________________________-____________-__ 270 Nueces River near Three Rivers_______________________________ 272 Frio River at Concan___________________________ _ ________ 273; Frio River near Derby________________________________-________ 274 Frio River at Calliham_________________________________ 275- Atascosa River at Whitsett______________-__________________ 275 m IV CONTENTS Page December flood on Buffalo Bayou__.___-._____-__-_--_-_--_--_--_-._ 276 Precipitation__________________-_..._________ 276 Maximum discharge------.---.----.__-__-.__-_--_------------__ 277 Previous floods_______________._._______.____ 280 Summary of maximum discharges._________________________________ 282 ILLUSTKATIONS Page PLATE 54. Map of Texas showing principal towns and streams mentioned in the text-__________.___________________ 224 55. Map of Texas showing major topographic divisions and major drainage basins______________________________________ 224 56. Llano River at Llano at about peak of flood of June 14, 1935- 240 57. Bridges destroyed by flood of June 14, 1935: A, Llano River on Mason-Fredericksburg highway; B, Nueces River on Uvalde-La Pryor highway_--____-_-___--__---------___- 240 58. Isohyetal map of the major part of the Colorado and Nueces River Basins and parts of adjacent river basins.___________ 240 59. Congress Avenue bridge, Colorado River, at Austin: A, At about peak of flood of June 15, 1935; B, At low water______ 240 60. A, Colorado River at Austin, looking north on Congress Avenue from right bank at about peak of flood of June 15, 1935; B, South Llano River at Junction, near peak of flood of June 14, 1935____________-___-__--___---_--_-_----_--__ 248 61. Nueces River on Uvalde-La Pryor highway: A, View from left bank at about 10 feet below peak stage on June 14, 1935; B, View from right bank made about 30 minutes before bridges were destroyed. ________________________________ 248 62. West Nueces River near Brackettville: A, Looking upstream from just below lower cross section; B, Looking toward right bank and upstream from about lower cross section.________ 249 FIGURE 34. Isohyetal map of the Seco Creek drainage basin above D'Hanis_________________________________ 235 35. Hydrographs of discharge, Colorado River near San Saba, at Austin, at Smithville, and near Eagle Lake, June 14-24, 1935______________________________________________ 242 36. Isohyetal map of the Llano River Basin_________________ 244 37. Hydrographs of discharge, North Llano River near Junction, Llano River near Junction, and Llano River near Castell, June 14-17, 1935__--_-_-__--_ ____.-___-__-_---_-__-_ 246 38. Hydrographs of discharge, Nueces River at Laguna, near Uvalde, at Cotulla, and near Three Rivers, June 14-27, 1935_ -_----___---____--__---_---_-_-_-_--____,.___ 248 39. Isohyetal map of the West Nueces River Basin____-_-_--_ 251 40. Profiles of high-water marks and sections of slope-area reach on the West Nueces River near Brackettville-_____.__-- 253 41. Isohyetal map of the Buffalo Bayou Basin_______________ 278 42. Hydrograph of discharge, Buffalo Bayou at Eureka Cutoff railroad bridge at Houston, December 7-12, 1935_______ 279 43. High-water and stream-bed profiles of Buffalo Bayou from Post Oak Road to the turning basin at Houston__________ 281 CONTENTS " TABLES Page TABLE 1. Precipitation records for June 1-15, 1935__________________ 238 2. Altitude and average descent of the Colorado River from a point near San Saba to the mouth_____________________ 240 3. Maximum discharge at river-measurement stations on the Colo­ rado and Pedernales Rivers, June 1935__________________ 241 4. Altitude and average descent of the North Llano, South Llano, and Llano Rivers from source to mouth.__________________ 243 5. Maximum discharge determined at places in the Llano River Basin, June 1935__ _ _ ___ ___________ ___ 245 6. Altitude and average descent of the Nueces River from source to mouth________-________________.____-____--___-_____ 247 7. Maximum discharge at river-measurement stations on the Nueces River, June 1935______________________________ 249 8. Altitude and average descent of the West Nueces River from source to mouth_____________________________________ 250 9. Computations for slope-area determination of discharge of the West Nueces River near Brackettville_____-.______--____ 252 10. Precipitation in Buffalo Bayou and adjacent drainage basins, December 6-8, 1935_____________________ __. 277 11. Maximum discharge, Buffalo Bayou and tributaries, at Hous­ ton, December 9, 1935_________.___________ 277 12. Run-off and discharge on Buffalo Bayou at Eureka Cutoff Bridge, Houston, December 7-12, 1935______________ 280 13. Crest stages, flood of December 9,1935, and stream-bed altitudes determined June 1929, Buffalo Bayou at Houston.. _______ 282 14. Maximum stages and discharges on certain streams in Texas.. 283 MAJOR TEXAS FLOODS OF 1935 By TATE DALRYMPLE and others ABSTRACT In Texas in 1935 exceptional floods occurred in May on Seco Creek, in June on the Colorado and Nueces Rivers and their tributaries, and in December on Buffalo Bayou. A very heavy rainstorm occurred early in the morning of May 31 over the Seco Creek Basin. The maximum rainfall reported was 22 to 24 inches in B% hours. This extremely heavy rain occurred at the Woodward ranch about 17 miles above D'Hanis and 50 miles west of San Antonio. The resulting flood in Seco Creek exceeded any previously known. A slope-area measurement of dis­ charge made in a reach about 11 miles above D'Hanis gave a peak discharge of 230,000 second-feet from a drainage area of 153 square miles, or 1,500 second-feet per square mile. Heavy rains, amounting to probably 20 inches at some places, fell over the Colorado and Nueces drainage basins the first 2 weeks in June, causing floods greater than ever had been recorded in these basins. The greatest floods occurred on the Llano River, tributary to the Colorado, and the West Nueces River, tributary to the Nueces. The South Llano and Llano Rivers reached the highest stages ever known, the former stream being 3 feet higher at Junction and the latter 8.6 feet higher near Castell than the previous highest stages, which occurred in 1889. The South Llano River near Telegraph had a peak discharge of 160,000 second-feet from a drainage area of 540 square miles, and the Llano River near Castell had a peak discharge of 388,000 second-feet from an area of 3,514 square miles. The flood from the Llano River, when joined by a smaller flood from the Pedernales River, caused the Colorado River
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