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Plants and Environment Investigation Report

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Plants and Environment Investigation Report Plants and environment investigation report Spider establishment The Ministry for Primary Industries’ (MPI) Incursion Investigation prevented (Plants & Environment) and Plant Health Environment Laboratory Spiders found on bagged bulk mail at teams investigate and diagnose suspected exotic pests and NZ Post’s International Mail Centre diseases in the plant and environment sectors. Investigators near Auckland airport were identified as and scientists are based in Auckland and Christchurch. These the false widow spider Steatoda nobilis, teams provide field investigation, diagnostic testing and technical a species not present in New Zealand. expertise with regard to new pests and diseases affecting plants Although this species is not venomous, it and the environment. They also have surveillance and response can inflict a painful bite and is frequently functions and carry out research and development to support confused with the venomous black widow spider. A registered pest control surveillance and incursion response activities. operator visited the facility and found no more of the spiders but applied bendiocarb as a precautionary treatment. Auckland Tamaki campus. This (Guy, 2013). PLMVd was not recorded The mailbags were wrapped in plastic and information became available after the here before 2013 but a 2006 publication incinerated to mitigate any remaining find was posted on the Naturewatch recorded peach calico disease as a biosecurity risk. website. Little published information is “virus-like” disease, based on evidence available on milichiid flies (sometimes from symptoms and indexing results. New fungi found known as freeloader flies). A definitive Coupled with the new find, the evidence Foliage, stem and soil were sampled text on New Zealand Diptera (Harrison, suggests that a strain of the viroid has from a Waikato stand of redwood 1959) lists only one genus of Milichiidae, been present in New Zealand peach trees trees (Sequoia sempervirens) after a yet there are specimens of at least three since at least the 1950s, having probably Scion scientist noted unusual dieback genera deposited in Landcare Research’s arrived originally in budwood material, symptoms. The potential causal agent National Arthropod Collection (NAC) so it is likely to be widespread. PLMVd Phytophthora cinnamomi was detected awaiting description. This case is thought is an economically important disease in in the soil, but no other potential to be another species, possibly exotic. The some countries, reducing fruit quality pathogens were found. However, two larvae of milichiid flies feed on rotting and tree vigour. The present economic new to New Zealand fungal species vegetation and the adults are described impact of PLMVd on the local stonefruit were isolated from the leaf and branch as kleptoparasites, feeding on the bodily industry is not known, but is likely to be samples: Pestalotiopsis chamaeropis fluids of their prey. Neither habit is likely low as it has not been an issue before. The (Xylariales: Amphisphaeriaceae) and to have any biodiversity consequence viroid is probably already widespread, Phaeosphaeria podocarpi (Pleosporales: in New Zealand. As yet there is no so no urgent action is considered Phaeosphaeriaceae). Both have been evidence of a population present in appropriate and MPI plans to revoke isolated overseas from plant foliage, but New Zealand no further action by MPI its regulated status. the nature of the association is unclear. is planned. Owing to the lack of available There is no evidence to suggest they information the specimen will not be New mycorrhizal fungus are pathogenic, and many Pestalotiopsis identified beyond family. reported spp. are epiphytic or endophytic so An amateur mycologist reported a P. chamaeropis may not be pathogenic. Status of peach viroid suspect new to New Zealand fungus, This species was only recently described clarified Ramaria subaurantiaca (Gomphales: and New Zealand is its second locality Peach foliar samples (Prunus persica cv. Ramariaceae). This is a mycorrhizal coral (Maharachchikumbura et al., 2014). Spring Lady) were sent to MPI by a fungus associated with eucalyptus tree Phaeosphaeria podocarpi was also only Hastings nursery because they displayed roots, native to Australia and not a plant recently described, from Podocarpus symptoms consistent with peach calico pathogen. It was found near eucalyptus latifolius in South Africa (Crous & Wood, disease, which is caused by peach latent trees alongside a busy suburban road 2014). At present no urgent measures mosaic viroid (PLMVd) (Avsunviroidae). in the Bay of Plenty. Before MPI was are considered necessary to contain or Samples tested positive for PLMVd using notified of this detection a record had attempt eradication of these species and it molecular diagnostic methods that were been posted on the Naturewatch website, is considered most likely that the primary confirmed by independent sequencing including photos of the fungus and GPS cause of the observed die-back symptoms (sample isolates had 99 percent similarity co-ordinates of where it was found. was Phytophthora cinnamomi. to PLMVd isolates published in Identification of a sample sent to MPI An Auckland entomologist caught GenBank). This result validated a recent could not be confirmed by molecular a single specimen of a fly belonging published record of PLMVd present in diagnostic methods, owing to a lack of to the Milichiidae family ((Diptera: a 1956 herbarium sample from Central publicly available sequence data, but Schizophora), at the University of Otago labelled “virus in peach foliage” 34 Surveillance 42 (4) 2015 was confirmed by morphology. This off case. The notifier and importer were sexguttatus, a species absent from organism is not considered a biosecurity advised and the case was closed. New Zealand. Although this species is risk. Isolates were provided to Landcare not considered to be established in the Research for the Fungal and Plant Increasing risk from on-line UK, it is regularly intercepted there. Disease Collection. seed sales As it is mainly a tropical species, it was considered unlikely to survive outside in When a consignment of plant seeds Southland during winter, but the notifier New tomato disease purchased online arrived by post, the was advised to contact MPI again if they ruled out labels indicated it had been sent directly found any more ants. No further action A commercial tomato grower observed from Greece, by-passing New Zealand’s was considered necessary. unusual disease symptoms on tomato seed-importation procedures. The plants grown from seed imported seeds included Mexican sour gherkin from Denmark. Symptoms were first (Melothria scabra), a species not listed Border treatment seen in a single cultivar, then in two on MPI’s Plant Biosecurity Index and addresses possible risk more cultivars. Following advice from therefore a prohibited import. The from mandarins a horticultural consultant, the grower seeds were sent to MPI for destruction. Flying insects were found during submitted symptomatic and non- Although the website from which the a routine compliance audit of an symptomatic samples to MPI. There seeds were ordered has a New Zealand MPI-accredited Transitional Facility were two fungi present, Alternaria sp. domain name, it actually operates out holding imported fresh produce and Stemphylium sp., known saprobic of Greece, beyond the direct regulatory from Australia in a coolstore. Two species that were considered unlikely influence of MPI, so that the onus is upon insects found in a consignment of to be the cause of the symptoms. Tests the importer, in this case a member of mandarins were submitted to MPI’s undertaken by MPI’s virology team were the public, to comply with New Zealand’s diagnostic entomology team with an also negative, using electron microscopy, requirements. Fortunately the Greek urgent identification request because herbaceous indexing and PCR. However, business responded to MPI’s emails and of uncertainty over whether they were growing plants in different media and subsequently removed all prohibited seed of local or Australian origin. The fruit environmental conditions indicated from sale. The MPI border intelligence was held in containment pending the the symptoms were induced by abiotic team has been advised. outcome. The insects were identified as a factors. The grower was advised of sciarid fly (Epidapus sp.) and a parasitic the findings and advised to consider Scorpion found wasp of the family Encyrtidae that was plant nutrition testing. Guests at a Queenstown hotel found not identified to genus level. The lack of a scorpion alongside their luggage conclusive identification meant either Insect found in fresh curry and coats after having arrived from or both insects could have originated leaves Melbourne, Australia, the previous day. from Australia, so methyl bromide A Blenheim retailer reported a large MPI staff searched the apartment but fumigation was immediately arranged live insect found in fresh curry leaves found no more scorpions. After asking for both the mandarins and another (Murraya koenigii) imported from Fiji. the tourists where their luggage had produce consignment stored alongside. MPI arranged urgent identification of been, it was concluded unlikely that The produce was then granted border the insect and contacted the importer to the scorpion had originated from their clearance. review the importation documentation residence in Australia, but was more and procedures. Fresh curry leaves are likely
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