Contents CHEMISTRY International January-March 2019 Volume 41 No. 1
Introduction The International Year of the Periodic Table 2019 2 by Jan Reedijk and Natalia Tarasova
Features IUPAC and the Periodic Table by G.J. Leigh 6 Criteria for New Element Discovery: Providing Assurance 10 in a Field of Allure and Romance by Sigurd Hofmann Looking Backwards and Forwards at the Development 16 of the Periodic Table by Eric Scerri Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights: History of IUPAC 21 Commission II.1 in the Service of Chemistry by John R. De Laeter IUPAC Commission II.1 Today by Juris Meija 24 Isotopes Matter by Norman E. Holden, Tyler B. Coplen, and Peter Mahaffy 27 The New SI: The International System of Units is Getting 32 a Makeover by Ian Mills and Roberto Marquardt
IUPAC Wire Election of IUPAC Officers and Bureau Members 36 Juris Meija Made the Top 40 Under 40 37 C. Oliver Kappe is Awarded the 2018 IUPAC-ThalesNano Prize 37 for Flow Chemistry OPCW to Further Enhance Contributions to United Nations’ 38 Sustainable Development Goals 1001 Inventions: Journeys from Alchemy to Chemistry 38
Stamps International 39
Project Place Critical evaluation of homogeneous equilibrium and solubility 40 constants of gadolinium in environmental and biological- relevant conditions 23rd UNESCO/IUPAC Postgraduate Course in Polymer Science 40 Guidance for the Compilation, Critical Evaluation and 40 Dissemination of Chemical Data
Making an imPACt On the Discovery of New Elements (IUPAC/IUPAP 42 Provisional Report) IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes 42 for the Education Community (IUPAC Technical Report)
Bookworm Chemistry: Our Past, Present, and Future reviewed y Richard J Sundberg 43
Conference Call Solution Chemistry 45 Organometallic Chemistry and Challenges in CO2 Activation 46 and Utilization Congreso Latino Americano de Química 48 Energetic Materials 50
Where 2B & Y 51
Mark Your Calendar 54 The International Year of the Periodic Table 2019
Jan Reedijk and Natalia Tarasova co-chairs of the InterUnion Management Committee IYPT2019
his year we celebrate the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements in the format proposed by TMendeleev in 1869, and its continued develop- ment to this day. This issue of CI describes several aspects of the Periodic Table, its history and celebra- tion, and also addresses the pathways to possible new elements. In this preface we address some highlights of the papers and pay attention to the history of events that have led to IYPT2019.
In July 2016, professor Martyn Poliako hinted that in 2019 the Periodic Table would celebrate its 150th anni- versary, and the ball started to roll. On 30 September 2016, 3000 participants of the 20th Mendeleev Con- gress, held in Ekaterinburg, Russia, unanimously vot- ed for the proclamation of the International Year of the Periodic Table (IYPT) in 2019. The resolution was supported by the Mendeleev Russian Chemical So- Jan Reedijk and Natalia Tarasova meeting at ciety and the Russian Academy of Sciences. In early UNESCO on 29 November 2018 to review the 2017, during and after the celebrations of the discov- preparations for the IYPT2019 Opening Ceremony. ery and naming of nihonium, moscovium, tennessine and oganesson, the Mendeleev Chemical Society from "On 20 December 2017, the United Nations General Russia took the initiative to explore the possibility to Assembly proclaimed 2019 the International Year have 2019 named as the International Year of the Pe- of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (IYPT riodic Table. The Russian Academy of Sciences invit- 2019) during its 74th Plenary Meeting, at its 72nd ed IUPAC to be the leading union for the IYPT, as the Session. In proclaiming an International Year fo- identification of a leading international science union cusing on the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements is a compulsory part of the UNESCO application pro- and its applications, the United Nations has recog- cedure. IUPAC ‘s Executive Committee embraced the nized the importance of raising global awareness initiative and approached other International scien- of how chemistry promotes sustainable develop- tifi c unions to join forces, i.e. the International Union ment and provides solutions to global challenges of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), International in energy, education, agriculture and health. In- Astronomical Union (IAU), European Chemical So- deed, the resolution was adopted as part of a more ciety (EuChemS), the International Union of History general Agenda item on Science and technology and Philosophy of Science and Technology (IUHPS), for development. This International Year will bring and the International Science Council (ISC, previously together many di erent stakeholders including known as ICSU, the International Council for Science UNESCO, scientifi c societies and unions, educa- which merged in July 2018 with ISSC, the International tional and research institutions, technology plat- Social Sciences Council). forms, non-profi t organizations and private sector A steering committee of 16 people, consisting of partners to promote and celebrate the signifi cance leaders of the unions and other experts, was formed in of the Periodic Table of Elements and its applica- the fall of 2017, and a prospectus was produced for sub- tions to society during 2019." mission and application to UNESCO and the United Na- tions. Ultimately, the fi nal application for the IYPT was The IYPT activities will be supervised and managed by endorsed by a number of international scientifi c unions, the International Steering Committee (founding team), including IUPAC, IUPAP, EuChemS, IAU, and IUHPS. an International Management Committee in collabo- About the UN decision, we copy from the 2018 CI ration with the Innovation and Capacity Building Sec- April issue [1]: tion, Division of Science Policy and Capacity Building
2 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Dates Activity Description Website Jan 29 O cial Opening at UNESCO www.iypt2019.org Feb 11-12 Murcia Symposium: Setting their Table: www.iypt2019women.es/ Women and the Periodic Table of Elements scientifi c_topics.php All year EuChemS special periodic table showing www.euchems.eu/euchems- relative amounts of the elements periodic-table/ All year IUPAC Periodic Table Challenge: Online quiz www.iupac.org/100 All year EuChemS young chemists: Chemistry www.euchems.eu/divisions/ Rediscovered game european-young-chemists-network/ chemistry-rediscovered/ All year Periodic Table of Younger Chemists: iupac.org/100/pt-of-chemist/ International younger chemists network Dec 5 IYPT2019 Closing Ceremony in Tokyo, Japan, www.iypt2019.jp/eng endorsed by UNESCO and hosted by Sci- ence Council of Japan IUPAC subcommittee Table 1: Selection of International Activities to celebrate the International Year of the Periodic Table 2019
Natural Sciences Sector UNESCO and an International in 2018/2019 for IYPT duties. The fi rst of these appoin- Secretariat, located in the Netherlands, that started tees has started has started already: Dr. Natalia Tsiv- operating on 1 April 2018. adze from Moscow, and is assisting the Management In early 2018, IUPAC has started the execution by Committee in planning several activities, including the formation of a Management Committee (MC), initially Opening Ceremony. consisting of six members from IUPAC, and a little later extended to include six UNESCO members, represen- Table or System? tatives of the other scientifi c unions and of a few ma- In the 19th century most publications in Chemistry jor chemical societies representing di erent regions of were in German. This included Mendeleev, Meyer, and the world. (see full composition online at iypt2019.org/ other colleagues who published their work in German about-us ) scientifi c journals. They were writing about the “Sys- Apart from planning the opening ceremony on 29 tem,” as there was no "Table" in the beginning. The fi rst January 2019 and the closing ceremony in December indication of a tabular format—rotated by 90 degrees 2019, this Management Committee will not organize from the present Tables—came from Mendeleev (see many other events. In fact, the main duty of the Man- fi gure 1, left side). agement Committee is the coordination and facilita- A number of others also worked on understanding tion of activities and where needed give assistance in the System, but is was Mendeleev who fi rst shaped it the initiation, relevant publicity, and sponsoring deal- into tabular form (see fi gure 1 right), which is the basis ing with these activities, as well as dissemination via of the current Periodic Tables, including the one com- the website and social media and in collaboration with monly called IUPAC Periodic Table (see back cover of co-applying International Unions. An important duty of this issue). the Management Committee has been and still is fi nd- To illustrate the history and process of the discov- ing proper sponsors for the several international events. eries, we cite from the IYPT application prospectus: It is to be stressed that IYPT is not IUPAC only and the list a few selected activities (Table 1) illustrates that "The Periodic Table (System) was discovered in an diversity. era when atomic structures and electrons where UNESCO o ered the option that countries appoint not known, and equipment to purify and sepa- an IYPT ambassador (secondment) based at UNESCO rate elements was still primitive. The discoveries
Chemistry International January-March 2019 3 The International Year of the Periodic Table 2019
Figure 1: The vertical version of Mendeleev’s Table in 1869, in original handwriting (left) and the first vertical Table in print (right). (courtesy Mendeleev Society)
of Mendeleev, Meyer and others are therefore to arrangement, in fact just after Mendeleev. There be seen as immense. After the fi rst International is little discussion that Mendeleev published his Conference of Chemists in 1860 (Karlsruhe), which system noting that there was a periodic classi- both Mendeleev and Meyer attended, it became fi cation, i.e. the periodic law and the systematic clear that a number of scientists had noted some arrangements of the elements, including some regularities between chemical elements. The dis- of the not yet discovered elements for which he coveries published in 1869 by Mendeleev, fi rst even predicted chemical properties. Despite the in a vertical order, later that year in a horizontal fact that some of these predictions were incorrect arrangement, were preceded by discoveries of and that in his system there was no place for the similar “regularities” from Béguyer de Chancour- Noble Gases, he is still generally accepted as the tois, Newlands, Odling, Hinrichs and Lothar Mey- chief architect, since he discovered the “system”; er. Only Meyer produced a quite similar tabular only later it was changed to “Table” as we now use in Periodic Table of Elements in English. Remarkable, the word “System” is still used as in “Pe- riodic System” in a number of languages, e.g. Danish (“Peri- odiske system” and also: “p eri- odesystemet”), Dutch (“Peri- odiek systeem”) and German (“Periodensystem”), just as Mendeleev and Meyer used it in their papers. In Russia at least the Periodic Table is considered to be the il- lustration of the Periodic System."
The “System” terminolo- gy is still used in English Figure 2: An old periodic Table from around 1880, available at the today. An analysis on University of St. Andrews (UK). October 3, 2018, of the
4 Chemistry International January-March 2019 The International Year of the Periodic Table 2019
Web of Science shows that since the international discussions going 1946 as many as 533 articles in En- on about this item. glish have “Periodic System” in the Juris Meija, as chair of the title, whereas 944 articles have “Pe- IUPAC Commission on Isotopic riodic Table” in the title. Abundances and Atomic Weights March 1, 1869 is often consid- (CIAAW) o ers a short update ered as the day of the discovery of summary of the history of this the Periodic Law. That day Dmit- commission. ry Mendeleev completed his work Peter Maha y, Norman Hold- Figure 3: A Periodic Table on "The experience of a system of en, and Ty Coplen review why schematically projected on a stamp elements based on their atomic “Isotopes Matter,” a story recent- from Spain (2007), also showing weight and chemical similarity." the “missing” elements at the time ly featured in the IUPAC100 blog Meyer published an updated ver- Mendeleev published his findings. story (https://iupac.org/100/ sion of his table, which was very stories/why-isotopes-matter/), similar to that of Mendeleev, in December, 1869. In the and supported by a full detailed technical report pub- early days, both Mendeleev and Meyer were honored lished in Dec 2018 in Pure and Applied Chemistry. for their discovery of the “periodic relations of the Finally, we can say with near certainty that this is atomic weights,” sharing the Davy Medal of the Roy- not the end of the Periodic Table. The frequently asked al Society in 1882. Nowadays, Mendeleev is almost question “Can we expect more new chemical elements, universally accepted as the originator of the Periodic and if so, when?” will hopefully be answered in the next Table of the Elements, perhaps because he included few years. These questions have been addressed re- all known elements and because he used the Table cently in a separate paper in some detail [3]. predictively. Subsequently, the unknown elements For now, we are all looking forward to the very he had predicted, gallium (1875), scandium (1879) many events and activities for IYPT in 2019 world- and germanium (1887) were discovered and had the wide, including the opening ceremony in Paris. properties he predicted for them. One of the earliest Tables left in hard copy, from References around or just after 1880 is shown in fi gure 2. It was dis- 1. N. Tarasova, Chem. Int. (2018), 40(2), 2-4 covered in the archives of the University of St. Andrews 2. S. Hofmann, S.N. Dmitriev, C. Fahlander, J.M. Gates, J.B. (UK), and is there now on display. Note the empty Roberto and H. Sakai , Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(11), space for germanium that was discovered only in 1887 1773-1832; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0918 3. J. Reedijk, Polyhedron (2018), , 1-4 (scandium and gallium are already listed in this Table). 141 It is also interesting to note the “double” mentioning of Cu, Ag and Au. In a very nice stamp from Spain, these Jan Reedijk
Chemistry International January-March 2019 5 1 18 1 2 H IUPAC and the Periodic Table He hydrogen helium 1.008 [1.0078, 1.0082] 2 Key: 13 14 15 16 17 4.0026 3 4 atomic number by G.J. Leigh 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be Symbol B C N O F Ne lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon 6.94 conventional atomic weight 10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 [6.938, 6.997] 9.0122 standard atomic weight he Periodic Table is now regarded as such a [10.806, 10.821] [12.009, 12.012] [14.006, 14.008] [15.999, 16.000] 18.998 20.180 11 12 fundamental part of current chemical research 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg and teaching that it is salutary to learn that this Al Si P S Cl Ar sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 24.305 T 28.085 32.06 35.45 39.95 prominence is a relatively recent development. IUPAC 22.990 [24.304, 24.307] 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26.982 [28.084, 28.086] 30.974 [32.059, 32.076] [35.446, 35.457] [39.792, 39.963] 19 20 21 22 23 24 was established25 26 in its present27 form28 in 1919,29 but the30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Figure 1 Typical element entries taken from a long K Ca Sc Ti V Crroots ofMn the TableFe go backCo much Nifurther. TheCu generalZn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc formgallium of thegermanium Periodic arsenicTable, https://iupac.org/what-we-selenium bromine krypton realization of the value of the Periodic Table to ratio- 79.904 39.098 40.078(4) 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845(2) 58.933 58.693 63.546(3) 65.38(2) 69.723do/periodic-table-of-elements/.72.630(8) 74.922 78.971(8) See[79.901, back 79.907] cover83.798(2) 37 38 39 40 41 42 nalize and43 teach44 chemistry45 has only46 come about47 since48 49 50 of51 this issue.52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mothe newTc floweringRu of inorganicRh chemistry,Pd Ag which canCd In Sn Sb Te I Xe rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon be dated to the 1960s. Today the most popular form old. The general acceptance of atomic theory, often 85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224(2) 92.906 95.95 101.07(2) 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60(3) 126.90 131.29 55 56 57-71 72 73 74 of the Table75 and76 its updating77 and78 dissemination79 owe80 ascribed81 to 82the infl uence83 of 84Dalton who85 published86
Cs Ba lanthanoids Hf Ta Wmuch toRe IUPAC,Os though thisIr was notPt alwaysAu the case.Hg his Tlideas in Pb1805, wasBi the beginningPo ofAt the modernRn caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon scientifi204.38 c systemization of the inorganic chemistry. 132.91 137.33 178.49(2) 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23(3) 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 [204.38, 204.39] 207.2 208.98 87 88 89-103 104 105 106Figure 1071 is taken108 from a Periodic109 Table110 of the111 Elements112 It encouraged113 114 a more11 5quantitative116 approach117 to11 inor-8
Fr Ra actinoids Rf Db SgpublishedBh by IUPACHs on 1 MtDecemberDs 2018. ItRg representsCn ganicNh chemicalFl studiesMc and theLv appearanceTs of listsOg of francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson the second and third periods, with the lighter ele- so-called atomic weights. These were then relative ments of Groups 13-18. Each element square contains combining weights, and are essentially those still an atomic number, an atomic name, an atomic symbol used today. They are not related to the real weights 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 La Ce Prand asNd many asPm three atomicSm weights.Eu IUPACGd is deeplyTb of Dyatoms. DöbereinerHo Er was anTm early systematiserYb Lu who lanthanum cerium praseodymiumconcernedneodymium bothpromethium with thesamarium generaleuropium form ofgadolinium the Periodicterbium recogniseddysprosium holmium the existenceerbium ofthulium triads, ytterbiumsuch as lithiumlutetium 138.91 140.12 140.91Table and144.24 with the contents150.36(2) of each151.96 elemental157.25(3) entry.158.93 + sodium162.50 +164.93 potassium,167.26 chlorine168.93 + bromine173.05 + iodine,174.97 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Ac Th PaNote thatU IUPACNp always usesPu a longAm form toCm display theBk andCf calciumEs + bariumFm + strontiumMd as earlyNo as 1817Lr [1]. actinium thorium protactiniumTable,uranium but thisneptunium has not discouragedplutonium americium chemistscurium from berkeliumde- Incalifornium such triadseinsteinium the atomicfermium weightmendelevium of nobeliumthe middlelawrencium ele- 232.04 231.04vising 238.03other arrangements, such as circular, spiral and ment is roughly the mean of the atomic weights of even three-dimensional. the other two members. The recognition of weight Attempts to systematize the chemistry of the el- relationships was extended further by Newlands [2] ements in a logical fashion are more than 200 years who enunciated his Law of Octaves. He noted that
Figure 2. An early text-book example of a periodic table, taken from Alexander Smith, Intermediate Text Book of Chemistry, Century Co., New York, 1919.
6 Chemistry International January-March 2019 The News Magazine of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) CHEMISTRY groups of related elements are separated in weight International
January-February 2009 order by seven other elements, and he even draft- Volume 31 No. 1 ed a form of periodic table, though essentially with periods and groups at right angles to the modern usage. These advances would have been impossi- ble without the wider determination of many atomic weights relative to hydrogen which was assigned the atomic weight of 1 and the recognition that some el- ements can exhibit more than one combining weight, an expression of what we would now understand is due to variable valency [3]. The fi rst proponent of a modern form Periodic Table was Mendeleev who proposed what we would now regard as a short form [4]. Atomic weights were regarded as a basis for sys- tematization until after 1913, when the signifi cance of The IUPAC International Periodic Tables Chemical Identifier atomic number and hence basic elemental electronic and IUPAC Celebrating Worldwide structure was described by Moseley [5]. This eventu- Excellence in Chemistry ally gave rise to the long form of the Table, and also to the many variants which are in circulation today. 7 in Chem Int January 2009 See reference A very early and detailed adoption of Moseley’s pro- numbering them 1-17, though this was not generally ad- posals for the employment of atomic numbers is to opted. Although the 1970 IUPAC Red Book [8] made be found in the text of A Smith (1919), Intermediate no mention of a Periodic Table, it did list groups of el- Text Book of Chemistry, Century Co., New York. Fig- ements designated by numbers and the letters A and ure 2, reproduced from page 292 of this book, shows B. Thus Group 3A was listed as Sc, Y, La (including the a modifi ed Mendeleev Periodic Table, which still re- lanthanoids) and Ac (including the actinides), whereas tains atomic weights rather than atomic numbers, but Group 3B included Ga, In, and Tl. The AB confusion still leaves appropriate gaps for missing elements, except reigned until 1970 when the ACS proposed the current for hydrogen which is ignored and but it does include 1-18 Group numbering, which is best appreciated in a glucinium, which is now known as beryllium. There long form Periodic Table. There was considerable dis- are no group or period numberings. cussion between the ACS and IUPAC concerning the All this happened before IUPAC was formally con- introduction of the 1-18 numbering and its value. Many stituted in 1919, and IUPAC still does not have an o - older chemists did not see the need to agree to such cial format for the Table, though its discussions and formalisms, but the IUPAC Commission on the Nomen- recommendations generally use a clear and easily clature of Inorganic Chemistry eventually accepted and readable long form. However, it does promulgate o - recommended it after some discussion. The next ver- cial formalisms and rules governing the Table content. sion of the Red Book (1990) [9] contains a long form of The short form of the Table, essentially an exten- the Periodic Table with this numbering, though appar- sion of Mendeleev’s format, was the fi rst to be widely ently copyrighted by IUPAC and Kurt Samuelsson! Such adopted. However, it was developed in contradictory a long form is as o cial as IUPAC recommends, but forms on di erent sides of the Atlantic. For example, IUPAC now makes formal recommendations as to how in the USA and Chemical Abstracts, the group of ele- all the contents of the Table in each element square ments indicated by the symbols IVA was indicated by such as those exemplifi ed above should be modifi ed the symbols IVB on the European side of the Atlantic. as chemistry develops. Currently IUPAC is sponsoring There could have caused considerable confusion in the a detailed discussion upon the preferable formulation mind of a reader unaware of the place of origin of a for the elements in Group 3 of the Table. This has been particular paper and of the di erence usages. The res- a subject of discussion for some years. IUPAC now ad- olution of this contradiction involved the wider adop- judicates for the international chemistry community on tion of the long form of the Table and has been clearly all changes and formalisms likely to a ect the detailed and objectively described [6]. presentation of Periodic Tables. That includes names, It was recognised by Ölander in 1956 [7] that this symbols, and atomic weights. problem could be avoided by using a long-form num- Atomic number rather than atomic weight now bering scheme for the various Groups. He suggested defi nes the place of a given element in the element
Chemistry International January-March 2019 7 IUPAC and the Periodic Table
series. This will not change. There are now no “miss- were o cially recognised and recommended for in- ing elements” such as those which puzzled Mendeleev clusion in the Periodic Table. For an account of these and his contemporaries, and which led him to suggest discoveries see [12]. Criteria for acceptable sources where unknown elements might occur in the Table. Be- used when proposing new names have also recently fore the Inorganic Chemistry Division of IUPAC under- been published [13]. took to consider claims for new elements, there was In the past, there was considerable literature con- no obvious public method for the chemical community cerning unprepared elements, and it became necessary to assess the reliability of the individual claims or to to devise a system of provisional element names and approve the suggested names and symbols, though symbols to assist such discussions. To this end, Joseph the Atomic Weights Commission attempted to do so. Chatt, then Director of the Unit of Nitrogen Fixation at For example, element 86, now called radon, Rn, was the University of Sussex, proposed the system of provi- discovered in 1899. It had originally been identifi ed as sional names and symbols based upon atomic number, “radium emanation”, and was designated in early liter- which IUPAC adopted. In this system, a set of sylla- ature as Em and even Ra Em, though no general deci- bles derived from classical sources, but recognizably sion to adopt such symbols was ever made. representing each number from 0 to 9, is su cient to Since World War II, new synthetic heavy elements identify any element of a given atomic number even have been synthesized in several di erent countries, if the element has not been prepared and has no rec- starting with element of atomic number 93, neptuni- ognised name and symbol [14]. For example, element um, Np. When these “new” elements began to appear, 118, designated by IUPAC by the provisional symbol they originated in the United States. During the Cold Uuo and the provisional name ununoctium; it is now War, the Soviet Union was eager to show the world o cially named oganesson. The validity of claims to that it could also synthesize new elements, and meet- its initial preparation were the matter of some dispute, ings of the IUPAC Commission on the Nomenclature but it seems to have been prepared on more than one of Inorganic Chemistry sometimes provided a battle occasion in di erent laboratories between the years of ground where representatives from each of these two 2002 and 2006. The synthesis was o cially accepted countries made e orts to undermine claims to new el- after assessment in 2015. Oganesson concludes both a ements made by the other. This was an uncomfortable Group and a Period in the Periodic Table. If element 119, experience for those members of the Commission ununnovium, symbol Uun, ever appears, its position in who were not of Soviet or US nationality [10]. There the Table will have to be decided by the community was also an accepted rule within the Commission that and IUPAC. It is tempting to suggest it would be a new the name of a living scientist should not be used in alkali metal in Group 1, below francium. A discussion of the name for a new element. This rule has now been these matters can be found in [15]. superseded, though not without some initial spirited Atomic weights have been a concern of IUPAC since discussion [10]. It became evident that an internation- the 1920s. The history of the Atomic Weights Commis- ally acceptable procedure was needed for assessing sion (now known as the Commission on Isotopic Abun- and naming a claim to have prepared a new element. dances and Atomic Weights, CIAAW) has been de- Since these new elements are as much a product of scribed in detail by Holden, and shows that the need to high-energy physics as of chemistry, the procedure determine internationally agreed-upon atomic weights now used is one in which IUPAC collaborates with was understood long before IUPAC was formally estab- IUPAP in assessing claims. lished in 1919 [16]. The formation of the Commission The current limit of recognised elements concludes itself was a consequence of the realization that the with element 118, oganesson, Og. When new elements determined values of atomic weights depended upon are claimed, IUPAC and IUPAP jointly consider wheth- the isotopic composition of the samples employed, and er the claim is scientifi cally satisfactory. If the science these varied with place of origin. In addition, the deter- is accepted, then the discoverers are asked to suggest mination of atomic weights is now based upon physi- a name and symbol, and IUPAC then assesses wheth- cal methods of great accuracy and no longer relies, as er the name would prove acceptable to the interna- it did originally, on simple test-tube chemical analysis. tional community. This exercise was last undertaken The Commission was fi rst established in 1899 and now and published in 2016 when the discoveries of the ele- operates under the auspices of the Inorganic Chemistry ments with Z = 113, 115, 117, and 118 were confi rmed [11] Division of IUPAC. In its early days it was responsible and then the names and symbols for these elements for naming elements, and it was involved in discussions nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson such as whether element 74 should be named tungsten
8 Chemistry International January-March 2019 IUPAC and the Periodic Table
or wolfram. Its recommendations were not always ac- 4. The original publications are D.I. Mendeleev (1869) cepted by all countries, and some national variants in Zhurnal Russkeo Fiziko-Khimicheskoe Obshchetv, 1, spelling, such as aluminum and aluminium, still per- 60-67 and idem (1871), ibid, 3, 25-56. An excellent sist. Today name recommendations are made only for account can be found in Scerri (2007) cited above. 5. H.G.J. Moseley (1914) The High-frequency Spectra of the use in English since it may not be possible to devise Elements, Philosophical Magazine, 27, 703-713. names which satisfy all international requirements. For 6. P.A. Monaghan (1987), Periodic Table—to BA or not to example, recommended names such as tennessine for AB, Education in Chemistry, 24, 153–155. element 117 may cause discomfort to users of Spanish, 7. The original proposal of A. Ölander for 1-17 Group which does not normally use combinations of letters Numbering was copyrighted in 1956 and is noted by E. such as “ss” and “nn”. Fluck (1988), Pure Appl. Chem., 60, 431. See also G.J. CIAAW attempts to keep the chemistry commu- Leigh (2009), Chemistry International, 31(1), 4-6. nity aware of the latest and best estimates of the 8. IUPAC Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, 1970, atomic weights and isotopic compositions of the el- Butterworths, London, 1971. ements. It generally reports every second year on the 9. IUPAC Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, atomic weights of the elements and on their isotopic Recommendations 1990, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. compositions. Each value is usually cited to fi ve sig- 10. L. Öhrstrom and N.E. Holden (2016), The Three-letter nifi cant fi gures. For some elements it cites maximum Element Symbols: meddling Manner or Diplomatic and minimum values which arise from the di ering Defusing?, Chemistry International, 38(2), 4-8. https:// isotopic compositions of the samples studied, which doi.org/10.1515/ci-2016-0204 come from sources of di erent origins. For a recent 11. P.J. Karol, R.C. Barber, B.M. Sherrill, E. Vardaci, T. summary of data see www.sbcs.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/ Yamazaki (2016), Discovery of elements with atomic AtWt/. This range is indicated in the IUPAC 2016 Ta- numbers Z = 113, 115 and 117, Pure Appl. Chem., 88, ble for most of the lighter elements, where variations 139–153; idem (2016), Discovery of the element with the may have greater practical signifi cance, such as the atomic number Z = 118, completing the 7th row of the study of biological systems. In such cases the Table periodic table, Pure Appl. Chem., 88, 155-160. also gives a satisfactory mean value. Heavier elements 12. L. Öhrström and J. Reedijk (2016), Names and symbols of the elements with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 are generally given a best mean value, with the ex- (IUPAC Recommendations 2016), Pure. Appl. Chem., 88, ceptions of thallium and bromine, for which ranges 1225-1229. are also provided. The 2017 report of the CIAAW also 13. W.H. Koppenol, J. Corish, J. Garcia-Martinez, J. Meija, J. adds a weight range for argon [17]. Reedijk (2016), How to Name New Chemical Elements In conclusion, IUPAC was not involved in the de- (IUPAC Recommendations 2016), Pure Appl. Chem., 88, velopment of the Periodic Table, but once the U nion 401-405. became established in 1919 it has kept notice of the 14. J. Chatt (1979), Recommendations for the Naming of various changes made, and since its widespread adop- Elements of Atomic Numbers Greater the 100, Pure tion for teaching and rationalizing chemistry it has Appl. Chem., 51, 381-384. been the prime international authority for developing 15. P.J. Karol (2017), Eka-francium, Chemistry International, and adopting changes in its content, including new 39(1), 10-13. 16. N.E. Holden (2004), Atomic Weights and the elements, and their atomic numbers, names, symbols, International Committee _ A Historical View, Chemistry and atomic weights. International, 26(1), 4-7; longer version online at
Chemistry International January-March 2019 9 Criteria for New Element Discovery:
by Sigurd Hofmann • D.H. Wilkinson (IUPAP; UK), Chairman • A.H. Wapstra (IUPAP; Netherlands), Secretary llure and romance are rarely expected in an • I. Ulehla (IUPAP; Czechoslovakia), Secretary article presented under the bulky headline • R.C. Barber (IUPAP; Canada) A“Criteria that must be satisfied for the dis- • N.N. Greenwood (IUPAC; UK) covery of a new chemical element to be recognized.” • A. Hrynkiewicz (IUPAP; Poland) However, the members of the Transfermium Working • Y.P. Jeannin (IUPAC; France) Group (TWG) worked out a most fascinating publica- • M. Lefort (IUPAP; France) tion on a difficult subject during the years from 1988 • M. Sakai (IUPAP; Japan) to 1991 [1]. It is to the credit of the members of TWG that the In order to solve problems related to the discovery of article became an exciting lecture on the spirit behind transfermium elements, which included claims up to research, in particular on the study of new heavy and su- element 109 at that time, IUPAC and the International perheavy elements and nuclei. Two most impressive ex- Union of Pure and Physics (IUPAP) had jointly launched tracts of the TWG report are presented in the following: TWG for working out appropriate criteria and rules so that existing claims for discovery could be settled and “The centuries-old history of the defi nition and dis- that in the future the priority of discovering new ele- covery of chemical elements has a deep scientifi c ments could be decided timely and unambiguously. As and general fascination. This is because the prob- a result, the 1991 article on the criteria for discovery of lem is of an essentially fi nite scope: there can only a new element was prepared by A.H. Wapstra as secre- be a limited number of species of atomic nuclei tary in the name of the TWG, consisting of: containing di erent numbers of protons that can
Transfermium Working Group visit the Berkeley laboratory, 19-23 June 1989. The photo shows the nine members of TWG and Glenn Seaborg as the host of the group. Front row: Ivan Ulehla (Czechoslovakia, co-secretary), Denys Wilkinson (UK, chairman), Glenn Seaborg (USA, leader of LBNL), Yves Jeannin (France). Back row: Marc Lefort (France), Norman Greenwood (UK), Andrzej Hrynkiewicz, (Poland), Mitsuo Sakai (Japan), Robert Barber (Canada), Aaldert Wapstra (co-secretary, Netherlands). Jeannin and Greenwood were named by IUPAC, the others by IUPAP. The TWG has held the following meetings, of which the first and last were "private", with the remainder in the laboratories of chief concern: 3-5 February 1988, Nonant (France); 12-17 December 1988, Darmstadt (Germany); 19-23 June 1989, Berkeley (USA); 12-16 February 1990, Dubna (Russia); and 16-20 April 1990, Prague (Czechoslovakia).
10 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Providing Assurance in a Field of Allure and Romance
be imagined to have an existence, though perhaps only fl eeting, in the chemical sense. But although the problem is of fi nite scope, we do not know what the scope is: we do not as yet know how many el- ements await discovery before the disruptive Cou- lomb force fi nally overcomes the nuclear attrac- tion. In this sense, the problem is open although of fi nite scope, unlike the number of continents upon the surface of the earth where we know with cer- tainty that none still awaits discovery. These con- siderations give to the discovery of new elements an importance, an allure and a romance that does not attach to the discovery of, say, a new comet or a new beetle where many more such discoveries are to be anticipated in the future.”
And:
“… the insight that they [the new elements] give into the details of the construction of Nature’s The "UNIversal Linear Accelerator” (UNILAC) setting most complex nuclear edifi ces and the laws that at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI, in Darmstadt, Germany, where the first beam was govern their construction, explains the great generated at the end of 1975. investment of material and, most particularly, human resources into the discovery of new ele- the produced nuclei arises through the variety of decay ments. Lives are committed over decades to this modes and wide range of possible lifetimes. In princi- enterprise, and this is not surprising. Nor is it then ple, all known nuclear decays, except radioactive neu- surprising that, although from the point of view tron emission, have to be considered for isotopes in the of science itself (except that of the “science of region of the heaviest elements: β+ or electron capture, history”) and the associated advance of human β− and α decay, radioactive proton emission, and spon- understanding it does not matter who makes the taneous fi ssion, as well as decays from the ground- discovery, immense importance is attached, per- state and from isomeric states. On one hand, this vari- sonally, institutionally and nationally, by those en- ety of decay modes opens a rich fi eld for experimental gaged in the enterprise, to the public recognition research as well as theoretical studies. On the other of their discoveries.” hand they can be a source for errors and incorrect or misleading interpretations. In addition, all these stud- Beyond personal, institutional, and even national con- ies are hampered by relatively high backgrounds from troversies, scientifi c work needs clear and unambiguous various nuclear reactions other than complete fusion. data and results. Those related to new elements are ob- To make matters worse, energetically possible evapo- tained in big laboratories having adequate instrumental ration of reaction neutrons, protons and/or α particles equipment available. These are necessary prerequisites after fusion contributes additional uncertainty. because all new elements beyond uranium were dis- Furthermore, experimental defi ciencies like beam covered by observation of the nuclear reactions which and target impurities, insu cient detector resolution, produced them. The last eighteen elements were dis- and electronic disturbances, together with the large covered in fusion reactions and the more recent ones in statistical fl uctuations and sometimes also the appli- fusion with heavy ions. Now, one may ask why ambigu- cation of uncertain theoretical predictions may result ities arise when this research is performed by outstand- in interpretation of a measurement which later cannot ing scientists working in highly advanced laboratories be substantiated. The worst that could happen, and in- with the most sophisticated technical equipment? deed happened more than once in the scientifi c work The answer is related to the complicated matter, of laboratories, is that individuals may not resist the and to the fact that only a few atoms are produced, in temptation to manipulate data. This may be explained extreme cases only one, so that statistical fl uctuations by an obsession for recognition as well as a motivation are huge. Another complication with identifi cation of to satisfy the expectations of sponsors.
Chemistry International January-March 2019 11 Criteria for New Element Discovery:
All these experimental and human imperfections can lead to ambiguities and controversies which do not allow for an imme- diate recognition of an ex- perimental result as being correct or, in the case of confl icting data, to deter- mine which is correct. In order to solve the problems related to the assignment of priority of discovery of elements 101 to 109, TWG applied its 1991 criteria to the existing claims of these elements. The result was published in 1993 [2]. The follow- ing years saw a number of consultations and ex- Inside the UNILAC at the GSI changing of letters in or- der to fi nd agreement between IUPAC, IUPAP, and the presented in [7]. Another claim on the discovery of involved laboratories. At that time this included Law- element 113 was submitted by a Japanese-Chinese rence Berkeley Laboratory, (now Lawrence Berkeley collaboration working at the Gas-fi lled Recoil Separa- National Laboratory (LBNL)), in California, USA, the tor (GARIS) at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Research (RIKEN) at Saitama near Tokyo in 2004 [8]. Russia, and the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, Subsequently, most of the experiments were repeat- (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Eventually, a fi nal IUPAC ed at the claiming laboratories, in many cases inde- Recommendations for the names and symbols of these pendently at other research centres as well. Most of elements were published in 1997 [3]. These names and the results were confi rmed. symbols as they appear now in the Periodic Table of The claims for discovery of elements from 110 to the Elements were also accepted by IUPAP and the in- 118 were investigated by four newly established Joint volved laboratories. Working Parties (JWPs) of IUPAC and IUPAP in the Discussion on the priority of discovery of elements years from 2001 to 2016. In six IUPAC Technical Re- up to 109 was still ongoing in 1995 and 1996 when dis- ports, the JWPs assigned priority of discovery of the covery of further elements 110, 111, and 112 was claimed elements from 110 to 118 on the basis of the criteria by an international collaboration working at the Sep- published by TWG in 1991. The decisions were accept- arator for Heavy Ion Reaction Products (SHIP) at GSI. ed by IUPAC, IUPAP, and in particular by the involved A review of all the results was presented and published laboratories. Discovery of elements 110 to 112 was as- in 2000 [4]. The most recent results of this series of signed to the collaboration at GSI, 113 to the collabo- experiments have been published in 2002 [5]. In 1999, ration at RIKEN and 114 to 118 to the collaborations at discovery of element 114 was announced by interna- JINR. According to the rules for the ‘Naming of New tional research collaborations working at the energy Elements’ published as IUPAC Recommendations in fi lter VASSILISSA and the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil 2002 [9] with an update from 2016 [10] these elements Separator (DGFRS) at JINR. Subsequently, interna- received their names as suggested by the discoverers. tional collaborations working at DGFRS announced These names and symbols from darmstadtium, Ds, for claims for discovery of elements 116, 118, 115, 113, and element 110 to oganesson, Og, for element 118 are list- 117 in chronological order in the years up to 2010. The ed in IUPAC’s recent Periodic Table of the Elements. most recent discovery was published in [6]. A sum- The remarkable growth of research on superheavy mary of all results of the Dubna experiments has been nuclei and elements based on the development of
12 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Providing Assurance in a Field of Allure and Romance
Foundation meeting of the JWG in Egelsbach near Darmstadt, Germany, 20-22 May 2017. Left to right: Sigurd Hofmann (Chair), Sergey Dmitriev, Jacklyn Gates, Natalia Tarasova (2017 President of IUPAC) proudly keeping the Chart of Nuclei in her hands, Bruce McKellar (2017 President of IUPAP), James Roberto, Hideyuki Sakai (Vice Chair), and Claes Fahlander, respectfully holding the Periodic Table of the Elements. intensive beams of rare but stable isotopes, the use of of the mutual dependence of chemistry and physics neutron rich radioactive targets of actinides, and high- becomes apparent in cases when radioactive isotopes ly sensitive detection methods was di cult to envis- of actinides are needed for the irradiation. An impres- age at the time when criteria and rules for assigning sive example is the production and purifi cation of the priority of discovery of new elements were set up in isotope 249Bk by chemists of the Oak Ridge National 1991. Therefore, not all criteria take into account spe- Laboratory, Tennessee, USA. This isotope with a half- cifi c advantages or any problems and di culties ad- life of only 327 days was needed for the synthesis of herent to the production and identifi cation methods element 117 at JINR. The work of those chemists was being in use now. honoured with naming this element after the state of A new Joint Working Group (JWG) was created their laboratory, tennessine. by IUPAC and IUPAP at the beginning of 2017 with Our fi rst meeting with participation of the then re- the task to review the criteria and rules worked out spective Presidents Natalia P. Tarasova of IUPAC and by the 1991 TWG in the light of the experimental and Bruce H. J. McKellar of IUPAP took place in Egelsbach theoretical advances in the fi eld. The new JWG con- near GSI in Darmstadt, Germany, 20-22 May 2017 (see sists of six members: photo). After election of a chairman and a vice chair- man, both presidents communicated the Terms of • Sigurd Hofmann (IUPAC; GSI, Germany), Chairman Reference for JWG. A second four-hour meeting was • Hideyuki Sakai (IUPAP; RIKEN, Japan), Vice Chair- arranged during the 3rd International Symposium on man Super-Heavy Elements in Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, on • Sergey N. Dmitriev (IUPAC; JINR, Russia) 11 September 2017. • Claes Fahlander (IUPAP; Lund University, Sweden) At the fi rst meeting in Egelsbach we exchanged • Jacklyn M. Gates (IUPAP; LBNL, US) opinions on the subject and discussed a possible lay- • James B. Roberto (IUPAC; ORNL, US) out of our report. Considering the update of the crite- ria in the context of recent discoveries and expected Three members were suggested by IUPAC and three future search experiments for new elements we felt it by IUPAP. The restriction excluding the appointment also necessary to present a short retrospective on the of members from a claimant laboratory which applies elaborate work of experimentalists and JWPs accord- to JWPs does not apply to our JWG, which is not eval- ing to the Chinese proverb: “If you want to learn about uating any claims. Two members are nuclear chemists the future, you have to look into the past.” and four nuclear physicists. This refl ects that nuclear The retrospective research revealed that the task decay properties are eventually needed for the iden- of our JWG di ers from that of the TWG functioning tifi cation of an isotope, although chemical separation during the years 1988 to 1991. At that time, criteria may have been or will be performed. The importance were developed for assigning priority of discovery of
Chemistry International January-March 2019 13 Criteria for New Element Discovery:
of new elements beyond the known region of spher- ical superheavy nuclei at Z = 114 and neutron number N = 184. Such new regions could arise from the stabi- lizing e ect of a next single or double shell closure for spherical nuclei, from a spe- cial arrangement of the en- ergy levels for protons and/ or neutrons for deformed nuclei, or due to bubble or donut like arrangements of Festive christening of element 112 as copernicium, Cn, at the GSI in the nucleons. Darmstadt, Germany, on 12 July 2010. Identifi cation of new elements is relatively elements for which discovery was already claimed up to straightforward when the produced isotopes can be meitnerium with element number Z = 109. Our present identifi ed via a sequence of subsequent α decays ge- aim was to work out criteria for assigning discovery of netically connected to known daughter products and new elements beyond oganesson, Z = 118, which may using known reactions, e.g. fusion evaporation reac- be discovered in the future. Therefore, it was essential tions, and established identifi cation methods. In this to estimate on the basis of known data and theoretical case only one measured decay chain could be su - studies which new elements will most likely be searched cient for safely assigning priority of discovery. This is for, what their decay properties may be, and which way the fi rst isotopes of the elements from bohrium, methods could be applied for production and identifi - Z = 107, to nihonium, Z = 1 13, were identifi ed. cation using present and near-future technology. However, the identifi cation of an isotope using The detailed study of the publications claiming dis- genetic relations is not always straight forward. The covery of a new element revealed that in general the assignment of a decay chain genetically linked to a nature of the experimental data is such that an abso- potentially known isotope requires that no other pos- lutely secure identifi cation in a fi rst attempt is rarely sible candidate with similar properties exists that could possible when new regions in the chart of nuclei are be mistaken for the isotope that is believed to be well explored, where decay chains produced by subse- known. Similarly, in irradiations of a target with heavy quent α decays are not connected to known nuclei, or ions it is a priori not possible to assign a measured de- the small number of produced nuclei does not allow cay chain to the product of a fusion reaction and in for a convincing identifi cation by characteristic X-rays. particular not to an isotope produced by evaporation Only the combination of information from various ir- of only neutrons. radiations and measurements results in a secure iden- This relatively simple example already reveals the tifi cation. The term “discovery profi le” was already di culties which can arise with the interpretation of coined for this method of linking results from di erent experimental results. In our JWG report we discuss obtainable measurements in di erent laboratories in the criteria listed in the 1991 TWG report in the light the 1991 TWG report. This was the procedure from the of the present technical possibilities and improved end of the 1990s and the beginning of the new millen- physical and chemical knowledge obtained from the nium through which the isotopes of new elements with successful production and identifi cation of isotopes in proton numbers from 114 to 118 could be safely and rel- the region of superheavy nuclei and elements. We dis- atively quickly identifi ed. These isotopes were located cuss in detail various identifi cation methods and point in the theoretically predicted and now experimentally out specifi cally the experimental problems which can confi rmed region of spherical superheavy nuclei, also arise and which can hamper the interpretation of the known as the island of stability. measurements. Also considered are physical proper- A similar situation may occur in the future when ex- ties of the reaction for production and properties of perimentalists will search for new regions of isotopes the nuclear decays. All this information is intended as
14 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Providing Assurance in a Field of Allure and Romance guidance to be considered by experimentalists and fu- Finally, I would like to thank my colleagues in the ture JWPs. It became obvious that our report cannot Joint Working Group for a fruitful period of discussion present a list for checking fulfi lled and failed criteria and sharing thoughts and ideas on an important theme where the number of fulfi lled criteria decides on the of allure and romance. discovery. It rather reveals that for each criterion its weight and its applicability to a certain experimental References result have to be carefully evaluated and that a num- 1. A.H. Wapstra, (1991), Pure Appl. Chem. 63, 879. ber of relevant criteria often need to be combined for 2. D.H. Wilkinson, A.H. Wapstra, I. Ulehla, R.C. Barber, N.N. elaboration of a discovery profi le. Greenwood, A. Hrynkiewicz, Y.P. Jeannin, M. Lefort, and We do not consider our report as a review of all M. Sakai (1993), Pure Appl. Chem. 65, 1757. 3. A.M. Sargeson, J.A. McCleverty, W.H. Koppenol (1997), experimental and theoretical studies performed in the Pure Appl. Chem. 69, 2471. fi eld since 1991. This information can be found in var- 4. S. Hofmann, G. Münzenberg (2000), Rev. Mod. Phys. ious review articles and in the specifi c publications in 72, 733. Pure and Applied Chemistry. Study of the large num- 5. S. Hofmann, F.P. Heßberger, D. Ackermann, G. ber of publications and reports needed time. Similar to Münzenberg, S. Antalic, P. Cagarda, B. Kindler, J. situations in research or other enterprises, the devel- Kojouharova, M. Leino, B. Lommel, R. Mann, A.G. Popeko, opment of ideas and discussion with an exchange of S. Reshitko, S. Śaro, J. Uusitalo, A.V. Yeremin (2002), Eur. views also needs time. Phys. J. A 14, 147. To develop rules and criteria for safe and timely 6. Yu.Ts. Oganessian, F.Sh. Abdullin, P.D. Bailey, D.E. Benker, decisions on priority of discovery of a new element M.E. Bennett, S.N. Dmitriev, J.G. Ezold, J.H. Hamilton, R.A. could not be achieved in a few days of meeting. On the Henderson, M.G. Itkis, Yu.V. Lobanov, A. N. Mezentsev, K.J. Moody, S.L. Nelson, A.N. Polyakov, C.E. Porter, A.V. other hand, the long distances between our home in- Ramayya, F.D. Riley, J.B. Roberto, M. A. Ryabinin, K. P. stitutions made frequent meetings di cult. Therefore, Rykaczewski, R.N. Sagaidak, D. A. Shaughnessy, I. V. we tried to approach an ideal form of communication Shirokovsky, M.A. Stoyer, V. G. Subbotin, R. Sudowe, A. using email. This way we could fi nish our report after M. Sukhov, Yu.S. Tsyganov, V. K. Utyonkov, A.A. Voinov, one year of work. It was sent for further consideration G.K. Vostokin, P.A. Wilk (2010), Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, to the Presidents of IUPAC and IUPAP in May 2018 [11]. 142502. Our look into the past led us to refl ect with admira- 7. Yu.Ts. Oganessian, , V.K. Utyonkov (2015), Rep. Prog. tion on the obtained results in the fi eld of research on Phys. 78, 036301. superheavy elements and nuclei during the nearly thirty 8. K. Morita, K. Morimoto, D. Kaji, H. Haba, K. Ozeki, Y. years since 1991. The publications convey not only the Kudou, T. Sumita, Y. Wakabayashi, A. Yoneda, K. Tanaka, pure physical or chemical results but also the enthusi- S. Yamaki, R. Sakai, T. Akiyama, S.-I. Goto, H. Hasebe, M. Huang, T. Huang, E. Ideguchi, Y. Kasamatsu, K. Katori, asm and pride of the authors, with uncertainty usually Y. Kariya, H. Kikunaga, H. Koura, H. Kudo, A. Mashiko, hidden between the lines. We realized that in compli- K. Mayama, S.-I. Mitsuoka, T. Moriya, M. Murakami, H. cated situations the best way for solving open prob- Murayama, S. Namai, A. Ozawa, N. Sato, K. Sueki, M. lems is communication in addition to the application Takeyama, F. Tokanai (2012), J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 81, 103201. of rules and criteria. This is similar to situations which 9. W.H. Koppenol, (2002), Pure Appl. Chem. 74, 787. happen to us in our everyday life. Communication often 10. W.H. Koppenol, J. Corish, J. García-Martínez, J. Meija. J. helps to overcome apparent injustice and to improve Reedijk (2016), Pure Appl. Chem. 88, 401. collaboration through the exchange of knowledge. 11. S. Hofmann, S.N. Dmitriev, C. Fahlander, J.M. Gates, Although nobody can look into the future we be- J.B. Roberto, H. Sakai (2018). Pure Appl. Chem., 2018 lieve that exciting work is still ahead of us. Primarily it 90(11), 1773; https://iupac.org/on-the-discovery-of-new- is the search for isotopes of new elements near and elements/ beyond the presently known region of superheavy nu- clei and elements but also the detailed study of nucle- Sigurd Hofmann
Chemistry International January-March 2019 15 Looking Backwards and Forwards at the Development of the Periodic Table
by Eric Scerri
ince the periodic table has reached the ripe old age of S150 years it may be an appro- priate time to look back at the devel- opment of this unique scientific icon. It is also an opportunity to look forwards to any changes that the periodic table may undergo in view of the ever-growing list of new ele- ments that continue to be synthe- sized. The way that the past and future will be examined in this article will be to follow a main thread that focuses on the number of columns in the periodic table at various stages Figure 1. Short-form or eight column periodic table as devised by in its development. Mendeleev in 1871.
So, let’s begin with Mendeleev and the others who dis- highest valency. For examples, beryllium, magnesium, covered chemical periodicity in the 1860s and general- calcium, strontium and cadmium all appear in the sec- ly presented their fi ndings in the form of an 8-column ond column of the short-form table. Not surprisingly, table or what has become known as a short-form table the 8-column table is still used in certain parts of the (fi gure 1) [1]. This format has several appealing features world, most importantly in Russia where its most suc- which are worth pausing to consider. The fi rst virtue cessful version was fi rst discovered by Mendeleev in is the simplicity of the short-form. It is based on the 1869. The reason why Mendeleev receives the most notion that chemical and physical properties recur ap- credit, even though he was the latest among the six proximately after eight elements and continue to do independent co-discoverers, has been much debated so. Unfortunately, some of the directness of this pre- by historians and philosophers of chemistry. sentation is lost on moving to the 18-column format The usual account is that only Mendeleev made (fi gure 2) or even wider periodic tables. successful predictions of then unknown elements. A second virtue is that the 8-column table groups However, another school of thought disputes the claim together a wide range of elements that share the same that successful predictions are quite so important and proposes that the suc-
H He cessful accommodation of already known data is an Li Be B C N O F Ne equally good criterion for
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar the acceptance of scientifi c theories and concepts [2]. K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr The early periodic tables were required to literally Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe accommodate the 60 or so Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn elements that existed in the 1860s and the relationships Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og between them, which was by no means a trivial task. Today a periodic table must La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb accommodate the presence of about twice that number Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No of elements and their simi- Fig 2. 18-column or medium-long form table larity relationships.
16 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Looking Backwards and Forwards at the Development of the Periodic Table
18-column tables iron, cobalt and nickel to what he labelled as group VIII The expansion of the periodic table from an 8-col- (fi gure 1). He did this again for ruthenium, rhodium and umn format to one with 18-columns is not essential but palladium as well as osmium, iridium and platinum, all seems to have been generally made some years after of which elements he termed as transition elements. the initial discovery of chemical periodicity. There are In an 18-column table there is no longer any need several reasons why this change was made, some of to exclude these elements. This feature would seem them scientifi c and others pragmatic. to suggest that an 18-column format shows some ad- First of all, it must be recognized that the periodic vantages in terms of representing all the elements in table, an object of enormous utility, is man-made. It is an evenhanded manner, although as we will see be- not given to us directly by Nature even though chem- low, the 18-column table introduces another set of ical periodicity is a scientifi c fact. The precise form of ‘relegated’ elements. the periodic table is a form of compromise that aims In historical terms the use of an 18-column format to serve the majority of scientists and students of has followed a complicated path. Interestingly, even science, but it cannot serve all of them at once. For Mendeleev published some medium-long form tables, example, chemists who choose to focus primarily on although his versions contained 17 rather than 18 col- chemical similarities might wish to favor a particular umns since the noble gases had not yet been discov- format; chemical educators or experts focusing on ered [3]. The advent of quantum mechanics and the atomic structure may favor a di erent format. The au- notion that electrons can be regarded as being situat- thor does not claim that there is one optimal periodic ed in distinct shells also seems to have motivated the table and yet he believes that it is worth striving to widespread adoption of a medium-long or 18-column obtain the best possible compromise version that the format. Simply put, the 18 groups arise from the fact scientifi c community can agree upon. that, starting with the 3rd main electron shell, elec- But let me return to the expansion of the table to trons occupy s, p and d-orbitals, numbering 9 in all, an 18-column format. One reason for expanding the ta- each of which can be doubly occupied to make a total ble in this way is that upon closer inspection chemical of 18 electrons and hence the atoms of 18 successive periodicity does not invariably operate with a constant elements, with each one having an additional electron. repeat distance of eight elements. If one wants to cap- Since not all electron shells reach their capacity once ture chemical similarities among elements more accu- they contain 8 electrons, it makes perfect sense to ex- rately, one must accept that after two period lengths pand the periodic table according to the quantum me- consisting of eight elements each, the repeat length chanical explanation of chemical periodicity. becomes 18 elements. Consider for example the two metals chromium and molybdenum that are very sim- 32-column tables ilar chemically but stand 18 rather than 8 elements However, from the 4th electron shell 14 more elec- apart. The 18-column highlights such similarities more trons can now be accommodated in addition to the pre- e ectively than the 8-column version. vious 18. In the modern terminology we now have f-orbit- Another motivation for the adoption of the 18-col- al electrons in addition to the earlier mentioned s, p and umn table was that Mendeleev’s table displayed certain d orbital electrons. So why don’t we expand the periodic awkward looking anomalies. The 8-column table can table further to make it into a 32-column format (fi g 3)? only truly display chemical periodicity if certain short In fact, an increasing number of textbooks are beginning sequences of elements are excluded from the main to show such a long-form periodic table, which again has body of the table. For example, Mendeleev relegated some advantages and some disadvantages.
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Fig. 3. 32-column or long form table
Chemistry International January-March 2019 17 Looking Backwards and Forwards
On the plus side, it allows every single element to Interesting issues connected with the onset of be incorporated into the main body of the table. The new blocks of the table odd-looking footnote to the 18-column table which Each time that a new kind of orbital occurs in the traditionally houses the f-block elements now disap- Aufbau and the sequence of increasing atomic num- pears. This is an analogous change to the one that bers, a new kind of problem also seems to arise. occurs on moving from an 8 to an 18-column format The fi rst time that a d-orbital electron appears is that results in the incorporation of certain otherwise in the atom of scandium, or element 21. In this case excluded elements into the main body of the table. the claim that the atom contains a d-electron is not Returning to the 32-column table, this also shows ev- merely formal but is supported by much spectroscopic ery single element in its correct sequence in terms evidence. The problematical aspect concerns the fact of increasing atomic numbers as one moves through that 3d orbital electrons only begin to appear after the each period from left to right. 4s orbital has been occupied in the case of the atoms There are some pragmatic downsides, however. of potassium and calcium. Presenting the periodic table in a 32-column format The vast majority of textbooks state that in the requires that the space for each element must be ap- case of scandium the fi nal electron to enter the atom, proximately halved. Worse still, the one or two-letter in terms of the fi ctitious but useful Aufbau scheme, is a symbol for each element must now be reduced in size 3d electron. This view immediately creates a problem with the risk of rendering them less legible. when it comes to explaining the ionization behavior of the scandium atom. Experimental evidence clearly What next? shows that the 4s electrons are preferentially ionized If we continue to follow this line of thinking regard- in scandium. If the 3d orbital had really been the fi nal ing the progressive expansion of the periodic table one to enter the atom it ought to be the fi rst to be we notice that the table may be due for yet a further ionized, which runs contrary to the experimental facts. expansion, at least in principle. Rapid advances have Almost every textbook proceeds to simply fudge the taken place in the synthesis of super-heavy elements issue, in order to maintain that 4s electrons enter the in recent years. The f-block of the table has now been atom fi rst but are also the fi rst to depart during the completely fi lled with elements, the most recent ad- ionization process, something that clearly makes no ditions being nihonium, moscovium, tennessine and sense in energetic terms [5]. oganesson. For the very fi rst time, and also the last The problem was clarifi ed relatively recently by the time in the foreseeable future, the periodic table has theoretical chemist Eugen Schwarz who pointed out absolutely no missing gaps. At least this state of a airs that in fact the 3d orbital electrons are preferential- is true for the current periodic table that houses 118 ly occupied in scandium, followed by the 4s electrons elements arranged in seven periods. and thus explaining perfectly why it is that 4s electrons There is no reason to believe that the periodic table are the fi rst to be ionized [6]. However, it appears that has reached its end point and there are several cur- Schwarz wants to throw out the “Aufbau baby with rent initiatives that are aimed at producing elements the bathwater.” Schwarz correctly points out that the 119, 120 and beyond. The discovery of elements 119 and Madelung rule fails for all except the s-block elements. 120 will be easily accommodated by tagging two new This is the rule that purports to show the relative en- spaces directly below francium and radium in either ergies of all the orbitals, and is part of the staple diet the 18 or 32-column formats. However, as soon as el- of high school and fi rst-year undergraduate chemistry ement 121 is synthesized, it will become necessary to courses. However, any dismissal of this well-known introduce a new kind of footnote to the table to house mnemonic would be rather unfortunate since it still what will be formally known as the g-block elements. succeeds in listing the di erentiating electron in all but On the other hand, if we insist that all elements be about 20 atoms in the entire periodic table. placed together in the main body of the table and that My reason for saying this is that as we move through all elements are numbered sequentially we will have no the periodic table there is no denying that the di er- choice but to introduce a 50-column wide table! But entiating electrons in potassium and calcium are 4s this will only be the formal beginning of the g-block electrons while for scandium and most of the following since theoretical calculations predict that the fi rst el- transition metal atoms the di erentiating electron is of ement with a true g-orbital electron will be approxi- the 3d variety. The Madelung rule therefore still rules mately element number 125 [4]. when it comes to discussing the periodic table as a
18 Chemistry International January-March 2019 at the Development of the Periodic Table
H He 1 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 10 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Cs Ba Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Fr Ra Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 87 88 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
H He 1 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 10 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
H He 1 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 10 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Figures 4–6 (top to bottom): Three different long-form periodic tables with differences highlighted. Figure 4 (top): Version with group 3 consisting of Sc, Y, La, Ac. The sequence of increasing atomic number is anomalous with this assignment of elements to group 3, e.g., Lu (71), La (57), Hf (72). Figure 5 (middle): Second option for incorporating the f-block elements into a long-form table. This version adheres to increasing order of atomic number from left to right in all periods, but with lanthanum located at the start of a 15-element block. Figure 6 (bottom): Third option for incorporating the f-block elements into a long-form table. This version adheres to increasing order of atomic number from left to right in all periods, and groups Sc, Y, Lu and Lr together as group 3.
Chemistry International January-March 2019 19 Looking Backwards and Forwards
whole, as opposed to the occupation and ionization a position of recommending a compromise periodic ta- behavior of a single element such as scandium as dis- ble that most e ectively conveys the largest amount of cussed above [7]. information to the largest group of users. Since the pe- riodic table is a human construct there is no absolutely First appearance of an f-electron correct version of the periodic table. My own personal In principle, or using the Madelung rule, we fi nd recommendation is that group 3 should be considered that f-orbital electrons begin to appear in the atom of as consisting of scandium, yttrium, lutetium and lawren- lanthanum or element 57. However, according to ex- cium and that the f-block should formally begin at lan- perimental evidence this event occurs at the next ele- thanum even though the atom of lanthanum does not ment cerium (Z = 58). Notice how this delayed onset is actually contain an f-electron. It remains to be seen what analogous to the delayed onset of g-electrons that was the recommendations of the working group will be [9]. described above. What does not seem to be well known, even though If one consults current versions of the periodic Je ery Leigh has written an article on the subject in table one fi nds that there are at least three versions this very magazine, is that there is currently no o - that are on o er. In the majority of textbooks and wall- cially recommended IUPAC periodic table even though chart periodic tables we fi nd lanthanum located in it regularly publishes one [10]. Now that the periodic the d-block directly below the atom of yttrium (fi gure table has reached 150 years it may be time for IUPAC 4). In a smaller number of currently available periodic to take the plunge and go ahead and recommend one tables one fi nds lanthanum located at the start of a o cial table. 15-element wide f-block (fi gure 5); and yet a third ver- sion places lanthanum at the start of a 14-element wide References f-block (fi gure 6). 1. E. Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, As a result of these alternative tables there are Oxford University Press, New York, 2007. three di erent ways of regarding group 3 of the pe- 2. S. G. Brush, Making 20th Century Science: How Theories riodic table. According to the fi rst option group 3 Became Knowledge, Oxford University Press, New York, 2015 ; E. Scerri, J. Worrall, Prediction and the Periodic consists of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and actin- Table, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part ium (fi gure 4). In the second option, which features A, 32, 407-452, 2001. a 15-element wide f-block, group 3 contains a mere 3. E. Scerri, A Very Short Introduction to the Periodic Table, 2 elements, namely scandium and yttrium (fi gure 5). Oxford University Press, 2011. Finally, the third form of the periodic table implies that 4. P. Pyykkö, Chem. Rev., 88, 563-594, 1988. group 3 should be regarded as containing scandium, 5. E. Scerri, Education in Chemistry, 24-26, November, 2013 yttrium, lutetium and lawrencium (fi gure 6). What is a 6. W.H. E. Schwarz, J. Chem. Educ., 87, 444-448, 2010. student of chemistry, or even a professional chemist 7. S. Salehzadeh, F. Maleki, Foundations of Chemistry, 18, to make of all of this? 57-65 (2016). A further complication is that neither chemical and 8. E.R. Scerri, W. Parsons, What Elements Belong in Group physical evidence on the elements concerned, nor mi- 3 of the Periodic Table? in E. Scerri, G. Restrepo, (eds.), From Mendeleev to Oganesson, Oxford University Press, croscopic evidence in the form of electronic confi g- New York, 2018, P. 140-151. urations, provide an unambiguous resolution of the 9. The Constitution of Group 3 of the Periodic Table, IUPAC question. One possible way to try to resolve the issue project 2015-039-2-200, E. Scerri, task group chair, is to consider a 32-column table representation, and https://iupac.org/project/2015-039-2-200 return to the main theme of this article. It turns out 10. J. Leigh, Chem Int. 31(1), Jan-Feb 2009, 4-6, http://www. that in a 32-column table that also maintains all the el- iupac.org/publications/ci/2009/3101/1_leigh.html ements in their correct sequence of increasing atomic number, the 3rd option would seem to be the most Eric Scerri
20 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
atomic-weight determinations by classical chemical History of IUPAC methods also drove progress in chemistry, for instance in purifi cation and recovery methodologies and insight Commission II.1 in the into isotropy. The scientists, among them Richards, * Brauner, Urbain, Hönigschmid, and Baxter who mea- Service of Chemistry sured atomic weights, were rightfully accorded the highest honor among professional scientists. by John R. De Laeter As early as 1872 Frank W. Clarke, chief chemist at the US Geological Survey, recognized that measure- tomic weights are of fundamental importance ment compatibility between laboratories made uni- in science, technology, trade and commerce. In formly recognized atomic weights desirable. Under his Aparticular, atomic weights relate mass to molar leadership the best contemporary knowledge of the quantities. It is therefore not surprising that the mea- atomic weights became the primary task of the Ameri- surement of atomic weights has played a central role can Chemical Society’s Committee on Atomic Weights, in the development of chemistry and continues to be formed at the start of the 20th century, and of which a key component in the progress of discipline. the IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights [CIAAW or Commisssion II.1] is the di- By the middle of the 19th century the atomic theory rect descendent. and its implications for the chemical elements had tak- An elaborate international election of 57 chemists en fi rm hold. Nature was seen to be using remarkably from many nations was organized by W. Ostwald, and, few types of elementary “building blocks” for all mate- as a result, the Commission was initially entrusted to rials. With an understanding of simple-number valen- just three members who had obtained the highest cies of these “elements”, the stage was set for chem- number of election votes: F. W. Clarke, K. Siebert from istry to emerge as a science based on measurement Germany, and T. E. Thorpe from England. There was a of the interactions between “atoms” of the elements strong feeling that France, a leader in the promotion in simple mass proportions. Chemical reactions, ener- of rational unifi cation in measurement science, had to gies, and products, could now all be represented by be represented on the Commission. So fi rst H. Mois- simple formulae and equations. With newly developed san and, after his death, G. Urbain of France joined the balances of high precision, the relative mass values of Commission. It preserved continuity through World the atoms of the elements could be determined. When War I despite problems in contacting German col- scaled to the mass of hydrogen equal to one, or oxy- leagues through Switzerland, as is documented in our gen equal to sixteen, these relative elemental masses Commission archives. became known as “atomic weights.” Nevertheless, after World War I the Commission Quantitative chemical analysis of materials with fl ourished. It subordinated itself to the International uncertainties a little better than 1 % became possible Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry when that or- and widely practiced. However, there was an increas- ganization was established (in 1919). IUPAC saw the ing need to determine the ratios between these con- Commission’s mandate at the heart of its own respon- stants with higher reliability than could be achieved by sibilities to the world’s science community. Indeed, no chemical analysis. To determine atomic weights to the data set of science and technology has been or is now highest possible accuracy, Berzelius and others devel- used more extensively or in as many disciplines, tech- oped the quantitative gravimetric study of the most nologies, and commercial transactions, as is the IUPAC stoichiometric compounds and the most complete table of recommended atomic weights, now called the reactions for each known element. Often the com- standard atomic weights. Reproduction of the table is pounds and reactions involved oxygen, less frequently encouraged by IUPAC and all cognate data are freely hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, or silver. Atomic weights, available in print or online. scaled to hydrogen or oxygen, and the oxygen/hy- In 1921 it was decided to reorganize and enlarge drogen mass ratio in water, were measured with great this Commission by giving it the responsibility of ad- skill under carefully controlled conditions of purity vising on the existence of radioactive and stable iso- and freedom from contaminations. New and better topes, as well as on atomic weights. It was renamed the
* This article is reproduced from the CIAAW Technical Booklet (5th edition, 1999) and has been edited slightly before online publication in April 2017, as http://www.ciaaw.org/history.htm.
Chemistry International January-March 2019 21 HedIsotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights—
Committee on Chemical international community, Elements. Two members under the Metre Conven- of the Committee were tion, defi ned the number Francis Aston and Freder- of carbon-12 atoms in 12 g ick Soddy, both of whom of carbon-12 as the unit of had received Nobel Prizes amount of substance of for their work on isotopes. any chemical entity. That Altogether six Nobel Prize new unit was called the laureates have served on mole, a well-known term the Commission and two in chemistry, though pre- of them have chemical el- viously it carried a slightly ements named after them di ering defi nition. (Curie and Flerov). In 1930 Two major reviews of the Committee on Chem- the atomic weights of the ical Elements was sub- elements have been pub- divided into three parts, lished. The fi rst was pub- one of which became the lished in 1962, in which Atomic Weights Commit- the existing chemical and tee. In 1979 this Committee physical determinations became the Commission of the atomic weights of of Atomic Weights and all the elements were re- Isotopic Abundances (CA- viewed in the light of the WIA), which has the role new reference nuclide John Robert de Laeter (1933-2010) served as the 11th of evaluating new isotope carbon-12 (Wichers and Chairman of the CIAAW from 1988-1991, prior to which abundance and other rel- Cameron, 1962). A sec- he also served as the CIAAW Secretary from 1983- evant data and providing 1987. He remained active member of the CIAAW and ond element-by-element the outcome of such inves- attended his last CIAAW meeting in 2009 (Vienna). review, which critically tigations to the scientifi c examined the changes community on a regular basis. that had occurred in the atomic weights of each el- In the second half of the 20th century, the Commis- ement since the fi rst report, was published in 1984 sion has not only evaluated and reported best knowl- (Peiser et al., 1984). A third review, which evaluat- edge of atomic weights on a biennial basis, but has ed all the changes that have taken place in atomic also made wider retrospective evaluations of improve- weight in the 20th century was published in 2003 ments achieved in the data set and in the reliability of (de Laeter et al., 2003). the data. The precision and reliability of the tabulated Most of the determinations of atomic weights in values of atomic weights show considerable improve- the fi rst half of this century were based on gravimet- ments during all periods of this century. The objective ric procedures in which the mass ratio of the chloride is for users to be confi dently assured that the atomic or bromide of the elements to the chemically equiva- weight of an element from any source, be it taken from lent amount of silver or the corresponding silver halide laboratory shelves, from a manufacturing process, or was measured. The relationship of silver to the primary from nature, will truly be in the quoted interval. The oxygen standard was established by accurately mea- Commission in its reports highlights the causes for ex- suring the silver-silver nitrate ratio. This technique be- ceptional atomic-weight values. When in future years came known as the “Harvard Method”. The discovery the precision of tabulated values improves further, the of isotopes led to an alternative “physical” method Commission will need to expand the statements on ex- of determining atomic weights, and since the 1940s ceptions. At all times during the 20th century, atomic very few chemical determinations have been carried weights have been of adequate precision for the vast out. The predominant method for determining atomic majority of concurrent relevant applications. Among weights is now based on the isotopic composition of the memorable events was Mattauch’s and Wichers’ the element combined with the relevant atomic mass- persuasion of the physics and chemistry communi- es. CIAAW uses published tabulations of the atomic ties respectively to use the mass of carbon-12 isotope masses in determining atomic weights by the Atomic for the atomic weights scale. In addition, in 1971 the Mass Evaluation Group.
22 Chemistry International January-March 2019 History of IUPAC Commission II.1 in the Service of Chemistry
In 1969 there was a serious move within IUPAC to samples. Reference materials enabled laboratories eliminate the Atomic Weights Commission. Not that with sensitive instruments to make ‘traceable’ (accu- atomic weights were not needed—not that the Com- rate, absolute) determinations from relative measure- mission had performed badly—no, it was because ments of similar uncertainty without a reference val- atomic weights were then thought to be so accurate ue. The Commission in the years ahead may fi nd itself that any further improvement was at most an ‘academ- involved with uncertainties, reference materials, and ic’ exercise of no interest or relevance to professional other concepts of metrology, such as statistical eval- chemists, or chemical technology, and certainly not to uations and choices in nomenclature in cooperation commerce. The physical method of determining atom- with IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Terminology, ic weights was so successful, that chemists were not Nomenclature and Symbols. fully able to utilize the accuracy which had so painstak- In more recent years, the Commission has under- ingly been achieved. taken additional responsibilities. Most important is that In the 1980s it became clear that the very tech- of publishing tables of isotopic compositions of the el- niques that gave more accurate atomic weights ements consistent with the standard atomic weights, could be employed to do chemical analyses and oth- if not necessarily with their respective uncertainties. er chemical measurements to equal accuracies. New The Commission also makes a substantial e ort in applications sprang into prominence, among them abstracting and summarizing literature information the ability to use subtle di erences in sample atomic on the isotopic compositions of non-terrestrial mate- weights for identifying sources of materials, infl uenc- rials. The rapidly increasing knowledge and diversity es from manufacturing processes, and mechanisms of available information might eventually outgrow the of biological reactions. So in atomic-weight mea- Commission’s ability to fulfi ll this function. At the pres- surements we have come around full circle. From the ent time (1999) the Commission has a Subcommittee classical emphasis on better atomic weights, higher for Natural Isotopic Fractionation, which is charged and no longer needed accuracies were achieved, that with the responsibility of investigating the impact of in turn are being applied to novel, practically import- naturally occurring fractionation processes on the ant measurements that now drive us once again to isotopic abundances and atomic weights of the ele- aim at values that have signifi cantly better accura- ments—particularly with respect to the uncertainties cies than can now be achieved from the best modem which these processes impose. analytical measurements. However, the primary work of the Commission is While the Commission made such progress in atom- to continually evaluate the literature on isotopic abun- ic weight determinations and assessments, the more dances and atomic weights so as to provide accurate universal art of measurement at the highest achievable information to the scientifi c community on a regular accuracy also advanced. That fi eld, called metrology, basis. This data is accepted as the authoritative infor- received wide recognition especially in physics and mation in the fi eld and is used for many purposes— engineering. A world-wide agreement came into use including the refi nement of fundamental constants. on an international system of units of measurements (SI). The previously mentioned mole is an SI base unit, References namely that for quantities of amount-of-substance. Atomic weights of the elements: Review 2000 by J.R. de Other new insights and conventions of metrology are Laeter, J.K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H.S. Peiser, actively disseminated by the International Organiza- K.J.R. Rosman, and P.D.P. Taylor. Pure Appl. Chem. 75, tion for Standardization with participation by IUPAC. 683-800 (2003) Element by element review of their atomic weights by Some of these may be found applicable to the work H.S. Peiser, N.E. Holden, P. De Bièvre, I.L. Barnes, R. of the Commission. Among these is the concept that Hagemann, J.R. de Laeter, T.J. Murphy, E. Roth, M. Shima, the estimated uncertainty of a measurement is its sole and H.G. Thode. Pure Appl. Chem. 56, 695-768 (1984) quantitative measure of quality. With only a slight Report of the International Commission on Atomic weights problem with the defi nition, the Commission has in (1961) by A.E. Cameron, and E. Wichers. J. Am. Chem. fact pioneered uncertainty estimates since 1969. Soc. 84, 4175-4197 (1962) The metrological importance of reference stan- For more historical information, please read Atomic Weights dards with certifi ed values has equally been rec- and the International Committee—A Historical Review ognized by the Commission as playing a key role in by N.E. Holden. Chem. Int. 26(1), 4-7 (2004); http:// the determination of the atomic weights in specifi c dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci.2004.26.1.4
Chemistry International January-March 2019 23 Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
IUPAC Commission of which go largely unnoticed. For example, the 2007 defi ni- II.1 Today tion of the kelvin (the SI unit of thermodynamic tempera- by Juris Meija ture) refers to a triple point of t is hard to imagine IUPAC without the Periodic water with specifi c isotopic Table, and in turn, without atomic weights. As composition. Likewise, atomic IIUPAC celebrates its centennial, its oldest body, weight of silicon played a spe- the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic cial role in the recent e orts to Weights (CIAAW) turns 120. The parent Commission redefi ne the kilogram and the mole. was formed in March 1899 and its inaugural task was Most recently, the CIAAW was recognized in the Inter- to decide the atomic weight standard: should it be national Vocabulary of Metrology, and its recommen- based on hydrogen or oxygen? Although the issue was dations have been endorsed by the International Com- settled in favor of oxygen, when the CIAAW formally mittee on Weights and Measures (of BIPM, the Bureau joined the IUPAC in 1919, the question of the atomic International des Poids et Mesures). weight scale was back for debate suggesting that The CIAAW has changed signifi cantly over the last many issues before this Commission transcend their several decades. One of the biggest impacts to its work scientific merit. In fact, many view the Periodic Table has undoubtedly been the rise of digital communica- and changes therein as a part of larger cultural fabric tions. The CIAAW has recognized the value of dissemi- of science so any changes are likely to be debated for nating its outcomes on the World Wide Web as early as a long time. 1995. Championed by Robert D. Loss, the fi rst CIAAW website was setup in 1997 on servers at the Curtin Atomic weights have a history that spans two centu- University of Technology in Perth, Western Australia. ries. Kepler and Newton taught us how to weigh plan- In 2007, the ciaaw.org domain was registered, and the ets and stars, and Dalton and with his contemporaries CIAAW website was redesigned to its current form in taught us how to weigh atoms. Atomic weights lay the 2014. Recognizing that formal paper-based publication foundations for many scientifi c measurements, many of standard reference data is a time-consuming process,
The 2017 Atomic Weights Commission biennial meeting in the Netherlands (from left): Heiko Moossen, Tyler Coplen, Harro A.J. Meijer, Johanna Irrgeher (acting Secretary), Juris Meija (Chair), Shigekazu Yoneda, Philip J.H. Dunn, Jun Wang, Jochen Vogl, Tiping Ding, Norman Holden, Manfred Gröning, Xiang-Kun Zhu
24 Chemistry International January-March 2019 recent revisions to the standard atomic weights have to the fact that new measurements might reveal biases been fi rst disseminated through iupac.org and ciaaw. in the past measurements. The most recent example of org well before they appear in the pages of the IUPAC this was the atomic weight of ytterbium with two avail- o cial journal Pure and Applied Chemistry. Note that able contemporary measurements more than ten stan- atomic weights are summary outcomes derived from dard uncertainties apart. Alternatively, standard atomic the isotope amount ratios. The CIAAW has not yet dis- weights of other elements become ‘less precise’ as we seminated the isotope ratios in its publications but the learn the true extent of natural variations, as happened online platform seems more appropriate than paper. most recently for argon. In addition, online platform o ers searchable data and Whereas the 19th century chemists set out to de- interactive calculators. termine the atomic-weight values with highest preci- The work of the CIAAW relies on the volunteers who sion, culminating with the 1914 Nobel Prize in Chem- are willing to engage in evaluation of isotope ratio mea- istry for Theodore W. Richards, the 20th century was surements for the benefi t of broader goals. Since 1902, largely shaped by the quest to understand these values the International Committee has been shaped by 120+ which lead to the discovery of isotopes and the reali- expert volunteers. A major change of the CIAAW in the zation that the atomic-weight values of many elements recent decades has been the gradual increase in the do vary in nature. Our drive to measure atomic weights youth of its members. In 1947, the average age of the and isotope ratios with ever-increasing precision is CIAAW was at its peak—72—whereas today it is nearly at bound to reveal new phenomena. its lowest—just under 50. In addition, the gender diver- sity has improved signifi cantly over the last decades. 6 Juris Meija
Chemistry International January-March 2019 25 IUPAC books from the Royal Society of Chemistry
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry Prepared by: Henri A. Favre and Warren H. Powell All IUPAC
Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 members
Preferred Names 2013 IUPAC Recommendations and Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry Detailing the latest rules and international practice, this new volume can be considered a guide to the essential organic can use the chemical nomenclature, commonly described as the “Blue Book”. discount code Favre & Powell 9780854041824 | £175.00 | $280.00 IUPACMEM30 to get 30% Compendium of Terminology and Nomenclature off the UK list Compendium of Terminology and Nomenclature of Properties price at in Clinical Laboratory Sciences of Properties in Clinical Laboratory Sciences Recommendations 2016
Georges Férard, René Dybkaer and Xavier Fuentes-Arderiu IUPAC Recommendations 2016 rsc.li/books Significant developments in clinical laboratory sciences since the previous edition of this book in 1995 means that this book is appropriate for all laboratory scientists, medical professionals and students. 9781782621072 | £99.99 | $160.00 Other titles of interest International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Precise and accurate nomenclature is a vital aspect of chemistry. IUPAC nomenclature International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry provides unequivocal names for all kinds of chemical structures. This requires a Principles of Chemical Nomenclature rational basis from which comprehensible names can be developed. The book is Edited by: G J Leigh aimed at chemistry teachers and students at all levels. Although some material is rather advanced for beginners in chemistry, their teachers will certainly nd it useful and the multitude of examples and tables should render the content accessible to all chemists at all levels of expertise.
Written by leading nomenclaturists, Principles of Chemical Nomenclature enables Principles of Chemical teachers and students to obtain a sound training in IUPAC nomenclature. It outlines A Guide to IUPAC Recommendations 2011 Edition IUPAC recommendations for application in the principal branches of chemistry: Nomenclature organic, inorganic, organometallic, and polymer. It also includes some basic biochemical nomenclature. The book clearly explains the fundamental principles of nomenclature methods and enables the reader to apply them accurately and with A Guide to IUPAC Recommendations con dence. 2011 Edition 2011 Edition A Guide to IUPAC Recommendations Principles of Chemical Nomenclature The new edition takes a slightly di erent approach from the original version. Brief discussions of nomenclatures used in other speci c circumstances have been added. Aimed at pre-university and undergraduate students, this volume surveys The IUPAC International Chemical Identi er (InChI) and Preferred IUPAC names (PINs) are also described. The book advises on the best presentation of formulae and chemical graphics.
Nomenclature, just like chemistry, is a subject that develops continually. New classes of compound require new adaptations of nomenclature and IUPAC tries to provide the current IUPAC nomenclature recommendations in organic, inorganic these. The changes in IUPAC recommendations since publication of the 1998 edition have been incorporated. and macromolecular chemistry.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 9781849730075 | £24.99 | $40.00 Leigh
www.rsc.org/books
Comprehensive Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology Fully comprehensive and rigorously reviewed by IUPAC Committees, this is a reference glossary for students, researchers, and those involved in chemicals legislation, regulation and risk assessment. 9781782621379 | £76.99 | $138.00
All information subject to change Registered charity number: 207890 Isotopes Matter
Norman E. Holden, Tyler B. Coplen, and considered to be constants of nature, and (3) why the Peter Mahaffy atomic-weight values of some elements are listed with intervals, people will need to become more aware of wo years ago, the King’s Centre for the abundances and applications of isotopes. Visualization in Science (KCVS) at The King’s Figure 1 displays the IUPAC Periodic Table of the TUniversity, Edmonton released a new digital Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) that was developed interactive version of the IUPAC Periodic Table of to help users better understand the concept of iso- the Elements and Isotopes with accompanying edu- topes. Currently, 253 stable isotopes and 3092 unsta- cational resources at an International Conference ble isotopes have been identifi ed for the 118 chemical on Chemistry Education. It can be found at www. elements. There are 289 isotopes that determine the isotopesmatter.com. The effort was part of an IUPAC standard atomic weights of the 84 elements that are project [1]. The science behind this new table was assigned a standard atomic weight. Of these, 36 are ra- developed by Inorganic Chemistry Division scientists dioactive isotopes that have a half-life value su cient- working for over a decade on an earlier IUPAC proj- ly long and an isotopic abundance value in naturally ect [2]. These projects were joint efforts between occurring substances that is su ciently large that they the IUPAC Committee on Chemistry Education (CCE) contribute to the determination of the atomic weight and the Inorganic Chemistry Division. of elements. The IPTEI is based on the design of the original Mendeleev Periodic Table. However, instead of The atomic weight of an element is not a constant [3] a display of chemical and physical properties of each nor is it a fundamental property of an element, but can element, the IPTEI lists all stable and long-lived radio- be determined from the product of the atomic mass active isotopes for each element, which contribute to of each stable or long-lived radioactive isotope of an the atomic weight for that element. This Periodic Table element in naturally occurring materials and the cor- lists these isotopes and a pie chart for each element responding mole fraction (isotope abundance) of that indicates the mole fraction of each isotope (the iso- isotope in the element. However, the atomic-weight topic abundance in nature) in the element by the rel- value of an element is still the fundamental link be- ative size of its pie slice for that element. The isotope tween the mass and the amount of substance of a mass number is listed around the pie chart in black for chemical element. stable and in red for long-lived radioactive isotopes. For any element that has two or more stable iso- Atomic-weight values and associated uncertainties are topes, there is the possibility that the relative amounts provided for 71 elements, and atomic-weight intervals of the stable isotopes may not be the same in all sam- are provided for 13 elements having a standard atomic ples of that element in naturally occurring materials. weight expressed as an interval. Elements with a stan- This variation of the fraction of each isotope in an el- dard atomic weight expressed as an interval also have ement can cause a variation in the element’s atomic a conventional atomic-weight value listed for users weight. With time, improvements in instrumentation who may need it in industry, trade, commerce, or edu- for measurement of isotopic abundances has caused cation (e.g. for molecular-weight calculations). this variation in atomic-weight values of some ele- An e lement-by-element review [4] is soon to be ments to have a larger span than the improved, lower published and will accompany the IPTEI. Its informa- uncertainty measurement in a single material. In lieu of tion can also be readily accessed through the interac- the previously accepted value and uncertainty for an tive digital version of the IPTEI [5]. This review includes element, if an IUPAC evaluation of variability in isotopic additional information not shown on the print version composition has been completed, the atomic weight of the Periodic Table itself for each element, including of the element can be listed as an interval, which in- a chart of all known stable and radioactive isotopes cludes an upper and lower bounds. The best estimate of each of the 118 elements, with the radioactive iso- for the atomic weight is a value somewhere within topes listed in one of three half-life ranges. It should these upper and lower bounds, but not the average of be noted that, on average, there are more than an or- the upper and lower bounds [3]. der of magnitude as many radioactive isotopes (3092) For the education community and the public to as there are stable isotopes (253). To aid in the calcu- understand fully (1) how atomic-weight values can be lation of the atomic weight of each element, a table determined from the product of the isotopic abun- of stable and long-lived radioactive isotopes having dance and atomic-mass values of the stable isotopes characteristic terrestrial isotopic compositions that of an element, (2) why atomic weights are no longer determine the standard atomic weight of that element
Chemistry International January-March 2019 27 Hed
Fig. 1. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes [kindly modified by Sara Glidewell from The Periodic Table of Elements and Isotopes©, copyright by Sara Glidewell (www.tableofisotopes.com), and used with permission]. A background color scheme is associated with each element cell. A white cell indicates an element that has no stable or long-lived radioactive isotopes that contribute to a standard atomic weight. Blue is the background color of a cell for an element that has only one stable or long-lived radioactive isotope that contributes to its standard atomic weight. The standard atomic weight of elements having a blue background is given as a single value with a measurement uncertainty. Yellow is the background color if an element has two or more isotopes that are used to determine its atomic weight. The standard atomic weight of an element having a yellow background is given as a single value with an uncertainty that includes both measurement uncertainty and uncertainty due to isotope-abundance variation. The variation in isotopic abundances may be too small to exceed the measurement uncertainty and affect the atomic-weight value. Pink is the background color if an element has two or more isotopes that are used to determine its atomic weight and the variation in isotopic abundances and atomic weights in normal materials exceeds measurement uncertainty and is well known. The standard atomic weight is given as lower and upper bounds within square brackets. Figure 2 displays an example of an element cell for each of the four background color schemes, with the element’s pie chart of stable and long-lived radioactive isotopes and the mass numbers of the isotopes.
are listed in the IPTEI IUPAC report [4], along with the element-by-element review section of the soon to be relative atomic mass and the mole fraction (isotopic published IPTEI IUPAC report [4]: abundance) of each of these isotopes of the element. • for biology, there are 24 di erent isotopes from 18 An example of some of the additional information that di erent elements, does not appear on the IPTEI itself, but does appear • for Earth and planetary science, there are 86 dif- in the IPTEI IUPAC report [4] and on the electronic IP- ferent isotopes from 54 di erent elements, TEI [5], is shown in Figure 3. It includes the element • for forensic science and anthropology, there are cell from the IPTEI, the previously described table of 27 di erent isotopes from 13 di erent elements, relevant isotopes, and a chart that contains all of the • for geochronology (including isotopic dating of stable and radioactive isotopes of the element. materials), there are 57 di erent isotopes from 39 To emphasize the everyday importance of iso- di erent elements, topes, applications of both the stable and radioac- • for industry, there are 70 di erent isotopes from tive isotopes for each element are highlighted for 34 di erent elements, their practical uses in science and in everyday life • for medicine, there are 110 di erent isotopes from in one or more of seven di erent categories in the 58 di erent elements,
28 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Isotopes Matter
• for isotopes used to produce other radioactive hypertension and reproductive problems. The tagging isotopes, there are 58 isotopes from 35 di erent of cells with a therapeutic dose of radiation may lead elements. to regression, or even cure, of some diseases. In industry, radioisotopes are used in gamma ster- These applications provided for each element are ex- ilization for medical supplies and food preservation. emplary and are not intended to encompass all isotope Gamma radiography is used to scan luggage at air- applications for an element. Overall, the IPTEI IUPAC ports. Gamma rays show fl aws in metal castings or report [4], also available in the electronic IPTEI [5], welded joints. Critical components can be inspected presents 432 applications from 96 di erent elements. for internal defects without damaging the component For example, in the case of a radioactive isotope, con- or making it radioactive. Unlike X-ray generators, ra- sider that the human body contains the element potas- dioactive sources are small and do not require pow- sium and one of its isotopes, potassium-40, 40K, which er, so they can be transported easily to remote areas is radioactive. 40K is part of the naturally occurring iso- where there is no power. Smoke detectors use am- topic composition of potassium; thus, the human body ericium-241, 241Am, to ionize atoms of air (knock out is naturally radioactive. In the case of stable isotopes, electrons from the atom) and create a small electric consider that the amount ratio, n(13C)/n(12C), in tes- current. When smoke or steam enters the ionization tosterone in the human body varies from that ratio in chamber, it disrupts the current. The detector senses synthetic testosterone. This fact can be used to detect the drop in current and sets o the alarm. Smoke de- performance enhancing drug use (doping) in sports. tectors are the most abundant radioisotope-based de- In biochemical analysis, it is easy to detect (even at vices used around the world. low concentrations) the presence or absence of radio- Rapidly dividing cells are particularly sensitive to active materials. Radioisotopes are used to label mol- damage by radiation. Some cancerous growths can be ecules of biological samples to determine constituents controlled or eliminated by irradiating the area with ra- of blood, serum, urine, hormones, antigens, and many dioactive isotopes. This is called radiotherapy. Internal drugs. The fi ndings from these procedures are used to radioisotope therapy is accomplished by administrat- diagnose diseases, such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, ing or planting a small radiation source in the target
Fig. 2. Examples of the four classifications of element cells in the IPTEI. Radium, with white background, illustrates elements that have no standard atomic weight because their isotopes are all radioactive and no isotope occurs with a characteristic terrestrial isotopic abundance. The element gold, with blue background, is an example of elements having a single isotope used to determine their standard atomic weights. Barium, with yellow background, is an example of elements having two or more isotopes used to determine their standard atomic weights. Argon, with pink background, exemplifies elements having two or more isotopes that are used to determine their standard atomic weights; the isotopic abundances and atomic weights vary in normal materials, and these variations exceed measurement uncertainty, are well known, and standard atomic-weight values are given as lower and upper bounds within square brackets, [ ]; the conventional atomic weights, such as for trade, commerce, and education are shown in white.
Chemistry International January-March 2019 29 Isotopes Matter
Fig. 3. Example of auxiliary information appearing in the IPTEI element-by-element review [4,5], including a table of isotopes contributing to the standard atomic weight and a chart of the stable and radioactive isotopes of the selected element (barium in this example having 41 isotopes). The background colors of stable isotopes in the chart reflect those of isotopic-abundance fraction in the pie diagram. Mass numbers of stable isotopes are shown in black and those of radioactive isotopes are displayed in red. Two isotopes (130Ba and 132Ba) have sufficiently long half-lives resulting in characteristic isotopic abundances that they are used to determine the standard atomic weight.
area. Short-range radiation therapy (called brachyther- In sports medicine, radiopharmaceuticals are used to apy) is becoming the main means of treatment for diagnose stress fractures in bones, which are not gen- cancer. Many radiation therapeutic procedures are pal- erally visible in X-rays. The non-invasive nature of this liative, usually to relieve pain, such as cancer-induced technology, with its ability to reveal organ function bone pain. These radiation procedures are preferable from outside the body, makes this technique a power- to traditional pain killers, such as morphine, because ful diagnostic tool. they improve the patient’s quality of life, allowing them Radioisotopes are used to estimate the age of to be more lucid during time spent with family. groundwater from wells using the activity of naturally Radioactive products used in medicine are re- occurring radioisotopes in the water. Airborne testing ferred to as radiopharmaceuticals. Every organ in our of nuclear weapons during the late 1940s to the early body acts di erently from a chemical point of view. 1960s doubled the amount of radioactive carbon-14, Certain chemical elements are preferentially absorbed 14C, in the atmosphere. The increased number of 14C by specifi c organs, called targeting agents, such as atoms in the environment acts as a radioactive trac- iodine in the thyroid and glucose in the brain. Once er (substances containing a radioisotope and used to a radioactive form of one of these substances enters measure the speed of chemical processes or to track the body, it is incorporated into the normal biological the movement of a substance through a natural sys- processes and excreted in the usual ways. Radiophar- tem), enabling measurement of soil movement and maceuticals can be used for examining blood fl ow to land degradation. Levels of certain radioisotopes in the brain, functioning of the liver, heart or kidneys, environmental samples can be measured to check if assessing bone growth, predicting e ects of surgery, nations are complying with agreements limiting the and assessing changes since a treatment has begun. development of nuclear weaponry. Radioactive tracers
30 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Isotopes Matter professor in the Chemistry Department and directs the King’s Centre for can be used to trace small leaks in complex systems, Visualization in Science, The King’s University, Edmonton, Canada. such as power station heat exchangers. Flow rates of liquids and gases in pipelines, as well as large rivers, ORCID: can be measured accurately with the assistance of ra- dioisotopes. These are only a few of more than 400 Tyler B. Coplen: 0000-0003-4884-6008 applications of isotopes discussed in the soon to be Norman E. Holden: 0000-0002-1988-4729 published IPTEI IUPAC report [4] and the electronic Peter Maha y: 0000-0002-0650-7414 IPTEI [5] for the education community. Hopefully, this comprehensive set of resources on isotopes will not References only act as a compendium and ode to the 100 years 1. IUPAC Project 2014-024-1-200, “Development and of knowledge and discovery that have been witnessed Global Dissemination of an IUPAC Interactive Electronic and documented by IUPAC, but also impart a deeper Isotopic Periodic Table and Supporting Resources and better understanding to the public about why iso- for the Education Community,” https://iupac.org/ project/2014-024-1-200 topes matter. 2. IUPAC Project 2007-038-3-200, “Development of an To as sist users who may not be familiar with some Isotopic Periodic Table for the Educational Community,” of the technical terms used in the applications phase https://iupac.org/project/2007-038-3-200 of the element-by-element review, a glossary of terms 3. T.B. Coplen, N.E. Holden, “Atomic Weights: No Longer is included at the end of the review to explain these Constants of Nature”, Chemistry International 33(2), terms in non-technical language. 10–15 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci.2011.33.2.10 4. N.E. Holden, T.B. Coplen, J.K. Böhlke, L.V. Tarbox, Acknowledgements J. Benefield, J.R. de Laeter, P.G. Mahaffy, G. O’Connor, Comments from Jacqueline Benefi eld (U.S. Geo- E. Roth, D.H. Tepper, T. Walczyk, M.E. Wieser, and logical Survey) and Philip Dunn (LGC Limited, U.K.) S. Yoneda, “IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements substantially improved this document and are greatly and Isotopes (IPTEI) for the Education Community (IUPAC Technical Report)”, Pure Appl. Chem. (12), appreciated. 90 1833-2092, 2018. 5. King’s Centre for Visualization in Science, “Interactive Norman E. Holden works at the National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven Electronic IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA, Tyler B. Coplen works at Isotopes,” http:/ /isotopesmatter.com/applets/ the U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, USA, and Peter Mahaffy is a IPTEI/IPTEI.html (accessed October 7, 2018)
Feature Articles Wanted Contact the editor for more information at
Chemistry International January-March 2019 31 • the Avogadro constant NA is exactly equivalent to stating that “One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol-1, 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities,” quite in the
• the luminous e cacy Kcd of monochromatic spirit of William Shakespeare in As You Like It: “It is as radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 Hz is exactly easy to count atomies as to resolve the propositions 683 lm/W. of a lover.” In addition, the exact and fi xed number of where the hertz, joule, coulomb, lumen, and watt, with elementary entities defi ning a mole fi nally receives the unit symbols Hz, J, C, lm, and W, respectively, are relat- name that has been used for it for decades without ed to the units second, metre, kilogram, ampere, kelvin, proper defi nition: the Avogadro number. mole, and candela, with unit symbols s, m, kg, A, K, mol, In general, the changes associated with the new and cd, respectively, according to Hz = s–1, J = m2 kg s–2, SI will lead to reduced uncertainties in our knowledge C = A s, lm = cd sr, and W = m2 kg s–3. of most of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry in the new SI. Defi ning constant Symbol Numerical value Unit The changes in the new SI will strengthen the phil-
hyperfi ne transition ΔνCs 9 192 631 770 Hz osophical foundation of our system of units in rela- frequency of caesium tion to our present understanding of theoretical and speed of light in c 299 792 458 m s−1 quantum physics. However, they will not a ect the vacuum daily work in the laboratory in any sizeable manner. Planck constant h 6.626 070 15 × 10-34 J s What are the direct consequences of these chang- elementary charge e 1.602 176 634 × 10-19 C es to a chemist working in the laboratory? For exam- Boltzmann constant k 1.380 649 × 10-23 J K−1 ple, the equation
23 −1 C2H4O = CH4 + CO Avogadro constant NA 6.022 140 76 × 10 mol
−1 has the meaning that one mole of oxirane (C2H4O) de- luminous e cacy Kcd 683 lm W composes to yield one mole of methane (CH4) and one Table 1: The seven defining constants of the SI, mole of carbon monoxide (CO). The new defi nition of and the seven corresponding symbols, numerical values, and units constant current SI new SI constant current SI new SI The numerical values of the seven defi ning con- m(K) 0.0 5.0 α 0.068 0.068 stants have zero uncertainty. They are summarized h 5.0 0.0 KJ 2.5 0.0 in Table 1 on this page. Defi nitions based on defi ning e 2.5 0.0 R 0.068 0.0 constants are called explicit-constant defi nitions; they K k 170 0.0 μ 0.0 0.068 are based on the fundamental constants of nature, in 0 N 5.0 0.0 ε 0.0 0.068 contrast to explicit-unit defi nitions which are based on A 0 R 170 0.0 Z 0.0 0.068 particular experimental procedures. 0
Defi ning a unit by specifying the numerical val- F 2.5 0.0 NAh 0.14 0.0 ue of a fundamental constant may be understood as σ 700 0.0 J↔kg 0.0 0.0 follows. The value of any quantity Q may always be -1 me 5.0 0.14 J↔m 5.0 0.0 represented as the product of its numerical value {Q} mu 5.0 0.14 J↔Hz 5.0 0.0 and a unit [Q], so that we may write Q = {Q} [Q] (for 12 example c = 299 792 458 m/s for the speed of light in m( C) 5.0 0.14 J↔K 170 0.0 vacuum). If the quantity Q is itself a unit that we wish M(12C) 0.0 0.14 J↔eV 2.5 0.0 to defi ne, this may be done either by specifying some Table 2: Relative standard uncertainties for a selection convenient reference (such as the length of the proto- of fundamental constants in the current SI and the new type metre bar that was used to defi ne the SI unit of SI, multiplied by 108 (i.e. in parts per hundred million) length prior to 1980) or by specifying the numerical Note: in this table the symbols denote the following value {Q} when expressed in terms of the desired SI constants: R: the molar gas constant; F: the Faraday constant; σ: the Stefan-Boltzmann constant; m : the unit (such as the numerical value of the speed of light e electron mass; m : the unified atomic mass constant; 299 792 458 expressed in the unit m/s used to defi ne u m(12C): the mass of a carbon 12 atom; M(12C): the molar the metre since 1980). It is this second method of using mass of carbon 12; α: the fine structure constant; KJ and defi ning constants that is now being adopted for all R : the Josephson and von Klitzing constants; μ and ε : the seven base units of the SI. K 0 0 the magnetic and electric constants; Z0: the impedance For chemists, the defi nition of the mole has an of vacuum; NAh: the molar Planck constant; and Ua↔Ub: important conceptual consequence. It is namely the conversion factor between unit a and unit b.
Chemistry International January-March 2019 33 The New SI
the mole will not change this meaning. A chemist in the and mole: a proposed approach to implementing CIPM laboratory will continue to determine the amount of a recommendation 1 (CI-2005). Metrologia, 43, pp. 227- chemical entity B, n(B), by weighing the correspond- 246; https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/43/3/006 ing mass m(B) and setting n(B) = m(B)/M(B), where Mills, I.M., Mohr, P.J., Quinn, T.J., Taylor, B.N. and Williams, E.R. (2011). Adapting the International System of Units to the M(B) is the molar mass of B. He/she will continue to twenty-first century. Philosophical Transactions of the state that 44.053 g of oxirane decomposes to yield Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering 16.043 g methane and 28.010 g carbon monoxide. Tru- Sciences 369, pp. 3907-3924; https://doi.org/10.1098/ ly, the molar mass M(B) = Mr(B) Mu will acquire an un- rsta.2011.0180 9 certainty component of less than 1 part in 10 due to Ullrich, J. Why we need the SI redefinition. EURAMET
the new uncertainty of the molar mass constant Mu = short videos (13 June 2018), https://www.euramet. 12 M( C)/12 (see Table 2; the relative molar mass Mr(B) of org/?news=40:678 any atom B is unchanged in the new SI). However, bal- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), On the ances in chemistry laboratories will continue to yield Future Revision of the SI (International System of Units masses (e.g. in the SI unit kg) with uncertainties that or Système International d’Unités), https://www.bipm. far exceed the uncertainty of the molar mass of any org/en/measurement-units/rev-si/ given chemical entity by orders of magnitude, so that MIls, I.M., The Kilogram in the New SI—part II Explicit Constant Definitions for the Kilogram and for the Mole the change in the new defi nition of the mole will never (2011) Chem. Int. 33(5) pp. 12-15; https://doi.org/10.1515/ infl uence the result of the determinations of amount of ci.2011.33.5.12 substance in practice. Ian Mills
34 Chemistry International January-March 2019 The Seven Base Units of the new SI are defi ned as in the table below* Quantity SI unit
time The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defi ned by taking the fi xed numerical
value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfi ne tran- sition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192 631 770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.
length The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defi ned by taking the fi xed numer- ical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299 792 458 when expressed in the −1 unit m s , where the second is defi ned in terms of the caesium frequency ∆νCs. mass The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defi ned by taking the fi xed nu- merical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 15 ×10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defi ned in
terms of c and ∆νCs. electric The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defi ned by taking the fi xed current numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602 176 634 ×10−19 when expressed
in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defi ned in terms of ∆νCs. thermodynamic The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defi ned by temperature taking the fi xed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380 649 ×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram,
metre and second are defi ned in terms of h, c and ∆νCs. amount of The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains substance exactly 6.022 140 76 ×1023 elementary entities. This number is the fi xed numerical -1 value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specifi ed elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specifi ed group of particles.
luminous The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is intensity defi ned by taking the fi xed numerical value of the luminous e cacy of monochro- 12 matic radiation of frequency 540 ×10 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and
second are defi ned in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
*Table reproduced from https://www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/si-revised-brochure/Draft-SI-Brochure-2018.pdf (accessed 31 Oct 2018). The concept of base units and derived units was used to defi ne the SI until 2018. These categories, although not essential in the new SI, are maintained in view of their convenience and widespread use.
Chemistry International January-March 2019 35 News and information on IUPAC, its fellows, and member organizations. IUPAC Wire See also www.iupac.org/news
Election of IUPAC Officers In addition to the fi ve o cers and the ten Elected and Bureau Members—Call for Members, the Bureau also includes the eight Division Presidents (each elected by each individual Division), Nominations and fi ve members representing the following Standing Committees, i.e. the Committee on Chemistry Educa- t its General Assembly in Paris, France, on 10-11 tion (CCE), the Committee on Chemistry and Industry July 2019, the IUPAC Council will be asked to (COCI), CHEMRAWN (the Committee on CHEMical Aelect a Vice President, a Secretary General, Research Applied to World Needs), the Interdivisional a Treasurer, and members of the Bureau to fulfill Committee on Terminology, Nomenclature and Sym- the vacancies created by retiring members. IUPAC bols (ICTNS), and the Committee on Publications and National Adhering Organizations are invited to submit Cheminformatics Data Standards (CPCDS). nominations no later than 31 March 2019. IUPAC National Adhering Organizations are invited to submit nominations to the Secretary General via the On 1 January 2020 Christopher Brett (Portugal), Vice Executive Director at
36 Chemistry International January-March 2019 • to take decisions about the holding of scientifi c someone others will want to work with. meetings as proposed by the division committees All rising stars were nominated by The Analytical • to take all other steps necessary for the good con- Scientist readers and shortlisted by an independent duct of the a airs of the Union judging panel.
See the Bylaws for more details: https://iupac.org/who-we-are/ https://theanalyticalscientist.com/power-list/2018/ organizational-guidelines/ https://iupac.org/2019-election-iupac-officers-bureau-members-call- C. Oliver Kappe is Awarded the nominations/ 2018 IUPAC-ThalesNano Prize for Flow Chemistry Juris Meija Made the Top 40 Under 40 he 2018 IUPAC- n 16 Oct 2018, The Analytical Scientist released TThalesNano their Top 40 Under 40 Power List celebrating prize has been Othe gifted young scientists making waves in awarded to analytical science. Among them is Juris Meija, the Professor C. Oliver current Chair of the IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Kappe. The prize will Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW). be presented at the 15th International In his own words, Dr. Meija claimed that his greatest Conference on achievement has been his election as Chair of the Microreaction Commission at age 33 and being part of the team to Technology draft the new defi nition of the mole. As part of his re- (IMRET15) in search as an O cer in Metrology at National Research Karlsruhe on 21 Council Canada, Ottawa, he explores the reliability of October 2018. The C. Oliver Kappe analytical data with a focus on isotope-based methods award address will of quantitation. As Meija stated “it is all about the at- be delivered at the Flow Chemistry Europe Conference tention to detail in chemical measurements.” in Cambridge, UK on 26 February 2019. The prize con- His prediction: We live in the era of big data, which sists of an award of 10 000 USD. often favors quantity over quality. This has undesirable e ects on the reliability of chemical testing results. I Professor Kappe is Professor of Chemistry at the Uni- believe that metrology will guide us away from the re- versity of Graz (Austria) and Scientifi c Director for Con- producibility crisis in analytical chemistry. tinuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC Flow) at the His advice: Nurture your social skills and be Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE). Professor Kappe has over 400 publications in the areas of continuous fl ow chemistry, application of mi- croreactors, process intensifi cation, and microwave-as- sisted reactions. He and his team have published syn- theses with challenging systems and chemistry. He has served as an Ambassador for Flow Chemistry through his teaching, interdisciplinary work, and collaborations. Professor Kappe holds a PhD in Organic Chemistry from the University of Graz. He completed postdoctor- al research at the University of Queensland (Australia) and Emory University (United States). He has served as visiting scientist/professor at the Scripps Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Sanford-Burnham Insti- tute for Medical Research, and the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. He is the founding editor and Edi- Juris Meija, Research Officer, Metrology, National tor-in-Chief of the Journal of Flow Chemistry. Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
Chemistry International January-March 2019 37 IUPAC Wire
Previous Awardees: Professor Volker Hessel (TU/e – sustainability; gender mainstreaming; and building Eindhoven University of Technology) received the award institutional synergies to promote international co- in 2016, for his outstanding contributions to the method- operation on SDGs. ology of organic syntheses, including homogeneous ca- talysis, photochemistry, plasma catalysis, and multiphase https://iupac.org/opcw-to-further-enhance-contributions-to-united-na- fl ow, setting new standards for fl ow chemistry. tions-sustainable-development-goals/ The recipient of the 2014 Prize was Professor Steven V. Ley (University of Cambridge, UK) for his outstand- ing contribution and creative work in methodologies 1001 Inventions: Journeys for organic synthesis, especially in multi-step synthesis from Alchemy to Chemistry in continuous fl ow chem istry reactor systems. In 2012 the fi rst IUPAC-ThalesNano Prize in Flow NESCO Chemistry was awarded to Professor Klavs F. Jensen and 1001 (MIT, USA) for his outstanding contribution to the fi eld UInventions will of fl ow chemistry both in academia and industry. He is launch a new edu- considered one of the pioneers of fl ow chemistry. cational initiative celebrating the 8th https://iupac.org/c-oliver-kappe-is-awarded-the-2018-iupac-thalesna- century polymath no-prize-for-flow-chemistry/ Jabir ibn Hayyan as part of the 2019 International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. The new multimedia ini- OPCW to Further Enhance tiative, titled “1001 Inventions: Journeys from Alchemy Contributions to United Nations’ to Chemistry”, focuses on contributions to the foun- Sustainable Development Goals dations of modern chemistry by ancient cultures and civilizations, in particular the remarkable work of the uring the 3rd edition of the OPCW Forum pioneering polymath Jabir ibn Hayyan, also known as on the Peaceful Uses of Chemistry, held at Geber, in the 8th century. Dthe OPCW Headquarters in The Hague on 23 October, Professor Pietro Tundo, Chair of IUPAC’s Jabir ibn Hayyan spent most of his life in Kufa, Iraq, Interdivisional Committee on Green Chemistry for where he devised and perfected sublimation, liquefac- Sustainable Development, provided insights into the tion, crystallization, distillation, purifi cation, amalgama- approaches of supporting sustainable development tion, oxidation, evaporation, and fi ltration. He developed through peaceful uses of chemistry. With that Forum, precise measuring equipment, and discovered sulfuric, and in a bid to strengthen international security nitric, and nitromuriatic acids, all now vitally important through development, the Member States of the in the chemical industry. His research and publications, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons including the Great Book of Chemical Properties, The (OPCW) identified activities to help achieve the United Weights and Measures, The Chemical Combination, and Nation’s (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Dyes, opened the way for modern chemistry and guided scientists during the following centuries. The Forum convened over 30 professionals including Through a series of international events, combining chemists, chemical engineers, academics, as well as experiments, live shows, digital content, and teaching government and industry o cials from the following resources, this new initiative will promote basic sciences OPCW Member States: Algeria, Argentina, Azerbai- education to all, including youth, teachers and families to jan, Belgium, Belize, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, China, inspire inquisitiveness and curiosity. It will be launched Colombia, Ecuador, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Kenya, during the opening ceremony of the International Year of Malaysia, Morocco, Myanmar, Pakistan, Panama, the the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements on 29 January Philippines, Poland, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi 2019 at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, France. Arabia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, “The International Year of Periodic Table of Chemical and the United States of America. The attendees par- Elements is a great opportunity to refl ect upon many as- ticipated in panel discussions on a range of topics pects of the periodic table, including its evolution, the role including: an overview of the SDGs; peaceful appli- of women in research, global trends and perspectives on cation of chemistry; chemical safety, security and basic science for sustainable societies” explained Martiale
38 Chemistry International January-March 2019 IUPAC Wire
Zebaze Kana, Executive Secretary of UNESCO’s Inter- science festivals, museums, educational institutions, national Basic Sciences Programme (IBSP). “UNESCO digital and social media platforms. is delighted to collaborate with 1001 Inventions to fur- About 1001 Inventions - 1001 Inventions is an ther promote innovative ways in teaching basic scienc- award-winning, British based organization that cre- es with special emphasis in hands-on approach.” ates international educational campaigns and engag- “1001 Inventions is delighted to continue to part- ing transmedia productions aiming to raise aware- ner with UNESCO and support IYPT2019 public en- ness of the contributions to science, technology and gagement e orts” said Ahmed Salim, 1001 Inven- culture from the Golden Age of Muslim Civilization. tions Co-Founder and Managing Director. “We are 1001 Inventions has engaged with over 350 million very excited to launch a new global educational ini- people across the globe working with a network of tiative presenting fascinating journeys of discovery in international partners, including UNESCO, National Chemistry. Through exciting learning experiences, we Geographic and leading academics to produce in- aim to help inspire a new generation to learn more teractive exhibits, short fi lms, live shows, books and about basic sciences and its importance for sus- classroom learning materials that are being used tainable development while recognising humanity’s by hundreds of thousands of educators around the shared scientifi c heritage.” world.
See also www.iupac.org/ publications/ci/indexes/stamps.html Stamps International
Olympic Gold IChO, which was jointly hosted for the fi rst time by two countries, Slova- he International Chemistry kia and the Czech Republic. It took Olympiad (IChO) is an annual place on 19-29 July 2018, organized Tworldwide competition for by Comenius University in Bratislava high school students in which their and the University of Chemistry and chemical knowledge and skills are Technology in Prague, institutions that tested through a series of theoret- shared the management of both tech- ical and practical problems. The nical sessions and social events. Sig- first IChO was held in Prague in 1968 nifi cantly, the 50th IChO had a record with three teams of six students rep- attendance of 300 students from 76 resenting Czechoslovakia, Hungary, countries, a fi tting milestone for the and Poland. Humble beginnings golden anniversary of the International perhaps, but interest in the IChO Chemistry Olympiads. rose quickly and, by 1980, a total The 51st IChO will take place in of 52 competitors from 13 countries Paris on 21-30 July 2019, just a few attended the 12th IChO, held for the days after the IUPAC World Congress first time outside Eastern Europe, in Linz, Austria. and General Assembly, yet another reason to cele- Participation expanded steadily in the ensuing years brate chemistry during the International Year of the and 186 students from 47 countries were present at Periodic Table. Dmitri Mendeleev, 150 years after the 30th IChO in Melbourne, Australia, in 1998. introducing the fi rst version of the modern periodic table, would be so proud of the students compet- The postage stamp illustrated in this note, the fi rst ing at the IChO! ever issued to honor a Chemistry Olympiad, was re- leased on 15 June 2018 to commemorate the 50th Written by Daniel Rabinovich
Chemistry International January-March 2019 39 Information about new, current, and complete IUPAC projects and related initiatives. Project Place See also www.iupac.org/projects
Critical Evaluation of Homogeneous work on research projects under supervision of institute Equilibrium and Solubility Constants scientists, compulsory lectures and laboratory demon- strations in modern polymer science, and access to all of Gadolinium in Environmental and educational activities within the Institute. At the end Biological-Relevant Conditions of each run of the Course, all of the participants report on their project results in a public meeting, where a There are a number of trace elements that until recent- certifi cate bearing the logos of UNESCO and IUPAC is ly were only considered to be laboratory curiosities awarded to the participants—new graduates. but which have now become essential components The Course is now a global activity with graduates in a variety of applications ranging from information from all continents except Australia and North America, and communication technologies, semiconductors, represents a major educational activity within Polymer electronic displays and optic/photonic applications, Division, and contributes to a positive image of IUPAC and “green energy” related technologies. Their cur- even outside the professional community. Reports on rent strategic importance is such that these elements the courses have been presented annually and favorably have now been labeled as “energy-critical elements” or accepted at the meetings of the IUPAC Polymer Divi- “technology-critical elements” (TCEs) and initiatives at sion. The 22nd run (the year 2017-18) was completed by national levels are underway to secure their availability 10 participants at the end of July 2018. The 23rd Course in the coming years. TCEs have diverse chemistries and started in October 2018 and covers the 2018-19 academ- uses. The degree of the current knowledge on their en- ic calendar. The Course was awarded the IUPAC-Sam- vironmental fate and (eco)toxicity is not uniform, rang- sung Education Prize for 2005, and received support ing from relatively well studied elements, such as the from the Hanwha-Total fund once again this year. platinum group, to essentially unknown ones, such as tellurium. But for all of them, fundamental thermody- For more information and comments, contact Task Group Chair Pavel namic data are lacking. Kratochvíl
40 Chemistry International January-March 2019 and the Chemistry and the Environment Division (VI) The Task Group that has been assembled for this proj- as well as those listed above) two ideas emerged: that ect refl ects the breadth of IUPAC’s experience in criti- the exchange of information and experience among cal evaluation. groups and individuals in IUPAC concerned with criti- The Task Group will consider the three aspects of cal evaluation should continue, and that an important the critical evaluation process—compilation, evaluation, fi rst project would be to develop guidance or best and dissemination—and develop best practice recom- practices for critical evaluation of chemical data. This mendations for each. Because of the wide variation in project addresses that second idea. the data types that are evaluated, detailed protocols Currently active critical evaluation projects within for the work are not considered appropriate. Rather the IUPAC are highly varied treating both equilibrium and guidance will consider the qualities that are inherent in kinetic data; properties measured with either high and a good evaluation (completeness, clarity, traceability, low relative uncertainty; and outputs ranging from etc.) and how those qualities can be achieved. monographs to databases. Given this range in the data sets evaluated and the rapidly evolving needs for For more information and comments, contact Task Group Chair David Shaw cheminformatic documentation, guidance is needed
Chemistry International January-March 2019 41 Recent IUPAC technical reports and recommendations that affect the many fields of pure and applied chemistry. See also www.iupac.org/what-we-do/journals/ Making an imPACt pure-and-applied-chemistry/
IUPAC Periodic Table of the On the Discovery of New Elements Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) for (IUPAC/IUPAP Provisional Report) the Education Community (IUPAC Sigurd Hofmann, Sergey N. Dmitriev, Claes Technical Report) Fahlander, Jacklyn M. Gates, James B. Roberto and Hideyuki Sakai Norman E. Holden, Tyler B. Coplen, John K. Pure and Applied Chemistry 2018 Bö hlke, Lauren V. Tarbox, Jacqueline Benefield, Volume 90, Issue 11, pp. 1773-1832 John R. de Laetera, Peter G. Mahaffy, Glenda O’Connorb, Etienne Rotha, Dorothy H. Tep- per, Thomas Walczyk, Michael E. Wieser and Almost thirty years ago the criteria that are currently Shigekazu Yoneda used to verify claims for the discovery of a new ele- Pure and Applied Chemistry 2018 ment were set down by the comprehensive work of Volume 90, Issue 12, pp. 1833-2092 a Transfermium Working Group, TWG, jointly estab- lished by IUPAC and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). The recent completion The IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes of the naming of the 118 elements in the fi rst seven pe- (IPTEI) was created to familiarize students, teachers, riods of the Periodic Table of the Elements was consid- and non-professionals with the existence and impor- ered as an opportunity for a review of these criteria in tance of isotopes of the chemical elements. The IPTEI the light of the experimental and theoretical advances is modeled on the familiar Periodic Table of the Chem- in the fi eld. In late 2016 the Unions decided to estab- ical Elements. The IPTEI is intended to hang on the lish a new Joint Working Group, JWG, consisting of six walls of chemistry laboratories and classrooms. Each members determined by the Unions. A fi rst meeting cell of the IPTEI provides the chemical name, symbol, of the JWG was in May 2017. One year later this report atomic number, and standard atomic weight of an ele- was fi nished. In a fi rst part the works and conclusions ment. Color-coded pie charts in each element cell dis- of the TWG and the Joint Working Parties, JWP, de- play the stable isotopes and the relatively long-lived cisions on the discovery of the now named elements radioactive isotopes having characteristic terrestrial are summarized. Possible experimental developments isotopic compositions that determine the standard for production and identifi cation of new elements be- atomic weight of each element. The background color yond the presently known ones are estimated. Criteria scheme of cells categorizes the 118 elements into four and guidelines for establishing priority of discovery of groups: (1) white indicates the element has no stan- these potential new elements are presented. Special dard atomic weight, (2) blue indicates the element has emphasis is given to a description for the application only one isotope that is used to determine its standard of the criteria and the limits for their applicability. atomic weight, which is given as a single value with an In accordance with the Terms of Reference under uncertainty, (3) yellow indicates the element has two which the JWG was established, this report has been or more isotopes that are used to determine its stan- provisionally accepted by IUPAC and IUPAP, and is dard atomic weight, which is given as a single value open for comment for 5 months. Comments should be with an uncertainty, and (4) pink indicates the element directed to Zhou Qifeng
https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
42 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Books and publications hot off the press. See also www.iupac.org/what-we-do Bookworm
Chemistry: Our Past, Present, and Future CHEMISTRY “This book is an excellent compilation of articles by eminent chemists and chemistry educators that covers chemistry from cosmological beginnings to its impact on human activity, health, CRCand Press life with a look 2017, into the future ISBN of chemical applications9789814774086 and their implications. The text is easy to read and has clear and relevant illustrations, which will make the book a valuable Reviewedresource for students, by teachers, Richard professionals, andJ theSundberg general public.” Prof. Morton Z. Hoffman This is a multi-authored book editedBoston University,by Choon USA Ho Do This book discusses the vital role of chemistry in everyday life. It encourages readers to and understandAttila how E. the Pavlath, knowledge of chemistry who is importanthave for served the development as of societypresidents of
and a better future. The text is organized into three parts. Part I covers the historical Our Past, Present, and Future theiraspects respective of chemistry and discussesnational how countless chemical discoveries since societies the beginning of and been life on earth have benefited human beings. Part II focuses on modern life and describes activechemistry’s in contributionpromoting to the developments public in the fieldsinterest of food and agriculture, in chemistry energy, and transportation, medicine, and communications. Part III emphasizes the role of chemists chemicaland educators education. in making the layperson The aware book of the benefits is organizedof chemistry without into three having them to go through its complexities. Written in an easy-to-understand manner and supplemented by ample number of figures and tables, the book will cater to a broad sections:readership rangingChemistry from general readers Inherited to experts. from the Universe; Con- tributions ofChoon Chemistry; Ho Do is director of andthe Korean Chemistry Chemical Industry Specialists and Activities. Association and actively promotes the public understanding of chemistry. Chapter 1 byHe has ledSunney a short course seriesI. Chan and given lectures and on petrochemicals.Andrew Until P. Yeh is a 2011, he was professor of polymer chemistry at Sunchon National University, South Korea. Dr. Do served as president of the Korean Chemical Society in broad overview2010 and as of a member the of origin the IUPAC Committee of molecules, on Chemistry Education their organi- from 2000 to 2013. He is a member of the American Chemical Society and the Royal zationSociety into of Chemistry. life His forms research interests and include the the synthesiscrucial and characterization role of ofDNA, RNA, and polymers,protein chemical in education, life chemicalprocesses. terminologies, and The archaeological central chemistry. point is that Attila E. Pavlath is a senior emeritus scientist at the U.S. Department of chemistry, Agriculturethe understanding (USDA). He received his education of in substances Budapest, Hungary. After at the mo- his stint as an assistant professor at the Technical University of Budapest, he left Hungary in 1956 and joined McGill University, Canada, as a research lecular level,fellow. has In 1958, provided he joined Stauffer Chemicaldeeper Company, insight California, to andlead enabled a research group on agriculture-related problems. In 1967, he joined the science-basedUSDA, where he headed progress. several research projects In Chapter at the Western Regional2, Mary Research V. Orna de- Center, Albany, California, and is still involved in research. Dr. Pavlath has published more Do Do CHEMISTRY scribesthan 130 the research origins papers, has authored of substances 10 books and numerous such chapters, andas holds gunpowder,
25 patents. In 1997, he received the Pioneer of the Year award from the American Institute | Pavlath of Chemists. In 1999, he was elected president of the American Chemical Society, and in Our Past, Present, and Future salt, 2004,dyes, he was electedmetals, to the Hungarian and Academy glass. of Sciences. This chapter also provides examples of chemicals used in medicine. In Chapter edited by Choon Ho Do | Attila E. Pavlath V577 3, Dr. Pavlath emphasizes the role ISBNof 978-981-4774-08-6 chemically-mod- ifi ed materials—such as metals, alloys, textiles, glass, and ceramics—have had in changing daily life over the course of human history. The second section of the book addresses specif- ic areas of chemical impact in agriculture, nutrition, energy, medicine, transportation, and communica- for communication. Examples include batteries, vac- tion. For example, in Chapter 6, James Wei describes uum tubes, transistors, computer chips, liquid crys- the chemical aspects of energy use including pe- tal displays, optical fi bers, compact disks, ink, and troleum refi ning, combustion processes, pollution photographic fi lm. If I had edited this book, I would control, biomass conversion, and nuclear energy. In have split this section into two parts emphasizing Chapter 7, Veronica Nemeth considers chemical as- the more biological (Chaps. 4, 5, 7, 8, 9) and physical pects of clinical assays and imaging in diagnosis. In aspects (Chaps. 6, 10, 11), and in particular bringing Chapter 8, Etrika and Dorottya Godor adopt a more together the closely related chapters on energy and anecdotal approach than most of the other chapters transportation. in discussing pain management, steroidal anti-infl am- In Chapters 12 and 13, at the beginning of the third matories, psychotherapeutic agents, contraceptives, section, the editors discuss the future. Dr. Pavlath’s and insulin. This approach gives more emphasis to chapter addresses perceived needs for improvement the circumstance of discovery than most of the other in chemical education and the public’s appreciation of chapters. Chemist Carl Djerassi gets slightly less than chemistry. The pronoun “we” is used frequently in this top billing in the contraceptive section, not because chapter, meaning professional chemists, as Dr. Pavlath his contribution was less critical, but because he did urges his colleagues to address the problems he has not need to step so far out of existing boundaries noted. In Chapter 13, Dr. Do seeks to identify ways in as the four “stars” (Margaret Sanger, George Pincus, which chemistry might be used to achieve advances Katherine McCormick and John Rock) of the chapter. and sustainability in the future. Among the topics are Chapter 9 by Young Ha Kim describes implantable artifi cial photosynthesis, renewable energy sources, medical devices and regenerative medicine. In Chap- and new materials. Climate change, in particular CO2 ter 10, James Wei discusses the materials used for management, is addressed. The conversion of deserts vehicles, roads, and fuels in ground transportation. to livable environments by massive water redistribu- In Chapter 11, Dr. Pavlath considers materials used tion is considered. The fi nal chapter looks at Africa,
Chemistry International January-March 2019 43 Bookworm
the part of the world that has received the smallest in predicting and verifying the problem. share of the benefi ts extolled in the rest of the book. What will readers get from this book? The dust It envisions improved education, research, and “green” jacket includes professionals, teachers, students, and chemistry as means of progress. the general public as potential readers. For profession- So far as I could tell, this book is factually solid, al- al chemists the book will be a relatively easy read and though I noted two curious time warps. On page 115, the a reminder of the chemical aspects of many everyday wrong Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is said to have been activities. Teachers and students can appreciate the the fi rst US Commissioner of Agriculture, beginning in broad scope of chemistry but will not fi nd close con- 1862. On page 390, the Wright brothers fi rst fl ight is nections between the benefi cial results and the fun- dated as Dec 17, 1953, exactly 50 years o the mark. damental chemistry they are addressing. It is hard for There is no mistaking that this book is “pro-chem- me to judge the situation for the general public. Pro- istry.” That is its avowed purpose. On page 375 Dr. Pav- fessional chemists have a broad technical language lath estimates that the benefi ts of chemistry outweighs that is relatively unfamiliar to the public. This books its problems by 100:1. This is probably conservative, if makes an e ort to keep the message understandable, the units are human life-years multiplied by some qual- but general readers will probably encounter some un- ity factor. Some of the problems get brief mention. familiar language. Automobile emission control by catalytic converters is described on pages 152-154 and on 321-322. But there https://www.crcpress.com/Chemistry-Our-Past-Present-and-Future/ is no mention of the 50-year battle by geochemists and Do-Pavlath/p/book/9789814774086 environmental chemists against the o ending tetraeth- yllead. On page 370 the success of chemists in fi nding Richard J Sundberg
In celebration of the 2019 International HEMISTRY Year of the Periodic Table }dis/vered
Get creative with the theme In your element and win one of many amazing prizes! - The first prize will be awarded with a trip to Paris! -
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Choose one element Make a video about Submit your video or get creative with the it, being 90 seconds until the 31st of entire Periodic Table or shorter January 2019
For more information visit: www.euchems.eu/chemistry-rediscovered/
44 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Reports from recent conferences and symposia See also www.iupac.org/events Conference Call
Solution Chemistry • J. Hunger, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Re- search, Mainz, Germany; Interaction and dynamics by Pal Sipos of organo-catalysts in solution The 35th International Conference on Solution Chem- • M. Kanakubo, National Institute of Advanced In- istry (ICSC2018) was organized by the Hungarian dustrial Science and Technology, Sendai, Japan; Chemical Society and was held in the Hunguest Hotel Supercritical fl uids, ionic liquids, and their appli- Forrás in Szeged, Hungary, 26–30 August 2018. The cations ICSC2018 is a continuation of the successful IUPAC • G. Laurenczy, École Polytechnique Fédérale de conference series that began in Lund, Sweden in 1988. Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Practical appli- The conference brought together scientists from all cations of solution chemistry in energy storage branches of solution chemistry, including both funda- and CO2 utilization mental and applied sciences. The topics of the confer- • Gy. Tircsó, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hun- ence included many themes associated with modern gary; MRI imaging and solution chemistry. applications of solutions: in the medical sciences; for practical/industrial purposes; radioactive waste man- In addition, 40 section lectures and 40 posters were agement; spectroscopy; (bio)coordination chemistry; presented. Glenn Hefter, the IUPAC representative to supercritical fl uids; colloids and interfaces; ionic liquids; ICSC2018, gave a 10-minute talk detailing the various and computational studies, as well as more traditional activities of IUPAC. Following the poster session, Earle work in thermodynamics and solubility phenomena. Waghorne presented two poster prizes, sponsored by The Conference had more than a hundred regis- SPRINGER, to Sándor Nagy (University of Debrecen, tered participants, with every continent represented. Hungary) and to Kazuyoshi Kaneko (Soka University, The 12 invited lecturers gave 6 plenary and 6 keynote talks, all of a very high standard. They were as follows:
• K. N. Raymond, University of California, Berkeley, USA; Solution thermodynamic and kinetic studies of host/guest supramolecular clusters • I. Persson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sci- ences, Uppsala, Sweden; Solution chemistry in the surface region of aqueous solutions • A. Skerencak-Frech, Karlsruhe Institute of Tech- nology, Institute of Nuclear Waste Disposal, Karlsruhe, Germany; Radionuclide chemistry in Nuclear Waste Disposal—application of modern spectroscopy for molecular process understand- ing and actinide thermodynamics • S. Hirofumi, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; The- oretical study of chemical reactions in solution phase using a variety of theoretical approaches • S. P. Rosenberg, Emirates Global Alumina, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; The importance of solution chemistry in industrial hydrometallurgy • P. Tremaine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; Formation constants and transport properties of aqueous complexes in hydrothermal solutions by Raman spectroscopy and AC conductivity methods • É. A. Enyedy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hun- gary; Solution chemistry of anticancer metallod- rugs and their interaction with proteins • Z. Yu, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Re- A view of the Votive Church in Szeged through a public of China, Excess spectroscopy, a new ap- volumetric flask containing a solution, the official proach to study the structures of liquid mixtures logo of the ICSC2018. (Photo by G. Kiss)
Chemistry International January-March 2019 45 Conference Call
Japan). Four further posters were given Honorable Mention certifi cates, refl ecting the high standard of the presentations. During the conference, Ingmar Persson retired from the chairmanship of the International Steering Committee. To honor his chairmanship (2001–2018), he was presented with a bottle of Tokaji wine, vintage 2001, at the conference banquet. Professor Persson is replaced by Toshio Yamaguchi, whose mandate will expire in 2025. The next ICSC, the 36th, will be held in 2019 in Xining, China. The organizers gave a presenta- tion and demonstrated that all the necessary prepa- rations are well underway. The International Steering Committee selected Cartagena, Columbia to organize the 37th ICSC in 2021, which will see the ICSC return to its customary biennial timing. Beyond the busy scientifi c schedule, the confer- ence was rich in social events. The opening ceremony was held in the Szeged Town Hall, sponsored by the City Council. An organ concert was organized at the Ben L. Feringa’s Plenary Lecture, Thursday 19 July 2018 famous Votive Church one evening. Conference excur- sions included a visit to the National Memorial Park by the Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Com- and outdoor village museum in Ópusztaszer. The clos- pounds (ICCOM) of the National Research Council of ing banquet included a wine tasting, featuring local Italy (CNR). The Organizing Committee was formed by winemaker, Sándor Somodi. the Chair Dr. Maurizio Peruzzini (CNR Research Direc- Thus, the 35th ICSC was successful on several tor), the Co-chair Dr. Alessandro Mordini (CNR Research fronts: high quality science and interesting social pro- Director), and the Scientifi c Secretary, Dr. Luca Gonsalvi grams. Special thanks go to the organisers from the (CNR Senior Researcher). A Professional Conference Or- Hungarian Chemical Society (especially Beáta Andros- ganizer (PCO), Adria Congrex s.r.l., was in charge of the its, Beatrix Schenker, and Eszter Körtvélyessy) and to overall management and logistics of the event, includ- the contributing members of the Materials and Solu- ing the o cial ICOMC 2018 website (www.icomc2018. tion Structure Research Group (MASOST) at Szeged: com). More than 30 ICCOM students and sta person- Csilla Dudás, Eszter Orbán, Dr. Bence Kutus, Szilvesz- nel, including full-time researchers, also gave valuable ter Ziegenheim, and Ákos Buckó. contributions before and during the event. We look forward to meeting again in Xining, in The Conference venue was the Florence Congress 2019! & Exhibition Center, located in a beautiful park in the historical city center; the venue was in close proximi- Pal Sipos
46 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Conference Call
Venue park and welcome cocktail on Sunday 15 July 2018
• early, late transition metal and f-block ICOMC 2018 saw the participation of more than organometallics 950 attendees from 45 countries worldwide. The au- • green chemistry and catalysis dience included sta academics (475), industrial and • main group organometallic synthesis commercial participants (23), student participants • mechanisms, structure and bonding, calculations (381), retired academics (7), accompanying persons • polymerisations, materials, and nanomaterials (33), and Local Organizing Committee (> 30). A signif- • supramolecular chemistry and molecular machines icant overall female participation was reached (26 %). The largest delegations came from Japan, Germany, One of the parallel lecture sessions was reserved on UK, China, South Korea, Spain, and France. Thursday and Friday to the works of the XIII Confer- During the fi ve full days of scientifi c works, 10 ple- ence of the Interdivisional Group of Organometallic nary, 36 keynote and 72 invited lectures were present- Chemistry of The Italian Chemical Society (Co.G.I.C.O. ed, together with 203 oral communications and 60 2018). fl ash presentations. Ben L. Feringa of the University of Groningen, Netherlands, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry for 2016, gave an inspiring plenary lecture, one of the many presentations on research activity from distin- guished scientists. The other Plenary Lecture speakers, who kindly accepted our invitation, were chosen as the most outstanding experts in various fi elds of organome- tallic chemistry, such as Matthias Beller (LIKAT Rostock, Germany), Christian Bruneau (CNRS-University Rennes I, France), Luisa De Cola (University of Strasbourg, France), Paul J. Dyson (EPFL Lausanne, Switzerland), John F. Hartwig (UC Berkeley, USA), Zhaomin Hou (RIK- EN Tokyo, Japan), David Milstein (Weizmann Institute Rehovot, Israel), Roberta Sessoli (University of Florence, Italy), and Shuli You (State Key Laboratory of Organo- metallic Chemistry Shanghai, PRC). The two posters sessions also gathered a large inter- est and participation, especially from the young scien- Congress and Exhibition Centre Auditorium during tists and students attending, with a total of more than ICOMC 2018. 500 posters being shown. The Symposium Challenges
Chemistry International January-March 2019 47 Conference Call
in CO2 Activation and Utilization, supported by IUPAC Congreso Latino Americano de under the New Directions in Chemistry (NDC) scheme, Química was organized as a full-day session of ICOMC 2018 on Monday, receiving good interest and attendance. The by Javier Garcia Martinez
Session focused on the latest developments in CO2 uti- CLAQ (Congreso Latino Americano de Química) is the lization by reduction and addition processes, and many main chemistry meeting in Latin America. It is held state-of-the-art results were shown by the invited and every two years, in combination with the General As- selected speakers. Keynote lectures were given by Thi- sembly of the Federation of the American Chemistry bault Cantat (CEA Saclay, France) and Yuichiro Himeda Societies. The most recent one was held in La Habana, (AIST Tsukuba, Japan). This area of research was also Cuba, 8-12 October 2018. Over 1 000 people attended well represented in the poster sessions. Similarly, a sym- this major meeting in the Palacio de Congresos de La posium was organized on Tuesday addressing the area Habana. There was a signifi cant participation of young of Photovoltaics and Photoactivated Chemical Process- people from the region, especially Cuba, and the sci- es. For this event, a keynote lecture was delivered by entifi c program was very good with outstanding ple- Curtis Berlinguette (UBC Vancouver, Canada). During nary speakers, including Jean-Pierre Sauvage (Nobel the breaks, the organizers often received enthusiastic Laurate, University of Strasbourg, France), Benjamin comments by many participants on the choice and vari- G. Davis (University of Oxford, UK), Wolfram Sander ety of the scientifi c program and research areas repre- (Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany) and Alessandro sented during ICOMC 2018. Gandini (Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil). IUPAC support included the participation of a Young IUPAC was present in the Opening Ceremony and Lecturer and four Young Scientists showing either post- was given the opportunity to address all the partici- er or fl ash presentations. On the opening day, Pietro pants. I had the honor, as its representative to Latin Tundo (IUPAC Representative, Italy) gave an overview America, to present IUPAC mission, structure, and talk on the structure and current activities of IUPAC. activities, focusing on what we are organizing for the To make the Florence experience memorable from IUPAC centenary and the 2019 International Year of more than just a scientifi c point of view, a welcome the Periodic Table (IYPT). I also announced the next cocktail was o ered in the venue park on the opening four winners of the Periodic Table of Younger Chemists day and a banquet was organized on Thursday evening in the adjacent Fortezza da Basso, the old Medici family fortress now used as tourist site and exhibition center. Accompanying persons were o ered a choice of guided tours in Florence taking place during three of the fi ve days of conference works. As is tradition, Wednesday afternoon was kept free from programming to allow the participants either to enjoy Florence at their own leisure or to join an excursion to the towns of San Gimignano or Chianti Area and Monteriggioni walled town. All these side events were highly praised by the participants. The next edition of ICOMC will be held in Shanghai, China, in July 2020, co-chaired by Shuli You and Yong Tang, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This will certainly be another milestone event and an occasion to meet colleagues and establish new collaborations and friendships, as we trust happened during ICOMC 2018 in Florence.
Luca Gonsalvi
48 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Conference Call
(see box below). This activity is giving IUPAC a lot of meet numerous people and coordinate actions to in- visibility as it is recognizing young chemists in some of crease their participation in IUPAC, to extend our the major chemistry events. I used this opportunity to membership, and to fi nd potential sponsors. I also had encourage nominations from nearby regions. The im- several informal meetings with Bonnie Charpentier pact of this activity is clear as evidenced by how social (President Elect of ACS) and Alejandra Palermo (rep- media is responding to our posts, and by the number resentative from RSC). I thanked them for everything of nominations received for each element. Other activ- their organizations are doing to promote and comple- ities like the Global Breakfast, IUPAC Stories, and the ment what IUPAC is doing regarding IUPAC100 and Periodic Table Challenge also got a lot of attention and IYPT. They asked me how they can further help and I I had several questions from representatives from uni- indicated that by spreading the word about the activ- versities and chemical societies about these activities. ities we are organizing, and letting us know what they One important meeting I attended was with the are doing, we can better use our resources and com- Presidents of the Latin American Chemical Societies. munication tools to support each other. After the CLAQ General Assembly was concluded, the I believe that attending these regional meetings representatives from the ACS, RSC and IUPAC were in- is critical to engage with our stakeholders, promote vited to address the Assembly, and a good discussion IUPAC activities and potentially increase our member- continued after our presentations. I encouraged the ship. As always, please do not hesitate to contact me di erent chemical societies represented there to orga- if you have any questions. I would like to use this op- nize their own activities at local, national, and regional portunity, on behalf of IUPAC, to thank the organizers levels and to keep us informed. Brazil is organizing a of the CLAQ, the Cuban Society of Chemistry, for their major educational activity regarding the periodic table kind invitation and for organizing such a nice confer- through their Ministry of Education for high school stu- ence, which will, no doubt, contribute to the develop- dents. This meeting was an excellent opportunity to re- ment of chemistry in the region. spond to any questions and concerns and to invite the di erent chemical societies from the region to engage Javier García Martinez
#PTChemists • Ti, Dr. Sammy Verbruggen, Belgium • Zr, Dr. Claudia Bonfi o, Italy Verbruggen is a Lecturer and Senior Researcher Bonfi o is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at MRC at the University of Antwerpen focusing on sus- Laboratory of Molecular Biology focusing on iden- tainable chemical technology developed to utilize tifi cation of key molecular pathways in prebiotic solar light as a clean source of energy. chemistry. • Y, Mr. Gabriel dos Passos Gomes, Brazil • U, Dr. Shuao Wang, China Gomes is a PhD Candidate at Florida State Uni- Wang is a Professor at Soochow University focus- versity focusing on solving problems in organic ing on rapid, e cient, and selective removal & de- chemistry with the use of computational tools. tection of soluble radioisotope ions.
ChemistryChemistry InternationalInternational January-March 2019 4949 Conference Call
Energetic Materials Nuri Aydın, and the Co-Chairman of IWEM2018 Prof. Dr. Reşat Apak. Then Assoc. Prof. Sevil Ulucan Wein- by Reşat Apak stein and her team from Istanbul University-State Con- The “International Workshop on Energetic Materials,” servatory performed a violin concert. associated with the Analytical Chemistry Division Proj- During IWEM2018, the following presentations ect entitled “Critical Evaluation and Vocabulary of Che- were made: Studies on the detection energetic mate- mo-sensing and Determination Methods for Explosive rials in the environment were reported by Prof. Reşat Residues On-Site and in the Field” (project 2015-008- Apak, Assoc. Prof. Ayşem Arda and research team 2-500), was held in Istanbul University, Istanbul, be- (orally presented by Prof. Apak) under the title “Ex- tween 18-19 October 2018. Though the project focuses amples of Colorimetric and Electrochemical Sensors/ on the analytical chemistry of energetic compounds, Nanoprobes (Devised in Istanbul Univ.) for Determi- the workshop aimed to gather scientists dealing with nation of Energetic Materials"; “Overview of Novel Hy- all aspects of energetic compounds, including synthe- drogen and Ammonia Production Research at CERL” sis, characterization, stability, physical chemistry, bio- by Prof. İbrahim DİNÇER as Plenary Lecturer; “Mass chemistry and environmental chemistry of explosives, spectrometry detection of nitro explosives” by Prof. and fi nally the engineering aspects of ammunition. Jean Claude-Tabet as a keynote lecturer; “Trace detec- The workshop brought together world experts, includ- tion of explosives based on electrochemical, chemi- ing invited speakers from Australia, USA, U.K., France, luminescent, and electrogenerated chemiluminescent Spain, and Turkey, and provided a forum among ener- techniques” by Prof. Wujian Miao as a keynote lecturer; getic materials researchers. “Development of molecularly imprinted polymers for Aside from the rich scientifi c content of the work- the sensor-based detection of explosives” by Assoc. shop which enabled all the participants to share proj- Prof. Manel Del Valle as a keynote lecturer, “Identifi ca- ect achievements, the workshop organizers, as well as tion and detection of home-made and most common the energetics research group in Istanbul University, improvised explosives used in terrorist attacks by chro- welcomed participants to the historical city of Istan- matographic and spectroscopic techniques” by Assoc. bul, which unites two continents and comprises many Prof. Jose Gonzalez-Rodriquez as a keynote lecturer. civilizations. A total of 55 researchers attended IWEM2018; the The opening ceremony of the workshop was held workshop was successfully completed with the oral pre- by Rector Prof. Nuri Aydin and Vice Rector of Istanbul sentations of 15 invited speakers from di erent univer- University-Cerrahpaşa Prof. Mehmet Bİlgİn. As IUPAC sities and organizations, totaling 20 oral and 9 poster project partners, Prof. Jean Claude-Tabet (Sorbonne presentations with positive feedback from the attend- University, France), Prof. Wujian Miao (University of ees in the closing panel. The workshop hosted scientifi c Southern Mississippi, USA), Assoc. Prof. Manel Del Val- discussions with the potential for further cooperation le (Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain), As- possibilities among heterogenous research groups. soc. Prof. Jose Gonzalez-Rodriquez (University of Lin- The IUPAC Project 2015-008-2-500 meeting was coln, UK) and Prof. İbrahim DİNÇER from University of held just after the workshop with participants Prof. Ontario-Canada, and Head of TUBITAK-SAVTAG (Turk- Reşat Apak, Assoc. Prof. Ayşem Arda, Prof. Jean ish Scientifi c Technological Research Council-Defense Claude-Tabet, Prof. Wujian Miao, Assoc. Prof. Manel Del Technological Research & Development Division) Col- Valle, and Assoc. Prof. Jose Gonzalez-Rodriquez. Ul- onel Dr. Mustafa CİVELEK participated. Additionally, timately, the outcome of this project will constitute a experts from the Presidency of Turkish General Sta , technical report to be published in Pure and Applied TUBITAK-SAGE, TUBITAK-MAM, ROKETSAN AS, ALTI- Chemistry. The participants either brought their draft NAY Aviation and Advanced Technologies Inc., Istan- contribution or promised to submit within a short time bul University-Cerrahpasa, Baskent University, Kirik- following the meeting. kale University, Ondokuz Mayis University, Hacettepe University and Gazi University actively took part in the For further information, contact the Task Group Chair Professor Workshop with mostly oral and poster presentations. Reşat Apak
50 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Announcements of conferences, symposia, workshops, meetings, and other upcoming activities Where 2B & Y
Setting their Table: Women and the Scientific Topics Periodic Table of Elements While the Periodic Table has been established for a while now, and the number of available elements is Murcia, Spain, 11-12 February 2019 fi nite, the progress of chemistry continues to enable In the history of the discovery and establishment researchers to fi nd new ways to use these elements for of the Periodic Table, it seems there are hardly any the benefi t of men and women, and meet the challeng- women scientists involved. However, they are more es faced by humanity in the 21st century. The focus of numerous when it comes to fi lling the table, and dis- this symposium is on the contribution of women, and covering elements, their properties, and their use. Un- how these contributions have been implemented by fortunately, even those women are often forgotten or the scientifi c community. overlooked. This symposium will specifi cally address The Symposium sessions will cover a variety of the contribution of women to the Periodic Table and advanced topics on following subjects: the knowledge of its elements, by demonstrating the presence of women and girls in the history of the de- • history of women, the elements and the Periodic velopment and fi lling of the PT, by reviewing the pres- Table ent situation and achievement of women in chemistry • the Periodic Table and chemical education, past, today and setting the table for the future. present and future (with a special attention The symposium is organized under the auspices to secondary school teachers and pedagogy) of UNESCO and through the cooperation of IUPAC, • the elements and the Periodic Table for sustain- IUHPST, EuChemS (European Chemical Society) as able chemistry well as the Real Sociedad Española de Química and • beyond the elements: building nano- and bio- the University of Murcia. This international conference materials is set against the backdrop of the International Year • old elements, new technologies: how to improve of the Periodic Table of the Elements and will start on the quality of life the International Day for Women and Girls in Science. • women in the chemical sciences, engineering and The program includes plenary lectures, key notes, oral technologies communications and posters, and a round table. • endangered elements: how to face the scarcity of resources For more information on the symposium, the venue, the associated events and how to register, see the website: http://www.iypt2019women.es/ or send an email to
For the installation in 2017 of the most likely largest mural Periodic Table (see this CI issue cover), 118 75×75cm metal squares were fastened on the facade of the chemistry building at the University of Murcia, Spain, representing all the known elements and covering approximately 150m2 in total. This was hard work. In February 2019, Murcia will be the site of IYPT2019 event reflecting on the contribution of women to the Periodic Table and the knowledge of its elements.
Chemistry International January-March 2019 51 Where 2B & Y
FAIR Publishing Guidelines for preparing and publishing FAIR chemical spectral data Spectral Data and Chemical and chemical structures. Attendees will consider re-use needs for these data within the chemistry community Structures and other disciplines and formulate value propositions 29-30 March 2019, Orlando, Fl, USA to further engage researchers and other stakeholders. As part of the workfl ow development, attendees will Spectral data and chemical structures are most often review existing supporting resources, standards and published as static fi gures embedded within publish- tools, and identify gaps for further development. The er formatted documents (e.g. PDF). This practice has focus will be on designing and implementing what can greatly limited both reuse and discovery of chemical be accomplished with current resources. Outputs will data. The chemical community has recognized this include documentation for sharing FAIR machine-read- limitation and, as a result, there is wide interest in en- able spectral and chemical structure data, and strat- hanced sharing of spectral data and chemical struc- egies for scaling and sustaining community practice. tures in the form of machine-readable fi les. However, there is a lack of guidance for authors specifying how Organizers: Leah McEwen and Vincent Scalfani. This workshop is an activity to create, describe, and package machine-readable of the IUPAC Subcommittee on Cheminformatics Data Standards (SCDS). chemical data alongside publication submissions. This ORGANIZERS Under the high auspices of workshop brings together a wide variety of stake- https://iupac.org/event/fair-publishing-guidelines-for-spectral-XXVI CMCChE Secretary of the Meeting Jasna Prlić Kardum holders including researchers, database providers, data-and-chemical-structures/ Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Under the auspices of University of Zagreb • publishers, and librarians to map workfl ow models for Marulićev trg 19, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia • Phone: +385 1 4597 223 • e-mail: [email protected] • FIRST CIRCULAR • • Payment details Croatian Meeting New knowledge, ideas and Institution: Croatian Society of Chemical Engineers Scientifictechnologies and Organizing within Committee the fi elds Address: Berislavićeva 6/I, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia of Chemists and Bank: Zagrebačka banka of engineering and economical Bank Address: Trg bana Josipa Jelačića 10, HR-10000, Zagreb Chemical Engineers IBAN: HR5323600001101367680 development is spread through th SWIFT/BIC: ZABAHR2X and 4 Vladimir Šibenik, 2019 posters and oral presentations, With notification: 26CMCChE2019 – Your first and last name th Prelog Symposium 26 CROATIAN MEETING OF exchanging experiences and Additional events CHEMISTS & CHEMICAL ENGINEERS accomplishments. The o cial Exhibitions of laboratory instruments, scientific and professional 9-12 April 2019, Šibenik, literature, computer hardware and software will be presented at with international participation the Meeting. Locallanguages Organizing of Committee the Meeting are Croatia th and 4 “Vladimir Prelog” Symposium English and Croatian. As an as- Language The 26th Croatian Meeting of April 9–12, 2019 sociated event in this gathering, The official languages of the Meeting are Croatian and International Scientific Board English, without translation. Please prepare Powerpoint Chemists and Chemical Engi- Šibenik, Amadria Park (Solaris), Croatia the 100th anniversary of the Fac- presentations in English.
neers (26HSKIKI, www.26hs- Sectionsulty of Chemical Engineering Instructions and additional information kiki.org) with international and Technology of the Univer- www.26hskiki.org th [email protected] participation and 4 Vladimir sity of Zagreb will be celebrat- https://www.facebook.com/26.HSKIKI Prelog Symposium, will be held ed as well. During last forty-six Registration fee* in Šibenik, Amadria Park (So- years, we were honoured by Deadlines until February from February laris) from 9-12 April 2019. talks given by Nobel laureates 1st, 2019 2nd, 2019 Regular fee 210 EUR 250 EUR The meeting has been or- Vladimir Prelog, Harold Kroto, CSCE and CCS members 190 EUR 220 EUR ganized jointly by the Croatian Robert Huber, Jean-Marie Lehn, Teachers of Primary and 110 EUR 130 EUR Society of Chemical Engineers AccomodationRichard Ernst, Ada Yonath and Secondary School Students up to doctorate 110 EUR 130 EUR and the Croatian Chemical Dan Shechtman, as well as many * VAT included. Bank expenses not included in the fee. Society on a biannual basis other world known chemists. Retired persons can participate free of charge. Primary and high school teachers that participate in one-day section Education can www.amadriapark.com participate free of charge. since 1969. It gathers scientists www.26hskiki.org Deadline for registration and and experts from Croatia and Ši b e ni k abstract submission is 15 Janu- neighboring countries from ac- ary 2019 and early bird registra- ademia and industry that will tion is 1 February 2019. contribute to the Meeting through fi ve sections: Chem- IUPAC enabled fi nancial support for conference par- istry, Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Material ticipation for young scientists and advanced students. Science, Environmental Protection, and Education.
52 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Where 2B & Y
IUPAC For Africa—Postgraduate green analysis, green synthesis of materials, and indus- Summer School on Green Chemistry trial green technologies. Students attending the summer school will be re- 12-19 May 2019, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania quired to present posters. The abstracts for the posters should be submitted through the online registration Inspired by IUPAC Centenary and the Internation- system; the deadline for submission of abstracts is 14 al Year of the Periodic Table Celebrations, the 2019 April 2019. There will be awards for the best posters IUPAC Summer School on Green Chemistry will be at the end of the summer school. The registration fee held in Tanzania, 12-19 May 2019. This will be the fi rst is USD 200 covering lecture materials, local transport, time this event is being held in Africa. It’s managed as well as meals and refreshments during the sessions. by the IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Green Partial or full sponsorship will be available from IUPAC Chemistry for Sustainable Development (ICGCSD). and other institutions depending on qualifi cation of ap- The Summer School will be hosted by the Universi- plicants and the coverage of the scholarship. Prospec- ty of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), University of Dodoma tive participants are, however, encouraged to seek their (UDOM), the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) own sources of sponsorship. and the Government Chemist Laboratory Authority The Deadline for registration 30 April 2019. (GCLA) in collaboration with the Tanzania Chemical Society (TCS). Contact: Chairman of Organizing Committee: Prof. Egid B. Mubofu, The event will provide the participants with an
In Honor of IUPAC’s 100th Anniversary development of a new digital version of IUPAC’s Gold 31 March 2019 (exact date to be confirmed), Book, IUPAC’s e orts to enhance the role of chemistry Orlando, USA around the globe and to help ground public policy in sound science, IUPAC’s activities that encourage and A symposium entitled Creating a Common Language recognize the role of women in chemistry, and the role for Chemistry: IUPAC’s Role—Past, Present, and Future, that the IUPAC archives play in showcasing and pre- will be held during the 2019 spring National Meeting of serving the history of science. the American Chemical Society (ACS) that is sched- But more importantly, the symposium will take a uled to take place in Orlando, FL during the week of look at how IUPAC is taking a leadership role in shap- 31 March 2019. Jointly organized by the IUPAC Com- ing a promising future for chemical information in to- mittee on Publications and Cheminformatics Data day’s global digital environment. Through its engage- Standards (CPCDS) and the ACS Division of Chemi- ment with organizations around the globe, IUPAC is cal Information (CINF), the symposium will provide a actively participating in the development of standards glimpse of IUPAC’s illustrious past and its many contri- for creating, sharing, communicating, and preserving butions—from the creation of a common language for digital information that is FAIR (Findable, Accessible, chemistry to the development of standards and stan- Interoperable, and Reusable), working to ensure the dardized methods for measurement, atomic weights, rapid advancement of science and continuing its role and the naming of new elements in the Periodic Table. as the world authority on chemical nomenclature as it Among others, the topics that will be addressed moves into its next centenary. include the history and work of the IUPAC Commis- sion on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights, Organizers: Bonnie Lawlor
Chemistry International January-March 2019 53 Upcoming IUPAC-endorsed events See also www.iupac.org/events for links to specific Mark Your Calendar event websites
2019 9-11 January 2019 • Bonding C to Shining C • Mumbai, India Transitioning Ideas from Mind to Market: Global Collaborations for health, Wellness and Sustainability Mukund Chorghade
Taille minimum 11-12 February 2019 • Setting their Table • Murcia, Spain 60 mm
International Symposium on Women and the Periodic Table of Elements Version 1 couleur The Symposium is set in the frame of the International Year of the Periodic Table and will start on the International Day for Women and Girls in Sciences. Co-chairs: Pedro Lozano, University of Murcia, E-mail: [email protected] and Brigitte Van Tiggelen, EuCheMS-WPHCh / IUHPST-CHCMS, E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.iypt2019women.es/ Taille minimum 60 mm 12 February 2019 • Empowering Women in Chemistry: A Global Networking Event • anywhere Version niveau de gris Mary Garson, E-mail: [email protected], https://iupac.org/100/global-breakfast/ 6 March 2019 • On this day in 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev made a presentation to the Russian Chemical Society in which he presented the first version of his periodic table of the elements.
https://www.lapl.org/collections-resources/blogs/lapl/week-remember-mendeleevs-periodic-table Taille minimum 60 mm
Dégradé 70 95 15 50 70 95 15 30 70 95 15 0 #44164F #562464 #713683 - LOGOTYPE 29-30 March 2019 • FAIR Publishing Guidelines for Spectral Data and Chemical StructuresIUPAC Paris 2019 • Orlando,Dégradé 0 100 100 30 0 100 100Florida 0 - #AF1F1B #EC2B27 - -
Dégradé 10 30 100 30 10 30 100 0 - #A6851E #E3B228 - - This workshop will brings together a wide variety of stakeholders including researchers, databaseDégradé 55 15 100 30 providers,55 15 100 0 - #5D8232 #7FAC44 - - Dégradé 80 40 10 30 80 40 10 0 - #2A6189 #377FB4 - - publishers, and librarians to map workfl ow models for preparing and publishing FAIR chemical spectral data and chemical structures. Contact: Leah McEwen, IUPAC Subcommittee on Cheminformatics Data Standards (SCDS), E-mail: [email protected] 9-12 April 2019 • Croatian Meeting of Chemists • Šibenik, Croatia 26th Croatian Meeting of Chemists and Chemical Engineers (26HSKIKI) Prof. Dr Aleksandra Sander, Chair of Scientifi c and Organizing Committee, E-mail: [email protected], http://www.26hskiki.org 15-18 April 2019 • Macromolecular Engineering • Stellenbosch, South Africa 13th International Conference on Advanced Polymers via Macromolecular Engineering (APME) Bert Klumperman, Conference Chair,
54 Chemistry International January-March 2019 Mark Your Calendar (cont.)
19-24 May 2019 • Crop Protection • Ghent, Belgium 14th IUPAC International Congress of Crop Protection Chemistry Prof. ir. Pieter Spanoghe; E-mail: [email protected], Onderzoeksgroep Fytofarmacie/Crop Protection Chemistry, Campus Coupure, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, www.iupac2019.be 20 May 2019 • World Metrology Day • The day celebrates the signing of the Metre Convention on that day in 1875 in Paris by 17 nations attending. In 2019, it will coincide with the implementation of the new SI. 2-6 June 2019 • Supramolecular Chemistry • Lecce, Italy 14th International Symposium on Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry (ISMSC2019) Pierangelo Metrangolo, Chair of Program Committee, Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Italy, E-mail: [email protected], https://ismsc2019.eu/ 10-13 June 2019 • Macromolecule–Metal Complexes • Moscow, Russian Federation 18th International Symposium on Macromolecule–Metal Complexes (MMC-18) Chair/contact: Prof. Eduard Karakhanov, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Faculty of Chemistry, Russia, 119991, Moscow 1; E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] http://mmc-18.org/ 3-5 July 2019 • ISOTOPCAT2019 • Poitiers, France International Symposium on Isotopic studies in Catalysis and Electrocatalysis Co-chairs: Nicolas Bion, E-mail: [email protected] and Daniel Duprez, E-mail: [email protected], IC2MP, 4 rue Michel Brunet – TSA 51106 F-86073 Poitiers, France, https://isotopcat2019.sciencesconf.org/ Version couleur 5-12 July 2019 • IUPAC Congress/General Assembly • Paris, France [email protected], www.iupac2019.org 21-26 July 2019 • Novel Aromatic Compounds • Sapporo, Japan
Taille minimum The 18th international Symposium on Novel Aromatic Compounds (ISNA-18) 60 mm Prof. Dr. Shigehiro Yamaguchi, Chair of Program Committee, Version 1 couleur E-mail: [email protected], www.isna18.org 26-28 July 2019 • Mendeleev 150 • Saint Petersburg, Russia Mendeleev 150: 4th International Conference on the Periodic Table endorsed by IUPAC Co-organizers: Mikhail V. Kurushkin (ITMO University, Russia), Eric R. Scerri (University of California, Taille minimum 60 mm Los Angeles, USA), Philip J. Stewart (Oxford University, UK) E-mail: [email protected], http://mendeleev150.ifmo.ru/ Version niveau de gris 28 July 2019 • IUPAC 100th birthday! 30 July - 1 August 2019 • Inter-Asian Chemistry Educators • Taipei, Taiwan
8th International Conference for Network for Inter-Asian Chemistry Educators (NICE) Taille minimum 60 mm
Dégradé 70 95 15 50 70 95 15 30 70 95 15 0 #44164F #562464 #713683 - Chin-Cheng Chou, Department of Science Education, National TaipeiLOGOTYPE University of Education IUPAC Paris 2019 Dégradé 0 100 100 30 0 100 100 0 - #AF1F1B #EC2B27 - - E-mail: [email protected], http://www.8thnice.org/ Dégradé 10 30 100 30 10 30 100 0 - #A6851E #E3B228 - - Dégradé 55 15 100 30 55 15 100 0 - #5D8232 #7FAC44 - - 4-8 August 2019 • Solution Chemistry • Xining, China Dégradé 80 40 10 30 80 40 10 0 - #2A6189 #377FB4 - - 36th International Conference of Solution Chemistry Dr. Yongquan Zhou, Qinghai Institute of SaltLakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China, E-mail: [email protected], http://icsc2019.csp.escience.cn/ 25-30 August 2019 • Transactinide Elements • Wilhelmshaven, Germany 6th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements (TAN19) Co-Chairs: Prof. Dr. Christoph Düllmann, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany and Prof. Dr. Michael Block, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Ger- many. E-mail: [email protected], https://www.gsi.de/tan19/
Chemistry International January-March 2019 55 Mark Your Calendar (cont.) Statement of Ownership, Management, and Circulation 2-6 September 2019 • Noncovalent Interactions (All Periodicals Publications Except Requester Publications) 1. Publication Title 2. Publication Number 3. Filing Date
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