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Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research Impacts Of Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2020, 6 (1), 81-92; doi: 10.3329/ajmbr.v6i1.46482 Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ISSN 2411-4472 (Print) 2412-5571 (Online) www.ebupress.com/journal/ajmbr Article Impacts of climate change on livelihood of the fishersˊ at the Meghna, Laukhati and Galachipa river in Bangladesh Md. Jiaur Rahaman, Md. Saddam Hossain, Mohammad Matiur Rahman and Zakir Hossain* Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *Corresponding author: Professor Dr. Zakir Hossain, Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. Phone: +8801724-939696; Fax: +88091-61510; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 25 February 2020/Accepted: 28 March 2020/ Published: 31 March 2020 Abstract: Climate change is a global threat to the world especially for Bangladesh, due to its geographical location. The present study was carried out to the impacts of climate change on livelihood of the fishers at the Meghna, Laukhati and Galachipa river in Bangladesh. The study was assessing the effects of climate change on fishersˊ community in the Meghna, Laukhati and Galachipa rivers near Chandpur and Patuakhali districts. The data on fishersˊ livelihood were collected by using a well-developed questionnaire from the selected areas. The average temperature was recorded as 30.5±0.90°C, 27.1±1.05°C and 27.4±0.60°C and the dissolved oxygen was as 6.37±1.11 mg/L, 5.63±0.33 mg/L and 6.33±0.51 mg/L in the Meghna, Laukhati and Galachipa rivers, respectively. The pH was as 8.3±0.59, 8.03±0.50 and 7.8±0.50 and the salinity was as 0.10±0.10, 0.23±0.13 and 1.2±0.15 ppt in the Meghna, Galachipa and Laukhati rivers, respectively. In the present study, it was found that most of the fishers were belonged to the age groups of 41 to 60 years (45%), represented by 75% muslim and joint family type (61%) was the predominant among the fishers. The highest annual income of fishers was found 20,080 and 24,000 BDT per year at Chandpur and Patuakhali districts, respectively. There has not been conducted much empirical research about the impacts of climate change in the present research areas. Therefore, Government and NGOs should take proper steps by taking various need based projects and providing some sorts of management policy to rescue the vulnerable communities from climate change impacts. Keywords: economic impact; habitat; livelihood pattern; literacy rate; rainfall 1. Introduction Climate change is the most discussing topic in the recent years as it is impacting every spheres of earth including physical, natural, socio-economic domain, foods and livelihood of people. The environment and natural resources of the most Asian country are adversely affecting by the climate change. Bangladesh is most vulnerable country depending on the vulnerability of national economics to the impacts of climate change on fisheries resources (Allison et al., 2009). The fishersˊ communities are facing the challenges due to hydro meteorological changes caused by climate change (Moni and Hossain, 2010). Climate change may directly affect fish reproduction, growth and migration patterns by temperature, rainfall and hydrology (Ficke et al., 2007). Climate change is evolving to threat on natural ecosystems and human livelihoods in Bangladesh as it has flat deltaic topography with very low elevation and extreme climate as it has high population density and majority of population being dependent on crop agriculture which has highly influenced by climate change. Fisheries resources are most prone to climate change on which millions of fishersˊ livelihoods depend on fisheries resources of the country. The vulnerability to climate change and climate related disasters is influenced by the complex array of social, economic, political, and environmental factors (O’Briena et al., 2004). Water resources sector deals vulnerability of the different combination of climate change and sea level rise options i.e. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2020, 6 (1) 82 changes in river water level in monsoon which would reflect the change in depth of inundation, salinity intrusion due to sea level rise and low water flow from upstream during the winter. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow affected groundwater and increased soil salinity are major concerns on Bangladesh. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable to the impacts of salinity intrusion, as newly saline intruded areas are increasing day by day (Rahman, 2009). This vulnerability is adding more pressure to the existing problems water scarcity for the increased population in Bangladesh is severe during the dry season (ADB, 2005). There are numerous rivers in Bangladesh and it plays as a great source of various fishes. The Meghna river is one of them. It discharges the joint flow of the Ganges-Padma, the Brahmaputra-Jamuna and the Meghna (joint flow of the Surma- Kushiyara) itself. Down of the Meghna river a huge widespread estuary formed which is rich in nutrients and finally ends in the Bay of Bengal (Kamal and Khan, 2009). The Meghna river estuary is the biggest estuary and occupying almost whole central coast of Bangladesh. The Meghna estuary contributes a large portion in the national economy as well as the Galachipa river and the Laukhati river of Patuakhali district and it also supports a great portion of fisheries resources for Bangladesh. The estuary is exclusively important part of aquatic habitat of Bangladesh, which has a great contribution of highly productive ecosystem (Honggang et al., 2012). It plays a significant role in nutrient recycling and serves as a favourable breeding and nursing grounds for many commercially important shell fishes and finfishes (Haedrich, 1983). Moreover, many marine, brackish and freshwater animals largely depend on estuarine environment in their life history or entire life cycle. Fish and fisheries products play a significant role in Bangladesh as a principal source of animal protein in daily diet of human. About 2% of the population in Bangladesh is engaged in aquaculture, but most of the fishers are involved in fishing round year (Ahmed, 2008). Fishers are affected by changes of climate that are ultimately driven by rising global temperatures. For example, coastal fishers in Bangladesh face increased frequency and severity of cyclones with severe penetration of saline water into coastal land due to thermal expansion of the warming Bay of Bengal, the people of the Chandpur and Patuakhali districts converge around the Meghna river, as regional warming drives decreased rainfall and increased evapotranspiration (Coe and Folley, 2001), set within a context of overexploitation of the fisheries resources (Mullon et al., 2005). Although the Meghna, Laukhati and Galachipa rivers have high importance of fisheries resources for fishers but there is no comprehensive report on effects of climate change on livelihood of the fishers in these rivers. The impacts of climate change cover comprehensive aspects of rural livelihoods, there is a critical challenge to understand the broad significance to fisheries resource and livelihood status with climate change and to concentrate on people’s needs to build their resilience. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the impacts of climate change on livelihood of the fishers living around the rivers Meghna, Laukhati and Galachipa. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Description of the study area The four major fish landing stations of Chandpur and Patuakhali district were selected for the study area. The GPS reading of those sampling stations were taken by using GPS meter. Boro Station Fish Landing Center 23013.812°N-90038.552°E and Biponibug bazar 24.7255114°N-90.4401682°E at Chandpur; Dashmina 22.2833°N-90.5903°E and Galachipa 22.1639°N-90.4306°E at Patuakhali district (Figure 1). 2.2. Observation of water quality parameters Water quality parameters were recorded once per month from the different place of Meghna river at Chandpur and the Galachipa and Laukhati river at Patuakhali. Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, salinity and water temperature were determined using a DO meter (Model: DO-5509, China), a portable digital pH meter (HI 98107, Romania), refractometer (ATAGO, S/Mill, salinity. 0-100 ‰, Japan) and Celsius thermometer, respectively. 2.3. Data collection The fishersˊ livelihood data was collected through semi-structured questionnaire interview and Focused Group Discussion (FGD) method. Fishersˊ interview and FGD had been done in fish landing centers, fish market, boat owners of commercial fishing vessels, retailers, fish traders, local people, fishers, riverside settlers and fishersˊ village of those selected sampling areas for the collection of information on fisheries resources and livelihood data. Households were selected as the sampling unit considering the factors that one member of each household was permanent resident of the study area and was involved with fish catch or fish farming. The minimum age of each respondent was considered 40 years so that they could provide more accurate information. The Secondary data was collected from various relevant scientific articles, reports, maps, journals, website, library, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Fisheries and Department of Forestry. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2020, 6 (1) 83 2.4. Sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) SLA is an attempt to recognize climate changes impact and variation fishersˊ community at Kishoreganj haor region. There are three major components such as livelihood asset (natural, financial, social, human and physical capital), vulnerability context (vulnerability analysis) and structure and process (institutional analysis) in the framework of SLA. The principle of the SLA into the regulation of community based climate change impact and adaptation in a specific way were maintained for the current study. 2.5. Data processing and analysis The collected information were coded, summarized and processed for analysis. Tabular technique was applied for the analysis of data by using simple statistical tools like averages and percentages.
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