DOCSLIB.ORG

Sexual Dimorphism in the Turtle Kinosternon Scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sexual Dimorphism in the Turtle Kinosternon Scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazon Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075, Vol. 69(2): 601-614, April-June 2021 (Published May 14, 2021) 601 Silva da Silva, J., dos Santos Braga, B.S., da Silva Costa, J., Schlemmer Brasil, L., Lobato de Oliveira-Bahia, V.R., Pimentel Leal, R., Felipe Marques, J.R., & de Araújo Guimarães, D.A. (2021). Sexual dimorphism in the turtle Kinosternon scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazon. Revista de Biología Tropical, 69(2), 601-614. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt. v69i2.42834 https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i2.42834 Sexual dimorphism in the turtle Kinosternon scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazon Joilson Silva da Silva1 Brenda Stefany dos Santos Braga1 Juliane da Silva Costa1* Leandro Schlemmer Brasil1 Verônica Regina Lobato de Oliveira-Bahia1 Relionan Pimentel Leal2 José Ribamar Felipe Marques2 Diva Anélie de Araújo Guimarães1 1. Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (*Correspondence), [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil; [email protected], [email protected] Received 08-VII-2020. Corrected 06-II-2021. Accepted 22-IV-2021. ABSTRACT Introduction: Morphometrics analysis is an efficient and low-cost technique used in studies of sexual dimor- phism in turtles. Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides, scorpion mud turtle, has a wide phenotypic variation, depending on the area of its occurrence. Objective: The objective of this work was to identify the anatomical sexual difference of K. s. scorpioides, adults and hatchlings, through morphometric analysis; and relate the weights of adult animals to environmental factors (temperature and rainfall) in Marajó Island, Brazil. Methods: The sample collection was carried out from March to September 2018, covering both the rainy season (January to July) and the dry season (August to December). For the biometric analysis, 95 adults and 21 hatchlings were used, in which the length and width of the carapace and plastron, height of the shell, and weight were measured (adults only). For the geometric morphometry analysis, 21 adults and 13 hatchlings were used, in which 27 coor- dinates of anatomical landmarks were inserted in each image of the carapace and 11 in the plastron. Hatchlings were sexed by histology which was enabled by the identification of the ovaries and testicles. Results: The results showed the existence of dimorphism in adults. The plastron and height were higher in females, which had a more rounded carapace than males. This characteristic may be related to the species’ sexual strategy, where males impose copulation. Histologically, it was possible to identify the ovaries and testicles in the hatchlings, but there was no anatomical sexual difference, despite the tendency to differentiate in the analysis of carapace PCA. Conclusions: Sexual dimorphism in K. s. scorpioides may play an important role on its reproductive behavior, which is synchronized with environmental events. This fact suggests that the reproductive strategies of this spe- cies would be severely affected by changes in the ecosystem. Key words: biometrics; geometry morphometrics; scorpion mud turtle; sexual difference; turtles. 602 Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075 Vol. 69(2): 601-614, April-June 2021 (Published May 14, 2021) The turtles or Testudines are represented & Iverson, 2011). This species is one of the by 356 species, and considering the subspecies, smallest turtles of the Amazon forest, measur- they total 478 modern taxa, divided into 13 ing from 18 to 27 cm in length (Vogt, 2008). families (Rhodin et al., 2017). Of this total, 20 Its conservation status in the Brazilian terri- % are found in South America (Souza, 2004; tory is categorized as least concern (Vogt et Ferreira-Júnior, 2009). Thirty-six species are al., 2015), despite it being the only species of known in Brazil (Costa & Bérnils, 2018), out the Kinosternidae family occurring in Brazil of which 17 terrestrial species have been iden- (Viana, Santos, & Antunes, 2015). It is severely tified in the Brazilian Amazon, 15 aquatic and exploited by illegal consumption and trade in two terrestrial species. many places (Ferrara et al., 2016), especially Studies on the biological processes related in Marajó island, State of Pará, Brazil (Cristo, to the growth, change in the size, shape and Baía-Júnior, Silva, Marques, & Guimarães, body pattern of turtles, can be carried out 2017). In addition, there are few conservation through morphometric analysis of the carapace and management programs for this species. and plastron. This technique has been applied This animal is well adapted to captive condi- to distinguish morphological variations by ana- tions; however, it is necessary to expand the tomical landmarks (Monteiro & Reis, 1999), knowledge about its nutritional requirements proving to be accurate for phylogenetic stud- and management (Costa et al., 2017). In this ies and sexual differentiation of these animals instance, there is little information of the (Valenzuela, Adams, Bowden, & Gauger, 2004; aspects regarding the reproductive biology Depecker, Berge, Penin, & Renous, 2006; of the free-living species. Nevertheless, it is Ferreira-Júnior, Treichel, Scaramussa, & Scal- known that they copulate on land and in shal- foni, 2011; Sönmez, Bağda, Candan, & Yilmaz, low waters. Their nests are found at the base 2019). Morphological analyses allow research- of the roots of shrubs, away from water bodies ers to precisely identify the shape and size of (Ferrara et al., 2016). Sex is determined by the biological organisms, allowing the observa- temperature of incubation during embryonic tion of their morphological changes (Van Der development (Ewert & Nelson, 1991; Rueda- Molen, Martínez-Abadía, & González, 2007). Almonacid et al., 2007), and sexual maturity is It has as an advantage of increasing the feasi- attained when the animal reaches 2.8 to 5 years bility of collecting samples, as only an analysis old (Vogt, 2008). of the photograph of the animal is necessary The phenotypic difference between adult (Lyra, Hatadani, Azeredo-Espin, & Klaczko, males and females, raised in captivity, is related 2010). It is important to understand that most to body size, plastron shape, weight, tail size of the techniques used in sexing chelonian and pigmentation in the male’s head (Castro, hatchlings are largely impractical and invasive, 2006). The adult female measures an aver- even requiring to slaughter the animal (Valen- age of 15.26 cm in length and 430.08 g in zuela et al., 2004). Therefore, it is necessary to weight, and the male 14.79 cm and 314.05 apply non-invasive techniques, to differentiate g, respectively (Castro, 2006). Generally, the the sex of the hatchlings. Sexing is a useful tool first nesting occurs, when the female reaches in management practices in the wild or captiv- 10 cm in carapace length (Barreto, Lima, & ity, enabling the correct intervention for the Barbosa, 2009). In males, sexual maturity is reintroduction and release of animals, or in the reached at 10 cm (Barreto et al., 2009) to 13.2 formation of groups. cm in carapace length (Vogt, 2008). However, The scorpion mud turtle (Kinosternon a variation in the body size has been found in scorpioides scorpioides) is geographically dis- the wild, where males may be larger or smaller tributed from Panama to Argentina and inhab- in relation to females (Berry & Iverson, 2011). its permanent, semi-permanent and temporary Hatchling turtles in captivity are on average 2.6 aquatic environments (Iverson, 2010; Berry cm long and weigh 2.8 g (Costa et al., 2017). Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075, Vol. 69(2): 601-614, April-June 2021 (Published May 14, 2021) 603 They do not show any apparent sexual dimor- collected from the scientific research breed- phism until they reach 20 months of age (9.4 ing facility of Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa cm in length), when there is an increase in the Agropecuária - Embrapa Amazônia Oriental tail and the presence of pigmentation on the (License number 7310/2014-SEMAS-PA), head of the males (Castro, 2006). located in Salvaterra, Marajó island, Pará, Bra- Thus, the main objective of this research zil, (0°42’26.90” S & 48°33’34.70” W) (Fig. was to identify the sexual morphological differ- 1). In addition to the 13 samples, more eight ence of K. s. scorpioides through the morpho- hatchlings were also obtained for biometry, a metric analysis of adult animals and hatchlings total of 21 animals. Hatchlings were sexed by turtles, in addition to relating the weight mea- histological analysis of the gonads. The testi- surements of adult animals to environmental cles and ovaries were fixed in Bouin’s solution factors (temperature and rainfall) in Marajó and preserved in 70 % alcohol. The samples island, Pará, Brazil. were dehydrated in an increasing ethanolic solution (70, 80, 90 and 100 %), diaphanized in MATERIALS AND METHODS xylol and included in paraffin. Posteriorly, his- tology sections 5 µm were stained with Hema- Data collection: Samples from 95 wild toxylin and Eosin, and the slides were analyzed adults K. s. scorpioides, for traditional mor- with optical microscopy. phometrics (biometrics) and weight analy- The research performed were approved sis, were collected in Cachoeira do Arari, by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiver- Mesoregion of Marajó island, Pará, Brazil, sity Conservation (ICMBio-SISBIO 59314-1), specifically in Guajarás farm (0°37’7.50” S & the Ethics Committee for Animals Research 48°58’59.68” W) (Fig. 1). The animals were - Universidade Federal do Pará (Authorization captured manually in the wild, followed by number CEUA 7749240817), and the Ethics release. No anesthetic was used, with a short Committee for Use of Animals - Embrapa physical containment time. In addition, photo- (Authorization number 001-2016). identification technique of the animal’s head was used for records, as it has different marks, Morphometrics: Ninety-five adults scor- avoiding recapture.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Morphological Study of Epididymides in the Scorpion Mud Turtle in Natural Habitat (Kinosternon Scorpioides – Linnaeus, 1976)
    Biotemas, 26 (2): 153-162, junho de 2013 doi: 10.5007/2175-7925.2013v26n2p153153 ISSNe 2175-7925 Morphological study of epididymides in the scorpion mud turtle in natural habitat (Kinosternon scorpioides – Linnaeus, 1976) Diego C. Viana 1 Leandro A. Rui 1 Maria A. Miglino ¹ Lianne P. F. Araujo 2 Antonia S. Oliveira 2 Alana L. Sousa 2* 1 Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, Sao Paulo – SP, Brazil. 2 Department of Clinical Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science State University of Maranhao, Cidade Universitaria Paulo VI, CEP 65054-970, Sao Luis – MA, Brazil. * Corresponding author [email protected] Submetido em 08/06/2012 Aceito para publicação em 14/01/2013 Resumo Estudo morfológico dos epidídimos de jurará em habitat natural (Kinosternon scorpioides – Linnaeus, 1976). No estado do Maranhão, é encontrado o quelônio de água doce Kinosternon scorpioides, conhecido como jurará, que possui valor social, econômico e ambiental. Vinte jurarás adultos foram coletados nos meses de março, junho, setembro e dezembro, correspondendo aos dois períodos do ano: as estações chuvosa e seca. De cada animal colheram-se os epidídimos para averiguar a existência de sazonalidade reprodutiva. Os órgãos foram avaliados por microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão e analisados à altura do epitélio epididimário e os diâmetros tubular e luminal. Os epidídimos estavam divididos em rede testis, ducto eferente e ducto epididimário. Na estação chuvosa, eles apresentaram, epitélio pseudoestratificado estereociliado; na estação seca, eles se caracterizaram por células simples, cúbicas e não ciliadas.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Report of Freshwater Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in U.S
    Summary Report of Freshwater Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 4—An Update April 2013 Prepared by: Pam L. Fuller, Amy J. Benson, and Matthew J. Cannister U.S. Geological Survey Southeast Ecological Science Center Gainesville, Florida Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia Cover Photos: Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix – Auburn University Giant Applesnail, Pomacea maculata – David Knott Straightedge Crayfish, Procambarus hayi – U.S. Forest Service i Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ vi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Overview of Region 4 Introductions Since 2000 ....................................................................................... 1 Format of Species Accounts ...................................................................................................................... 2 Explanation of Maps ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sacred Turtles in Mayan Art and Iconography
    Sacred Animals and Exotic Tropical Plants by Dr. Nicholas M. Hellmuth Sacred turtles in Mayan art and iconography new FLAAR Report* now lists all picted in Mayan art as one of the housings of the animals that were sacred or of God N (also called Pauahtun). Normally Aotherwise considered as special by God N is in a conch shell or snail shell, but the Classic Maya. !ere are animals that are sometimes he can be in a turtle carapace. related to the sky (constellations, stars, plan- Turtles are found in the various Mayan ets), the forests and those that are associated codices and in the murals of Bonampak. with rivers, lakes, swamps and the oceans. Any good book on Mayan archaeoastrono- !ese waters are conflated by the cosmology my will discuss the turtles (and peccary) in of the Preclassic and Classic Maya into the the murals and codices. Turtles are decora- underwaterworld. tion for a typical Puuc structure at Uxmal On the surface of this underwaterworld you in the Yucatán. Turtle symbolism is deeply get the major interaction of exotic creatures. embedded in Classic Maya beliefs. Crocodiles, fish, sharks, turtles—both sea tur- Dr. Nicholas M. Hellmuth is director of FLAAR tles and freshwater turtles—are often depicted. Reports (Foundation for Latin American Anthro- It has long been recognized that turtle pological Research). To view the list of sacred ani- mals visit www.maya-archaeology.org or contact carapaces were used as musical instruments. Dr. Hellmuth at frontdesk@flaar.org !ese instruments are pictured in murals * See the complete list of sacred animals at and on pottery vases, especially in the Late www.maya-archaeology.org Classic period (AD 600-800).
    [Show full text]
  • Invasion of the Turtles? Wageningen Approach
    Alterra is part of the international expertise organisation Wageningen UR (University & Research centre). Our mission is ‘To explore the potential of nature to improve the quality of life’. Within Wageningen UR, nine research institutes – both specialised and applied – have joined forces with Wageningen University and Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences to help answer the most important questions in the domain of healthy food and living environment. With approximately 40 locations (in the Netherlands, Brazil and China), 6,500 members of staff and 10,000 students, Wageningen UR is one of the leading organisations in its domain worldwide. The integral approach to problems and the cooperation between the exact sciences and the technological and social disciplines are at the heart of the Invasion of the turtles? Wageningen Approach. Alterra is the research institute for our green living environment. We offer a combination of practical and scientific Exotic turtles in the Netherlands: a risk assessment research in a multitude of disciplines related to the green world around us and the sustainable use of our living environment, such as flora and fauna, soil, water, the environment, geo-information and remote sensing, landscape and spatial planning, man and society. Alterra report 2186 ISSN 1566-7197 More information: www.alterra.wur.nl/uk R.J.F. Bugter, F.G.W.A. Ottburg, I. Roessink, H.A.H. Jansman, E.A. van der Grift and A.J. Griffioen Invasion of the turtles? Commissioned by the Invasive Alien Species Team of the Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority Invasion of the turtles? Exotic turtles in the Netherlands: a risk assessment R.J.F.
    [Show full text]
  • Biologia, Allevamento E Riproduzione in Cattività Di Kinosternon Scorpioides Scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766)
    Schildkröten im Fokus Online, Bergheim 2012: 4: 1–12 Andrea Luison Biologia, allevamento e riproduzione in cattività di Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides (LINNAEUS, 1766) Testi e foto Andrea Luison, Latina, Italia Introduzione esemplari giovani. È una specie abba­ molti appassionati di trovare in com­ Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides è stanza resistente alla vita in cattività e mercio esemplari giovani, e riducen­ stata descritta da Linnaeus nel 1766. viste le dimensioni abbastanza ridot­ do il rischio di acquistare esemplari di In base alle informazioni in mio pos­ te, è adatta all’allevamento in acqua­ cattura, spesso stressati e debilitati. sesso ogni anno vengono importati in rio. Fortunatamente, negli ultimi È una specie di libera vendita, Europa migliaia di esemplari adulti di anni, ci sono state diverse riproduzio­ che non necessità di documentazione K. s. scorpioides e solo raramente ni in cattività, permettendo cosi a CITES. Fig. 1 Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides occupa un vasto areale in Sudamerica. Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides, the scorpion mud turtle lives in huge parts of South America. SCHILDKRÖTEN IM FOKUS ONLINE 4, 2012 1 Andrea Luison Biologia, allevamento e riproduzione in cattività di Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides Classificazione (Iverson 1992, Cabrera & Colan­ K. acutum, K. alamosae, K. angusti- Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides tonio 1997, Schilde 2001, Van Dijk pons, K. arizonense, K. baurii, K. chi- appartiene alla famiglia dei et al 2011): Claudius, Kinosternon, malhuaca, K. creaseri, K. dunni, K. Kinosternidae, che attualmente com­ Staurotypus, e Sternotherus. Il genere durangoense, K. flavescens, K. herre- prende quattro generi differenti Kinosternon è formato da 18 specie: rai, K. hirtipes (6 sottospecie), K. inte- Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Spermiogenesis in Scorpion Mud Turtle, Kinosternon Scorpioides*
    Spermiogenesis in scorpion mud turtle, Kinosternon scorpioides* Diego Carvalho Viana¹+, Amilton Cesar dos Santos¹ and Antônio Chaves de Assis Neto¹ ABSTRACT. Viana D.C., Santos A.C. & Assis Neto A.C. Spermiogenesis in scorpion mud turtle, Kinosternon scorpioide. [Espermatogênese em tartaru- ga da lama Kinosternon scorpioides.] Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 37(4):389-396, 2015. Department of Surgery, Sector Anatomy, School of Vet- erinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] The spermatogenesis events have been commonly studied in mammals. On the other hands, there are few studies in reptiles, especially in turtles. In this group there are unique structural variations for sperm formation, determined by reproductive adaptive divergence. The aim of present study was to dee- pen the understanding about the subcellular process of the spermiogenesis by transmission electron micrographic analysis in turtles Kinosternon scorpioides. The result showed the cytoplasmatic elongation of the spermatid in order to removing the content excess and allows the meeting between the spermatozoa and ova. Such morphological aspect could be necessarily to move efficiently in direction to the ova in female reproductive tract. In addition mitochondrial structure and shape was poorly defined with ridges and dense nuclei surroun- ded by concentric lipid bilayers. KEY WORDS. Electron microscopy, manchette, spermatozoa, ultrastructure, reptile. RESUMO. Os eventos da espermiogênese foram densos, rodeada por bica madas concêntrica de li- bem estudados em mamíferos, entretanto, poucas pídios. in vestigações foram feitas em répteis e principal- PALAVRAS-CHAVE. Microscopia eletrônica, esperma- mente em tartarugas.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinosternon Scorpioides (Scorpion Mud Turtle)
    UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Behaviour Kinosternon scorpioides (Scorpion Mud Turtle) Family: Kinosternidae (Mud Turtles) Order: Testudines (Tortoises and Turtles) Class: Reptilia (Reptiles) Fig. 1. Scorpion mud turtle, Kinosternon scorpioides. [http://foro.elacuarista.com/index.php?topic=1991.0, downloaded 1 December 2014] TRAITS. Kinosternon scorpioides (Fig.1) has many variations in body size of the various sub- species due to geographic locations, but the ratio mean male size to mean female size remains to be that the males have a larger carapace length (outer shell) (exceeding 20cm in some populations) than the females (average of 15cm) (Iverson, 2010). Carapace length is the length of the fused dorsal plates of a turtle (The Free Dictionary, 2014). The carapace of many individuals can have three ridges/keels (Ernst and Barbour, 1989) that can be reduced in size with age. Males of this species have a large grasping/prehensile tail, which has a larger spine at the end (also called a terminal spine) compared to the females of this species (Pritchard and Trebbau. 1984) (Fig. 2). The shell colouration is varied within and among the populations and can vary from tan to black (also having olive and brown). The plastron has a lighter colour, which varies from yellow to UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Behaviour brown in adults. Skin colour also has variations in some populations from gray to brown to nearly black and often have vermiculations (dense coverage but irregular line patterns) of yellow, orange or red either on the head or the neck of adults.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jaguar As a Potential Predator of Kinosternon Scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766)
    SHORT NOTE HERPETOZOA 27 (3/4) Wien, 30. Jänner 2015 SHORT NOTE 205 The jaguar as a potential predator of Kinosternon scorpioides (liNNAEuS, 1766) Due to its large Neotropical range, the diet of the jaguar reflects the local spectrum of potential prey species and, thus varies by region (DE OlivEiRA 2002). Although the cat has a marked preference for mammals, there are reported cases in which reptiles were eaten (EMMONS 1989; CHiNCHillA 1997; FONSECA et al. 2009; SAlERA et al. 2009; CAvAlCANTi & gESE 2010; PlATT & RAiN- WATER 2011; PAéZ et al. 2012; vERíSSiMO et al. 2012). These authors recorded predation of four species of sea turtle, Iguana iguana (liNNAEuS, 1758), Caiman crocodilus (liN- NAEuS, 1758), Melanosuchus niger (SPiX, 1825), Crocodylus acutus (CuviER, 1807) and the turtle species Podocnemis expansa (SCHWEiggER, 1812), Podocnemis unifilis TROSCHEl, 1848, Chelonoidis denticulata (liNNAEuS, 1766), Chelonoidis carbonaria (SPiX, 1824) and Platemys platycephala (SCHNEiDER, 1792). 206 SHORT NOTE HERPETOZOA 27 (3/4) Wien, 30. Jänner 2015 SHORT NOTE Fig. 1: Camera trap photograph of a jaguar ( Pan - Fig. 2: The shell remains of the adult thera onca ) taken on April 6, 2011, at Santa Rosa Scorpion Mud Turtle, Kinosternon scorpioides National Park, guanacaste, Costa Rica. The site is (liNNAEuS , 1766) , mentioned in the legend located 25 meters from a place where the remains to Fig. 1., show bite marks which the authors of a Scorpion Mud Turtle, Kinosternon scorpioides attribute to the dentition of a jaguar (liNNAEuS , 1766 ), were found (see Fig. 2). (Panthera onca ). local populations of jaguars ( Pan - remaining water sources ( vAugHAN & W EiS thera onca ) in Santa Rosa National Park, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Chelonian Advisory Group Regional Collection Plan 4Th Edition December 2015
    Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) Chelonian Advisory Group Regional Collection Plan 4th Edition December 2015 Editor Chelonian TAG Steering Committee 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Mission ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Steering Committee Structure ........................................................................................................... 3 Officers, Steering Committee Members, and Advisors ..................................................................... 4 Taxonomic Scope ............................................................................................................................. 6 Space Analysis Space .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Survey ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Current and Potential Holding Table Results ............................................................................. 8 Species Selection Process Process ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Decision Tree ........................................................................................................................... 13 Decision Tree Results .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Kinosternon Scorpioides Albogulare (Duméril and Bocourt 1870) – White-Throated Mud Turtle, Swanka Turtle
    Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A CompilationKinosternidae Project of the IUCN/SSC— Kinosternon Tortoise scorpioidesand Freshwater albogulare Turtle Specialist Group 064.1 A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.064.albogulare.v1.2011 © 2011 by Chelonian Research Foundation • Published 31 December 2011 Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare (Duméril and Bocourt 1870) – White-Throated Mud Turtle, Swanka Turtle GERMAN FORERO -MEDINA 1,2 AND OL G A V. CASTAÑO -MORA 2 1Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA [[email protected]]; 2Grupo de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia [[email protected]] SUMMARY . – The White-throated Mud Turtle, Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare (Family Kinos- ternidae), is a poorly studied taxon that inhabits freshwater ponds, streams, and mangrove forests in Central America from Honduras to Panama and the Caribbean island of San Andrés, Colombia. Carapace length can reach approximately 150 mm, but varies geographically, with some populations averaging only 125 mm; clutch size ranges from 1–6, but usually 2–5, and egg size is approximately 31 x 15 mm. Although little is known about its ecology, reproduction, and population trends, its occurrence in several countries, the fact that its habitat is included in some protected areas, the low human consumption, and the high estimated densities at some sites, support the premise that it is not currently globally threatened.
    [Show full text]
  • International Zoo News Vol. 50/5 (No
    International Zoo News Vol. 50/5 (No. 326) July/August 2003 CONTENTS OBITUARY – Patricia O'Connor EDITORIAL FEATURE ARTICLES Reptiles in Japanese Collections. Part 1: Ken Kawata Chelonians, 1998 Breeding Birds of Paradise at Simon Bruslund Jensen and Sven Hammer Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation An Artist Visits Two Chinese Zoos Frank Pé Variation in Reliability of Measuring Tony King, Elke Boyen and Sander Muilerman Behaviours of Reintroduced Orphan Gorillas Letter to the Editor Book Reviews Conservation Miscellany International Zoo News Recent Articles * * * OBITUARY Patricia O'Connor Dr Patricia O'Connor Halloran made history when she took the position of the staff veterinarian of the Staten Island Zoo, New York, in 1942: she became the first full-time woman zoo veterinarian (and, quite possibly, the first woman zoo veterinarian) in North America. She began her zoo work at a time when opportunities for career-oriented women were limited. Between 1930 and 1939, only 0.8 percent of graduates of American and Canadian veterinary schools were women (the figure had increased to more than 60 percent by the 1990s). At her husband's suggestion she continued to use her maiden name O'Connor as her professional name. For nearly three decades until her retirement in 1970 she wore many hats to keep the zoo going, especially during the war years. She was de facto the curator of education, as well as the curator of mammals and birds. A superb organizer, she helped found several organizations, including the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians (AAZV). Dr O'Connor became the AAZV's first president from 1946 to 1957, and took up the presidency again in 1965.
    [Show full text]
  • M39-00672-Graham Megan Scorpion Mud Turtle Olfaction EAP Spring 2018
    Graham 1 Food finding using olfaction by scorpion mud turtles (Kinosternon scorpioides) Megan M. Graham Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Santa Cruz EAP Tropical Biology and Conservation Program, Spring 2018 8 June 2018 ABSTRACT The mechanism used to locate food varies between animals, whether it be by olfaction, vision, hearing, touch, taste, or some combination of these. Many turtle species rely on vision and olfaction to find prey. I designed an experiment to test if scorpion mud turtles (Kinosternon scorpioides) can find food using olfaction by placing the turtles in Rio Cuajiniquil with three nondescript capsules containing sardine chunks and three empty, control capsules. Observations of six turtles’ interactions with the capsules suggested that they can locate food through olfaction; however, only one statistical analysis was significant which was that the turtles were more likely to bite full capsules than empty capsules. El descubrimiento de alimento por medio del olfato en las tortugas candado (Kinosternon scorpioides) RESUMEN Los mecanismos utilizados para localizar alimentos varían entre las especies de animales, ya sea por olfato, visión, audición, tacto, gusto o alguna combinación de estos. Muchas especies de tortugas dependen de la visión y el olfato para encontrar sus presas. Diseñé un experimento para probar si las tortugas candado (Kinosternon scorpioides) podían encontrar comida usando el olfato. Coloqué las tortugas en el Río Cuajiniquil con tres cápsulas que contenían trozos de sardina y tres cápsulas vacías de control. Las observaciones de las interacciones de seis tortugas con las cápsulas sugirieron que pueden localizar los alimentos a través del olfato; sin embargo, solo uno de los análisis estadísticos fue significativo, la cual fue que las tortugas tenían mayor probabilidad de morder las cápsulas completas que las cápsulas vacías.
    [Show full text]