Technology and Society: Building Our Sociotechnical Future

TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Building Our Sociotechnical Future

edited by Deborah G. Johnson and Jameson M. Wetmore

The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England ( 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and re- trieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.

For information about special quantity discounts, please email [email protected] .edu

This book was set in Stone Serif and Stone Sans by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong. Printed and bound in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Technology and society : building our sociotechnical future / [compiled and edited by] Deborah G. Johnson and Jameson M. Wetmore. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-10124-0 (hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-262-60073-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Technology—Social aspects. 2. Technological innovations. 3. Technology and civilization. I. Johnson, Deborah G., 1945–. II. Wetmore, Jameson M. T14.5.T44169 2008 303.48 03—dc22 2008002813

10987654321 Index

Abbey, Edward, 580 Anti-misting kerosene (AMK), 408 Abortion, 58–59, 195–196, 243 AOL, 190 Acade´mie des Sciences, 169 Apgar test, 245 Acheson-Lilienthal report, 82 Aquaculture, 239 Actor network theory, 151, 433 Archimedes, 155 Advanced cell technology, 39 Arc lights, 260 Aeolipile, 99 Argonne National Laboratories, 148 Ageism, 43–44, 46 Aristotle, 84 AIDS, 524 Armstrong, Louis, 277 Air bags, 94–95 Arthur, IL, 311 Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA), 268 Artiﬁcial insemination, 241–242 Akrich, Madeleine, 157, 434 Artiﬁcial photosynthesis systems, 67 Alexander, George, 580 Asimov, Isaac, 74 All India People’s Science Network, 504 Aspen Institute, 89 Al Qaeda, 522, 524, 533 Aspin, Les, 269 Alternating current, 144 Assemblers, 78–80 Alvarez, Luis, 84 ATLAS particle detector, 357–359 Alzheimer’s disease, 44–45 Atom bomb, 81–82, 220 American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 89 Attali, Jacques, 87–88 American College of Obstetricians, 246 AT&T phone crash (1990), 528 American Physical Society, 327 Autarky, 147 Amish Authoritarianism, 217–218 buggies, 306–307 Automat, 236 and electricity, 306, 310, 312, 314 Automated Robotic Crew Helper (ARCH), entrepreneurs, 312 229–230 kitchens, 313 Automation, 530–531, 534 milk regulations, 309–311 Automobile crashes, 524–525 Ordnung, 301–304, 308, 310–311, 313– Automobiles, as system of production and 314 use, 149 rumspringa, 309 Autonomy of technology, 93 telephones, 313 Ayatollah Khomeini, 531 Amniocentesis, 196, 243 Ayres, Russell W., 223 Anomie, 102 Anthrax attacks, 534 Babbage, Charles, 100 Anthropocentrism, 580–581 Backlighting, 261 Anthropometrics, 266 Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik (BASF), Anthropomorphism, 159–160, 163 146–147 Antibiotics, 81 Bakelite, 109 Antiglobalization movement, 446, 453, Baran, Paul, 11 455 Bardeen, John, 327 614 Index

Barton, Amy, 215 Bosch, Carl, 146 Baruch, Bernard, 82 Boulton, Matthew, 100 Baruch Plan, 82 Boyle, James, 183 Basel Convention on the Control of Brand, Stewart, 446 Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Brattain, Walter, 327 Wastes, 586 Bread, 239 Basic research, 280–281, 287, 289 Brookhaven National Laboratories, 148, 522 Bayh, Birch, 335 Brundtland Commission on Environment & Bayh, Evan, 335 Development, 569 Bayh-Dole Act (1980), 338 Bubble boy disease, 601 Bel Geddes, Norman, 342 Buchanan, Jack, 380 Berkeley Unix, 75 Buckyballs, 333, 339 Berliner key, 172, 174 Bulger, Jamie (murder), 538–540, 544 Bethe, Hans, 87 Bulkhandlung, 586 Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samithi (BGVS), 504, Bullard, Bob, 582, 584, 587–589 508–510 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,83 Bhopal chemical spill (India), 586 Bureaucracies, 102, 232 Bicycle Bush, George W., 238, 338 facile, 128 Bush, Vannevar, 331 high-wheeler, 126–127 Butler, Samuel, 170 Lawson’s bicyclette, 114, 121, 127 ‘‘Penny farthing,’’ 114 Caesarean section, 246 Rudge Ordinary, 126 California NanoSystems Institute, 323 safety, 121, 125 California Rural Legal Assistance, 215 tricycles, 118 California Waste Management Board, 587 Bijker, Wiebe, 111, 142 Callicott, J. Baird, 580–581 Bill of Rights (US), 185 Callon, Michel, 110, 143 bin Laden, Osama, 524 Cancer Alley, Louisiana, 584–585 Binnig, Gerd, 327 Canton, James, 68 Biocentrism, 580–581 Caro, Robert A., 212 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) Carpal tunnel syndrome, 397 (1972), 86 Carson, Rachel, 575 Biometrics, 542–544, 549–550 Castells, Manuel, 460–461 Biotechnology, 490 Castro, Fidel, 43 Black box, 108 Catastrophic failures, 527 Blok, Vlaams, 42 Celluloid, 109 Blow-by (of O-rings), 381–382, 384–385, Center for Biological & Environmental 387–388 Nanotechnology, 341 Body screening technologies, 551 Center for Third World Organizing, 587 Boeing, 148, 268 Central Electricity Generating Board Boerner, Christopher, 590 (CEGB), 407–409, 414–415, 420 Boisjoly, Roger, 370, 378, 381–382, 384, 386 Centre d’Histoire des Sciences et des Bond, Christopher, 336 Techniques, 155, 162 Bo¨nig, Ju¨rgen, 111 Cerell Associates, 587 Boorstin, Daniel, 210 CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Borg (from Star Trek), 72–73, 80, 446, 606 Research), 356, 361, 364–365 Born, Georgina, 432, 434 CFCs, xii Index 615

Chandler, Alfred D., 220–221 Dabur Research Foundation, 476 Chaos theory, 76 Dalai Lama, 87–88 Chavis, Ben, 587 Dallas Housing Authority, 584 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) Darwin, Charles, 142 (1993), 86 Data mining, 534 Chicken factories, 240 Davis, Gray, 337 Childbirth, 244–245 Death, 247–248 Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 585 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), 243 (DARPA), 603 Churchill, Winston, 85 Defense Advisory Committee on Women in Citicorp, 549 the Service (DACOWITS), 271 Civil disobedience, 579 De Lee, Joseph, 244–245 Clarke, Arthur C., 84 Delphic, 427 Class breaks, 530–532, 534 Dennet, Daniel, 53, 76 Clinton, William J., 323, 335, 588 Design work, 366 Clonaid, 242 DeSilva, Ashanti, 601 Cloning, 51, 86 Deskilling, 157 Closed-circuit television (CCTV), 538–541, Determinism 543, 547, 551 social, 143–210 Closure, 127, 129 soft, 102 Cobalt bomb, 525 technological, 93–94, 97–98, 102–105, Collins, Harry, 111 107, 141–142, 144, 145, 148, 211, 275, Colvin, Vicki L., 341 340, 441, 461, 545, 608 Colwell, Rita, 335–336 Deutsch, John, 272 Combined Insurance, 233 Devall, Bill, 573 Commission for Racial Justice (CRJ) of the Diagnostic related groups (DRG), 231 United Church of Christ, 590 Dickson, David, 575–576 Commons, 185 Diesel engines, 312 Complex systems, 526–527 Disruptive technology, 488 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 86 Dobelle, William, 603 Computer calls, 234 Dolly the sheep, 39, 51, 242, 601 Constant, Edward W., 129 Doomsday Clock, 83 Constitutionalism, 181, 183–185 Door closer, 155–158 Continental Card Services, 549 Dorn, Edwin, 271 Convivia, 449–450 Dosi, Giovanni, 109–110 Core set, 112 Drexler, K. Eric, 78, 84, 328–329, 332–333, Cotton spinning mills, 217 335–336, 340–342 Counter culture, 575 Dreyfuss, Henry, 342 Counterfeiting, 531 Dunlop, John Boyd, 129 Credit card fraud, 526, 534 Dworkin, Ronald, 58 Crick, Francis, 327 Dynamite, 525 Crossbow, 525 Dyson, Freeman, 82–83 Cryptography, 531 Dyson, George, 76 Customer service, 234, 463 Cybernetics, 183 Earth First!, 579 Cyberspace, 182–184, 190 Easterbrook, Gregg, 77 Cyberterrorism, 532 Eberstadt, Nicholas, 40–41 616 Index

E-commerce, 67 of management, 465–467 Ectogenes, 53, 58 of service work, 463 Ectogenesis, 51, 53, 59 Feschner’s law, 170 Eigler, Donald, 328, 335 Fetus, rights of, 58–59 Einstein, Albert, 572, 609 Feynman, Richard, 78, 327, 330, 333, 335, Electric Bond & Share Company (EBASCO), 340, 370, 387 143–145 Film stock, 260 Electronic benefit transfer (EBT) systems, Finagle’s law, 71 548–549, 553 Ford, Henry, 147, 233 Electronic money, 531 Fordism, 144 Electron microscopy, 327, 333 Foreman, Dave, 579–580 Elliott, Carl, 602–603 Foresight Institute, 79, 328 Ellul, Jacques, 142 Foucault, Michel, 156, 390, 396, 548 E-mail, 428, 531 Fourastie´, Jean, 40 Embryos, 59, 195 Fox, Robert, 153, 155 Emory University, 600 Franco, Francisco, 43 Empirical Programme of Relativism (EPOR), Frankenstein, 171 111–112, 121, 123, 127, 130 Freedom Party, 42 Encryption, 67 Free software movement, 454, 456 Energy crops, 9–10 Freling, Bob, 7 Engels, Friedrich, 217–219, 224, 608 Friedland, William, 215 Engineering science, 146 Friedman, Emanuel, 245 Enigma machine, 531 Friedman, Thomas, 41, 534 Environment, 572–573 Friends of the Earth, 577 Environmental injustice (EJ), 580, 584, 588, 591–593 Gaia hypothesis, 571 Environmental movement, 573, 576–577, Galison, Peter, 365 581–582, 605 Gammalin, 20, 586 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Gelernter, David, 71 588 Gell-Mann, Murray, 76 Episiotomy, 245 Gendarme couche´, 166 Ergonomics, 265 Gender, 196–198, 200–203, 242, 403 ETC Group, 491 Gene therapy, 601 Eugenics movement, 608 General Accounting Office (GAO), 589 European Economic Community (EEC), General Electric, 143, 148 390 General Motors, 148 Euthanasia, 248 Genetically modified foods, 77–78, 522 Eyeglasses, 607 Genetically modified organisms, 490 Genetic defects, 243 Factor, Max, 261 Genetic engineering, 10, 70, 73, 77–78, 84– Faraday, Michael, 412 85, 341, 521 Fast food restaurants, 228–230, 235–236 Genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics Federal Aviation Authority (FAA), 415 (GNR), 73, 80, 85–87 Female labor in the developing world, 470 Georgia Tech, 600 Feminization Geron Corporation, 39 and technology, 199 Gerontology, 38, 40 labor, 462, 470 Gibson, William, 183 Index 617

Gilder, George, 69 Hillis, Danny, 72, 76–77 Gilﬁllan, S. Colum, 102 Hinges (door), 154, 156, 158 Gingrich, Newton L., 332 Hiroshima, Japan, xi, 82, 87 Gleick, James, 282 History of technology, 108–109, 112 Glick, Isaac, 306 HIV/AIDS, 489 Globalization, 285, 287, 445, 454–455, 471 Holding Company Act of 1935, 145 Global warming, 566, 568, 570 Homeland Security, Department of, 544, Glover, Jonathan, 53 550, 552 Gooding, David, 412 Home pregnancy tests, 242, 244 Gore, Albert, 329, 331 Hoˆtel-Dieu de Beaune, 163 Granny pregnancies, 242 Household appliances, 469–470 Gray goo problem, 79–80, 336 Hu, Evelyn, 331 Greenpeace, 414–415, 420, 577 Hubble Space Telescope, 370 Groom (door), 155–157 Human cloning, 77 Groves, General Leslie, 148 Human engineering, 266 Guarante, Leonard, 39 Human factors, 265, 267 Guatemala City, 520 Human genome project, 10, 244, 340, 601 Humphry, Derek, 248 Haber-Bosch, 146 Hurricane Katrina, 550 Hackers (computer), 186, 465 Husserl, Edmund, 211 Haider, Jo¨rg, 42 Huxley, Aldous, 1 Haldane, JBS, 53, 57 Hydraulic piston, 158 Halle aux Cuirs, La, 153–156, 158, 161–162 Hydroburst test, 374–375 Hammer, Claus, 60 Hydrogen bombs, 83 Ham radio, 74 Handley, Charles, 260 ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries), 408, 416 Hardin, Garrett, 580 IG Farben, 146–147 Hardy, George, 371, 385–387 ‘‘il buon vivere,’’ 457 Hargrove, Gene, 581 ILOVEYOU computer virus, 533 Harper, Peter, 576 Imutran, 57 Harrison, Michelle, 244–245 Industrial Revolution, 75 Haseltine, William, 45 Information age, 67, 282, 459–460 Hasslacher, Brosl, 75–76, 79 Information technology (IT), 461–463 Have Spacesuit Will Travel,74 Innovation, 107, 276, 279, 287 Hayes, Denis, 210 Innovation, linear models of, 108, 319 Hayﬂick limit, 38–39 Institute for Global Futures, 68 Heart transplants, 57 Intaglio currency printing presses, 531 Heinlein, Robert, 74 Intel Corporation, 447–448 Helper devices, 529 Intelligent machines, 76 Helsinki Declaration, 55, 57 Interagency Working Group on Hennion, Antoine, 170 Nanoscience, Engineering & Technology Herbert, Frank, 72 (IWGN), 63, 65, 67, 332 Hero of Alexandria, 99–100 Interchangeable parts, 103 Hierarchical organization of work, 101, 221 International Network for Participatory High technology, 284, 452 Irrigation Management, 507 Hilbert’s Grand Challenges in Mathematics, International Water Management Institute, 481 507 618 Index

Internet, 11, 181 Kroc, Ray, 229, 233 Interpretative ﬂexibility, 107, 111, 121, 123, Kropotkin, Peter, 210 125, 324 Kurzweil, Ray, 69, 71–73, 76–77, 83, 87–88, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, 241 448–449 Intuition, 523 Kuzma, Lynn M., 537 Invasive pneumococcal disease, 291 Invention, simultaneous, 99 Lambert, Thomas, 590 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 51–54, 241– Lane, Neal, 64, 332–333, 335–336, 339 242 Last mile, problem of, 11 I, Robot,74 Latour, Bruno, 143, 426, 435 Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 148 James, William, 102 Layton, Edwin T., Jr., 108 Japanese Technology Evaluation Center, Lazonick, William, 111 331 Le´caille, Pascal, 357 Jasanoff, Sheila, 298 Lega Lombarda, 42 Java, 75–76, 79, 87 Lenin, V. I., 142, 575 Jini, 75, 79, 87 Leslie, John, 83 Johnston, Ron, 109–110 Leverage, 534–535 Joint Primary Aircraft Training System Libertarianism, 182, 187 ( JPATS), 267, 271–272 Life expectancies, 37, 40 Jones, David E. H., 330 Lift-irrigation, 506–507 Joy, Bill, 336, 341, 448 Lilienthal, David, 210 Joy, K. J., 506, 508 Locked-in syndrome, 600 Lockheed, 148 Kaczynski, Theodore, 71–72, 449 Long Island Railroad, 212 Kalahari bushmen, 103 Long Now Foundation, 72 Kalil, Thomas, 333 Los Alamos, 86, 148 Kandel, Eric, 604 Love Canal, New York, 583–584 Katsh, Ethan, 191 Lovelock, James, 571 Kauffman, Stuart, 76, 80 Lovins, Amory, 77, 78, 576 Kennedy, John F., 369 Lovins, Hunter, 77, 78 Kerr-McGee, 585 Luddites, 71, 75, 78 Kevorkian, Jack, 46, 248 Lund, Robert, 386 Kilminster, Joe, 387 Lux Research, 493 Kindem, Gorham, 262 Lycurgus Cup, 325 KinderCare, 230 Kirkwood, Tom, 39 Macbeth, Bill, 386 Klieg eyes, 260 Machine gun, 525 Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, 148 Macintosh computer, 157 Knowledge economy, 459, 461 Mackay, Hugh, 426 Knowledge-enabled mass destruction Maddox, Tom, 184 (KMD), 73 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 281 Koppers Company, 583 Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Koppleman, Lee, 212 Corporation (MKVDC), 502, 505–510 Koskela, Hille, 547 MAJC (Microprocessor Architecture for Java Kowinski, William Severini, 237 Computing), 76 Kraybill, Donald, 306 Makeup, 260 Index 619

Management & Administrative Computing Motorola, 535 (MAC), 427 Mulkay, Michael, 110, 125 Manhattan Project, 85, 87, 148, 522 Mulloy, Larry, 384–386 Marshall, Sir Walter, 407–410, 413–415, Mumford, Lewis, 143, 209, 217 420 Muon chambers, 358, 360–364 Marshall Center, Huntsville, AL (NASA), Muscle Shoals Dam, 147 374–376, 379–380 Mussolini, Benito, 453 Martin, Paul, 481 Marx, Karl, 98, 101, 102, 142, 183, 218, 571 Nagasaki, Japan, xi, 82 Masculinity, 198, 465, 468 National Front, 42 Mason, Jerry, 386 Nanotechnology, 64, 67–68, 70, 73, 78–79, Mass consumerism, 456 84, 323–330, 332–336, 338, 340–342, Mass production, 526 486–487, 490–491 Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) National Air & Space Administration testing, 243 (NASA), 148 Maxwell, James Clerk, 154 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 481 Maxwell’s demon, 154 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical McAuliffe, Christa, 370–371 Center, 601 McCormick, Cyrus, 213 National Institute of Standards & McCurdy, Howard, 326 Technology, 331 McDonaldization, 227, 248 National Nanofabrication Facility, 331 McDonnell Douglas, 148, 268 National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), McGrath, Jim, 51 325–326, 332–336, 338, 339–340, 342 Megamachines, 143 National Science & Technology Council Mehta, Michael, 490 (NSTC), 65, 332 Methanol, 147 National Security Agency (NSA), 536, 552 Michael, Mike, 425–426 National socialism, 81, 147 Michelangelo, 74 National Union of Iron Molders, 213 Microsoft, 184 Navajo Nation, 585 Midwifery, 244 Neofascism, 453 Mikulski, Barbara, 336–337 Neohumanism, 454 Military Standard 1472, 266 Nerve growth factor (NGF), 604 Mill, John Stuart, 186–187 Networks in place, 426, 430–431 Ministry of International Trade & Industry Network Society, 460–461 ( Japan), 330 New left, 575 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Nicquevert, Bertrand, 357, 364 Technology), 148 Nietzsche, Frederik, 84 Mitchell, William, 184, 190 NIMBY (not in my back yard), 587 Molecular electronics, 76, 79 Nitrogen ﬁxation, 146 Monkeywrenching, 579 Noble, David, 110, 216 Moore, Gordon, 447 Nock, Steven, 545 Moore’s Law, 76, 340, 447, 449 Nonhumans, 155–157 Moravec, Hans, 71–72, 76–77, 83, 448 Nonlinear systems, 76 Morris, William, 210 Nonsequential systems, 527 Morton Thiokol, 370–371, 373–379, 382– Norris, George, 147 388 Novartis International AG, 57 Moses, Robert, 212 Nozick, Robert, 53 620 Index

Nuclear, biological & chemical (NBC), 73, Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), 584 80, 85, 87 Popular Mechanics,67 Nuclear fuel flask, 409 Porter. See Door closer Nuclear power, 222, 341, 521 Presidential Council of Advisors on Science Nye, David, 340 & Technology (PCAST), 334 Nylon, 281 Prisoners, 234–235 Privacy International, 543 Office of Environmental Equity (OEE) (US), Progress, 275–277, 280, 282–283, 304 588 Project-affected peoples (PAPs), 502–503, Office of Management & Budget (OMB), 65 507 Office of Science & Technology Policy Pugwash conference, 89 (OSTP), 65 Office of Technology Assessment, 540 Quality, 463 Oliver, Patsy Ruth, 583–584, 588 Quantum computers, 67 Open Source software, 186, 454, 456 Quantum dots, 476, 489 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 81–83 Quasimodo, Salvatore, 454 Oracle, 427 Organophosphates, 585 Radical technology, 576 O-rings, 369–384, 387–388 Ray, Johnny, 600–603 Orwell, George, 1 Ray, Leon, 375, 377–378 Ove Arup, 414 Reading machine for the blind, 69 Ozanne, Robert, 213 Reed, Mark, 76 Regan, Tom, 581 Paclitaxel, 476 Relevant social groups, 116, 118–119, 121 Panacea Biotec, 475 Research & development (R&D), 276, 285 Parfit, Derek, 52 Revolution of 1848 (France), 213 Parfit teletransporter, 52 Rhetorical closure, 128 Participatory resource mapping (PRM), 504– Rhodes, Richard, 82 505, 509 Ricochet, 11 Pasteur, Louis, 169 Riehl, Bill, 385 Patents, 287, 489–490, 493 Risk, security, 519, 523–524 Patil, R. K., 509 Risk management, 519–520 Peachey Church, 306 Ritalin, 602 Pesticides, 585, 592 Road bumper, 166 Petrini, Carlo, 449 Robinson, Willis, 528 Pfaffenberger, Bryan, 423 Robots, 69, 77, 84, 87, 229, 248 Pharmaceutical industry and the developing Rockwell International, 148 world, 489–490, 492 Roco, Mihail C., 330, 332–334, 336–337, Phenol, 109 339–341 Photography, 257–259, 263 Rogers, William, 369 Pinch, Trevor, 142 Rohrer, Heinrich, 327 Plato, 218–219, 221, 224 Roosevelt, Teddy, 581 Plutarch, 155 Rosen, Jeffrey, 551 Plutonium recycling, 223 Royal Institution (UK), 412 Pneumatic tools, 312 Rwanda, 526 Pollution, 569–570 Ryan, Chris, 577 Index 621

Sagan, Carl, 81 Sociotechnical systems, xiii–xiv, 94, 144, Salamanca-Buentello, Fabio, 488–492 205 Satellites and the internet, 8 Software reliability, 89 Scalpel, 245–246 Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF), 7–9 Scarce, Rik, 581 Solar energy, 7–9, 11, 219 School of Mines (Ećole des Mines, Paris), Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB), 371, 373, 379– 153, 158 380 Schumacher, E. F., 575 Solow, Robert M., 276 Schumer, Charles E., 537 Solter, Davor, 51 Schweizer, Erhard, 328 South African Nanotechnology Initiative, Science shops, 499 476 Scientific management, 232 Soviet Union, 101 Scorecard.org, 553 Space exploration, 341 Script kiddies, 532 SPARC, 76 Scripts, 425–426 Stabilization, 121, 127 Sea farms, 239–240 Stage magic, 413 Searle, John, 69, 88 Stalin, Joseph, 524 Seat belts, 151–152, 168 Stanford University, 148 Self-acting mule, 111 Stanley Exhibition of Cycles, 118, 123, 125 Shapin, Steven, 412 Star Trek, 74, 446, 606 Shapiro, Stuart, 434 Star Wars, 606 Shockley, William, 327 Stefik, Mark, 184 Shramik Mukti Dal (SMD), 503–504, 506, Stem cells, 39, 52, 57 508 Stephenson, Neal, 529 Shubik, Martin, 534 Stone, Irving, 74 Sierra Club, 581, 589 Stone, W. Clement, 233 Siegel, Richard, 331 Stormer, Horst, 64 Simons, Menno, 301 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 84, 148 Singer, Peter, 59, 240–241 Suchman, Lucy, 427 SIR2, 39 Sung, Kim Il, 43 Slow cities movement, 450–454, 456 Sun Microsystems, 75, 336, 448 Slow food movement, 449–450, 452–453 Superconductivity, 340 Smalley, Richard E., 64, 333–335, 339–340 Supernotes, 531 Smart bombs, 249 Sustainability, 569 Smith, Nick, 333 Sylvan Learning Center, 230 Smoking, 188–189 Synthetic gasoline, 147 Snow, C. P., 536 Szilard, Leo, 609 Social childbirth, 244 Social construction, 93–94, 107, 110–112, Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 232–233 123, 127, 130, 142, 144–145, 148 Taylor, Paul, 580 Social technology, 492 Technicolor, 262 Society for Promoting Participative Technological fixes, 576 Ecosystem Management (SOPPECOM), Technological imperative, 445–446, 448– 504–506, 508–510 449 Sociologism, 162 Technological momentum, 141–142, 145– Sociology of technology, 109, 111, 130 146, 148–149 622 Index

Technological systems, 144, 148–149 University of California, 214–215 Technologies as forms of life, 216 UN Millennium Development Goals Technologism, 162 (MDGs), 480–481, 486, 490 Technology, 142, 227, 565 USDA, 78 Technology and identity, 300 US Forest Service, 581 Technology transfer, 290 Utopia, 87–88, 342 Telecosm conference, 69 Teledisc system of satellite communication, Vaccines, 290–291 11 Valentine, Joseph, 261 Teledyn, 148 Van Oost, Ellen, 111 Telephone banking, 528, 536 Vatican Television, 238 Telephone call centers, 234–235 Vaughan, Diane, 369, 371, 386 Teleworking, 468–469 Vi (text editor), 75 Teller, Edward, 82 Viagra, 241 Telomerase, 39 Video surveillance, 540–541, 547 Telomeres, 38–39 Villette, La, 153, 155, 162, 166–167, 170, Tennessee Valley Authority, 147 172 Thalidomide, xii Vinge, Vernor, 184 Thinking Machines Corporation, 72 von Braun, Wernher, 374 Thompson, Arnie, 378, 386 von Neumann probes, 83 Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 53 Thoreau, Henry David, 85, 87 Waddington’s ‘‘chreod,’’ 162 Tightly coupled systems, 528 Walker, Joseph, 261 Tire, pneumatic, 123, 125, 129 Wantagh Parkway, 212 Tissue engineering, 57 Washing machines, 389, 391 Tomato harvester, 214–216 Watson, James, 327 Tong, Rosemarie, 53 Watt, James, 100 Toxic wastes, 586–587 Watson-Crick base-pairing, 80 Trade-offs, 537, 545, 547, 553–554 Weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 73, Transistors, lithographically drawn, 76 86–87, 526 Transparency, 551–553 Wear, Larry, 385 Trinity Test, 81–82, 85 Weber, Max, 149 TRW, 148 Webster, Juliet, 462 Tsien, Joe, 604 Wells, Deane, 59 Tully, Tim, 604 Westinghouse, 390 Turing test, 166 West Nile virus, 524 Turkle, Sherry, 465 WGBH Educational Foundation, 262 White, L. Meadows, 118 UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), 532 White, Lynn, 142 Uchangi dam (India), 502, 504–506, 508 White Plague, 78 Ultrasound, 243 Wildson, James, 493 Unabomber (see Kaczynski, Theodore) Wilson Dam, 147 Union Carbide, 586 Winner, Langdon, 158, 320 United Airlines, 234 Winston, Brian, 261 United Church of Christ Commission for Wirth, Niklaus, 527 Racial Justice, 587 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 375 Universities Funding Council (UFC), 427 Wolfram, Stephen, 75 Index 623

Women cyclists, 118 Woolgar, Steve, 434 World Bank, 507, 587 World Health Organization (WHO), 585 World Technology Evaluation Center (WTEC), 331 World Trade Organization (WTO), 489 Wurn technique, 241

Xenotransplantation, 51, 53–55, 57, 60

Young, Michael, 53 Yucca Mountain, 593

Zanussi, 390 Zapatistas, 455