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Density and Population Structure of Globally Vulnerable and Endangered Trees in Chennai Metropolitan City, India

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Density and Population Structure of Globally Vulnerable and Endangered Trees in Chennai Metropolitan City, India Advances in Zoology and Botany 8(3): 233-242, 2020 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/azb.2020.080320 Density and Population Structure of Globally Vulnerable and Endangered Trees in Chennai Metropolitan City, India M. Udayakumar1,*, A. Selvam1, T. Sekar2 1Department of Plant Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India 2PG and Research Department of Botany, Pachaiyappa’s College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Received March 19, 2020; Revised April 13, 2020; Accepted April 27, 2020 Copyright©2020 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract A quantitative floristic study was conducted considerable amount of nation’s total tree cover [2]. In in Chennai metropolitan city (CMC), Tamil Nadu, India to addition, urban forests provide habitat for plants and estimate density and population structure of trees animals [3]. Frequently, the species richness of urban categorized as vulnerable and endangered by International forests is greater than it is in rural areas [4-8]. Further, Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources urban forests provide niches to endangered species [9]. (IUCN) red-list. A total of one hundred 1–ha (100 m × 100 Besides, urbanized areas also harbor a large number of m) square plots were randomly laid to estimate density and threatened species [10-13]. Interestingly, even a small species richness of threatened trees in study area. All trees green space serves as a habitat for native flora and fauna ≥ 10 cm girth at breast height (gbh) were recorded, and [14]. Information on density and species richness of identified up to species level on the field with the aid of threatened species is one of the basic needs to assess regional floras and checklists. Six different land uses were conservation values of urban forests and trees [15]. recognised. In total, 10426 trees belonging to 99 species, Promoting and preserving biota within urban forests is 36 families and 86 genera were recorded. Of six land use believed to decelerate the uncontrollable biodiversity loss categories, riverbanks had highest tree density (150.08 ± [2]. Baseline data such as density, diversity and species 21.02 trees ha-1) followed by parks (138.86 ± 29.08 trees richness of plant and animal species are scarce for many ha-1) and institutional areas (98.77 ± 4.48 trees ha-1). In Indian cities including Chennai. Information on these lines total, 1272 IUCN red-listed trees belonged to six families could aid in the preparation of conservation measures that and eight genera were enumerated. Among land uses, protect and preserve species from damages. Only a limited educational institutions had largest number of threatened number of studies have concentrated on urban biodiversity trees (374 individuals) followed by parks (327 individuals) in Chennai Metropolitan City (CMC) [14, 16, 17]. and residential areas (228 individuals). We find Chennai’s Moreover, information on threatened trees of CMC is urban forests as home for seven vulnerable and three lacking. Thus, the present study was planned to fill this gap, endangered tree species. This study reveals density and and to assess density and species richness and population population structure of threatened trees growing in CMC, structure of globally vulnerable and endangered tree India. species in CMC. Keywords Endangered Tree Species, South India, Threatened Species, Urban Forest, Vulnerable Tree 2. Methods Species 2.1. Study Area Chennai is one of the four metropolitan cities of the 1. Introduction Indian sub-continent. The city is the capital of Tamil Nadu state and has 174 km2 of geographical area. Climate of the Urban forests serve aesthetic, ecological, health, city is tropical-humid. The mean maximum and minimum psychological and social functions [1]. They form a temperature and rainfall are 37 °C and 24 °C, and 1200 and 234 Density and Population Structure of Globally Vulnerable and Endangered Trees in Chennai Metropolitan City, India 1300 mm, respectively [18]. The city serves as home for Red-listed trees in CMC (Figure 1). Study area comprises 6.4 million people [19]. The city has Bay of Bengal as its of residential areas, urban parks, educational institutions, eastern border and Thiruvallur and Kanchipuram districts roads, riverbanks and government offices (Table 1). All as its northern, southern and western boundaries. trees ≥ 10 cm girth at breast height were counted. All the encountered trees were identified to species level in the 2.2. Field Survey field with the help of available field guides, floras and checklists [14, 16, 20]. Voucher specimens were deposited The entire area of CMC is sub-gridded into hectares by at Pachaiyappa’s College Herbarium, Chennai (PCHC). using ArcGIS 9.3 tool. Among sub-grids 100 study plots Status of threatened species was recorded with the help of (one ha each) were selected with random table for tree IUCN Red List’s website [21]. density enumeration. A total of one hundred 1-ha (100 m × 100 m) square plots were laid to reveal density of IUCN’s Figure 1. Map of Chennai metropolitan city wherein tree diversity study conducted Advances in Zoology and Botany 8(3): 233-242, 2020 235 Table 1. Land use types and area covered to record threatened trees in summing the number of species encountered in each 1-ha study area study plot. Similarly, tree density of study area also Land use type Area covered (ha) calculated directly by totaling the number of individuals Educational institutions 19.532 recorded in each study plot. Riverbanks 13.234 Parks 21.512 Road sides 16.112 3. Results and Discussion Residential areas 20.511 3.1. Species, Genera and Family Richness Government offices 9.099 Total 100.000 On the whole, during January to December, 2012 we recorded 10426 trees in 100 ha study area. Ninety nine tree species belonging to 36 families and 86 genera were 2.3. Diversity Indices recorded. The family Fabaceae represented with large number of species (22 species) followed by Arecaceae, The Shannon diversity (H) and equitability (E ) indices H Bignoniaceae and Moraceae (each 7 species), while 17 were computed for all the sample plots together (total area families represented by just single species’ each in study = 100 ha) [22]. area. Of 99 species, 43 species each recorded under not evaluated and least concern, 8 in vulnearble, 2 each in data deficient and endangered, and just one in near threatened categories of IUCN’s Red List (Figure 2). Seven species where H is known as Shannon diversity index; Pi termed as namely, Canthium dicoccum, Chloroxylon swietenia, a fraction of the whole population made up of species i; S Delonix regia, Khaya senegalensis, Pterocarpus recognized as numbers of species encountered; ∑ is the marsupium, Saraca asoca and Swietenia macrophylla were total number of species from 1 to S. recorded as vulnerable in IUCN’s Red List, while the Shannon equitability index (EH) computed by dividing H remaining three species Guaiacum officinale, Pterocarpus by Hmax (Hmax = ln S). EH = H/Hmax = H/Hmax = H/ln S. santalinus and Swietenia mahagoni were found as Species richness of study area was calculated directly by endangered (Table 2). Figure 1. Proportion of trees categorized based on IUCN threat status 236 Density and Population Structure of Globally Vulnerable and Endangered Trees in Chennai Metropolitan City, India Table 2. Botanical name, family, density and IUCN categories of trees recorded in Chennai metropolitan city, India (NE: Not Evaluated, DD: Data Deficient, LC: Least concern, NT: Near Threatened, VU: Vulnerable, EN: Endangered) Botanical name Family Density IUCN category 1. Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth. Fabaceae 15 LC 2. Adenanthera pavonina L. Fabaceae 65 LC 3. Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin. Cornaceae 5 LC 4. Albizia saman (Jacq.) F.Muell. Fabaceae 430 NE 5. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Fabaceae 27 NE 6. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Apocynaceae 17 LC 7. Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae 15 LC 8. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae 31 NE 9. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae 215 LC 10. Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Fabaceae 27 NE 11. Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae 5 LC 12. Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae 23 NE 13. Borassus flabellifer L. Arecaceae 27 NE 14. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Fabaceae 7 NE 15. Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Fabaceae 35 NE 16. Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Fabaceae 37 LC 17. Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Stapf. Myrtaceae 10 NE 18. Calophyllum inophyllum L. Clusiaceae 13 LC 19. Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Merr. Rubiaceae 52 VU 20. Carica papaya L. Caricaceae 52 DD 21. Caryota urens L. Arecaceae 13 LC 22. Cassia fistula L. Fabaceae 57 LC 23. Cassia roxburghii DC. Fabaceae 62 NE 24. Cassia siamea Lam. Fabaceae 27 LC 25. Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casuarinaceae 65 LC 26. Chloroxylon swietenia DC. Rutaceae 6 VU 27. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H.Wendl. Arecaceae 75 NT 28. Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae 765 LC 29. Cordia obliqua Willd. Boraginaceae 198 NE 30. Cordia sebestena L. Boraginaceae 76 LC 31. Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Lecythidaceae 5 LC 32. Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. Capparidaceae 5 LC 33. Crescentia cujete L. Bignoniaceae 5 LC 34. Dalbergia coromandeliana Prain Papilionaceae 2 NE 35. Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. Fabaceae 1002 VU 36. Diospyros peregrina Gurke Ebenaceae 3 NE 37. Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae 15 LC 38. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae 51 LC 39. Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae 15 NE 40. Ficus elastica Roxb. Moraceae 5 NE 41. Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae 21 LC 42. Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae 33 NE 43. Ficus tomentosa L. Moraceae 3 NE 44. Glricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth Fabaceae 47 LC 45. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae 51 LC 46. Guaiacum officinale L. Zygophyllaceae 9 EN 47. Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Sterculiaceae 297 LC 48. Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
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