Die Kulturgeschichte Des Japanischen Bauernhauses

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Die Kulturgeschichte Des Japanischen Bauernhauses FOLKLORE STUDIES - MONOGRAPH No.2 Matthias Eder Die Kulturgeschichte des japanischen Bauernhauses TOKYO 1963 DIE !(ULTURGESCHICHTE DES JAPANISCHEN BAUERNHAUSES Von MATTHIAS EDER, Tokyo Inhaltsübersicht A. Das japanische Bauernhaus in seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung I. Wohnstätten der Ur- und Frühgeschichte 1) Jömon-Period 2) Yayoi-Periode 3) Die Haniwa-Hausfiguren der Kofun-Periode als Quelle für die Geschichte des japanischen Hauses 11. Daisha-Bau und Wohnhaus 111. Das Wohnhaus in der Asuka- und Nara-Zeit IV. Das Wohnhaus der Heian-Zeit: neue Baugedanken in den Adelsresidenzen der Hauptstadt, der "Schlaf-· hallen" (shinden) -Bau \T. Der Kriegerbau 1) Kamakura-Zeit 2) Ashikaga-Zeit, Palastbauten VI. Der Schreibzimmerbau B. Das japanische Bauernhaus in der Neuzeit I. Der Hausbau 1) Zimmerleute 2) Wie ein Haus gebaut wird 3) Das Dach 4) Raumabtrennung im Hausinnern 11. Latrine 111. lVleidungshütte IV. Bad V. Der Feuerplatz, wirtschaftlich, religiös und sozial VI. Brennmaterial und Beleuchtung VII. Hausgötter VIII. Hausbausitten, sozial und religiös IX. Anlage eines Gehöftes, Speicher und andere Neben­ gebäude X. Wasserversorgung XI. Zur Typologie des japanischen Bauernhauses Contents in English translation p. 174. 2 MATTHIAS EDER A. Das japanische Bauernhaus in seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung I. Wohnstätten in der japanischen Ur- und Frühgeschichte 1) -Wohnstätten der J6mon-Periode Allf Grund der sich von Jahr zu Jahr mehrenden Boden­ funde kann die japanische Urgeschichte i11 immer tiefere Zeit­ räume der Vergangenheit vordringen. Es steht heute auch fest, daß es in Japan ein Paläolithikum gegeben hat. Hier brauchen wir uns nicht näher damit zu befassen, da die ersten Wohn­ hausreste aus der Früh-J6mon-Zeit stammen, die dem Meso­ lithikum angehört.1 Die J6mon-Zeit mit ihrer Jäger- und Sammelkllltur währte von 4500-250 v.ehr. Die ersten Wohn­ stätten finden sich zusammen mit Küchenabfallgruben, die zum größten Teil mit Muscheln gefüllt sind. Man zählt he'ute et\va zweitausend solcher Abfallgruben, die meisten davon sind in der Bucht von T6ky6 und entlang den Flüssen der Kant6-Ebene im Hinterland von T6ky6; weitere an den Buchten von Matsushima und Ishinomaki in Nordost-Honshu, an der Atsumi-Bucht in der Aichi-Präfektur, an der Kojima-Bucht der Inlandsee, an mehreren Buchten von Kyushu im Süden und an allen Küsten von Hokkaid6 im Norden. Diese Mllschelhaufen enthielten häufig auch andere Gegenstände, dienten zuweilen als Bestat- 1) Nach einer der neuesten Chronologieaufstellungen, nämlich die von J. Edward Kidder, wird so eingeteilt: Frühestes J,()mon ca. 4500-3700, Früh-Jömon ca. 3700-3000, Mittel-Jömon 3000-2000, Spät-Jömon ca. 2000­ 1000, Spätestes Jömon ca. 1000-250. Vgl. J. Edward Kidder, Alt-Japan. Japan vor dem Buddhismus. Titel der Originalausgabe: Japan before Buddhism, London 1959. Deutsche übersetzung von Hans G. Schürmann, im Verlag M. DuMont Schauberg; Köln o.J. Eine noch eingehender detaillierte Tabelle ist zu finden im 1. Band des 13 bändigen Werkes bunkashi daikei [Enzyklopädie der japanischen Kulturgeschichte], Tokyo 1958; S. 21. Betreffs Paläolithikum: Nach J. Maringer weisen Werk­ zeuge der frühen und mittleren Schicht der Fundstätte Gongenyama bei Isezaki, Gumma-Präfektur, starke Ähnlichkeit mit d~r Patjitan-Industrie des frühen Paläolithikums auf Java auf. Vergl. Johann Maringer, A Core and Flake Industry of Palaeolithic Type from Central Japan, in: Artibus Asiae, XIX, 2, 1956, S. 111-125. DAS JAPANISCHE BAUERNHAUS 3 tungsplatz und verbargen unter ihnen Wohngruben oder Wohn­ gruben fanden sich in ihrer nächsten Nähe.2 Aus dem Früh· Jömon wurden zwar noch keine Wohngruben gefunden} aber Muschelhaufenbefunde sprechen dafür, daß man damals schon längere Zeit am selben Orte siedelte. So setzt der Muschelhaufen von Natsushima bei Yokosuka, Kanagawa-Präfektur, eine Wohn­ dauer von etwa zehn Jahren voraus. Im Muschelhaufen finden sich Feuerbrandspuren an Steinen, die ersten, die man gefunden hat. Der Fund ist mit zirka 5.500 Jahren zu datieren, also noch aus dem Mesolithikum stammend, das in Japan bis gegen 3.000 herunterkommt. Der bisher älteste Wohnplatz mit Pfostenlöchern liegt in der Tochigi-Präfektur, Kitasöma-Distrikt) Tonemachi, im Muschelhaufen beim Dorfe Hayaohanawadai. Die Wohngrube ist rechteckig, wie auch anderswo in Fundplätzen aus dem FrÜh-JÖmon.3 Der älteste Feuerplatz, nicht nur Brandspuren an Steinen, kam in Murakami, Okasaki City, Aichi-Präfektur zum Vorschein. Er fand sich ebenfalls in einer Wohngrube und hatte 1 m Durchmesser. Durch die ganze Jömon-Zeit hindurch machte man überdachte Wohngruben, zirka 50 cm tief. Eine Grube wurde 40-50 Jahre gebraucht. In Kantö waren die Wohngruben der Früh- (5500-4000) und der Spätzeit (1500-300) viereckig, mit mehr oder weniger abgerundeten Ecken; in Mitte Jömon rund. Ein Beispiel einer Fundstätte mit Spuren einer Rund· hütte ist die von Ubayama bei Ishikawa City, Chiba-Präfektur.4 Am Ende von Mitte-Jömon gab es auch ebenerdige Wohn­ hütten, das Dach reichte auf den Boden herab. U!lgefähr in der Mitte der Grube war die Feuerstätte. So eine Hütte war 4-5 m lang, bot Schlafraum für eine Familie, würde hevte ein Zimmer 2) Kidder hält für wahrscheinlich, daß die Wohngruben unter­ halb der Muschelschicht benützt worden sind, bevor sich der Muschelhaufen ansammelte und als solche aufgegeben wurden, als der Muschelabfälle vor der Wohngrube zuviele wurden; a.a.O., S. 31 f. 3) In der Saitama-Präfektur, Iwatsuki City, Kuroya fand man eine rechteckige Wohngrube mit je drei Pfostenlöchern an der linken und rechten Längsseite. Nach den Keramikfunden zu schließen gehört die Grube dem mittleren Früh-Jömon an, ist also mit ca. 3300 v.Chr, zu datieren. Abbildung der Fundstätte mit den Pfostenlöchern {n Nih-on bunkashi daikei (NBD) , I, S. 142, Abb. 142. 4) Abbildung des Rundhüttenbodens mit Pfostenlöchern in NBD, I, S. 142, Abb. 184. über Ubayama vgl. Kidder, a.a.O., S. 34 f. 4 MATTHIAS EDER von 7-8 tatami sein, also 16,52-18,88 Quadratmeter, was nach heutigen Begriffen für eine Familie äußerst wenig ist.5 Von etwa 3000 an ist ein bestimmter Wohnhüttentyp aus­ gebildet. Mitte-Jomon treten Hütten mit Steinboden auf. Dorf­ bildung gab es spätestens schon nach Mitte-Jomon. Siedlungen mit mehreren Haushalten gab es schon viel früher, nach Mitte­ J omon treten solche mit zehn Haushalten auf. Aufschlußreich ist der Fundplatz von Hiraide im Higashichikuma-Distrikt, Nagano-Präfektur. Man fand da Reste von 17 Wohnhütten aus Mitte-Jomon. 2) Wohnstätten der Yayoi-Periode Die Grubenwohnungen bestehen in der Yayoi-Periode und der Bronze- und Eisenzeit weiter. Aus der Yayoi-Periode können wir uns bereits ein Bild Inachen von der Anlage eines Dorfes mit seinen Wohn- und Lagerhäusern und von der Lage und Größe der Felder mitsamt den Geräten, n1it denen diese be­ arbeitet wurden.6 Allmählich treten neben die Grubenwohnungen ebenerdige Wohnhäuser, entweder mit einem auf den Boden herabreichenden Dach oder mit anfangs niedrigen, später hohen Wänden mit Tür und Fenstern. Im Hausinnern tritt eine Scheidung zwischen Wohnplatz und Lagerplatz für Lebensmittel, Gefäße und Geräte ein. Es sind auch zweistufige 'vVohnplätze gefunden worden. Durch Vern1ehrung der Gebäude entsteht ein Gehöft. Nebengebäude waren Speicher und Herdhaus. Über diesen fortgeschrittenen Hausbau geben uns bereits Tonfiguren als Grabbeigaben (haniwa) reichliche Auskunft, ebenso ge­ gossene Abbildungen auf Bronzespiegeln und Bronzeglocken (dotaku). Ferner ist der Große Schrein von Izumo ein wert- voller Beleg für das Wohnhaus der späteren Yayoi-Zeit und der sich anschließenden Periode der Hügelgräber (kofun). In der Yayoi-Zeit beginnen bereits die Häuser mit erhöhtem Boden. Die Siedlungen nehmen beträchtliche Ausmaße an. In Kuga­ hara bei Tokyo fand man auf einer Fläche von ungefähr 500 Quadratmeter an die 100 Wohngruben beisammen. 5) Nach Kawazoe Noboru: Tami to kami no sumai [Wohnungen des Volkes und der Götter], T6ky6 1960; S. 56 f. 6) Vgl. "Bronze-Eisenzeit" in Kidder, a.a.O., S. 77-118. DAS JAPANISCHE BAUERNHAUS 5 3) Die Haniwa-Hausfiguren als Quelle für die Geschichte des japanischen Hauses Für die Zeitspanne vom 3.-7. Jahrhundert n Chr. steht uns in den sogenannten Haniwa-Grabfiguren eine ausgibige Quelle tür die Geschichte des japanischen Hauses zur Verfügung. Es ist das die Periode der Hügelgräber. Ein Grabhügel von 3-4 m und mehr Höhe wurde künstlich errichtet, auf dessen Gipfel wurde für die Beisetzung eines steinernen oder hölzernen Sarges eine Grube von 2-3 m Tiefe ausgeworfen. Die Wände der Grab­ kammer wurden mit Steinen belegt. Mit dem Aufkommen der buddhistischen Leichenverbrennung verschwanden die Hügel• gräber allmählich. Die größten Grabhügel treten im 5. J ahr­ hundert auf. Die Hügelgräberkultur schließ sich unvermittelt an die vorausgehende Yayoi-Kultur an, die anfangs nur Stein­ geräte, später auch Bronze- und Eisenverwendung aufwies. Die Hügelgräber verbreiteten sich von Mittel-Japan nach Westen und Osten, ihre Beigaben spiegeln die Kultur der gesellschaft­ lichen Oberschicht wieder. Solche Beigaben legte man teils in die Grabkammer, teils stellte man sie auf den Grabhügel. Auf den Grabhügel stellte man nur Figuren, die Menschen, Häuser und Pferde in Lehm darstellten. Die Hausfiguren darunter sind für die Erforschung des Hausbaues vom 5. bis zum 7. Jahrhundert von großem Interesse. Über das Hausinnere können sie uns zwar keine unmittelbare Vorstellung geben, wohl aber über den gesamten äußeren Aufbau und viele Details davon. Die Hausfiguren auf Gräbern treten erst im 5. Jahrhundert auf. Die Yayoi-Kultur
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