DOCSLIB.ORG

The Probabilities of on the Beach: Assessing 'Armageddon Scenarios

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Probabilities of on the Beach: Assessing 'Armageddon Scenarios S D S C Strategic & Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Working Paper Defence Studies Centre Working Paper No. 401 The Probabilities of On the Beach: Assessing ‘Armageddon Scenarios’ in the 21st Century Desmond Ball May 2006 Professor Desmond Ball is Special Professor at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at the Australian National University. He was head of the Centre from 1984 to 1991. This is a revised version of a paper prepared for a conference on Science and Ethics: Can Homo Sapiens Survive?, organised by Manning Clark House, and held in Canberra on 17-18 May 2005. Published by the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at The Australian National University, Canberra National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Ball, Desmond, 1947– The Probabilities of “On the Beach”: assessing “Armageddon Scenarios” in the 21st Century ISBN 978 0 7315 5475 1 ISBN 0 7315 5475 2 1. Nuclear weapons – United States. 2. Nuclear weapons – Russia (Federation). 3. Nuclear weapons – South Asia. 4. Nuclear weapons – East Asia. 5. Biological weapons. 6. Chemical weapons. I. Australian National University. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre. II. Title. (Series: Working Paper (The Australian National University. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre); no. 401). 355.0217 Copyright This book is copyrighted to The Australian National University. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre’s Publication Program Established in 1966, the SDSC is located within the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. It specialises in the study of strategic issues—predominantly in the Asia-Pacific region. The Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence series is a collection of monograph publications arising principally from research undertaken at the SDSC. Recent previous Canberra Papers have focused on major aspects of Australian defence policy, disease security in Northeast Asia, ballistic missile defence, the complexities of dealing with radical Islam, and aspects of transnational crime. A major title on the Allied Geographical Section in the Second World War was launched by the Chief of Army at the 2005 Chief of Army’s History Conference in Canberra. As at 2006, all papers in the Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence series are peer reviewed. SDSC Working Papers are shorter than the Canberra Paper series and focus on areas of current research interest to SDSC academic staff or the Centre itself. Topics of previous Working Papers have included Australia’s defence policies, intelligence on Iraq’s WMD, Western air power, instability in the US-ROK alliance, and the threat of terrorism and regional development. In addition, the SDSC also holds a number of ‘one-off’ publications. A list of recent Centre publications appears on the SDSC website at <http://www.rspas.anu.edu.au/sdsc/>. Advisory Review Panel Editorial Board Emeritus Professor Paul Dibb Professor Hugh White Professor Desmond Ball Dr Chris Chung Professor David Horner Dr Brendan Taylor Professor Hugh White Mr Christian Enemark Professor Anthony Milner Miss Meredith Thatcher (Series Editor) Professor Virginia Hooker Professor William Tow Dr Coral Bell Dr Pauline Kerr Publisher Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Tel: +61 2 6125 9921 Australian National University Fax: +61 2 6125 9926 Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Email: http://rspas.anu.edu.au/sdsc The Probabilities of On the Beach: Assessing ‘Armageddon Scenarios’ in the 21st Century Desmond Ball Introduction This paper has four sections. The first section reviews the debate about ‘Nuclear Winter’ in the 1980s and the proposition that a nuclear war would inject sufficient amounts of dust, smoke and other particulates into the upper atmosphere to significantly reduce the temperature and ambient light on the planet and hence to threaten the survival of the human race. The second summarises recent developments with respect to US and Russian nuclear weapons capabilities, including some disturbing aspects of the US nuclear posture. The third discusses the current proliferation of nuclear weapons in South Asia and Northeast Asia and assesses the prospects for nuclear war in these regions. Finally, the fourth section briefly discusses developments with respect to chemical and biological weapons (CBW) and the threat of pandemics of new infectious diseases. On the Beach and ‘Nuclear Winter’ Fears that the development of nuclear weapons would lead to the obliteration of the human race surfaced at the very beginning of the nuclear age. Some scientists involved in the Manhattan Project worried that an atomic detonation might spark a chain reaction that would burn up the Earth’s entire atmosphere, instantly and horrifically extinguishing all life. Albert Einstein himself wrote in 1947 of ‘the danger of starting a chain reaction of a scope great enough to destroy part or all of the planet’. It was the theme of numerous novels and films in the 1950s and 1960s; others imagined the travails of small groups of humans who survived and struggled to re-create civilisation. Nevil Shute’s On the Beach quickly became the best- known of the ‘extinction novels’; the movie was perhaps eclipsed by Stanley Kubrick’s hilarious parody of nuclear strategy, Dr Strangelove, released in 1964. I re-read On the Beach in April 2005. I have my grandfather’s copy, which my grandmother had given him when it came out in 1957 and which I first read when my parents inherited it after my grandparents died in the early 1960s. I had not read it since, although I have seen the movie, produced in 1959 (with Gregory Peck, Ava Gardner, Anthony Perkins and Fred Astaire), about once a decade. It is still an entertaining story, albeit simple like the 1950s, but implausible on both technical and strategic grounds. It describes the last months of humanity, © 2006 The Australian National University 2 Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Working Paper No. 401 in Melbourne around 1964, after a nuclear war between Russia and China, in which both had used cobalt bombs, producing worldwide radiation which had already killed everyone in the northern hemisphere and was inexorably reaching the city. The idea of a cobalt bomb originated with Leo Szilard, who opposed the US thermonuclear weapons (H-bomb) program, and who publicised it in an article in February 1950, not as a serious proposal for a weapon but to point out the imminent possibility of building Doomsday-weapons that could destroy all life on earth. It involved covering an H-bomb with a thick outer layer of Cobalt-59 that on detonation would transmute into Cobalt-60, which produces highly energetic (and thus penetrating and lethal) gamma rays and has a half-life of 5.26 years, long enough for airborne particles to settle and cover the earth before significant decay has occurred, and making it impractical to protect and sustain substantial numbers in fallout shelters. The Doomsday mechanism in Dr Strangelove was a gigantic complex of nuclear devices covered with cobalt. Nevil Shute’s scenario involved a Russo-Chinese war in which ‘most’ of the bombs had ‘cobalt elements’. The Russian strategy was to reduce the Chinese population by half and to make northern China, from Shanghai up, uninhabitable for a couple of decades. The Chinese ‘aimed to blanket the Russian industrial regions with a cobalt fallout, city by city’, and ‘turn the Russians back into agricultural people’; they could then occupy the safe areas as they desired.1 They each grossly underestimated the toxicity of the Cobalt-60. However, the doomsday scenario greatly underestimated, implicitly at least, the amount of cobalt and the number of bombs required for global extinction. To cover every square kilometre of the earth’s surface with just one gram of cobalt would require the disbursement of more than 100 tonnes of transmuted Cobalt-60, involving more than a thousand bombs. Several thousand would be required to ensure that every square kilometre actually received a dose. In such a world, where cobalt was the main currency of nuclear strategy, parts of humanity would have had to move into vast complexes deep underground, to experiment with new social structures and prepare for the possible influx of millions of people who would need to stay there for anything from 20 to 100 years, depending on the intensity of the gamma radiation on the surface. As far as is known, only one bomb with a cobalt element was ever tested—a British device tested at Maralinga on 14 September 1957. The prompt effects of particular nuclear scenarios, in terms of casualties and levels of urban- industrial destruction and damage, are fairly easy to estimate. The calculus involves only a few variables: the density of the population and industrial capacity; the number of nuclear detonations, the specific points of detonation and whether the weapons are air-burst or ground-burst; the yield of the weapons; and the local meteorological conditions. The blast effects are easiest to calculate, depending only on the warhead yield, as measured in kilotons or megatons, and the hardness of objects in the area of detonation, as measured in pounds per square inch (psi) overpressure. An overpressure of 3-5 psi will destroy most residences and lightly constructed commercial buildings; stronger constructions, including reinforced concrete structures, are destroyed by 10-20 psi. Fifty percent of the people in areas receiving more than 5 psi will die; assuming that an equal number will die in areas receiving less than 5 psi, then blast fatalities will equal the number of people in a 5 psi circle. A one megaton weapon, detonated at an altitude of 2,400 metres, would produce 5 psi out to © 2006 The Australian National University The Probabilities of On the Beach: Assessing ‘Armageddon Scenarios’ in the 21st Century Desmond Ball 3 a distance of six kilometres.2 The impact of radioactive fallout is much more difficult to assess.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What We Don't Know Can Help
    Running head: ELICITING KNOWLEDGE FOR WORK WITH INTRACTABLE CONFLICTS What We Don’t Know Can Help Us: Eliciting Out-of-Discipline Knowledge for Work with Intractable Conflicts Jennifer S. Goldman Columbia University Peter T. Coleman Columbia University Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to Jennifer S. Goldman or Peter T. Coleman at the following address: Box 53, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th St., New York, NY 10027, Phone: (212) 678-3402, Fax: (212) 678-4048. Electronic mail may be sent to Jennifer S. Goldman at [email protected] or to Peter T. Coleman at [email protected] Eliciting Knowledge for Work with Intractable Conflicts 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………….3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..9 Method…………………………………………………………………………………….9 Findings……………………...…………………………………………………………..10 Methodological Learnings / Recommendations………………………………………....49 References………………………………………………………………………………..52 Appendices……………………………………………………………………………….53 Eliciting Knowledge for Work with Intractable Conflicts 3 What We Don’t Know Can Help Us: Eliciting Out-of-Discipline Knowledge for Work with Intractable Conflicts Jennifer Goldman Columbia University & Peter T. Coleman Columbia University Executive Summary The current state of theory, research, and practice on protracted, intractable conflict is robust but limited; although much progress has been made, our understanding is bounded by discipline, culture, role-in-conflict (expert versus disputant), and social class. This pilot project, funded through a mini-grant from the Intractable Conflict Knowledge Base (ICKB), elicited alternative ways-of-knowing and engaging with the phenomenon of intractable social conflict that are typically excluded from the dominant discourse in this area. A professionally and culturally diverse group of scholar- practitioners were identified through the ICKB network as potential participants, and nine (9) pilot interviews were conducted for this study.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rapture in Twenty Centuries of Biblical Interpretation
    TMSJ 13/2 (Fall 2002) 149-171 THE RAPTURE IN TWENTY CENTURIES OF BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION James F. Stitzinger Associate Professor of Historical Theology The coming of God’s Messiah deserves closer attention than it has often received. The future coming of the Messiah, called the “rapture,” is imminent, literal and visible, for all church saints, before the hour of testing, premillennial, and, based on a literal hermeneutic, distinguishes between Israel and the church. The early church fathers’ views advocated a sort of imminent intra- or post- tribulationism in connection with their premillennial teaching. With a few exceptions, the Medieval church writers said little about a future millennium and a future rapture. Reformation leaders had little to say about prophetic portions of Scripture, but did comment on the imminency of Christ’s return. The modern period of church history saw a return to the early church’s premillennial teaching and a pretribulational rapture in the writings of Gill and Edwards, and more particularly in the works of J. N. Darby. After Darby, pretribulationism spread rapidly in both Great Britain and the United States. A resurgence of posttribulationism came after 1952, accompanied by strong opposition to pretribulationism, but a renewed support of pretribulationism has arisen in the recent past. Five premillennial views of the rapture include two major views—pretribulationism and posttribulation-ism—and three minor views—partial, midtribulational, and pre-wrath rapturism. * * * * * Introduction The central theme of the Bible is the coming of God’s Messiah. Genesis 3:15 reveals the first promise of Christ’s coming when it records, “He shall bruise you on the head, And you shall bruise him on the heel.”1 Revelation 22:20 unveils the last promise when it records “He who testifies to these things says, ‘Yes, I am coming quickly,’ Amen.
    [Show full text]
  • A Retrospective of Cobalt-60 Radiation Therapy: “The Atom Bomb That Saves Lives”
    MEDICAL PHYSICS INTERNATIONAL Journal, Special Issue, History of Medical Physics 4, 2020 A RETROSPECTIVE OF COBALT-60 RADIATION THERAPY: “THE ATOM BOMB THAT SAVES LIVES” J. Van Dyk1, J. J. Battista1, and P.R. Almond2 1 Departments of Medical Biophysics and Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada 2 University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States Abstract — The first cancer patients irradiated with CONTENTS cobalt-60 gamma rays using external beam I. INTRODUCTION radiotherapy occurred in 1951. The development of II. BRIEF HISTORY OF RADIOTHERAPY cobalt-60 machines represented a momentous III. LIMITATIONS OF RADIATION THERAPY breakthrough providing improved tumour control UNTIL THE 1950s and reduced complications, along with much lower skin reactions, at a relatively low cost. This article IV. RADIOACTIVE SOURCE DEVELOPMENT provides a review of the historic context in which the V. THE RACE TO FIRST CANCER TREATMENTS advances in radiation therapy with megavoltage VI. COBALT TRUTHS AND CONSEQUENCES gamma rays occurred and describes some of the VII. COBALT TELETHERAPY MACHINE DESIGNS physics and engineering details of the associated VIII. GROWTH AND DECLINE OF COBALT-60 developments as well as some of the key locations and TELETHERAPY people involved in these events. It is estimated that IX. COBALT VERSUS LINAC: COMPETING over 50 million patients have benefited from cobalt-60 teletherapy. While the early growth in the use of MODALITIES cobalt-60 was remarkable, linear accelerators (linacs) X. OTHER USES OF COBALT-60 provided strong competition such that in the mid- XI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1980s, the number of linacs superseded the number of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS cobalt machines.
    [Show full text]
  • Pro Wrestling Over -Sell
    TTHHEE PPRROO WWRREESSTTLLIINNGG OOVVEERR--SSEELLLL™ a newsletter for those who want more Issue #1 Monthly Pro Wrestling Editorials & Analysis April 2011 For the 27th time... An in-depth look at WrestleMania XXVII Monthly Top of the card Underscore It's that time of year when we anything is responsible for getting Eddie Edwards captures ROH World begin to talk about the forthcoming WrestleMania past one million buys, WrestleMania, an event that is never it's going to be a combination of Tile in a shocker─ the story that makes the short of talking points. We speculate things. Maybe it'll be the appearances title change significant where it will rank on a long, storied list of stars from the Attitude Era of of highs and lows. We wonder what will wrestling mixed in with the newly Shocking, unexpected surprises seem happen on the show itself and gossip established stars that generate the to come few and far between, especially in the about our own ideas and theories. The need to see the pay-per-view. Perhaps year 2011. One of those moments happened on road to WreslteMania 27 has been a that selling point is the man that lit March 19 in the Manhattan Center of New York bumpy one filled with both anticipation the WrestleMania fire, The Rock. City. Eddie Edwards became the fifteenth Ring and discontent, elements that make the ─ So what match should go on of Honor World Champion after defeating April 3 spectacular in Atlanta one of the last? Oddly enough, that's a question Roderick Strong in what was described as an more newsworthy stories of the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Apocalypse and Australian Speculative Fiction Roslyn Weaver University of Wollongong
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2007 At the ends of the world: apocalypse and Australian speculative fiction Roslyn Weaver University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Weaver, Roslyn, At the ends of the world: apocalypse and Australian speculative fiction, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, 2007. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1733 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] AT THE ENDS OF THE WORLD: APOCALYPSE AND AUSTRALIAN SPECULATIVE FICTION A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by ROSLYN WEAVER, BA (HONS) FACULTY OF ARTS 2007 CERTIFICATION I, Roslyn Weaver, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Roslyn Weaver 21 September 2007 Contents List of Illustrations ii Abstract iii Acknowledgments v Chapter One 1 Introduction Chapter Two 44 The Apocalyptic Map Chapter Three 81 The Edge of the World: Australian Apocalypse After 1945 Chapter Four 115 Exile in “The Nothing”: Land as Apocalypse in the Mad Max films Chapter Five 147 Children of the Apocalypse: Australian Adolescent Literature Chapter Six 181 The “Sacred Heart”: Indigenous Apocalypse Chapter Seven 215 “Slipstreaming the End of the World”: Australian Apocalypse and Cyberpunk Conclusion 249 Bibliography 253 i List of Illustrations Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • FALLOUT in JAPAN
    東京大学アメリカ太平洋研究 第 16 号 7 FALLOUT in JAPAN Peter Kaufmann As producer and co-writer of the feature documentary film, FALLOUT, I was invited by the Center for Pacific and American Studies to present the film at the University of Tokyo last October. Following the screening I was joined on a forum by professors Ms Yuko Kawaguchi from Hosei University and Mr Hidehiro Nakao from Chuo University. Subsequently I was asked to prepare this paper to explain the background, motivation and process for producing FALLOUT. FALLOUT explores the mythology and reality of author Nevil Shute’s post-apocalyptic novel On The Beach, and its Hollywood movie adaptation produced and directed by Stanley Kramer. On The Beach presents a scenario in which most of the world’s population has been annihilated by a nuclear war. A deadly cobalt radioactive cloud has enveloped the earth and is slowly descending on Australia where the last remaining huddle of humanity considers how they will live the final months and days of their lives, and prepare to die. Shute’s novel is eerily prophetic and in it he has projected a nuclear war that is set in 1961, four years into the future from the time of On The Beach’s publication and release in 1957. There are two key factors that were to have a significant influence on me in developing the original concept for FALLOUT, and for realising the film’s central narrative and its eventual production. The setting in the novel for On The Beach is Melbourne, Australia, and it is here that Stanley Kramer filmed his American adaptation on location.
    [Show full text]
  • Judgment Day Must Wait Jehovah’S Witnesses— a Sect Between Idealism and Deceit
    Judgment Day Must Wait Jehovah’s Witnesses— A Sect Between Idealism and Deceit By Poul Bregninge (YBK Publishers, New York, 2013) Fear of the apocalypse that never comes! That is what holds a Jehovah's Witness power-bound by the Watch Tower Society of Brooklyn. Armageddon is always just a little way around the corner. Poul Bregninge presents a complete history and ideology of the Society and the reasons why it keeps a keen focus on the Day of Judgment. He tells of multiple "days of reckoning" that pass uneventfully and how each failure of Christ to reappear is reevaluated by the Society to foretell of yet another apocalypse still to come. Judgment Day Must Wait, by Poul Bregninge The fear of that moment keeps Witnesses firmly in the fold. Judgment Day is the carrot dangled before them. Everyone knows the Jehovah's Witnesses, right? Those somber people who appear at our doors, offering literature and the everlasting salvation of our souls? What do we know about them? What we see at our door are the facades, their Society- devised disguises, directed to convert anyone willing to follow their Witness-ways of believing and living. In this book you will confront the thinking that motivates those beliefs. Poul's book provides a comprehensive view of JW history, its upheavals and struggles, and a raw demonstration of the manipulation and cruelty dealt to those it charges with expanding its membership. By keeping Judgment Day ever coming, the Watch Tower Society ensures a ready supply of workers to proclaim the ever-coming coming.
    [Show full text]
  • Technology and Society: Building Our Sociotechnical Future
    TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Building Our Sociotechnical Future edited by Deborah G. Johnson and Jameson M. Wetmore The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England ( 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and re- trieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information about special quantity discounts, please email [email protected] .edu This book was set in Stone Serif and Stone Sans by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Technology and society : building our sociotechnical future / [compiled and edited by] Deborah G. Johnson and Jameson M. Wetmore. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-10124-0 (hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-262-60073-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Technology—Social aspects. 2. Technological innovations. 3. Technology and civilization. I. Johnson, Deborah G., 1945–. II. Wetmore, Jameson M. T14.5.T44169 2008 303.48 03—dc22 2008002813 10987654321 Index Abbey, Edward, 580 Anti-misting kerosene (AMK), 408 Abortion, 58–59, 195–196, 243 AOL, 190 Acade´mie des Sciences, 169 Apgar test, 245 Acheson-Lilienthal report, 82 Aquaculture, 239 Actor network theory, 151, 433 Archimedes, 155 Advanced cell technology, 39 Arc lights, 260 Aeolipile, 99 Argonne National Laboratories, 148 Ageism, 43–44, 46 Aristotle, 84
    [Show full text]
  • Of Radioactivity: How Environmental Education Can Help Overcome It
    2009 International Nuclear Atlantic Conference - IN AC 2009 Rio de Janeiro,RJ, Brazil, September27 to October 2, 2009 ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR - ABEN ISBN: 978-85-99141-03-8 THE "THREAT" OF RADIOACTIVITY: HOW ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION CAN HELP OVERCOME IT Heldio P. Villar1'2 1 Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares Av. Prof. Luiz Freire, 200 50740-540 Recife, PE [email protected] 2 Escola Politécnica de Pernambuco Rua Benfica, 455 50720-001 Recife, PE ABSTRACT One of the most paradoxical tenets of environmentalists is that nuclear power and environmental preservation are as antagonistic as yin and yang. It is virtually impossible to reconcile them with the idea that, since the second law of thermodynamics decrees that you cannot produce energy without creating environmental change of some kind, the nuclear option is, of all available, the one that is capable of supplying huge amounts of energy with the least impact on the planet. Nevertheless, the public is always misled by the environmental cassandras that prognosticate doom for a world where nuclear reactors still operate. Inevitably, nuclear projects other than power stations, like research reactors and particle accelerators, are also met with public distrust. It is proposed herein that the introduction of the theoretical bases of radioactivity, radiation physics and nuclear power plants in the environmental education curricula will slowly but surely result in a greater awareness of the public towards the reality surrounding radiation and radioactivity. This initiative, coupled with a more realistic approach towards nuclear risks on the part of nuclear regulators and licensers, has the potential to make nuclear applications - not only in electric energy production - more palatable to the public, rendering it more prepared to reap the benefits thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Handsome Devil Played Becker Amp. Page 6
    Handsome Devil Played Becker Amp. page 6 Inside World Survivor’s Crank up Trade Center with Racial the Heat Oliver Stone p.4 Divide p.8 p.4 Dear Buzz readers, weekends and a few days a week “BlackWhite,” “Survivor” is nothing Again, thanks starting at 4 a.m. Now it’s my last in comparison. contents for picking up the semester, and I can’t take it anymore. I just finished watching the first Daily Titan and I’m thinking of simply taking out a season of “24” on DVD this past 03 Inside Buzz The Buzz. I hope small loan to pay off rent for the rest weekend. As the entertainment 04 Inside “World Trade Center” you’re all pleased of the semester. Once I graduate, editor, I feel I should be up-to- with this semester’s I’ll be substitute teaching right date with the most popular shows. with Oliver Stone daily issues and the away anyway, unless I get a job in Actually, I just wanted to watch it “Crank” up the Heat E L weekly sections, journalism the day after I graduate. because I saw part of the second not only The Buzz, 05 Buzz Book Reviews I’ll let you know how the loan and season, and it was awesome. I also d e but Introspect, quitting situation pans out in the got caught up with “The 4400,” Buzz Fashion Money, etc. We’re next couple of weeks. “Lost” and “Entourage,” which is all working very So this issue of The Buzz focuses really a man’s “Sex in the City.” I 09.07.06 p.2 i t “Pet Sounds” CD Review hard to get you up- on a lot of happenings on campus.
    [Show full text]
  • Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Implications of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism
    CHILD POLICY This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public CIVIL JUSTICE service of the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 6 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY organization providing objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges facing the public SUBSTANCE ABUSE and private sectors around the world. TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Project AIR FORCE View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. This product is part of the RAND Corporation documented briefing series. RAND documented briefings are based on research briefed to a client, sponsor, or targeted au- dience and provide additional information on a specific topic. Although documented briefings have been peer reviewed, they are not expected to be comprehensive and may present preliminary findings. Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor Implications of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism Sara Daly, John Parachini, William Rosenau Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for public release; distribution unlimited The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-01-C-0003.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rapture and the Book of Revelation
    TMSJ 13/2 (Fall 2002) 215-239 THE RAPTURE AND THE BOOK OF REVELATION Keith H. Essex Assistant Professor of Bible Exposition The relevance of the book of Revelation to the issue of the timing of the rapture is unquestioned. Assumptions common to many who participate in discussing the issue include the authorship of the book by John the apostle, the date of its writing in the last decade of the first century A.D., and the book’s prophetic nature in continuation of OT prophecies related to national Israel. Ten proposed references to the rapture in Revelation include Rev 3:10-11; 4:1-2; 4:4 and 5:9-10; 6:2; 7:9-17; 11:3-12; 11:15-19; 12:5; 14:14-16; and 20:4. An evaluation of these ten leads to Rev 3:10-11 as the only passage in Revelation to speak of the rapture. Rightly understood, that passage implicitly supports a pretribulational rapture of the church. That understanding of the passage fits well into the context of the message to the church at Philadelphia. * * * * * “As the major book of prophecy in the NT, Revelation has great pertinence to discussion of the rapture.”1 Participants in the discussion concerning the timing of the rapture would concur with this statement. Proponents of a pretribulational, midtribulational, pre-wrath, and posttribulational rapture all seek support for their positions in the book of Revelation.2 Many suggestions as to where Revelation 1Robert H. Gundry, The Church and the Tribulation (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1973) 64. 2Many books dealing with the rapture include sections specifically discussing the book of Revelation.
    [Show full text]