DOCSLIB.ORG

UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Transnational Piracy in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1821-1897 a Dissertation Submitted in Part

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Transnational Piracy in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1821-1897 a Dissertation Submitted in Part UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Transnational Piracy in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1821-1897 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Leonidas Mylonakis Committee in charge: Professor Thomas W. Gallant, Chair Professor Gary Fields Professor Mark Hanna Professor Hasan Kayalı Professor Michael Provence 2018 Copyright Leonidas Mylonakis, 2018 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Leonidas Mylonakis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Chair University of California San Diego 2018 iii DEDICATION To Anna iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page …………………………………………………………………………………... iii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ v List of Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………… vii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ ix Vita ................................................................................................................................................ xii Abstract of the Dissertation ......................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Defining Piracy ..................................................................................................................... 4 Piracy and Language ........................................................................................................... 10 Geography ........................................................................................................................... 12 Historical Context ............................................................................................................... 17 Captivity and Ransom Practices in the Early Modern Mediterranean ................................ 22 The Traditional End of Piracy ............................................................................................. 31 Maritime Raiding by the Numbers ...................................................................................... 36 Chapter Breakdown ............................................................................................................. 40 Chapter 2: Comparative Approaches to the Study of Piracy ........................................................ 43 The Economics of Piracy .................................................................................................... 44 Piracy and Heterotopia ........................................................................................................ 57 Piracy and State Legitimation ............................................................................................. 65 Chapter 3: Piracy during the Ottoman Civil Wars, 1821-1840 .................................................... 74 Gramvousa: Rebels, Sailors, Pirates, Prey .......................................................................... 77 The Last Call of the Corsairs: North African Intervention ................................................. 83 The Death of Democracy and the Birth of Modern Greece ................................................ 91 Egypt’s Rise from Cretan Eyes ........................................................................................... 95 Chapter 4: A New Age of Piracy, 1840-1856 ............................................................................... 98 Breaking with the Past ......................................................................................................... 99 Pirates or Patriots? The 1854 Epiros Revolt ..................................................................... 103 Greece Exporting Piracy? .................................................................................................. 107 Pirate Kinship Networks ................................................................................................... 110 Captives or Corsairs? ........................................................................................................ 116 Appendix: Thomas Wyse’s Critique of the Greek Trial of Pirates ................................... 119 v Chapter 5: Increased Enforcement and the Persistence of Piracy, 1856-1869 ........................... 124 Captain Hobart’s Failed Covert Anti-Piracy Operation .................................................... 127 Increasing Violence in Piracy ........................................................................................... 131 Abdülaziz’s Naval Expenditures and Otto’s Expulsion .................................................... 134 The Blockade-Runner Arkadi and Greek Violations of International Maritime Law ....... 136 Italian Unification and Adriatic Piracy ............................................................................. 143 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 145 Appendix: The Times of London article on Cretan Blockade-Running ............................ 147 Chapter 6: Currants, Capital, and the Decline in Piracy, 1870-1896 .......................................... 151 The Decline of Piracy in the Late Nineteenth Century ..................................................... 152 Phylloxera, Currant Monoculture, and Economic Growth ............................................... 156 Chapter 7: Piracy during the 1897 Greco-Ottoman War ............................................................ 167 Background to the War ..................................................................................................... 168 The Condition of the Fleets ............................................................................................... 171 Concern over Irregulars while Drafting Peace .................................................................. 174 Linguistic Evidence ........................................................................................................... 181 The Deleterious Effect of Irregular Raids on Rum Sympathies with Greek Irredentism .. 182 Benefits of Deploying Irregular Troops ............................................................................ 184 Controlling the Narrative .................................................................................................. 187 Contextualizing Piracy within the Violence in Macedonia ............................................... 190 Epilogue: Why was this All Forgotten? ...................................................................................... 194 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………....... 199 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOA Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi. Ottoman Prime Ministry Archive A.MKT Sadâret Mektubî Kalemi Belgeleri BEO Bab-ı Ali Evrak Odası HR.TO Hariciye Nezareti Tercüme Odası Y.A.HUS Yıldız Sadaret Hususi Maruzat Y.MTV Yıldız Mütenevvi Maruzat Y.PRK.ASK Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Askeri Maruzat Y.PRK.PT Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Posta Telgraf Nezareti Maruzatı GAK Genika Archeia tou Kratou. Greek General State Archives TNA The National Archives of the United Kingdom at Kew, London FO Foreign Office YE Ypourgeio Exoterikon. Archives of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Map. Mediterranean and Black Seas, showing visibility of land, 1905…...….……. 16 Figure 1.2: Graph. Number of pages per year concerning piracy, YE…………………………. 38 Figure 1.3: Graph. Average number of pages per three-year period concerning piracy, YE…... 38 Figure 1.4: Graph. Number of documents concerning Mediterranean piracy, BOA and YE…... 40 Figure 5.1: Table. Comparison of documents pertaining to piracy in BOA and YE over 14-year periods………………………………………………………… 126 Figure 6.1: Graph. Quantity and revenue of raisin exports in İzmir…………………………. 162 Figure 6.2: Graph. Annual average value of exports from İzmir to Britain…………………... 162 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completing the doctoral program in history has been a long journey. I owe a debt of gratitude to those who have helped me flourish academically and stood by my side on the path to completing this dissertation project. I would like to thank my committee for standing by me over the duration of this project, from its conception to completion. I must begin by thanking Thomas Gallant, my dissertation advisor who inspired me during my undergraduate years to head to graduate school to study Modern Greek and Mediterranean history. The unwavering support you have given has helped me get through the most trying times of the graduate program. You have truly gone above and beyond. Mark Hanna has graciously guided my scholarship once I selected to focus on
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Arkadi Monastery and Amari Valley)
    10: RETIMO TO AGHIA GALINI CHAPTER 10 RETIMO TO AGHIA GALINI (ARKADI MONASTERY AND AMARI VALLEY) Arkadi Monastery before its destruction in 1866 (Pashley I 308-9) Arkadi Monastery since its reconstruction (Internet) 1 10: RETIMO TO AGHIA GALINI ARKADI. April 4th 19171 Rough plan made at first visit A. The place where the explosion was B. New guest-house C. Church D. Refectory where there was a massacre E. Heroon F. Outbuilding with Venetian steps G. Main entrance H. Back entrance I. Place of cannons Ten kilometres east of Retimo the road to Arkadi branches off inland and in 2 hours one gets to the monastery (note: I came the reverse way on this first visit). At this point there is a high rolling plateau 500 metres above the sea and quite near the north edge of this is the monastery. A new church ten minutes north of the monastery is nearly on the edge of this plateau. At a later visit I came to Arkadi from, I think, Anogia and lost the way a good deal and arrived in the evening by recognising this new church and making for it, as it is conspicuous a long way off whilst the monastery itself is hidden from the north and east by the rising ground upon which this church stands. It can be seen from the sea, but the monastery itself cannot. A gorge wooded with scrub cuts into this plateau and almost at the top of this gorge at its east side is Arkadi. From the gorge one sees only the Heroon and the tops of a few trees by the moni.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Greek Body in Crisis: Contemporary Dance as a Site of Negotiating and Restructuring National Identity in the Era of Precarity Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0vg4w163 Author Zervou, Natalie Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE The Greek Body in Crisis: Contemporary Dance as a Site of Negotiating and Restructuring National Identity in the Era of Precarity A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Critical Dance Studies by Natalie Zervou June 2015 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Marta Elena Savigliano, Chairperson Dr. Linda J. Tomko Dr. Anthea Kraut Copyright Natalie Zervou 2015 The Dissertation of Natalie Zervou is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgments This dissertation is the result of four years of intensive research, even though I have been engaging with this topic and the questions discussed here long before that. Having been born in Greece, and having lived there till my early twenties, it is the place that holds all my childhood memories, my first encounters with dance, my friends, and my family. From a very early age I remember how I always used to say that I wanted to study dance and then move to the US to pursue my dream. Back then I was not sure what that dream was, other than leaving Greece, where I often felt like I did not belong. Being here now, in the US, I think I found it and I must admit that when I first begun my pursuit in graduate studies in dance, I was very hesitant to engage in research concerning Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • Poison King: the Life and Legend of Mithradates the Great, Rome's
    Copyrighted Material Kill em All, and Let the Gods Sort em Out IN SPRING of 88 BC, in dozens of cities across Anatolia (Asia Minor, modern Turkey), sworn enemies of Rome joined a secret plot. On an appointed day in one month’s time, they vowed to kill every Roman man, woman, and child in their territories. e conspiracy was masterminded by King Mithradates the Great, who communicated secretly with numerous local leaders in Rome’s new Province of Asia. (“Asia” at this time referred to lands from the eastern Aegean to India; Rome’s Province of Asia encompassed western Turkey.) How Mithradates kept the plot secret remains one of the great intelli- gence mysteries of antiquity. e conspirators promised to round up and slay all the Romans and Italians living in their towns, including women and children and slaves of Italian descent. ey agreed to confiscate the Romans’ property and throw the bodies out to the dogs and crows. Any- one who tried to warn or protect Romans or bury their bodies was to be harshly punished. Slaves who spoke languages other than Latin would be spared, and those who joined in the killing of their masters would be rewarded. People who murdered Roman moneylenders would have their debts canceled. Bounties were offered to informers and killers of Romans in hiding.1 e deadly plot worked perfectly. According to several ancient histo- rians, at least 80,000—perhaps as many as 150,000—Roman and Italian residents of Anatolia and Aegean islands were massacred on that day. e figures are shocking—perhaps exaggerated—but not unrealistic.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Itinerary
    ATHENS & ISLANDS October 11-21, 2021 575 Pierce Street, Suite 604 • San Francisco, CA 94117 • (415) 626-5678 [email protected] • venture-out.com ITINERARY NOTE: This is a new program for Venture Out, published more than a year in advance. It is subject to change. While the broad stroke of the itinerary will not be altered, we reserve the right to revise some of the specific sights visited at each destination. Day 1, October 11, 2021 - Monday — Arrival in Athens With your own air arrangements you’ll arrive at the Athens airport and then make your way to our group hotel in the city center. There are a few options for getting into the city. If you would like a private meet & greet at the airport and transfer to the hotel we can set that up for you. (Please see the “Arrival & Departure Logistics” section.) We’ll come together in the early evening and enjoy a welcome drink, get to know our fellow travelers, and have a trip briefing before heading out for our welcome dinner. Welcome Drink, Dinner included Overnight in Athens → Note: If you would like us to arrange any pre-tour nights at the group hotel in Athens, please let us know. We will have only one complete day on the itinerary. Additionally, it would be helpful to arrive a day or two beforehand to shake off jet lag and/or to add a buffer in case of any travel hiccups. Day 2 — Athens Athens is known as the Cradle of Western Civilization — and for good reason.
    [Show full text]
  • Albanian Families' History and Heritage Making at the Crossroads of New
    Voicing the stories of the excluded: Albanian families’ history and heritage making at the crossroads of new and old homes Eleni Vomvyla UCL Institute of Archaeology Thesis submitted for the award of Doctor in Philosophy in Cultural Heritage 2013 Declaration of originality I, Eleni Vomvyla confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature 2 To the five Albanian families for opening their homes and sharing their stories with me. 3 Abstract My research explores the dialectical relationship between identity and the conceptualisation/creation of history and heritage in migration by studying a socially excluded group in Greece, that of Albanian families. Even though the Albanian community has more than twenty years of presence in the country, its stories, often invested with otherness, remain hidden in the Greek ‘mono-cultural’ landscape. In opposition to these stigmatising discourses, my study draws on movements democratising the past and calling for engagements from below by endorsing the socially constructed nature of identity and the denationalisation of memory. A nine-month fieldwork with five Albanian families took place in their domestic and neighbourhood settings in the areas of Athens and Piraeus. Based on critical ethnography, data collection was derived from participant observation, conversational interviews and participatory techniques. From an individual and family group point of view the notion of habitus led to diverse conceptions of ethnic identity, taking transnational dimensions in families’ literal and metaphorical back- and-forth movements between Greece and Albania.
    [Show full text]
  • Honeymoon & Gastronomy2
    Explore Kapsaliana Village Learn More Kapsaliana Village Hotel HISTORY: Welcome at Kapsaliana Village Hotel, a picturesque village in The story begins at the time of the Venetian Occupation. Kapsaliana Rethymno, Crete that rewrites its history. Set amidst the largest olive Village was then a ‘metochi’ - part of the Arkadi Monastery estate, the grove in the heart of the island known for its tradition, authenticity and island’s most emblematic cenobium. natural landscape. Around 1600, a little chapel dedicated to Archangel Michael is Located 8km away from the seaside and 4km from the historic Arkadi constructed and a hamlet began to develop. More than a century monastery. Kapsaliana Village Hotel is a unique place of natural beauty, later, in 1763, Filaretos, the Abbot of Arkadi Monastery decides to peace and tranquility, where accommodation facilities are build an olive oil mill in the area. harmonised with the enchanting landscape. The olive seed is at the time key to the daily life: it is a staple of Surrounded by lush vegetation, unpaved gorges and rare local herbs nutricion, it is used in religious ceremonies and it functions as a source and plants. Kapsaliana Village Hotel overlooks the Cretan sea together of light and heat. with breathtaking views of Mount Ida and the White Mountains. More and more people come to work at the mill and build their The restoration of Kapsaliana Village hotel was a lengthy process which houses around it. The settlement flourishes. At its peak Kapsaliana took around four decades. When the architect Myron Toupoyannis, Village Hotel boasts 13 families and 50 inhabitants with the monk- discovered the ruined tiny village, embarked on a journey with a vision steward of the Arkadi monastery in charge.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the Island of Crete, Greece
    water Review Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the Island of Crete, Greece V. A. Tzanakakis 1,2,*, A. N. Angelakis 3,4 , N. V. Paranychianakis 5, Y. G. Dialynas 6 and G. Tchobanoglous 7 1 Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (HAO-Demeter), Soil and Water Resources Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece 2 Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Science, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Iraklion, 71410 Crete, Greece 3 HAO-Demeter, Agricultural Research Institution of Crete, 71300 Iraklion, Greece 4 Union of Water Supply and Sewerage Enterprises, 41222 Larissa, Greece; [email protected] 5 School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece; [email protected] 6 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; [email protected] 7 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 April 2020; Accepted: 16 May 2020; Published: 28 May 2020 Abstract: Crete, located in the South Mediterranean Sea, is characterized by long coastal areas, varied terrain relief and geology, and great spatial and inter-annual variations in precipitation. Under average meteorological conditions, the island is water-sufficient (969 mm precipitation; theoretical water potential 3284 hm3; and total water use 610 hm3). Agriculture is by far the greatest user of water (78% of total water use), followed by domestic use (21%). Despite the high average water availability, water scarcity events commonly occur, particularly in the eastern-south part of the island, driven by local climatic conditions and seasonal or geographical mismatches between water availability and demand.
    [Show full text]
  • European Court of Human Rights Examines Living Conditions in Hotspots Moria, Pyli & Vial
    This project has been supported by the European Programme for Integration and Migration (EPIM), a collaborative initiative of the Network of European Foundations (NEF). The sole responsibility for the project lies with the organiser(s) and the content may not necessarily reflect the positions of EPIM, NEF or EPIM’s Partner Foundations. For immediate release EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS EXAMINES LIVING CONDITIONS IN HOTSPOTS MORIA, PYLI & VIAL Chios, Kos & Lesvos, January 20, 2021 While the situation on the East Aegean islands received particular attention after the outbreak of the fire in Moria, it has subsided more recently. At the same time, living conditions on the islands continue to be catastrophic. People have little access to medical care, wash facilities, and proper shelter, and are regularly forced to sleep in tents that flood easily in the winter rains. Particularly vulnerable people are not exempt from these conditions. Even in times when the Covid-19 was and is on the verge of an outbreak in the camps, members of at-risk groups continue to live exposed to these conditions without protection. The European Court of Human Rights has now asked the Greek government questions regarding the treatment of a total of eight people, all of whom were living in one of the so-called EU hotspots and had pre-existing medical conditions or were particularly vulnerable. In total, the Court connected 8 cases involving Chios, Kos, Lesvos and Samos, i.e. 4 out of 5 EU hotspots. These cases therefore demonstrate the structural illegality and impossibility to implement the hotspot approach and border procedures in a way that does not violate human rights.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chronological Particular Timeline of Near East and Europe History
    Introduction This compilation was begun merely to be a synthesized, occasional source for other writings, primarily for familiarization with European world development. Gradually, however, it was forced to come to grips with the elephantine amount of historical detail in certain classical sources. Recording the numbers of reported war deaths in previous history (many thousands, here and there!) initially was done with little contemplation but eventually, with the near‐exponential number of Humankind battles (not just major ones; inter‐tribal, dynastic, and inter‐regional), mind was caused to pause and ask itself, “Why?” Awed by the numbers killed in battles over recorded time, one falls subject to believing the very occupation in war was a naturally occurring ancient inclination, no longer possessed by ‘enlightened’ Humankind. In our synthesized histories, however, details are confined to generals, geography, battle strategies and formations, victories and defeats, with precious little revealed of the highly complicated and combined subjective forces that generate and fuel war. Two territories of human existence are involved: material and psychological. Material includes land, resources, and freedom to maintain a life to which one feels entitled. It fuels war by emotions arising from either deprivation or conditioned expectations. Psychological embraces Egalitarian and Egoistical arenas. Egalitarian is fueled by emotions arising from either a need to improve conditions or defend what it has. To that category also belongs the individual for whom revenge becomes an end in itself. Egoistical is fueled by emotions arising from material possessiveness and self‐aggrandizations. To that category also belongs the individual for whom worldly power is an end in itself.
    [Show full text]
  • 200Th Anniversary of the Greek War of Independence 1821-2021 18 1821-2021
    Special Edition: 200th Anniversary of the Greek War of Independence 1821-2021 18 1821-2021 A publication of the Dean C. and Zoë S. Pappas Interdisciplinary March 2021 VOLUME 1 ISSUE NO. 3 Center for Hellenic Studies and the Friends of Hellenic Studies From the Director Dear Friends, On March 25, 1821, in the city of Kalamata in the southern Peloponnesos, the chieftains from the region of Mani convened the Messinian Senate of Kalamata to issue a revolutionary proclamation for “Liberty.” The commander Petrobey Mavromichalis then wrote the following appeal to the Americans: “Citizens of the United States of America!…Having formed the resolution to live or die for freedom, we are drawn toward you by a just sympathy; since it is in your land that Liberty has fixed her abode, and by you that she is prized as by our fathers.” He added, “It is for you, citizens of America, to crown this glory, in aiding us to purge Greece from the barbarians, who for four hundred years have polluted the soil.” The Greek revolutionaries understood themselves as part of a universal struggle for freedom. It is this universal struggle for freedom that the Pappas Center for Hellenic Studies and Stockton University raises up and celebrates on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the beginning of the Greek Revolution in 1821. The Pappas Center IN THIS ISSUE for Hellenic Studies and the Friends of Hellenic Studies have prepared this Special Edition of the Hellenic Voice for you to enjoy. In this Special Edition, we feature the Pappas Center exhibition, The Greek Pg.
    [Show full text]
  • D2.1 SUMP Baseline Report
    Ref. Ares(2018)3823219 - 18/07/2018 D2.1 SUMP Baseline Report Deliverable No.: D2.1 Project Acronym: DESTINATIONS Full Title: CIVITAS DESTINATIONS Grant Agreement No.: 689031 Workpackage/Measure No.: WP2, M2.1 Workpackage/ Measure Title: WP2: Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning for residents and visitors Task 2.2: Mobility context analysis and baseline Responsible Author(s): Willem Buijs, Renske Martijnse, Teije Gorris (LuxMobility) Responsible Co-Author(s): Alexandra Ellul (TM), Ritianne Buhagiar (TM), André Freitas (HF), Claudio Mantero (HF), Carla Patrícia (SRETC), Cristina Loreto (SRETC), Antonio Artiles (Guaguas), Octavio Cantero (Municipality of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria); Francesca Pietroni (ISSINOVA), Riccardo Enei (ISSINOVA), Panayiotis Antoniades (Stratagem), Nicole Mavrovounioti (Stratagem), Thanos Vlastos, Efthimios Bakogiannis, Konstantinos Athanassopoulos, Maria Siti, Harry Kyriakidis (Sustainable Mobility Unit, National Technical University of Athens), Nikos Vovos, Vasilis Myriokefalitakis , Thomas Papadogiannis (Rethymno Municipality), Stavroula Tournaki, Eleni Farmaki (Technical University of Crete) Date: 10/07/2017 Status: Final Dissemination level: Public The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and the DESTINATIONS project consortium and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. D2.1 – SUMP Baseline 07/2017 Document History Date Person Action Status Diss. Level LuxMobility, TM; Draft template to ISINNOVA and PM, WPL, 27/3/2017 Draft WP2 leader VECTOS
    [Show full text]
  • Gianna to Accept L100 Award at Conference Fox Films President
    O C V ΓΡΑΦΕΙ ΤΗΝ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ Bringing the news ΤΟΥ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ to generations of ΑΠΟ ΤΟ 1915 The National Herald Greek Americans A WEEKLY GREEK AMERICAN PUBLICATION c v www.thenationalherald.com VOL. 11, ISSUE 529 December 1, 2007 $1.00 GREECE: 1.75 EURO Gianna To Convicted Greek American Spy to Complete his Parole in Greece Accept L100 After 14 Years of Federal Prison and House Award At Arrest, Steven Lalas Reunites with his Family By Evan C. Lambrou telligence officers whenever he Special to The National Herald traveled to northern Greece to see Conference his family in Kavala. He continued NEW YORK – Steven J. Lalas, a for- to disseminate information after be- mer United States embassy employ- ing transferred to the U.S. Embassy Behrakis Invites Greek ee turned Greek spy, returned to in Athens in 1990. Greece last Sunday, November 25, Mr. Lalas, a native of New Schools To Apply For to serve the remainder of his parole Hampshire, came under suspicion after spending almost 12 years in following a conversation between Leadership 100 Grants federal prison, ending a spectacular someone from the Greek Embassy espionage affair between the two in Washington and a State Depart- By Theodore Kalmoukos countries. ment official in February 1993. Special to the National Herald The issue is now referred to High-ranking Greek diplomats ap- Greek judicial authorities, which parently boasted of being well in- BOSTON, Mass. – The Archbishop will determine the terms of the ad- formed of U.S. plans for the Balkans Iakovos Leadership 100 Endow- justment to Mr.
    [Show full text]