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Risks of Malathion Use to the Federally Threatened Delta Smelt

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Risks of Malathion Use to the Federally Threatened Delta Smelt Risks of Malathion Use to the Federally Threatened Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) and California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense), Central California Distinct Population Segment, and the Federally Endangered California Tiger Salamander, Santa Barbara County and Sonoma County Distinct Population Segments O O S O H3C C C CH3 H3C C C CH3 OPS CH H2 OPS CH H2 H2C H2C O C C CH3 O C C CH3 H C H2 H C H2 3 O 3 O Malathion (Parent Compound) Maloxon (Degradate of Concern) Pesticide Effects Determinations PC Code: 057701 CAS Number: 121-75-5 Environmental Fate and Effects Division Office of Pesticide Programs Washington, D.C. 20460 September 29, 2010 1 Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge the contribution of the Litigation Steering Committee in compiling detailed information on the species. Additionally, the Steering Committee has provided invaluable guidance toward achieving greater consistency in format and content between chemicals being assessed. 2 Primary Authors: Nicholas Mastrota, Ph.D., Biologist Stephen P. Wente, Ph.D., Biologist Faruque Khan, Ph.D. Senior Scientist Secondary Review: Melissa Panger, Wildlife Biologist Reuben Baris, Environmental Scientist Acting Branch Chief, Environmental Risk Assessment Branch 1: Brian Anderson 3 Table of Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 14 1.1. PURPOSE OF ASSESSMENT....................................................................................14 1.2. SCOPE OF ASSESSMENT........................................................................................14 1.2.1. Uses Assessed ............................................................................................14 1.2.2. Environmental Fate Properties of Malathion.............................................16 1.2.3. Evaluation of Degradates and Stressors of Concern..................................16 1.3. ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES..................................................................................17 1.3.1. Exposure Assessment.................................................................................17 1.3.2. Toxicity Assessment ..................................................................................19 1.3.3. Measures of Risk........................................................................................19 1.4. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS ...............................................................................19 2. PROBLEM FORMULATION ................................................................................... 23 2.1. PURPOSE ..............................................................................................................23 2.2. SCOPE ..................................................................................................................25 2.2.1. Evaluation of Degradates and Other Stressors of Concern........................25 2.2.2. Evaluation of Mixtures ..............................................................................28 2.3. PREVIOUS ASSESSMENTS .....................................................................................29 2.3.1. Malathion Registration Eligibility Decision, 2006....................................29 2.3.2. Organophosphate Cumulative Assessment, and Malathion Reregistration Eligibility Decision, 2006 ..........................................................................................30 2.3.3. California Red-legged Frog Endangered Species Assessment..................30 2.3.4. Pacific Anadromous Salmonids Endangered Species Assessment ............31 2.4. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE PROPERTIES ...................................................................32 2.4.1. Environmental Transport Mechanisms......................................................39 2.4.2. Mechanism of Action.................................................................................41 2.4.3. Use Characterization..................................................................................42 2.5. ASSESSED SPECIES...............................................................................................53 2.6. DESIGNATED CRITICAL HABITAT.........................................................................58 2.7. ACTION AREA AND LAA EFFECTS DETERMINATION AREA .................................60 2.7.1. Action Area................................................................................................60 2.7.2. LAA Effects Determination Area ..............................................................60 2.8. ASSESSMENT ENDPOINTS AND MEASURES OF ECOLOGICAL EFFECT....................61 2.8.1. Assessment Endpoints ...............................................................................61 2.8.2. Assessment Endpoints for Designated Critical Habitat.............................63 2.9. CONCEPTUAL MODEL ..........................................................................................64 2.9.1. Risk Hypotheses.........................................................................................64 2.9.2. Diagram......................................................................................................64 2.10. ANALYSIS PLAN...................................................................................................66 2.10.1. Measures of Exposure................................................................................67 2.10.2. Measures of Effect .....................................................................................67 2.10.3. Data Gaps...................................................................................................68 3. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................... 68 4 3.1. LABEL APPLICATION RATES AND INTERVALS ......................................................68 3.2. AQUATIC EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ......................................................................69 3.2.1. Modeling Approach ...................................................................................69 3.2.2. Aquatic Exposure Modeling Results .........................................................79 3.2.3. Existing Monitoring Data ..........................................................................85 3.3. TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT..................................................93 3.3.1. Exposure to Residues in Terrestrial Food Items........................................93 3.3.2. Exposure to Terrestrial Invertebrates.........................................................96 3.4. TERRESTRIAL PLANT EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ....................................................99 4. EFFECTS ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................... 99 4.1. ECOTOXICITY STUDY DATA SOURCES .................................................................99 4.2. TOXICITY OF MALATHION TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS.........................................101 4.2.1. Toxicity to Freshwater Fish and Aquatic-Phase Amphibians..................103 4.2.2. Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates .......................................................110 4.2.3. Toxicity to Estuarine/Marine Fish ...........................................................113 4.2.4. Toxicity to Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates .............................................114 4.2.5. Toxicity to Aquatic Plants .......................................................................115 4.3. TOXICITY OF MALATHION TO TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS ..................................116 4.3.1. Toxicity to Birds, Reptiles, and Terrestrial-Phase Amphibians ..............117 4.3.2. Toxicity to Mammals...............................................................................120 4.3.3. Toxicity to Terrestrial Invertebrates ........................................................122 4.3.4. Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants ...................................................................123 4.4. TOXICITY OF CHEMICAL MIXTURES...................................................................125 4.5. INCIDENT DATABASE REVIEW ...........................................................................125 4.5.1. Aquatic Animal Incidents ........................................................................126 4.5.2. Terrestrial Animal Incidents ....................................................................127 4.5.3. Plant Incidents..........................................................................................128 4.6. USE OF PROBIT SLOPE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ON THE ENDANGERED SPECIES LEVELS OF CONCERN ....................................................128 5. RISK CHARACTERIZATION................................................................................ 129 5.1. RISK ESTIMATION ..............................................................................................129 5.1.1. Exposures in the Aquatic Habitat ............................................................129 5.1.2. Exposures in the Terrestrial Habitat ........................................................146 5.1.3. Primary Constituent Elements of Designated Critical Habitat ................151 5.2. RISK DESCRIPTION.............................................................................................151 5.2.1. Delta Smelt...............................................................................................154 5.2.1.c. Modification of Designated Critical Habitat..............................................161
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