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The Ocular Phenotype of Stiff-Skin Syndrome

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The Ocular Phenotype of Stiff-Skin Syndrome Eye (2016) 30, 156–159 © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-222X/16 www.nature.com/eye 1 1 2 CASE SERIES The ocular phenotype S Chamney , B Cartmill , O Earley , 3 4 of stiff-skin syndrome V McConnell and CE Willoughby Abstract unaffected son from the sibship. Diagnosis was fi Purpose Stiff skin syndrome (SSS; con rmed at the molecular level using direct MIM#184900) is a rare autosomal dominantly sequencing; all affected family members had a inherited Mendelian disorder characterised by heterozygous FBN1 pathogenic gene mutation 4 thickened and stone-hard indurations of the (c.4710G C; p.Trp1570Cys). Ophthalmic and skin, mild hypertrichosis, and limitation of joint orthoptic examinations were subsequently mobility with flexion contractures. It is completed. autosomal dominant with high penetrance and results from mutations in the fibrillin 1 (FBN1; MIM*134797) gene. Here we present the Case 1: Proband (54-year-old female) associated ocular phenotype in a two generation 1 nonconsanguineous Northern Irish family. This patient wore glasses from the age of 5 years Department of Methods Ophthalmology, Royal The affected patients underwent and had been diagnosed with right amblyopia, Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK complete ophthalmic and orthoptic which was treated with occlusion therapy. assessment and genetic testing. Aged 51 years, she was diagnosed with bilateral 2 Results Department of All three patients had posterior subcapsular cataracts and had Ophthalmology, Mater ophthalmoplegia of varying degrees. Direct uncomplicated phacoemulsification and Hospital, Belfast, UK FBN1 sequencing of the gene detected a intraocular lens implantation. The left eye was heterozygous pathogenic mutation 3Northern Ireland Regional unexpectedly myopic post-operatively and was (c.4710G4C; p.Trp1570Cys) in all affected Genetics Department, corrected by a LASIK (Laser Assisted in situ Belfast City Hospital, Belfast patients. Keratomileusis) procedure. Health & Social Care Trust, Conclusions This is the first report of She had been diagnosed with flexion Belfast, UK ophthalmoplegia in association with SSS. contractures of fingers and elbows at 7 years of Eye (2016) 30, 156–159; doi:10.1038/eye.2015.183; 4Department of Eye and age and was found to have thickened skin on her published online 16 October 2015 Vision Science, Institute of hands and arms. By the age of 11 years the Ageing and Chronic patient noticed stiffening/clawing of her hands, Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK which by the age of 15 years was affecting her Introduction employment as a seamstress. By the age of 47 Correspondence: years predominately the distal and proximal Stiff skin syndrome (SSS; MIM#184900) is a rare S Chamney, Department of interphalangeal joints of the hands were Ophthalmology, Royal Mendelian autosomal dominant disorder affected with evidence of cutaneous nodules. Victoria Hospital, 274 characterised by thickened, stone-hard indurations Grosvenor Road, Belfast of the skin, mild hypertrichosis, and limitation of There has been some evidence of mild nail BT12 6BA, Antrim, UK joint mobility with flexion contractures. It was first dysplasia. She has had respiratory symptoms Tel: +44 (0)2890240503; 1 and in particular shortness of breath from age of Fax: +44 (0)28 90 330744. reported in 1971. It is caused by pathogenic E-mail: sarahchamney@ mutations in the Arg–Gly–Asp (RGD) sequence- 33 years and has been under the care of a gmail.com encoding domain of fibrillin 1 (FBN1)genethat respiratory physician. mediates intergrin binding.2 No previous Her best-corrected visual acuity was 6/18 in Received: 15 September 2014 descriptions of the ocular phenotype in SSS have both eyes. The left cornea showed evidence of Accepted in revised form: previous LASIK. Both eyes showed well-centred 8 May 2015 been published and herein we report the ocular Published online: findings of an affected family. stable posterior chamber IOLs. The posterior 16 October 2015 pole was normal in both eyes. Cover testing revealed orthophoria for distance and 10 prism Case reports This case series was dioptres of exophoria at near. The extraocular presented as a poster at the movements of both eyes were abnormal with Irish College of Three patients (a mother and her two daughters) Ophthalmology Conference were diagnosed with SSS at the Northern Ireland restriction of elevation, depression, abduction, in 2008. Regional Genetics Service, Belfast. There was an and adduction (Figure 1). Ocular phenotype of SSS S Chamney et al 157 Case 2 (23-year-old female) Case 3 (22-year-old female) This patient was the firstdaughteroftheprobandand This patient who was the second daughter of the proband reported difficultylookingupandtotheleft.Shetended reported difficulty looking up and to the sides. She had to move her head instead of her eyes when looking to worn glasses from 4 years of age. She had generalised the side. She had worn glasses from the age of 8 years. stiff-skin flexion contractions of both elbows, a history of She was noted to have fissured palms at birth, toe walking for which bilateral Achilles tendon release generalised stiff skin, flexion contractions at both procedures were completed at age 7 years. elbows, tight hard skin on hands and feet. She toe Her best-corrected visual acuity was 6/6 right eye and walked and had Achilles tendon lengthening 6/9 left eye. Anterior segment examination was normal. procedures at ages 8 and 14. The crystalline lens in the right eye was normal however Her best-corrected visual acuity was 6/6 right eye and in the left eye showed few refractile dot-like opacities in 6/5 left eye and N5 in both eyes. Her anterior and the nucleus. There was no phacodonesis or subluxation. posterior chamber examination was normal. Cover testing Posterior segment examination was normal. Cover testing revealed 1 prism dioptre of exophoria for distance with 10 revealed 1 prism dioptre of exophoria for distance with prism dioptres of exophoria for near. Extraocular 12 prism dioptres of exophoria for near. Extraocular movements were restricted in upgaze and in lateral gaze movements were restricted in all positions of gaze (Figure 2). (Figure 3). Figure 1 Patient 1 eight positions of gaze. Figure 2 Patient 2 eight positions of gaze. Eye Ocular phenotype of SSS S Chamney et al 158 Figure 3 Patient 3 eight positions of gaze. Discussion fascia network.5,6 Ophthalmoplegia has not been documented in previous case reports of SSS.7–13 SSS usually presents with stony hard thick skin that limits joint mobility congenitally or before the age of 6 years.3 Summary The hard skin is bound firmly to the underlying tissues usually over the entire body, with the most common areas What was known before K SSS is a rare autosomal dominant Mendelian disorder with being the buttocks, thighs and shoulder areas that limits high penetrance. joint mobility and cause flexion contractures. Also K It is caused by pathogenic mutations in the Arg–Gly–Asp cutaneous nodules that predominantly affect DIP joints sequence-encoding domain of the Fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene. and diffuse entrapment neuropathy are associated. Rarely SSS can be associated with scoliosis, restrictive pulmonary What this study adds changes (as observed in the proband), focal K Restrictive ophthalmoplegia is part of the SSS ocular lipodystrophy, hypertrichosis, muscle weakness, growth phenotype and ophthalmic assessment is recommended. K Patients with this restrictive ophthalmoplegia should retardation, and /or relative short stature. The disease is undergo systemic evaluation for SSS. felt to be slowly progressive. It is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited mendelian disorder with o40 reported cases in the literature. Fibrillin is essential in the Conflict of interest mechanical strength of many tissues and contains binding site for integrin receptors which induce intracellular The authors declare no conflict of interest. adaptations in response to extracelluar changes. Mutations in FBN1 result in SSS and Marfan syndrome.2 References The pathogenic mutations identified in SSS are in the 1 Esterly NB, McKusick VA. Stiff skin syndrome. Pediatrics Arg–Gly–Asp (RGD) sequence-encoding domain of 1971; 47: 360–369. fi brillin-1 that mediate integrin binding, resulting in a 2 Loeys BL, Gerber EE, Riegert-Johnson D, Iqbal S, fibrotic phenotype.4 There is a wide phenotype variation Whiteman P, McConnell V et al. Mutations in fibrillin-1 cause described in the literature. The milder cases may congenital scleroderma: stiff skin syndrome. Sci Transl Med represent a localised condition due to mosaic forms of 2010, 2: 23ra20. 3 Liu T, McCalmont T, Frieden I, Williams M, Connolly K, SSS. Treatment for SSS is usually supportive with Gilliam A. The stiff skin syndrome: Case series, differential physiotherapy. diagnosis of the stiff skin phenotype and review of the The ocular phenotype in this family with SSS consisted literature. Arch Dermatol 2008; 144: 1351–1359. of a mechanical restriction of extraocular movement 4 Olivieri J, Smaldone S, Ramirez F. Fibrillin assemblies: fi consistent with fascial shortening within the orbit. This is extracellular determinants of tissue formation and brosis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 2010; 3: 24. most likely due to the same pathophysiology as the limb 5 McCalmont T, Gilliam A. A subcutaneous lattice- like array fi contractions and dermatological ndings; giant collagen of thick collagen is a clue to the diagnosis of stiff skin fibril formation without inflammation in the extraocular syndrome. J Cutan Pathol 2012; 39:2–4. Eye Ocular phenotype of SSS S Chamney et al 159 6 Fidzianska A, Jablonska S. Congenital fascial dystrophy: 10 Azevedo V, Serafini S, Werner B, Muller C, Franchini C, abnormal composition of the fascia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; Morais R. Stiff skin syndrome versus scleroderma: 43: 797–802. a report of two cases. Clin Rheumatol 2009; 28: 7 Gilaberte Y, Saenz-de-Santamaria MC, Garcia-Latasa FJ, 1107–1111. Gonzalez-Mediero I, Zambrano A. Stiff skin syndrome: a 11 Geng S, Lei X, Toyohara, Zhan P, Wang J, Tan S.
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