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Green Environments and Happiness Level in Housing Areas Toward a Sustainable Life

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Green Environments and Happiness Level in Housing Areas Toward a Sustainable Life sustainability Article Green Environments and Happiness Level in Housing Areas toward a Sustainable Life Min Jee Nikki Han and Mi Jeong Kim * School of Architecture, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 April 2019; Accepted: 12 August 2019; Published: 1 September 2019 Abstract: Housing environments should enable residents to have positive experiences through the allocation of diverse green environments, which lead to physically and mentally happy, healthy living. Such positive experiences affect their happiness level, thus leading to sustainable lives. However, in Korea, since the 1980s, the design of housing complexes has been overly focused on their economic and iconic value, while the importance of residents’ experiences has been ignored in the living environment. This research explores categories of green environments in accordance with their scale and purpose of use and evaluates green environments in housing areas by focusing on the residents’ happiness levels. Further, this research examines the correlation between green environments and residents’ happiness level and the effect of green environments on their sociality satisfaction level. The results indicate that green environments and happiness levels are critically correlated. Through the results, this research emphasizes the importance of providing structural and strategic planning of green environments in housing areas for residents’ happiness, and thus their sustainable lives. Keywords: green environment; housing environment; residents’ cognition; happiness level; community life 1. Introduction In the 2018 World Happiness Index, Korea ranked 57 out of 156 countries [1]. Diverse factors affect the happiness level (HL) of citizens; however, the quality of their living environment is considered a major issue affecting their HL [2–4]. Many countries, including the United States, Australia, and European nations, consider the green environment in relation to the HL of their citizens by carrying out qualitative examinations of selected cities or urban areas. An awareness of the importance of green environments in housing areas has become more critical as a result of expanding urbanization: currently, 50 percent of the world’s population live in urban areas [5,6]. This research is interested in the HL of citizens in relation to their living environment, specifically in terms of a green environment. In Korea, apartment complexes have developed rapidly since 1962 as a result of dramatic population growth in cities. However, the focus of their development has been on their social capital, including their branding value, aesthetic aspects, and economic development value, and the importance of the natural environment within housing areas has been ignored [7–9]. In addition, the garden designs and types of plants within apartment complexes have been the main focus in green environments in Korea [10]. Many studies in Korea have dealt with green space arrangements, planting structures, and green ratios in apartment complexes, emphasizing the importance of garden concepts and a beautiful environment. However, consideration of how this green environment affects residents in their housing area is lacking. As citizens’ lifestyles become more heavily urbanized, many studies in Europe, Australia, and the United States have started exploring green spaces in relation to residents’ life satisfaction, mental health, and physical health [11–14]. These studies have emphasized that green Sustainability 2019, 11, 4768; doi:10.3390/su11174768 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2019,, 11,, xx FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW 2 of 17 Sustainability 2019, 11, 4768 2 of 18 lifelife satisfaction,satisfaction, mentalmental health,health, andand physicalphysical healthhealth [11–14].[11–14]. TheseThese studiesstudies havehave emphasizedemphasized thatthat green environments provide amenity value to residents and consequently influence their life environmentssatisfaction. provide Well-being amenity is a value concept to residents considered and in consequently many studies influence exploring their the lifegreen satisfaction. environment Well-being[11,15,16]. is a The concept green considered environment in manycan provide studies amen exploringityity valuevalue the toto green peoplepeople environment inin variousvarious[ 11ways.ways.,15,16 ScenicScenic]. The greenamenity environment tends to positively can provide influence amenity residents’ value to ment peopleal health, in various whereas ways. greater Scenic accessibility amenity tends to green to positivelyenvironments influence tends residents’ to positively mental influence health, whereas residents’ greater physical accessibility health by to reducing green environments risks associated tendswith to positively obesity and influence a sedenta residents’ry lifestyle physical [5,11,17]. health by reducing risks associated with obesity and a sedentaryThe lifestyle aim of [5 this,11,17 research]. was to explore the importance of a green environment in housing areas, andThe aimits effect of this on research residents’ was toHL explore in terms the importanceof life satisfaction. of a green This environment research inexamines housing areas,residents’ and itscognitive effect on state residents’ regarding HL green in terms environments of life satisfaction. and considers This research how these examines environments residents’ influence cognitive their stateHL regarding in terms green of their environments overall life and satisfaction considers correla how theseting with environments community influence life. 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Given that on residents’ the residents HL, regardlesssurveyed were of the from residents’ the same other housing background complex, data. their Givensociodemographic that the residents and surveyed socioeconomic were from status the same was housing expected complex, to be within their sociodemographic a similar range, andbecause socioeconomicKorean housing status complexes was expected are toseen be withinas clusters a similar of populationspopulations range, because basedbased Korean onon aa certain housing similar complexes economic are seenlevellevel as [9].[9]. clusters of populations based on a certain similar economic level [9]. 2. Related2. Related Works Works 2.1. Importance2.1. Importance of Green of Green Environments Environments for Humans’ for Humans’ Sustainable Sustainable Life Life The conceptThe concept of the of green the green environment environment is popular is popular among among scholars, scholars, often often defined defined as an as e ffanective effective tooltool for achieving for achieving sustainable sustainable health health and well-beingand well-being in humans in humans [15,18 [15,18,19].,19]. Research Research on green on green and and naturalnatural environments environments has consideredhashas consideredconsidered diverse diversediverse types typestypes of green ofof greengreen environments, environments,environments, including includingincluding wild wildwild nature, nature,nature, urbanurban parkland, parkland, grasslands, grasslands, parks, parks, gardens, gardens, and and landscaping, landscaping, as shown as shown in Table in Table1[ 2 ,18 ,11[2,8,11,13,16,20].,13,16,20]. TheseThese various various types types of green of environmentgreen environment influence influenc factorse that factors are ethatffective are in effective improving in theimproving overall the life satisfactionoverall life ofsatisfaction residents, includingof residents, their including well-being, their amenity, well-being, sociality, amenity, health, andsociality, comfort. health, It is and importantcomfort. that It theseis important types of that green these environments types of green are publicly environmentsenvironments accessible areare to publiclypublicly provide accessibleaccessible spaces of toto social provideprovide interactionspaces forof social residents interaction [11]. Green for environmentsresidents [11]. areGreen critically environments influential are in critically the values influential of amenity, in the well-being,values andof amenity, health for well-being, urban residents and [health2,11]. Manyfor urban countries, residents including [2,11]. England, Many China,countries, Australia, including Germany,England, and China, Belgium, Australia, have explored Germany, healthy and city Belgium, planning, have in whichexplored green healthy environments city planning, play a in vital which role ingreen enhancing environments quality play of life a andvital urban role in livability enhancing [19 quality]. of life and urban livability [19]. TableTable 1. Categories 1. Categories of Green of Green Environment. Environment. GreenGreen Space Space Category Category ExampleExample Definition Definition Green environments such as mountains, hills, and bushland GreenGreen environments environments such such as asmountains, mountains, hills, hills, and bushland WildWild green green nature nature inin theirtheirand bushlandnaturalnatural conditioncondition in theirnatural condition Urban-basedUrban-based
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