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CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS of COLOMBIAN IDENTITIES and HUMANATURE in NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE (1903-1952) Mónica Pérez-Marín

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CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS of COLOMBIAN IDENTITIES and HUMANATURE in NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE (1903-1952) Mónica Pérez-Marín View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of New Mexico University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Communication ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2016 CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF COLOMBIAN IDENTITIES AND HUMANATURE IN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE (1903-1952) Mónica Pérez-Marín Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cj_etds Part of the Journalism Studies Commons Recommended Citation Pérez-Marín, Mónica. "CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF COLOMBIAN IDENTITIES AND HUMANATURE IN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE (1903-1952)." (2016). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cj_etds/1 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mónica Pérez Marín _______________________________________________________________ Candidate Communication and Journalism _______________________________________________________________ Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Ilia Rodríguez, Chairperson ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Janice Schuetz ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Susana Martínez Guillem ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Rafael Obregón ________________________________________________________________________ ii CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF COLOMBIAN IDENTITIES AND HUMANATURE IN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE (1903-1952) By MÓNICA PÉREZ MARÍN B.A., Philosophy, Universidad de Antioquia, 1999 Post Graduate Diploma in Communication and Organizations, Universidad de Antioquia, 2001 M.A., Communication, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2007 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Communication The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico April 2016 iii DEDICATION To my mentors, friends and family, who have always inspired me to find my voice and use it. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I recognize the contributions that some very special people have made to this dissertation. Thank you, Dr. Ilia Rodríguez, dissertation chair, mentor, and friend, for your constant support and encouragement. I cannot begin to repay you for the gifts of opportunity, guidance, and friendship you have given me over the past four years, and I aspire to be for others the mentor you have been for me. Thank you, Dr. Janice Schuetz, committee member, for always knowing exactly what will make my work better. Your teaching and scholarship inspire me, and it has been a privilege to be your student. Thank you, Dr. Susana Martinez, committee member, for lending your expertise and experience to my research. Your passion for your work and commitment to your research subjects are contagious, and I feel fortunate to have had the opportunity to learn from you. Thank you, Dr. Rafael Obregón, committee member, for choosing to be part of this committee and for your support of my research. Your help, perspective, experience, generosity, and enthusiasm truly made this study possible. I am grateful to the Fulbright Commission and the Department of Communication and Journalism for providing me with the financial support throughout the four years of my study. A special thank you to the friends and family who have supported me not only in my crazy plan to move to the Albuquerque and earn a Ph.D., but also in everything I have done in my life. Thank you to my incredible parents, Edy and Amparo, for raising me to v believe in myself and work hard for what I want. Thank you to my daughter Mariana, for taking this ride with me. I would also like to thank my friends in Albuquerque Diana Cloud, Adan Garcia, and Maryam Alhinai. I am profoundly thankful for the privilege of having each of these people in my life, and this dissertation would not have been possible without their help and support. vi CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF COLOMBIAN IDENTITIES AND HUMANATURE IN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE (1903-1952) By MÓNICA PÉREZ MARÍN B.A., Philosophy, Universidad de Antioquia, 1999 Post Graduate Diploma in Communication and Organizations, Universidad de Antioquia, 2001 M.A., Communication, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2007 Ph.D., Communication, University of New Mexico, 2016 ABSTRACT The main purpose of this dissertation is to challenge assumptions of neutrality and objectivity in popular science journalism by investigating how representations of Colombian identities and humanature in National Geographic Magazine between 1903 and 1952 create social knowledge and power in the context of the U.S.-Colombia relations. The investigation is based on the analysis of nine in-depth articles, including 214 pages of written text, 200 photos, and 6 maps. I applied two methods of analysis: critical discourse analysis and visual rhetoric. The discussion of discursive practices, textual structures, and social practices was organized chronologically into three significant periods and related to changes in editorial policies over time, as these changing policies emerged as meaningful for the understanding of salient framing patterns of Colombian identities and humanature and their ideological implications in particular historical contexts. vii In the period of 1903-26, NGM’s editorial policies placed emphasis on strictly scientific and academic language and editors explicitly advocated for the values of accuracy, balance, and fair information. Accordingly, in this period the authors of the reportages were scientists, diplomats, and statesmen. These narrators followed the main precepts of positivism and scientism pointing out objectivity, empirical evidence, direct observation, and documentation. In the period of 1940-1947, technological innovations that revolutionized photography allowed for the entry of new stories and new voices of travelers, adventurers, journalists, and connoisseurs of other cultures. A change in the editorial policy of the magazine becomes evident, as the editors introduced a more personal, subjective, and experiential manner of telling stories. In the last period of 1948- 1952, NGM’s coverage of Colombia introduced a new element: the inclusion of women writers. Their narratives depart from the conventional narratives of NGM in that they included stories of the private life of scientists and personal adventures in Colombia. This research shows that although the framings of Colombian identities and humanature overlap, change, and at times contradict one another across time, the representations reproduce the ideologies of Manifest Destiny, Positivism, and the policy of Pan-Americanism to support the U.S. hegemonic role in Latin America in the context of the first half of the 20th century. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………1 Significance of the Study……………………………………………………………….8 Relevant Contexts………………………………………………………………………9 History of National Geographic Magazine…...............................................................9 The U.S.-Colombia Political Context: Manifest Destiny, Positivism, and Pan- Americanism…………………………………………………………………………13 Manifest Destiny: The “Big-Sister” Ideology………………………………………..14 Positivism: The Ideology of “Truth” and “Unique” Way to Achieve Knowledge…..16 Pan-Americanism: The U.S. Expansionist Policy…………………………………...18 Colombia and the Contradictory Desire of Civilization……………………………..21 Personal Background………………………………………………………………...24 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW …..27 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………..27 The Critical Paradigm………………………………………………………………...27 Social Constructionism Theory……………………………………………………....29 Critical Discourse Analysis…………………………………………………………..30 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………...32 Scholarship on National Geographic Magazine………………………………………33 Addressing the “Critical” in Relevant Sub-Disciplines in Communication Studies…36 Critical/Cultural Communication……………………………………………………...41 Environmental Communication…………………………………………………….....46 Key Constructs Guiding this Research………………………………………………….49 Media Representations…………………………………………..………………….…49 ix Identities………………………………………………………………………….…...50 Humanature………………………………………..………………………………….50 Ideology and Hegemony…………..………………………………………………….51 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS AND RESEARCH METHOD……………………………………………………………………………... 53 Critical Discourse Analysis…………………………………………………………….53 Fairclough’s Three-Level Method……………………………………………….……55 Visual Rhetoric…………………………………………………………………………59 Data Collection…………………………………………………………………………60 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………………...62 Triangulation and Crystallization………………………………………………………63 CHAPTER 4: FRAMING IDENTITIES AND HUMANATURE (1903-1926) ………64 Discursive Practices: The Context of Production and Audience of NGM……………..66 Editorial Policies of NGM (1903-1926) ……………………………………………..66 The Audience………………………………………………………………………....68 The Writers…………………………………………………………………………...70 Text Analysis………………………………..………………………………………….73 Overview of the Articles………………………………………………………….…..73 “Notes on Panama and Colombia” (December, 1903). …………………………….74 “Latin America and Colombia” (December, 1906). …..............................................75 “Over the Andes to Bogotá”
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