ISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

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Published Quarterly By The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State.—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1949, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1950-1953 E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville, President GEORGE ROBB ELLISON, Maryville, First Vice-President RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau, Second Vice-President HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence, Third Vice-President BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph, Fourth Vice-President RAY V. DENSLOW, Trenton, Fifth Vice-President W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville, Sixth Vice-President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society

ISIDOR LOEB, St. Louis WILLIAM SOUTHERN, JR., ALLEN MCREYNOLDS, Carthage Independence GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City G. L. ZWICK, St. Joseph

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1953 FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon ALBERT L. REEVES, Kansas City STEPHEN B. HUNTER, Cape Girardeau E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville *WALDO P. JOHNSON, Clinton *R. M. THOMSON, St. Charles E. LANSING RAY, St. Louis ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1954

RALPH P. BIEBER, St. Louis HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre ARTHUR V. BURROWES, St. Joseph WILLIAM L. VANDEVENTER, LAURENCE J. KENNY, S. J., St. Louis Springfield JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston CHARLES L. WOODS, Rolla ISRAEL A. SMITH, Independence

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1955

JESSE W. BARRETT, St. Louis GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia CHESTER A. BRADLEY, Kansas City JAMES TODD, Moberly GEORGE ROBB ELLISON, Maryville T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield FRANK L. MOTT, Columbia L. M. WHITE, Mexico

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President ami the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the Uni­ versity of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

^Deceased. Missouri Historical Review Floyd C. Shoemaker, Editor

Volume XLVII July 1953 Number Four

C C. Ry'jiKAx-i KENNETT, MO.

The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly at 201 Madison Street, Jefferson City, Missouri. Communications pertaining to the publication should be addressed to 201 Madison Street, Jefferson City, Missouri, or to Floyd C. Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. The Review is sent free to all members of the State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $1.00 a year, or $20 for a life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Jefferson City, Missouri, under the act of August 24, 1912. COMMENTS ON THE SOCIETY AND THE REVIEW It Is always a pleasure to receieve the Missouri Historical Review. I do want to tell you once more that we consider your publication one which is both outstanding in interest and general merit.—T. H. SPENCE, JR., Director, Historical Foundation of the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches, Montreat, N. C. Increasingly, Missouri's points of historical interest are becoming of special interest to tourists, and because of the fine work you have done for many years, this information on our state and on our region is available to pass on to tourists.—MARIE A. KOLB, Director Ozark Playgrounds Assoc, Joplin. I think the Society is doing a mighty fine job in placing very interesting Missouri history before the public and, as a native Missourian, I am very much interested in it.—STEPHEN LINCOLN, State Representative, Harrison County, Mo. I am sure my reaction represents the average number when I say that the Review is 100% improved by its new dress and quality of paper. You and your staff are to be congratulated.—LEO B. CRABBS, JR., Jefferson City. I want to congratulate you on the attractive appearance of the January number of the Review. Not only the cover but the material inside is unus­ ually interesting.—MRS. IDA M. WILHELM, Monett. I have been intending to write you to tell how pleased I am with the new design you have given the Review. It is excellently designed and prepared and is outstanding among the historical magazines I receive.—L. O. HONIG, author, Kansas City. For years I've been writing letters, queries, requests, here and there, but your letter that came today is, without question, the most complete answer and the most generous reply I have ever received. Bar none! You must have gone to a tremendous amount of trouble, for which I am full of guilt, but how it is appreciated!—MRS. JOHN R. LYNCH, Chula Vista, Calif. I certainly appreciate the merit of the Review and the fine work being done by the Society under your guidance.—PAUL R. EDWARDS, San Francisco, Calif. The best thing I've done in a long time was to join the State Historical Society of Missouri.—L. E. OBERHOLTZ, Kansas City. The Review gets better all the time. Thank you for keeping it up to a high standard.—ORA CHARD, Savannah. Personally I thought the last number a masterpiece.—MRS. HENRY DOOLIN, Milan. Let me pay tribute to format, organization, scholarly quality, and remark­ able coverage in the Review.—RALPH ALAN MCCANSE, author, Madison, Wis. If people would realize that the magazines to which they subscribe exert an influence upon their family, especially growing boys and girls, they would subscribe for the magazine of their State Historical Society.—MRS. ROBERT L. MOTLEY, Bowling Green. I enjoy the magazine very much and it is certainly good reading. One finds material there that cannot be found anywhere else.—JOHN C. MCGUIRE, St. Louis. I have before me your handsome magazine, the Missouri Historical Review, containing your article on the Cherokee Trail of Tears across Missouri, with the very thoughtful account of the dedication of Cherokee Park, commemorating the crossing of your state by the Cherokee Indian emigrants. I am delighted with the thoughtfulness of your people in celebrating this event.—GRANT FOREMAN author, Muskogee, Okla. The Review is incredibly well edited and printed.—s. w. GEISER, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Tex. Most historical societies are helpful but I've never heard from one that went to as much effort as the State Historical Society of Missouri. My thanks are delayed but so very sincere and enthusiastic over your organization.— RODNEY WHITELAW JUENEMAN, Cape Girardeau. Contents Page AMUSEMENTS AND ENTERTAINMENTS IN EARLY MISSOURI. By Elbert R. Bowen 307

HISTORY OF THE STRUCTURAL BRICK INDUSTRY IN MISSOURI. By Clarence N. Roberts 318

A MISSIONARY'S WIFE LOOKS AT MISSOURI. LETTERS OF JULIA BARNARD STRONG, 1836-1839. Edited by Vivian K. McLarty 329

'THIS WEEK IN MISSOURI HISTORY/' By Floyd C. Shoemaker 344

PRESENTATION OF "AWARD OF MERIT" TO THE NATIVE SONS OF KANSAS CITY. By Floyd C. Shoemaker 356 THE MISSOURI READER: AMERICANS IN THE VALLEY. PART XII. Edited by Ruby Matson Robins 364

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 376

A Personal Message from the Secretary 376 Members Active in Increasing Society's Membership 376 New Members of the Society 377 The Louisiana Purchase Sesquicentennial 379 Acquisitions 380 Activities of Local Historical Societies 383 Anniversaries 384 Notes 385 Historical Publications 391 Obituaries 394 MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 396

A MISSOURIAN IN TEXAS LEADS IN LIFE MEMBERSHIPS . . .Verso of back cover

Copy for each issue of the Review is sent to the printer on the following dates: September 1 for the October Review; December 1 for the January Review; March 1 for the April Review; and May 1 for the July Review. Copy for the July issue is sent a month earlier than for the other issues in order that page proofs may be returned to us in time to index it and combine it with the indexes of the other issues for publication in the July number. Illustrations Page THE PEDDLER'S WAGON. Cover design from Harper's Weekly, June 21, 1868. See "This Week in Missouri History," by Floyd C. Shoemaker 344 A FRONTIER BALL. From Harper's Monthly, October, 1856 309 THE SINGING SOCIETY. From a sketch by William A. Knox 310 THE STEWARTSVILLE BAND. Courtesy of Mrs. A. B. Chrisman, Kansas City 311 SWISS BELL RINGERS. From the Hannibal Tri-Weekly Messenger, Nov. 3, 1853 313

THE "ATLANTIC" BALLOON SAILED FROM ST. LOUIS IN 1859. From Harper's Weekly, June 18, 1859 315

PRICE HOUSE, STE. GENEVIEVE. REPORTED TO BE THE FIRST BRICK HOUSE IN MISSOURI 318

MANUEL LISA HOUSE, ONE OF THE FIRST BRICK HOUSES IN ST. LOUIS. Courtesy Missouri Historical Society 319

WASHINGTON COUNTY COURT HOUSE AND OUTLYING BUILDING. From a sketch by Charles Alexander LeSueur in 1826. Courtesy of Charles F. Peterson, National Park Service 320 GEORGE C. SIBLEY. Courtesy of Lindenzvood College 330 MARY EASTON SIBLEY. Courtesy of Lindenwood College 331 EARLY VIEW OF LINDENWOOD. Courtesy of Lindenzvood College 332

"THIS WEEK IN MISSOURI HISTORY" 344

GEORGE S. PARK 345

BUILDING THE LOG CABIN WAS QUICK WORK 347

STEAMBOATS BURNING ON THE MISSISSIPPI 349

BULLWHACKERS HAD TO BE TOUGH TO DRIVE PLODDING OXEN 352

MISSOURI RANGERS HELD OFF INDIAN ATTACKS 353

PRESENTATION OF THE HISTORICAL AWARD TO THE NATIVE SONS OF KANSAS CITY 356

BOONE'S LICK SPRING IN 1905 364

BOONE'S LICK SPRING. SONS OF DANIEL BOONE MAKING SALT 1807 365

AN OLD SALT KETTLE 366 NATHAN BOONE. Courtesy of Missouri Historical Society 370

COOPER EMIGRANT TRAIN. Photo by Massie 370

SURRENDER OF THE MIAMIS TO GEN. DODGE, 1814. Photo by Massie 374 DAVID M. WARREN Verso back cover AMUSEMENTS AND ENTERTAINMENTS IN EARLY MISSOURI BY ELBERT R. BOWEN1 The question to be answered in the following pages is "How did Missourians amuse themselves one hundred years ago?" As the frontier passed through the state before the Civil War, the residents of Missouri took part in a great variety of amusements and entertainments. During the pioneer period Missourians, like all other frontiersmen, took advantage of every opportunity for getting together to have fun. Social celebrations frequently arose from work occasions. House raisings, log-rollings, and difficult agricultural pur­ suits provided occasions for such activities as feats of strength and skill, fighting, singing, dancing, story-telling, and drinking.2 In addition the farmer made trips to town or visited his neighbor; he and others gathered at spelling and quilting bees, at county fairs and political barbecues, at religious camp meetings, weddings, and fu­ nerals.3 In the towns the newspapers led crusades for culture. As early as 1825 Nathaniel Patten, of the Franklin Missouri Intelligencer published an editorial against card playing, which he thought was a waste of time because it excluded conversation, occupied time which should be spent in improving the mind, led to other activities even less worthwhile, and set a poor example for youth.4 Just ten years later a Columbia newspaper felt that gambling was over-running the town. It specifically objected to the presence of five roulette wheels at the race, track—a popular sporting place in old Missouri! In 1860 a Rolla newspaperman assailed a group of drunken rowdies who nearly wrecked the town on a Sunday night. He criticized in very strong language all forms of fighting, whether by men, cocks, bulls, or dogs. In 1858 the Liberty paper reported that ladies then

ALBERT R. BOWEN is associate professor of speech and drama at Central Michigan College of Education, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. He received an A.B. from DePauw University in 1941, an M.A. degree from the University of Denver in 1946, and a Ph.D. from the University of Missouri in 1950. From 1946 to 1950 he was instructor in speech at the University of Missouri. 2R. Carlyle Buley, "Glimpses of Pioneer Mid-West Social and Cultural History," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 23 (March, 1937), 481-82. 3Loc. cit. 4Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, February 15, 1825. For purposes of brevity not every newspaper reference will be listed. If the reader is interested, he may obtain exact documentation from the author's "A Study of Theatrical Enter­ tainments in Rural Missouri before the Civil War" (unpublished doctor's dis­ sertation, University of Missouri, 1950), Chapter II. 307 308 Missouri Historical Review walked down the street in constant fear of meeting inebriates, while the "night is frequently made hideous by carousing, yelling and firing guns and pistols."' It was these same journalists who pleaded with their readers for the establishment of cultural and educational in­ stitutions. Of considerable cultural value were the libraries and lyceums which were formed early in the civilized life of the region. The news­ paper office, itself, was a substitute for a library, where men could gather to read the exchange newspapers. Fayette had a library in 1826. Mark Twain's father was secretary and later president of the Hannibal Library Institute, which was founded in 1844.6 By 1850 the Census listed the following counties in the state as having at least one college or public library: Boone, Cape Girardeau, Clay, Cole, Cooper, Lafayette, Marion, Pike, St. Charles, and St. Louis.7 Lyceums and debating societies often went hand-in-hand with the library movement. Within a year after the Boonville Observer, in 1847, presented powerful arguments for the establishment of a lyceum and literary room, a new organization had acquired nearly two hundred members, nearly a thousand volumes, and a Lyceum Hall, over N. W. Mack's store. The earliest debating club formed in the rural areas of the state was probably the one in Franklin in 1825. The Union Literary Society at the University of Missouri, formed in 1842, had its own library and devoted its meetings to speeches, readings, and debates.8 The editor of the Hannibal Mes­ senger in 1852 appealed for the organization of a lyceum or mock legislature to pass the time during the long winter evenings, in the absence of other amusements. The Down East Debating Society of Hannibal was established the following year, debating such questions as "Where does fire go when it goes out?" and "When a house is on fire, does it burn up or burn down?" These debates were obviously more entertaining than instructive ! Similar to the lyceums and debating societies were the literary societies which often sponsored such semi-dramatic activities as de­ clamations, dialogues, and colloquies. Many persons at the time felt that the legitimate theatre was immoral, yet they did not object to the portrayal of life in these milder forms of presentation, without

^Liberty Weekly Tribune, November 5, 1858. 6Minnie M. Brashear, Mark Twain, Son of Missouri (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1934), pp. 90, 200. 1The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850, pp. 683-84. 8Records of the Union Literary Society, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Amusements and Entertainments in Early Missouri 309 the scenery, costume, make-up, and atmosphere of the stage. The boys of Mr. B. B. Wilson's school in Lexington gave such a public exhibition on the day before Christmas in 1845 and were complimented by the local paper for their "patriotic and animating" declamations. Speaking of the performance, the editor said: "The dialogues were well selected, and the boys sustained themselves with honor in their respective parts."9 Among the many other such exhibitions which were given was the one by the Eunomian Literary Society of Clay Seminary on June 21, 1860, for which a copy of the program exists. Among the several interesting events was a colloquy entitled the "Union," which demonstrates that at least some of the subjects de­ bated were quite timely!

A Frontier Ball The people of early rural Missouri were apparently quite fond of music, for they enjoyed dancing, and singing, and vocal and in­ strumental concerts. Francis Forest, "The Occidentalism" writing in the Missouri Intelligencer, in 1821, described a ball held in Frank­ lin in that year. Twenty years later an unknown writer furnished the Boons Lick Times with a complete description of an elaborate ball held in Boonville on Christmas Eve. The hall was decorated with

^Lexington Weekly Express, December 30, 1845. 310 Missouri Historical Review

giant paintings by Missouri's famous painter George Caleb Bingham, but the correspondent's chief interest was in the beautiful ladies who attended. Never had he seen more "beauty and fashion" at one ball than at this glorious affair, which incidentally lasted until three in the morning. The German settlers of the state celebrated regularly at balls. In Hannibal less than two years before the Civil War the German citizens celebrated Schiller's birthday, not with a drama as one might expect, but with a luncheon, interspersed with speeches, toasts, read­ ings from some of Schiller's poems, and a Promenade Concert by the Hannibal Brass Band. Said an American newspaperman, in complimenting the Germans: "Those who understand the German character, will readily comprehend that they will make a pleasant thing of it."10

tiom a btieicti uy Wiaiuiu A.. Knox The Singing Society The Germans were also quick to organize singing societies for their own amusement. The Boonville Sanger Chor, for example, was originated in 1852 with the following purpose stated in its con-

10Daily Hannibal Messenger, November 10, 11, 12, 1859. Amusements and Entertainments in Early Missouri 311

stitution (translated) : "To give a few hours of spice and happiness to everyday life through singing and good fellowship."11 Whereas the Germans usually sang for their own amusement, the Americans who formed signing societies liked to give public concerts. Prominent among these were the singing and instrumental groups sponsored by the church sewing groups and young female seminary students. Band concerts were a popular form of musical entertainment during the pre-Civil War period. Several towns had their own brass, silver, or cornet bands. For example, on November 2, 1855, Colonel William F. Switzler, publisher of the Columbia Weekly Missouri Statesman, thanked the gentlemen of the Columbia Brass Band and the Columbia Minstrels for their serenades on a recent evening to his wife, himself, and his little "responsibilities." During the following year, the Prairie Sax Horn Band from Audrain County played at several county fairs.

m&s& The Stewartsville Band

Probably more musical activity took place in St. Joseph than in any other town in rural Missouri in the late fifties. The violinist Professor Cruft led his American Brass Band; Professor Otto Behr,

^Records of the Boonville Sanger Chor, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 312 Missouri Historical Review a group of singers and an orchestra; H. Rosenblatt, the St. Joseph City Brass Band; and J. L. Smith, the St. Joseph Musical Associa­ tion.12 Professional vocalists and instrumentalists often toured the state. Most famous of the singers was Madame Anna Bishop, one of the most widely traveled vocalists of the era, who toured Missouri in 1852 and again in 1860. Her renditions of "Home, Sweet Home," "Coming through the Rye," "The Irish Emigrant's Lament," and "Robin Red Breast" were especially popular in Jefferson City. Other professional soloists were Keith, Dempster, Gorenflo, and Wittig. Small musical groups frequently entertained rural Missourians in the old days. One such group was the Alleghanians, composed of one woman and three men: a soprano, basso, tenor, and an ac­ companist who played both the piano and the violin. These musicians usually gave their concerts in churches, but they left Jefferson City in a huff when the city authorities attempted to force them to buy a license in order to present a concert in the Methodist Church. The lefferson Examiner criticized the officials for placing the Alleghanians on the same level as menageries and circuses. The small professional musical organization was usually a fam­ ily group. Some of those which appeared in Missouri were: the Columbians (Higgins family), the Slater Sisters, the Robbins Broth­ ers, and the Eddy, Maddern, Thayer, Baker, and Rainey families. Of these, the Columbians, the Thayers, and the Raineys are of par­ ticular interest. Two brothers and two sisters of the Higgins family not only sang to their audiences' delight, but also taught music in Columbia and Boonville. The four Thayer sisters composed a sax­ horn band. The Rainey family, known professionally as the Euphon- ians, pleased their listeners with renditions of "The Gambler's Wife," "The Star Spangled Banner," and "May, Sweet May," while young Master Eddie amused with his comic songs and Irish character delineations. Of great interest to the audiences of that day were the novelty musical organizations: the Swiss Bell Ringers, the Lancashire Bell Ringers, and the Druid Horn Blowers. Herr Freeberthyser's Swiss Bell Ringers, sometimes known as the Campanalogians, played music on sea shells as well as on bells. Less than a month before the be­ ginning of the Civil War, they performed in Louisiana, where the newspaper noted that "It was the best musical entertainment ever

12H. Fotheringham & Co., St. Joseph Directory for the Year Ending May 31, 1861 (St. Joseph, Mo., 1860), p. 188. Amusements and Entertainments in Early Missouri 313

given in the place . . . ,"13 The Druid Horn Blowers entertained by blowing upon seventy ox horns, while dressed in Druid costumes. Professional dance exhibitions were represented by at least two family groups, the Sager family, which danced the ballet in St. Joseph in 1855 and 1856, and the Smith sisters who cavorted in the Odd Fellows Hall in the same city four years later. IHHHiiiiH^HIiii^Miltt^:

Advertisement from the Hannibal Tri-Weekly Messenger, November 3, 1853 An assortment of singers, dancers, comedians, magicians, ventril­ oquists, and readers also toured the hinterlands of Missouri. Perhaps the first to entertain beyond St. Louis were two actors from there: Ludlow and King. In his later life, Ludlow claimed that he and King had hiked to St. Charles to give two financially unsuccessful perform­ ances of songs and dances there in 1820.ld The next recorded perform­ ance of the vaudeville type was that given in Boonville in 1841 by an actor and singer named Larkin. He sang "popular and scientific" songs and acted scenes from popular plays. The local newspaper liked him. Six years later, the Boonville Observer also enjoyed a

^Louisiana Journal, March 28, 1861. "Noah M. Ludlow, Dramatic Life as I found It (St. Louis, G. I. Jones and Co., 1880), pp. 195-97. 314 Missouri Historical Reviezv

performer named Friend, but objected to the rowdy behavior of the home town boys who disrupted the performance with their noise. The writer recommended that the boys be shipped off to an orphan asylum if their parents would not claim them and make them be­ have! Among the professional readers were Irving, who gave rendi­ tions along with his wife's vocal solos in 1847. The Boonville editor felt that the Irvings were "rather too animated." A Shakespearian "spouter" read from Much Ado About Nothing to an audience of thirty persons in Hannibal in 1852, and a Mr. McAfferty of New York gave private readings to friends in St. Joseph shortly before the war broke out. By far the most popular elocutionist was Win- chell, who was listed by a contemporary directory of show business as being one of four noted humorists in the country.15 He traveled nationally and toured Missouri in four different years: 1853, 1857, 1860, and 1861. His act, known as "Winchell's Drolleries," con­ tained original character sketches, including many types of dialect delineations. A Hannibal journalist liked Winchell's perfection and truthfulness, while a St. Joseph writer praised him for his instantan­ eous changes in character, dress, and "feature." Apparently early Missourians were as interested in magicians and ventriloquists as many persons are today. One of the earliest professional performers of any kind to visit the rural areas of the state was a ventriloquist named Kenworthy, who gave two exhibitions in M'Clelland's Tavern in Columbia, in 1834. Incidentally, Ken- worthy appeared in Chicago a few months later, giving the second recorded performance of a theatrical nature in that city.16 The first magician known to have toured the state was a woman, Miss Hayden, who performed in Jefferson City, Boonville, Liberty, and Columbia, in 1847. She appeared each time on the same program with Palma's Panoramas of Jerusalem and Venice. Professor Barton, the "Great Wizard of the West," gave magic exhibitions in Missouri towns in 1852 and 1853. He appeared as a "down and outer" in Hannibal and gained the support of the newspapers, which promoted his shows and declared him the equal of the leading prestidigitators of the day: Anderson, Macallister, and Blitz. In 1860, Barton turned up briefly

15John Wyman, Jr., Wyman's Showman's Guide and Directory to the Prin­ cipal Theatres, Museums, Concert and Exhibition Rooms in the United States and Canada (Philadelphia, Wyman the Wizard, Publisher, 1861), p. 3. 16J. H. McVicker, The Theatre; Its Early Days in Chicago. A Paper Read before the Chicago Historical Society, February 19, 1884 (Chicago, Knight & Leonard, Printers, 1884), p. 12. Amusements and Entertainments in Early Missouri 315 in St. Joseph before going on to Colorado Territory. Several other magicians and ventriloquists also entertained rural Missourians: Piatt performed in Jefferson City; Hardy, Sands, Alexander, Meeks, and possibly Macallister, in Hannibal; Hill, in Columbia; Reynolds, in Savannah; Searl, in St. Joseph; and the Empire Company, in Fulton.17 It is interesting to note that most magicians and many early lecturers on all subjects titled themselves "Professor." Apparently this practice persuaded some moralists to attend the exhibitions, feeling confident that they were spending their money on moral, educational, and cultural events. The Boonville Observer recognized this abuse of the academic title and objected to it: "Now-a-days the public are informed that Professor this or Professor that, is ready to give lessons in writing, phrenology, or slight o' hand tricks, in necromancy or cards."18 Although academically incorrect, the title probably did entice paying audiences. Early Missourians were also entertained by many curiosities and novelties. The many news­ paper references to spiritualism, fortune-telling, and freaks indi­ cate that these intrigued the local inhabitants. The Hannibal paper showed more than a normal in­ terest in a clairvoyant named Madame Caprell while she was advertising in the paper, but when she left town owing the journal her bill, it became very angry, publicly.19 Phrenology lectures were probably the most popular public addresses of the day. Freaks also invited much curi­ osity. The* great fat lady, weigh­ ing 518 pounds, exhibited herself „ " „ 4 , . „ „ ., , , c T • fe l i . , ,. 1 */1-11 The "Atlantic" Sailed from St. Louis in the state capital, as did Mile. for a World's Distance Record in 1859 "The years, respectively, were: 1841; 1849, 1856 and 1859, 1853, 1857, 1856; 1843; 1857; 1860; and 1851. 18Boonville Weekly Observer, September 28, 1854. 19Hannibal Tri-Weekly Messenger, November 4, 1858. On February 6, 1861, Mark Twain wrote his brother a long letter describing in detail a visit he had paid to Madame Caprell in New Orleans. She evidenced some knowledge of his past but was inaccurate in her predictions concerning his future.—Samuel C. Webster (editor), Mark Twain, Business Man (Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1946), pp. 52-59. 316 Missouri Historical Reviezv

Christine Milly, the two-headed girl. Another great thrill was the occasional balloon ascension. One of them was made on the first day of the state fair at Boonville, in October, 1855. County fairs furnished the inhabitants of Missouri with many worthwhile activities. For example, the Boonville Fair, sponsored by the Missouri State Agricultural Society in 1855, ran for five days. The roads were crowded with people flocking to town to attend the fair, to see and enter the exhibitions of garden produce and orchard fruits, agricultural implements, domestic manufactures, stock, horses, and mules. They watched the races, amused themselves, met their fellow-men, and also witnessed entertainments furnished by the Boonville Thespians. Fairs were so popular that in 1858, thirty county agricultural fairs were held in the state, ranging from two to six days in length, between August 31 and October 15.20 The art of painting attained some popularity in pre-war Missouri. West's "Christ Healing the Sick" and Dubufe's "Adam and Eve in Paradise" were exhibited in the 1850's. More exciting to the viewers, however, were the "moving pictures," or panoramas and dioramas. Panoramas were long paintings wdiich were unrolled before the audience and sometimes accompanied by a lecture. Diora­ mas were once described by an early citizen of St. Louis:

One very popular kind of show was called "chemical pictures." These were dioramas lighted up in a special way so that the beholder felt as if he were really in the midst of the scene portrayed. There were a picture of Belshazzar's Feast and views of Jerusalem and Venice and Seville that drew crowds for weeks in the winter or spring of forty-five.21

Some of the panoramas and dioramas which were exhibited in rural Missouri were: MacEvoy's Panoramas of Niagara and Ireland, accompanied by piano, violin, and harp played by the MacEvoy chil­ dren ; Bullard's Panorama of New York City; Blair's Panorama and Scientific Lecture; Johnson's Panorama of the City of St. Joseph, the Missouri River, and Kansas; Harris's Great Moral Dramatic Panorama of Intemperance and Crime (featuring thirty-three scenes, each 12' x 18' one thousand life-size figures, etc.) ; and a panorama illustrating Dr. Kane's Arctic Expedition in search of Sir John Frank­ lin." But the most complete description of a panorama available is

-°Columbia Weekly Missouri Statesman, August 27, 1858. 2lWilliam Clark Kennerly, Persimmon Hill: A Narrative of Old St. Louis and the Far West (Norman, Okla., University of Oklahoma Press, 1948), p. 182. 22The years, respectively, were: 1854; 1855; 1856; 1858; 1860. Amusements and Entertainments in Early Missouri 317 that included in the advertisement for the Grand Moving Panorama of a trip from New York to California. The spectacle featured scenes with moving figures. If the mining camp scene described in the last paragraph of the advertisement was as dramatic as was claimed, the effect must have been similar to that produced by the early silent films. At least one editor described it as being "nearly approximate to the reality."23 In addition to the amusements and entertainments described above, early Missourians had many opportunities for attending the legitimate theatre, amateur and professional, and for enjoying the delights of the circus, menagerie, and Negro minstrel show.24 The amusements and entertainments of the pre-Civil War period covered a remarkably wide range, from such socially-destructive pastimes as drunken rowdiness to such culturally-constructive endeavors as lyceums and libraries. They reveal that our forefathers were curious about people and about "scientific" subjects. They demonstrate that early Missourians liked to laugh, sing, dance, argue, and attend all the arts at their disposal.

23Hannibal Tri-Weekly Messenger, December 21, 1854. 24See other articles by the author on "The German Theatre of Early Rural Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, 46 (January, 1952), 157-61; "Negro Min­ strels in Early Rural Missouri," ibid., 47 (January, 1953), 103-09; and "The Circus in Early Rural Missouri" ibid., 47 (October, 1952), 1-17. 318 Missouri Historical Reviezv

HISTORY OF THE STRUCTURAL BRICK INDUSTRY IN MISSOURI

BY CLARENCE N. ROBERTS* The knowledge of brick-making found its way into Missouri with the westward march of the American pioneers. What was per­ haps the first brick house in Missouri, the John Price residence at Ste. Genevieve, was built shortly after 1800.1 The architectural de­ sign of this structure was claimed to be evidence of the Anglo-Ameri­ can migration to Missouri, since „ „,A. the French did not use brick north of New Madrid because stone was available and answered the same needs.2 The beginning of the structural brick industry on a commercial scale in Missouri dates from about 1811 in St. Louis.3 On October 12, 1811. a Samuel Bridge advertised that he would "sell very low a quantity of Price House, Ste. Genevieve. Reported brick, viz. at three dollars per to Be the First Brick House in Mis­ thousand as they come to hand souri. or six dollars if picked," which might be seen "at the margin of the creek at the south end of town."4 Bridge may have been selling brick for some time as he requested all those who had purchased brick previously "to call upon him and settle for the same." Considerable difference of opinion exists concerning the date and ownership of the first brick house in St. Louis. An "Annual

*CLARENCE N. ROBERTS, a native of Missouri, has a B. S. degree in education, an M. A., and a Ph. D. from the University of Missouri. He is included in Who's Who in the Midwest and Who's Who in American Education and at the present time is professor of history and chairman of the department at North Central College, Naperville, 111. Charles E. Peterson, "Early Ste. Genevieve and Its Architecture," Missouri Historical Review, XXXV (January, 1941), 229-30. 2Ibid. 3No brickyards are listed by the Census Report of 1810 for the territory of Missouri as reported in the Missouri Gazette (St. Louis) January 11, 1811. Six saw mills, two breweries, four salt works, and twelve distilleries were listed. ^Missouri Gazette, October 12, 1811. This price was low when compared to prices a few years later as run of the kiln brick were bringing $10.00 per thousand by 1820. It might indicate the general lack of a demand for brick at this early date or an unusually poor quality. History of the Structural Brick Industry in Missouri 319

Review of the History of St. Louis," published in the Missouri Re­ publican in 1854, claims that the first such structure was erected in the town in 1814.5 Elihu H. Shepard asserted in his publication of 1870 that the first brick house was erected in 1813 by William C. Carr and from that time this building material was popular with the people of St. Louis.0 It appears from the Missouri Gazette that Manuel Lisa owned a brick house as early as 1813/ and in the same year Lee and Jones were operating a brickyard.8

Courtesy of Missouri Historical Society Manuel Lisa House, One of the First Brick Houses in St. Louis

The first St. Louis Directory, published in 1821, listed the city as having a total of 232 residential brick structures.9 This directory listed the city as having two brickyards, and fourteen bricklayers and plasterers, apparently trades that were practiced in common by the same persons. As settlement spread westward to the outstate areas of Missouri, the structural brick industry followed. Major Stephen H. Long,

5Annual Review, History of St. Louis Commercial Statistics," Missouri Republican, January 10, 1854. 6Elihu H. Shepard, The Early History of St. Louis and Missouri, from Its First Exploration by White Men in 1673 to 1843 (St. Louis, Southwestern, 1870), p. 60. 7Missouri Gazette, May 1, 1813. 8Ibid., April 10, 1813. QSt. Louis Directory 1821, included in Richard Edwards and M. Hopewell, Edward's Great West and Her Commercial Metropolis (St. Louis, Edward's Monthly, 1860), pp. 323-31; also a reprint in St. Louis Directory for the Years 1854-1855, pp. 261, ff. 320 Missouri Historical Reviezv commanding an expedition traveling up the Missouri River in 1819, described St. Charles as a town of about one hundred houses, two brick kilns, a tan yard, and several stores.10 The art of brickmaking had been established at Franklin at a very early date for in the spring of 1819 a lot was offered for sale in this frontier town on which, it was announced, "there is an excellent two-story brick house."11 Many of the early county courthouses were constructed of brick reflecting a pioneer desire for a more permanent and fireproof ma­ terial. The earliest record of the construction of such a structure in the state was the announcement in the Missouri Gazette of St. Louis, September 10, 1814, that the courthouse of Washington County, Missouri, would be built of stone and brick.12 In adver­ tising for bids it was stipulated that the clay for the brick could be procured on the bank of a creek not to exceed three-quarters of a mile from the building site.13 The first courthouse of Lafay­ ette County was erected of brick and stone as early as 1825.11 It was so defective that it had to be abandoned after a few years and sold at auction as scrap brick Courtesy of Chdrles F. Peterson, and lumber. Audrain County National Park Service completed her brick courthouse Washington County Court House Sketched by Charles Alexander in 1839,15 while Henry County LeSueur in 1826 erected a similar structure costing $2,565 the same year.16 The census reports for 1860 listed a total of seventy-six brick establishments in Missouri turning out a product valued at $683,775.17 While this report indicated considerable expansion over the figures

10"Glimpses of Old Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, I (July, 1907), 263. ^Missouri Gazette, March 17, 1819. ^It was further stipulated that the brick was to be nine inches in length, four and one-half inches broad, and two and one-half inches thick. ^Missouri Gazette, September 10, 1814. ^History of LaFayette County (St. Louis, Missouri Historical Co., 1881), p. 434. ^History of Audrain County (St. Louis, National Historical Co., 1884), p. 121. ^History of Henry County, Missouri, reprinted from Inventory of the County Archives of Missouri, No. 42: Henry County Historical Records Survey, 1940, p. 9. 17U. S. Census Office, Manufactures of the United States in 1860 Compiled from the Original Returns of the Eighth Census . . . (Washington, Gov't, 1865), pp. 295-314. History of the Structural Brick Industry in Missouri 321 listed for 1840,18 it failed to record the full account of structural brick production in the rural areas of the state. The custom of procuring the clay and burning the brick for each individual construction project, was common in Missouri even beyond the Civil War period.19 Such self-sufficiency in production was perhaps not given full recognition in the census statistics. It seems reasonable to assume, however, that by 1860 most of the brick used in St. Louis and the other leading cities of the state was purchased from commercial yards. In the pre-Civil War period brick-making was largely an outdoor occupation, and brickyards usually operated only during the summer months. Hand methods were employed in digging, tempering, and molding of the clays.20 Drying was done in the open air, and open- top kilns of the up-draft variety were usually constructed for each individual burning. Many of the primitive techniques in brick pro­ duction continued in many areas of the state in the period following the Civil War. By 1865 the soft-mud process was the most popular production technique in Missouri. Hand-molding was essentially the universal practice in soft-mud yards both in Missouri and throughout the en­ tire nation. Even as late as 1890 the soft-mud mixture with hand molding was still commonly employed by small yards over the state and in St. Louis. In preparing the clay for hand-molding, the device commonly utilized in Missouri was the soak-pit.21 These were pits two to four feet in depth where the clay was dumped and then allowed to soak for a day or two after a thorough drenching with water. In the mean­ time, the clay would be mixed with a shovel, and afterwards would be dumped out on a table for the hand-molder or fed to a soft-mud machine. The prepared clay was often carried on wheelbarrows to

18U. S. Census Office, Compendium of the Enumeration of the Inhabitants and Statistics of the U. S. . . . from the Returns of the Sixth Census . . . (Wash­ ington, Allen, 1841), p. 315. The combined value of brick and lime in 1840 was $185,234. 19It is said that the brick for the first school of Mines and Metallurgy build­ ing at Rolla, constructed in 1871, were burned near the building site. 20An early example of local handmade brick in Missouri was given in a letter written by Mrs. Walter Lenoir from Boone County in 1851, stating that her Negro slaves, Anthony and Solomon, would make brick when the season opened. Lewis E. Atherton (editor), "Letter from Mrs. Walter Raleigh Lenoir, Boone County, Missouri, to Thomas Lenoir, Fort Defiance, North Carolina," Missouri Historical Review, 38 (July, 1944), 420. 21H. A. Wheeler, "Clay Deposits," Missouri Geological Survey XI, 1896, 507-36; Mineral Industry II (1894), 174. 322 Missouri Historical Review

the moulder's table where it would be deposited by the use of a spade.22 The transition from hand preparation in the soak-pit to mixing by the machine was not rapid and particularly not extensive in its application. While the major mixing and molding equipment was invented and developed after the Civil War, many of the small yards in the state clung to hand methods of clay preparation to 1900.23 In the larger brickyards, pug mills and pans began to replace. the soak-pits as mixing equipment after 1870. These were often employed where the machine was used for molding. The pug mill . consisted of a horizontal semi-cylindrical trough, with a revolving shaft bearing knives. Smooth roll crushers for grinding clay in the pans were placed on the market as early as 1879.24 The majority of brickyards in Missouri throughout the period from 1865 to 1890 continued to use the traditional hand method of molding for their soft-mud brick. Wheeler found that of the thirty- nine brick producers of St. Louis in 1891, twelve still utilized hand- molding.25 The other areas of Missouri found most of the yards producing by the soft-mud process and molding their brick by hand. Buchanan County with fifteen brickyards still used hand-molding in ten. Macon County with six yards had not adopted machines by 1891. The same could be said of Perry County with eight producers, Mercer with six, and Texas with two. The hand-method of molding brick employed in Missouri in the post-Civil War period differed little from that in use during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe. First, the brick maker was provided with a table to which the soft mud was wheeled in barrows from the pits or carried by hand. The molder then took a mass of clay and rapidly formed it into a rough ball, using sand to prevent it from sticking to his hand or the table. Then exerting considerable skill the molder would dump the clay into a wooden mold which an off-bearer wrould carry to a yard to dry in the open

22W. H. Alsip, "Mechanical vs. Hand-work in the Brickyard," Clayworker, XLVII (February, 1907), 313-14; M. I. Baldridge, "Clay-Working a Century Since and Now," Brick, X (February, 1899), 76-77. 23Alfred J. Van Tassel and David W. Bluestone, Mechanization in the Brick Industry, p. 7. 2*"Early Clay Machinery," Brick, XII (January, 1900). 25Wheeler, Geological Survey, pp. 532-34; G. E. Ladd, "The Clay, Stone, Lime and Sand Industries of St. Louis City and County," Missouri Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 3, 1890, pp. 16-37. History of the Structural Brick Industry in Missouri 323 air. A typical molder could turn out 3,000 brick per day, or if un­ usually skilled, as many as lO^OO.26 It was not until the decade of the eighties that machine molding began to claim ascendancy over hand molding in speeding the pro­ duction process in brickmaking.27 Coincident with the transition from hand molding to machine techniques came a transition from the soft- mud process to stiff-mud and dry-press methods. Many factors ac­ counted for the tendency of the large producers to substitute stiff-mud, or more particularly dry-press brick for the soft-mud variety. Soft- mud brick had a tendency to be irregular in shape, imperfect in size, and so soft as to be injured in transportation.28 In addition, the growing demand for a brick that would more nearly conform to standards demanded in high office buildings and other types of con­ struction gave definite advantages to dry-press brick. The stiff-mud process never received wide adoption in Missouri. The basic reason for its lack of popularity was the increasing use of the dry-press method. Ladd found the leading brick producers of St. Louis in 1889 had adopted the dry-press technique of production.29 The expansion and growth of the structural brick industry in Missouri from 1865 to 1900 was directly related to the development of dry-press machinery and the dry-press process. Missouri was a pioneer in production of structural brick by this process, and many authorities claim that it was first successfully utilized in this state.30 Most of the brick of St. Louis, as well as Kansas City, were produced by this process in 1890. The St. Louis company most responsible for the introduction, development, and success of the method was the Hydraulic Press Brick Company. Its pressed brick won a market not only in St. Louis but also in Chicago, St. Paul, and other cities over the nation. A number of dry-press machines for this production process were developed in St. Louis. These included the Ross-Keller, 26Wheeler, Geological Survey, pp. 504-06. See a description of hand mold­ ing in Missouri as practiced about 1890. ^Alfred T. Crossley, Bricks and Brickmaking, 1887, pp. 16-17; Ladd, Bulle­ tin No. 3, pp. 28-33. 28Crossley, pp. 17-18; Wheeler, Geological Survey, pp. 506-07; Mineral In­ dustry II, 173-80. ^Ladd, Bulletin No. 3. The leading producers of St. Louis in 1890 in­ cluded the Hydraulic Press Brick Company, Union Press Brick Company, and College Hill Press Brick Works. 30Wheeler, Geological Survey, pp. 490-91. Wheeler stated that the "dry-clay process . . . was first successfully established in this state . . ."; R. T. Hill, "Clay Materials of the United States," United States Geological Survey, Mineral Resources, 1892, pp. 511-13; Commercial and Architectural St. Louis (St. Louis, Dumont Jones & Co., 1891), pp. 185-86. 324 Missouri Historical Review

Triumph, Lyons, Columbian, Progress, and Fernholtz.31 The most significant development in brick machinery in Missouri was the hydraulic press adopted by the Hydraulic Press Brick Company of St. Louis. The Hydraulic Press Brick Company began operations in 1861 as Rogers, Hanna and Company.32 In 1865, it was purchased by E. C. and T. W. Sterling, who began operations two weeks before Lincoln's assassination. The first hydraulic press, a crude affair, had been originally invented in 1856 at Cleveland, Ohio.83 This machine operating for a brief period was unsuccessful, but the patents were purchased in 1865 by E. C. Sterling and Willis Graves of the Hydraulic Press Brick Company of St. Louis. The press subsequently developed by Willis and Graves was to influence the whole Missouri industry. The company incorporated under the laws of Missouri in 1868, be­ came the leading brick producer of Missouri. In 1889 its output reached a total of 74,000,000 brick which was the largest production total for any company in the state.34 The rapidly changing roster of structural brick producers in the period before 1900 indicates a rapid turnover in the industry before 1900. This record proves that the life of the small brickyard must have been of short duration and the turnover in the trade very rapid. A survey of the thirty-seven structural brick producers of St. Louis operating in 1870, one finds only nine still in business by 1880.35 Only four of the 1870 producers remained in operation in 1891.86 The rapid turnover in the business in St. Louis must have been paralleled in the smaller towns of the state. In an analysis of the factors producing such a transition in pro­ prietors one should note that a majority of the producers of 1870 and 1880 were the small hand-operated yards individually owned. In 1870, for example, the Hydraulic Press Brick Company was the only press brick producer in St. Louis. By 1891, there was a total of nine press brick companies; but, what was more astounding, out of

31 Wheeler, Geological Survey, p. 501. 32"The Hydraulic Press Brick Company," Brick, XX (May, 1904), 235. 33Wheeler, Geological Survey, pp. 501-02; Gordon McNeil, "Progress in the Brick Industry," Clay-Worker, XLIII (February, 1905), 270-71. 84Ladd, Bidletin No. 3, p. 30; E. D. Kargau, Mercantile, Industrial and Pro­ fessional Saint Louis (St. Louis, Nixon Jones, n. d.), pp. 323-24. 3VEdward's, St. Louis Directory, 1870, p. 977; Gould's St. Louis Directory, 1880, pp. 1165-66. S6Wheeler, Geological Survey, pp. 532-33. Many of the individual brick producers of St. Louis in 1870 and 1880 may have been of German descent as the following names would indicate: Ballman, Feldwisch, Hoelting, Huch- toeus, Kleimann, Meirer, Spengemann, Steinkamper, etc. History of the Structural Brick Industry in Missouri 325

a total of thirty-nine brickyards in St. Louis, the nine press brick companies turned out 70 per cent of the city product.37 The statistics indicate that the production helm had fallen into the hands of those companies able to install the more expensive equipment necessary to produce pressed brick. The effect of the machine was ultimately to concentrate production into fewer yards after 1890. Since many of the yards were small concerns where the brick were molded by hand, they had only a very limited capital investment. Therefore, it was easy to enter the trade and easy to leave without excessive loss in capital investment. Some of the yards produced for a very limited market; and when this demand or market declined or disappeared, the concern went out of business. Hence, the tendency for the individual proprietor, perhaps skilled in the art of brickmaking, to be replaced by the machine operated yard was underway by 1890. Brick production in Missouri declined from the all-time high output of 436,164,000 in 1889 to 160,026,000 by 1929.38 The totals for structural brick by 1948 had declined to 88,656,000, a quantity output below that of 1869.39 Note the following table for data on production :40 Number of Establishments and Production of Structural Brick in Missouri, 1849-1948 Estab­ Quantity Value of Year lishments Output Product 1849 75 $ 365,519 1859 77 687,615 1869 186 195,300,000 3,148,884 1879 230 231,720,000 1,602,522 1889(a) 277 436,164,000 2,910,723 1899 256 279,977,000 1,612,554 1909 120 276,403,000 2,581,270 1919 34 (b) 2,774,540 1929 21 160,026,000 2,435,571 1939 22 (b) 1,596,816 1948 14 88,656,000 (c) 2,341,000 (a) The Wheeler study reported 358 brickyards in Missouri in 1891. He gave the total brick production for 1891 as 433,000,000. Most of this was common brick. (b) Not reported. (c) Data taken from Facts for Industry, 1948.

wibid. 38Statistics taken from Census of Manufactures for designated years. 39Bureau of the Census, Facts for Industry, Washington, 1948. *°Data from Census of Manufactures for designated years. 326 Missouri Historical Review

Several forces have operated since 1890 to reduce the number of brick establishments. Two developments that have been para­ mount in creating this change were increasing mechanization in pro­ duction processes, and a changing demand for clay products and sub­ stitute clay products. The adoption of more efficient pressing ma­ chines, improved mixing equipment, and more scientific kiln con­ struction all contributed to the production of a more uniform and better quality brick. A majority of the 358 brickyards of Missouri surveyed by Wheeler in 1891 were hand-operated units, where prac­ tically the entire product was made without machines. Most of these small establishments could not compete in type or quality of brick with the larger, more favorably situated, or better equipped enterprises after 1900. In St. Louis, for example, the number of structural brickyards declined from thirty-nine in 1890 to seventeen by 1910.41 Those companies that had ceased production by 1910 were primarily the small yards that utilized hand methods of molding. The leading St. Louis companies of 1890 such as the Hydraulic Press Brick Company, American Press Brick, and College Hill Press Brick, re­ mained as producing units in 1910. Most of the casualties were the small individually-owned yards. There were only eight companies producing structural brick in St. Louis by 1928.42 Another example of the declining small yard industry was in Springfield, in Greene County. In 1890, Springfield had five brick­ yards, all except one being hand-operated units. By 1908 only one of these remained in operation, and it continued production for only a limited time.43 Perry County which claimed eight companies in 1890 reported only two in 1908 and none by 1920.44 Developments in clay pits reflect a general shift from hand-load­ ing to mechanically operated shovels. The Moorhead Brick and Tile Company of St. Joseph loaded its shale by hand labor on dump carts and moved it to the brick presses with horses down to 1929. In 1929 electric power equipment was installed to transport the raw material to the grinding and crushing rooms.45 The company also began the loading of clay by steam shovels in 1929. The Blackmer-

41Gould's St. Louis Directory, 1910, pp. 2, 312; Wheeler, Geological Survey, pp. 532-33. ^Biennial Report of the State Geologist [of Missouri], 1931, p. 51. ^Thirty-first Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Missouri, 1931, p. 51. ^Biennial Report of State Geologist, [Missouri], 1923, pp. 28-33. 45George D. Reid to author, January 24, 1949. History of the Structural Brick Industry in Missouri 327

Post Pipe Company of St. Louis substituted machines for horses in its clay pits in 1920.48 An official of United Brick and Tile Com­ pany reported that this company had changed its pit operations from hand-loading and other primitive methods within the past ten years.47 The most common type of power for hauling clay in the period before 1900 was of course the horse and mule. The Hydraulic Press Brick Company used 276 head of mules in 1896 to transport its clay from the mines to the plant. For close hauls near the crushers it employed steam traction engines.48 The period from 1890 to 1910 witnessed an almost complete ac­ ceptance of steam power for operating machines in grinding, pressing and other techniques where such power was practical. Power for the Hydraulic Press Company of St. Louis in 1896 was supplied by fourteen boilers and sixteen engines, the latter aggregating 675 horse power.49 Writers in the professional magazines were advocat­ ing the utilization of steam as the most efficient source of power for a brickyard.50 After 1910 electricity began to replace steam for power operations. Both wood and coal were used as fuel in the St. Louis yards in 1890 with wood commonly employed for water smoking and coal for burning. At that time brickyards in regions where coal was avail­ able used the local deposits for their burning. The smaller yards in areas where coal was not available still used wood for the entire process. The Hydraulic Press Brick Company used ten carloads of coal per day for burning brick in its St. Louis yards and 8,000 cords of wood annually. Wood was burned during the water-smoking stage only, while coal was used for the regular burning. The American Press Brick Company of St. Louis followed the same pattern.51 The trend since 1910 has been toward the substitution of oil and gas for coal and wood. The Moorhead Brick and Tile Company of St. Joseph used wood and coal prior to 1921. Then, in the latter years the company began the practice of using cordwood for water smoking and fuel oil for burning in up-draft kilns but continued the use of coal in down-draft kilns. In 1931, a switch was made to natural

*«A. H. Helby to author, January 28, 1949. 47R. C. Burch to author, January 26, 1949. i8Brick, V (August, 1896), 42-43. ^Ibid., XXIX (August, 1908), 358-59. ^Alex Gord, "Steam Is the Most Economical for Use in a Brick Plant," Brick V (August, 1896), 46. 51Brick, VIII (April, 1898), 183. 328 Missouri Historical Review gas for all fuel.52 The Higginsville Brick and Tile and the Blackmer- Post Pipe Company of St. Louis both changed from coal to gas for fuel in 1945 and 1946, respectively.53 During the nineteenth century brickmakers continued many of the primitive techniques of earlier centuries. As the major product was common brick and as the essential raw material was present in almost every county of the state, the small brickyard sprang up in every town and community. Where a superior type of clay existed along with a rapidly growing city, numerous brickyards developed. This was the situation in the Missouri cities of St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph. Here the brick industry was not only favored by the valuable loess clay deposits along the Missouri River, but also an expanding market in a growing city. The ubiquitous nature of common brick clays operated in the period before 1900 to force practically all production yards to areas near the market. Common brick was rarely transported more than a few miles.54 Many forces, however, since 1900 have modified the ubiquitous characteristic of the industry. These trends include me­ chanical developments in brick plants, growing demands for new types of clay products, and revolutionary changes in transportation. The small local yard no longer possesses the capital necessary to install the equipment to produce the new type of brick. There has been a tendency for brickyards to locate near the large consuming centers and from here supply the demands of the smaller towns in a definite geographical area. Consequently, the small brickyard burn­ ing products for a restricted locality has largely been replaced by the highly mechanized units located near the large consuming centers. The tendency for producers to adopt improved machinery and to speed the production process will likely continue. The local hand- brick-yard is a relic of the historic past.

52G. D. Reid to author, January 24, 1949. 53A. W. Alberswerth to author, January 24, 1949. ^Clay-Worker LIII (March, 1910), 441. A Missionary's Wife Looks at Missouri 329

A MISSIONARY'S WIFE LOOKS AT MISSOURI LETTERS OF JULIA BARNARD STRONG, 1836-1839 EDITED BY VIVIAN K. MCLARTY* From 1836 to 1839 long letters were written home to Mendon, New York, by the young wife of a Presbyterian missionary, traveling for the Tract Society1 in the West. Julia Barnard Strong was per­ haps a bride when she wrote her first letters home. They were full of loving greetings to the many members of the family; but she also gave descriptions of the early houses, the boarding school where she taught, the churches, the doctors, the prairies, and the long drives through Illinois and Missouri with her itinerant minister husband. For a time she taught at Lindenwood, a finishing school, now a college. Here she found comfort and refinement with the Sibleys. The major was a wealthy Indian agent who had quarreled with the thieving fur traders. In her husband's absence Julia lost her little baby Harriet; and in the duty of caring for ailing relatives, she had to give up having her own little home. Her "dear husband's" work was made more difficult by the controversy raging between the Old and the New School Presbyterians.2 Churches unable to support one pastor then were in need of two.

*VIVIAN K. MCLARTY, a native of Illinois, received her A.B., A.M., and Ph.D. degrees at the University of Illinois. She has taught history and government at the Mississippi State College for Women, the University of Illinois, and Stephens College, and is at present copy-editor of the Missouri Historical Review. ^'Religious and political tracts were common in America both before and after the Revolution. Best known of the early American publishers of religious tracts were the Methodist Book Concern (1789) and the American Tract Society (1825). The first interdenominational organization was the Massa­ chusetts Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (1803). Other early societies included the New York Religious Tract Society (1812) and the New England Tract Society (1814) both merging (1825) with New York's American Tract Society which remains the principal American interchurch agency." Americana, Vol. 26, p. 741. These early tract societies sent out missionaries to the West who traveled from place to place distributing tracts and preaching wherever their services were needed most. 2In 183'8 the Presbyterian church in the United States was torn apart by the Old and New School questions, but the division did not actually take place in Missouri until 1841. The split was caused by a whole series of discords in the 1830's rising out of conditions in the newer sections of the country. The causes of controversy were: (1) the operation of the Plan of Union of 1801 whereby missionaries were to be sent out representing both the Congregational and the Presbyterian churches to establish the particular church organization suited to the needs and interests of the people in a particular locality; (2) the conflict between the American Home Missionary Society and the Presbyterian Assembly's Board of Missions in attempting to work the same field; (3) doctrinal contro­ versy; and (4) the question of slavery. After the split in Missouri, each Synod, the Old School and the New School, 330 Missouri Historical Review

Julia's penmanship was very small and regular; sometimes difficult to decipher; punctuation was lacking, and her spelling was not always correct.—Miss Sarah Agnes Wallace.2a

THE LETTERS St. Charles, Mo., Nov. 14, 1836 Dear Grand Parents and Aunt Harriet: Your grand children & niece and nephew, you think, are far away. We are indeed in Missouri, 1400 miles from Mendon [N. Y.] but by no means in the "far west"—that point is yet unknown. It is somewhere, we suppose, the other side of the "mountains." This community sports with the idea of this being far west, and set it down as another evidence of the contracted and narrow views of the Quakers. "Why," say they, "we are not half way to the Rocky Mountains; and we think not half so much of going to them as you do of coming among us." All of which is indeed true and is a thing of every day occurrence, for men from this section go to the mountains and even beyond for trade and hunting. And what may surprise you, there is ac­ tually a smooth carriage road scarcely inferior to the road from Mendon to Rochester, in almost a strait line from this to Santa fe in the Mexican Mountains, a dis­ tance of more than one thousand miles, and which town you know is west of the mountains. The gentleman with whom we are re­ Courtesy of Lindenwood College siding himself laid out the road. George C. Sibley Maj. Sibley says for a distance of went to work in its own way and began to expand through the state. William Warren Sweet, Religion on the American Frontier, Vol. II, The Presbyterians, 1783-1840 (New York, Harper, 1936), 99-100; Timothy Hill, Historical Outlines of the Presbyterian Church in Missouri (Kansas City, Van Horn and Abeel, 1871), pp. 22-23. 2aSarah Agnes Wallace of Washington, D.C, found these eight letters, seven of which were written by Julia and one by her husband, in the manuscript divi­ sion of the Library of Congress. She sent them to the Society for publication with the accompanying introductory paragraphs. A Missionary's Wife Looks at 'Missouri 331

11 hundred miles, from the west boundary of this state to Santa fe is prairie, one vast ocean without a shrub or tree excepting at wide intervals a few hundred yards of woods. None of these clusters of trees are one mile in width and the whole distance, all the treeless land, through which a part lay does not equal 30 miles, and these were so open that never a tree was removed for a road . . . We have found it economical and for our own convenience . . . to locate in St. Charles, a small town, 1200 souls, 20 miles from St. Louis on the Missouri River. Mr. Sibley, with whom we board, re­ sides one mile from the town. The situation is elevated and delight­ fully pleasant, and is said to be decidedly healthy. Mrs. Sibley has a school of young ladies, known as Lindenwood Seminary.3 Our dear J.[ulia] is assisting in giving lessons to the young ladies. I think she will tell you she is delighted with the employ­ ment, and the girls seem exces­ sively fond of her. Even Mr. Strong when he returns, is greeted with cordiality and evi­ dent marks of pleasure by the young ladies. You will be interested to be informed that living in Mo. is more pleasant to both of us than Courtesy of Lindenwood College we had anticipated. We find the Mary Easton Sibley people, except the Catholic pop­ ulation, decidedly American. They are active, shrewd, hospitable, and on many subjects intelligent. They are our own people, our "kindred according to the flesh." We feel quite at home—at least I do, as much as in any place, more than I ever did at Omaieton. I know something is attributable to my change in circumstances. It must be home where my dear wife is found. And though the people are western in their habits and characters, we find intercourse with

3Major George C. Sibley and his wife, Mary Easton Sibley, had early estab­ lished a school for girls in their home. In 1831 the first building was erected. The legislature incorporated the college in 1853 under the direction of the St. Louis Presbytery. Lucinda de Leftwich Templin, The Newer Lindenwood (St. Charles, 1921), pp. 7-8. 332 Missouri Historical Review them pleasant. We can love and esteem them, and if I mistake not, begin to be esteemed by them.

Courtesy of Lindenwood College Early View of Lindenwood College

In some respects Mo. has the appearance of a new country, particularly in its spare population, in the deficiency of good dwelling houses, and in the absence of literary and religious privileges; but in agricultural improvements, in smooth and delightful roads, in markets supplied with all varieties of foreign and domestic com­ merce, and in the genteel dress and demeanor of the people, we are as old as western N. Y., and are scarce inferior to any part of the United States. In fact St. Charles and St. Louis, and some other towns have been settled more than one hundred and fifty years, not as I supposed on coming to Mo. It is a sacrifice only to a limited extent. We have the conveniences of the older states. We often wish our friends could look in upon us and see how tidy and com­ fortable our little room appears. If you will believe it, even in Mo. our rooms are not only plastered, and papered, but carpeted, and furnished as we could desire.

I have commenced my labors, and find it necessary to be "all over," early and late in promoting the interest of the Tract Soc. I shall probably find it necessary to be from home quite two thirds A Missionary's Wife Looks at Missouri 333 of my time.4 This to be sure is not the most agreeable—but then it is so delightful to return and greet in this land of strangers a smiling face, & find things in so nice a fix as Julia always has them. I assure you it is a pleasure which few like an agent can appreciate, and Julia, the dear creature above all others, was made for the place she occupies. At another time I will give you some account of the moral wants of this community. Love to all our Mendon friends, particularly to Mother. With sincere affection, I am yours E. Strong, Jr.

November 16, 1836 My dear Grand Parents and Aunt H. . . . My dear husband has told all the news, and as you perceive with the dearth of matters of interest to say, has left but little room to say it in . . . To be sure we are most comfortably and pleasantly settled in Mo., surrounded by intelligent and hospitable people, who are pleased to show us many little acts of kindness and to welcome us to this land of strangers. Of the many and special mercies of our journey you are already informed in my former letters—in addition to this our goods, for which we were for some time very solicitous, have all arrived, and are in very good condition so that now we have our nice little room furnished with our own bed, library, etc., all very much to our minds. We are boarding in one of the most respectable, intelligent, wealthy families in the state—received by special favor on account of interest felt in us and our work. My dear husband has entered upon his work with vigor, visited nearly or quite all the families in St. Charles County. I mean Ameri­ can families. The foreign population, I regret to say, are almost wholly inaccessible to tracts, or persuasions, as well as any other means of grace and salvation. Mr. S. meets with success equal to our most sanguine expectations thus far—tho' he finds it a labori­ ous employment and considering the appalling dearth of other means of grace, and the extent of the field to be cultivated, feels much the

4In the early years of the Missouri Presbytery many of the ministers were itinerant, being sent out by the Board of Missions (in the case of the Old School) and by the American Home Missionary Society (in the case of the New School). Hill, op. cit., p.23. During the period 1817-1831 thirty-nine Presby­ terian churches were organized in Missouri but only four received the services of an installed pastor even a part of the time. Joseph M. Garrison, The Missouri Presbytery 1817-1937 (Columbia, 1937), p.7. 334 Missouri Historical Review need of some regular and faithful assistants in this department. He has written to the Tract Com. on the subject and is hoping they will furnish him with one or more helpers soon . . . I feel confident that we are doing some good and every day is increasing our facilities and we hope our dispositions to improve them will keep pace also. My husband has already told you how well / am employed. I did not expect that a door of usefulness could in this way so soon be opened to me but I have stepped into it when opened, the more readily as it was to furnish us with constant em­ ployment, and of course to beguile many an hour, which otherwise, while I am so much of a stranger, might seem long and lonely. I am delighted with the employment, tho' for me it is rather a novel one. Mrs. Sibley's school is as yet small but increasing, and next spring it is to be opened on a much more extended scale, and Mrs. Strong is at present sole instructress—with how much dignity and success she presides in her new sphere—others should speak—tho' I may safely say I find no difficulty in pleasing my employers and in gaining the confidence and affection of the young ladies . . . You speak of cold and snow. We have neither seen snow or felt cold. The weather is now very delightful with a fair prospect of its continuing. It is Indian Summer, very smoky from the burn­ ing prairies . . . Your most attached niece and granddaughter, J. D. P. Letter addressed to : Miss Harriet Barnard Mendon Monroe County N. Y Linden Wood, June 1st, 1837 My dear Aunt Harriet: . . . The month of March, which should have brought an answer to your first letter, was all consumed in arduous labors in my school preparatory to an examination—the care and responsibility of which was to rest entirely upon my inexperienced shoulders. However we all survived the dreaded event and indeed were much gratified in the results. It was, I suppose, highly creditable to us all. Next followed a vacation of 7 or 8 weeks, the first ten days of which we passed in St Louis, visiting friends, Mr. Wisner's family and others. The four weeks which immediately succeeded those spent in St. Louis were journeying. My dear husband thought I needed A Missionary's Wife Looks at Missouri 335 recreation and desired also that I should become better acquainted with Mo. than I was likely to be. We proceeded directly up the Missouri from St. Charles as far as Jefferson City where we remained a day—thence from the vicinity of Fulton we went to Marion Co.; crossed the Grand Prairie where it was about forty miles in width, with scarce a tree, or shrub, or stone in the whole distance. The sight was wonderful, and when we were told that in a westerly direction this mighty ocean of prairie was bounded only by the summits of the Rocky Mountains, without a single grove or clump of trees to relieve or interrupt the eye, the mind seems overpowered with the thought. A person who has never seen a prairie is almost sure to form very eronious ideas of them—mine were so in many particulars. But after all, the mind wearies after a little with the sameness of the scene; at almost equal distances you will be sure to see what the Missourians call a little run, that is a sudden descent in which you generally find a little water, and in the spring often deep mud, but the ascent is usually as abrupt on the other side; these together with the flocks of deer, a half dozen in number,—and the numerous prairie hens, and the wild birds, and also the numerous flocks of cattle and horses which are permitted to run at large on their limitless commons, form almost the only variations to the scene which at the best is somewhat monotonous. The wild flowers are countless in variety as well as in number, and their odor at some seasons sickening for sweetness. The wild strawberry at this time is found in any quantity and in all directions. There are no stones on the prairies. This was a fact of which I had never heard but of which I was a careful observer. In riding a whole day, provided your route lay entirely in prairie ground, your carriage wheel will not be once ob­ structed by a stone. Indeed' in summer the roads are the finest in the world, but in the rainy seasons,—in the fall and spring they are bad enough to make amends—in many places at these seasons, a horse will sink more than half-way to the knee at every step. We visited Marion the upper and lower College, Palmyra, etc.5 The college is

5Marion College in Marion County was chartered in 1831 under the guiding spirit of Dr. David Nelson, a Presbyterian minister from Kentucky, for the education of young men for the ministry. Nelson became its first president. He was one of a group of liberal Presbyterians among whom the early western abolition movement began and Marion College soon became the center of aboli­ tionism in Missouri until 1835 when anti-abolitionists forced Dr. Nelson to leave and Dr. William S. Potts, a Presbyterian minister from St. Louis assumed the presidency. Benjamin G. Merkel, "The Abolition Aspects of Missouri's Antislav- ery Controversy, 1819-1865," Missouri Historical Review, 44 (April, 1950), 242-46. 336 Missouri Historical Review in a more flourishing condition than formerly, and tho' their pecuniary matters are still rather deranged, they hope to adjust them so as to go forward. The location of this college we think very beautiful, par­ ticularly that of the lower which is 12 miles from the other. We formed most interesting acquaintances with the professors and their families,'—indeed we received a most hearty welcome as Mr. Strong had been there before, and our coming was expected. There is among the Marion County people a great degree of intelligence and also a degree of true christian and friendly hospitality of which we see but little at the east. They are mostly Presbyterians from Phila­ delphia, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, and a few from Virginia, all highly cultivated and refined, and the sons of them, even tho' they own their 100,000 still live in block houses, that is hewn logs, and yet to visit them and enjoy their society is a privilege. Dr. Ely's6 family had not returned from their winter visit in Philadelphia, but was daily expected. The young Dr. however was in Marion—we saw him frequently. We also had the pleasure of meeting with Mr. and Mrs. Hyde, formerly of Pittsburgh. We visited them at their house, and I do assure you we found there all we could have expected—Mrs. Hyde is an admirable woman. You are perhaps aware she is Dr. Ely's sister. They are building a very extensive female Sem. for her in Philadelphia, Marion Co., Mo. It is four stories with the basement and will accommodate a very large number when completed. Mrs. H. is this summer teaching school in a small building until the other is ready for use. I spent several days with a Mrs. Dr. Hale, formerly wife of Wm. Reed, missionary to northern India. She re­ turned and married Dr. H., a woman of uncommon piety and as rich in christian experience as any woman I have ever met. Before Mrs. H's first marriage, her name was Wells. Mr. Strong claimed elbow-cousinship with her and so we have become very dear friends and correspondents. . . We, every thing considered, had a most de­ lightful tour; and by it, I suppose, I learned more of Missouri, of the country and the people than many ladies know in their 10 or 20 years; in this respect I have been highly favored. We arrived in Linden Wood a little more than a week before the opening of session,

«The Rev. Ezra Styles Ely, a former instructor in Marion College and an abolitionist, was a well-to-do man who brought with him $100,000, all of which he invested in land surrounding the college. Ely City near the lower college was named for him. Merkel, op. cit., pp. 243-45; F. A. Sampson, "Marion College and Its Founders," Missouri Historical Review, 20 (July, 1926), 485-88. A Missionary's Wife Looks at Missouri 337

—in time to get all things adjusted for me to resume my labors in school, which I did on Monday 22d April. I am happy to be able to inform you of the safe arrival of our friend Miss Rossiter, a more happy meeting has seldom been wit­ nessed, imagine, thans ours was—words are cheap things—they could not half express my feelings. . . Miss Rossiter and myself are very pleasantly associated in the school. We intend to share the labors about equally and shall be able to make our burdens light. Mr. and Mrs. Sibley are in good health and still so kind to us and almost as affectionate as parents could be. Mrs. Sibley ... is a most worthy woman, and in force of character I think seldom surpassed. Of this I might give you many examples of such occurrences. But when I tell you she once performed a journey on horseback with her father, Col. Easton, then a member of Congress, from St. Louis to Washington, and after­ wards from Lexington, Ky., to St. Louis, you will be prepared to understand what such strength and energy directed to useful ends might accomplish. My dear husband left us this morning for St. Louis to be absent 2 weeks or more. He is under the necessity of remaining in St. L. till all the steamboats arrive in order to oversee in person the intro­ duction of the libraries, of which I have before written if I mistake not. The books have all arrived from N. Y. stamped for the purpose, and much wisdom and address you will readily perceive is needful in order in so many different boats (and many very irreligious ones) to gain for them a favorable reception,—and more especially is this so as they are presented to the boats as a gratuity with only a promise on the part of the officer that they shall be sacredly preserved. . . Mr. Strong has employed 2 young men as sub-agents in this state for the summer. They commence with energy, and we hope that with the blessing of God that much is to be accomplished in this destitute field for his honor and the salvation of those ready to perish. ... I received a long affectionate letter from [Sophia] a few days since. She mentioned that Uncle Voorhees was expecting to come west soon, probably to St. Louis. He would do well, I have no doubt, in business there but the great mass of influence in that city is decidedly demoralizing. I dread its influence on him and Aunt E. Would she be willing to come? If they do, persuade them to bring on white servants, else they will soon be participating in the abomina­ tion of slavery. ^^ Missouri Historical Review

. . . We have reason to feel that we are useful here, if not to the extent of our ability, certainly in some measure. We are sur­ rounded with friends and comforts, and happy, most happy in each other. . . My own health is good, and tho' on account of the warm weather I feel unable to endure quite so much as last winter, I am . regular and content at my duties, and enjoy myself well. . . You ever affectionate niece, Julia B. Strong

[In the margin was written:] Mr. Daniel Webster with family and Henry Clay are expected in St. Louis this week; a committee has been sent on down the Mississippi in a splendid boat to meet and escort; preparations are in order for great fuss; public dinners, mili­ tary displays, etc. Mr. Strong expects to be there to hear the speeches. Lindenwood, near St. Charles, Feb. 15th, 1838 My dear Aunt H. It is now the middle of February and your last affectionate letter of Oct. 4th is still unanswered. . . It is with a heavy heart that I allude to the chilly reserve of our dear parents and other friends who have been for many long months indebted to us for letters. . . Three letters have been addressed to them since early in Nov.—the two last of which informed them of my sickness and the birth of our dear little H., but even the knowledge of my illness. . . has not as yet elicited from them a syllable . . . Our little H. is a fat healthy child, weighing now about 15 pds., is nearly 3 months, her hair and forehead much like mine, deep blue eyes which indicate sprightliness, and are rather prettier than either of her parents can boast; added to this she has a very fair complexion, and a pretty mouth—this last she did not get from her mother. I should like to put her in my letter and send her home. We still live at Lindenwood, and feel ourselves more at home than we ever shall in any other place in Mo. Mr. and Mrs. S. have no children of their own and as ours was born under their roof they seem to take a special interest in it. The Maj. makes quite a fuss over it. We have experienced much kindness from this interesting family—they seem to cherish for us almost paternal feelings. Mrs. S.'s school flourishes more than ever before; there are now 30 young ladies pursuing all the branches of education which are taught in A Missionary's Wife Looks at Missouri 339

Eastern Fern. Sem's. Miss R. is highly esteemed by all, and does much to give influence and respectability to the school. You are perhaps aware that Mr. Strong's brother and sister came to this state last fall—both in search of health. They remained with us a few weeks and then left us for Fulton, 30 [about 70] miles above—where Mary has been teaching an interesting school. Mrs. Sibley has just invited her to return to Lindenwood and become an associate with Miss R.—with a salary of $300 each per annum. . . Brother W., if Providence permits, will in the Spring undertake a trip to the Rocky Mountains or to Santa Fee as a last hope for restoration [of his health] . . . We dread it much on account of the dangers on the way from hostile Indians and other obstacles. . . As to my dear husband—he is hard at work for the Tract Society—sometimes feels as if he bore a heavy burden to look after the interests of the Tract Society in two destitute but mighty states. Mr. S's business with the 111. chs. this winter was to be done by correspondence chiefly—he has written something like 100 entire sheets of foolscap to the several ministers and ch's on the subject within the last 2 months;—of course I have been favored with his company at home—indeed he has been mostly here since Nov. Success in an unlooked for degree seems to be crowning his efforts— a great work is going forward for both states—the influence of which you could better appreciate if you knew the extent of destitution. My dear husband seems to be growing in the confidence and affection of the parent Soc. not only, but of the good people of 111. and Mo., and many stand ready to lend him their aid by putting shoulder to the wheel. That these things are so should be matter of gratitude—I trust they are not exaltation. The friends of the cause have nobly come forward in St. Louis and pledged $500 to sustain a volume Agent for 8 months in the most destitute part of Mo.,—also in the vicinity of Galena [111.], the mining region. Mr. Kent informs they will pledge the support of another,—and we expect more vol. Agt. in each state, which will make 2 men going from house to house distributing the word of life—thence all carry bibles as well as the bound vol's of the Tract Soc. To select suitable and efficient men;—provide horse and wagon, give instructions, obtain commissions, and direct the movements of all these, and keep such a machinery-in motion is not a trifle. It is sufficient to tax any powers". Besides this Mr. S. has to visit churches and make friends for carrying on the same work among the be- 340 Missouri Historical Reviezv nighted heathen—and besides all this has for many weeks prepared and preached two sermons each Lord's Day, one in the new church just completed in St. C, and at night at Lindenwood. In both places he is listened to with interest;—an acquaintance of near a year and a half has served to attach the people of St. C. very strongly to Mr. S.—They are I believe unanimous in wishing him to become pastor of the 1st Presbyterian ch. here and will make out a call for him soon. This is a point of influence I suppose second to none but St. Louis in the state. The field is lying waste and much needs cultivation. . . It is not yet a matter clear—that duty requires our stay in a slave state—this much we know7—inclination does not. Neither are we certain that Mr. S. should leave the Tr. Soc.'s service. . . Respecting the murder of our lamented bro. Lovejoy7 wre cannot tell you anything more—all has been told and enough to make ones heart bleed and blood boil. We knew him well and valued his per­ sonal character—were both at his house in Alton after the first attacks of the rabble. Mrs. L. is in St. C. in miserable health, just on the eve of confinement—has already one son. It would break your heart to see her, yet she looks calm—told me that there was much of con­ solation mingled in her bitter cup. The death of Lovejoy we have no doubt will eventuate in the universal prevalence of the principles he advocated. We hope it will—and may the time be hastened. And yet Ministers in Mo. must not preach about it!! Mr. S. leaves early next week for Marion Co. to be absent 3 weeks . . . The weather is cold—yesterday belowT Zero cold. Monroe Co. weather. The majestic Missouri is bridged from its source to its mouth. Ever your attached niece Julia B. S.

Grand Prairie, Callaway Co., Dec. 26, 1838 My dear Aunt H. . . . You will wonder into what nook of the round w7orld we have fallen. We are in Callaway County, 30 [about 70] miles up the Missouri from St. C. and 9 miles from Fulton. . . Mr. Strong—after his return west had made a journey to Fulton to look after the wrants of his sister; he found her prosecuting her school in F. under the most unfavorable circumstances to her health, and closed it without delay. In compliance with the urgent solicitation of several families in the neighborhood—he brought her

November 7, 1837 at Alton, 111. In 1832 he had been converted to Presby- A Missionary's Wife Looks at Missouri 341 here to instruct a school of a dozen scholars and reside among a people of unequaled kindness, generosity, and hospitality. But Sister Mary was alone with no relative to care for her and . . . these cir­ cumstances led us to the full conviction that I had better come and pass the time of my dear husband's absence with her. Providence favored us at the time with the most delightful weather and roads as smooth as summer, so that after a comfortable journey of only 2y2 days we found ourselves safely here. . . We are boarding at a Mr. Hamilton's, a kind family who antici­ pate every want and spare no pains in every thing to promote our convenience. We are entirely in the country, and the people here somewhat remote from each other, but they are neighborly and think less of distance than New Yorkers would. . . I have fewer of the luxuries of life than I should have had in St. Louis, but Mary more of its comforts. We brought up little H's cradle and a carpet for our room, which together with a snug stove in which we burn coal— a good bed, bureau, table, chairs, and other conveniences make us just as comfortable as we should be in palaces. We have also brought with us a good stock of books in which we read aloud by turns. . . My dear husband encourages me to hope this shall be the last year of his Agency—he is becoming as weary of it as I am and he is so pressingly urged to settle and his labors in this department are so much needed here, that he is inclined to think it will not appear his duty longer to continue with the Tr. Soc. . . I am troubled whenever I have the least cold with something very nearly resembling the asthma . . . Simple remedies—such as— hot red pepper tea, relieve it for the time being, but not permanently. The only thing which I have found to do me real good is a course of Brandroth's Pills. . . In the medical skill of this country I have little confidence—Calomel is the universal cure-all—or rather Kill-all. So soon as a person becomes very ill and puts himself under the care of a Physician, he must die—the recoveries are the exception. . . My Post-office this winter is—"J01168' Tan Yard" Callaway Co., Mo. Your ever affectionate niece Julia B. Strong.

Grand River, Callaway Co. March 20, '39 Dearest Aunt H. Your kind letter of Feb. 4th was received about 20 days after date—and I need hardly add was most grateful to my feelings. . . 342 Missouri Historical Review

I, too, my dear Aunt H. have passed through a scene of affliction which will be well remembered till all earth's joys and sorrows are swallowed up in eternity. . . Little did you think when you folded our sweet little Harriet to your bosom and for the last time gazed on her beaming joyous face that the cold earth would so soon cover her—that this bright flower would so soon bloom in Paradise. . . The sufferings of our precious babe. . . were uncommonly severe and protracted, occasioned as we have now no doubt by difficult indenta­ tion. The teeth she was getting were those which commonly appear the last, and of course needed the strength of 2 years at least. . . Just four weeks from the day her father left for the South we buried her, and then four weeks were needed for the sad intelli­ gence to reach him. . . Our valued pastor, Rev. Mr. Yantes [John L. Yantis?] was almost constantly with us in little H's sickness— both to administer medicine and consolation, and he is a skilful practitioner, particularly in the latter. . . It will give you all pleasure to hear that through the goodness of our Heavenly Father, my dear husband is again with me. . . Mr. S. visited New Orleans, Natchez, Vicksburg, Memphis—and other smaller towns—and tho' he saw much to deprecate—was on the whole well pleased with the country. Owing to the almost universal bankruptcy of the South Mr. S. could accomplish less for the Tract Soc. than he had hoped—but something was done and an interest awakened for the cause which had never existed before. . . We feel ourselves more unbound than ever before since we came west—tho' my dear husband is more than ever inclined to be settled as a pastor somewhere in the autumn. Whether this will be in St. Charles is not at all certain but quite probable—the people are still anxious to have us among them and design to make out a call. . . You will be interested to know that Mrs. Sibley has made a proposi­ tion to us to resign her place and care of Lindenwood Sem. to our control and entire management! . . . The school in Mrs. S's hands has been unpopular and is almost down. She thinks with our "energetic and judicious management" we could make it equal to any in the western states at least. We are pleased with this mark of regard and confidence from them—but do not covet the charge.

Yours Julia A Missionary's Wife Looks at Missouri 343

Lindenwood, June 4, 1839 [Dear Aunt H.] You will perhaps wonder that your letter has been permitted to lie a month without an answer—my apology is it came the evening I was leaving St. C. for a journey from which I have only just now returned ... I spent ten days in St. Louis very delightfully—while Mr. S. accompanied Mr. Ballard8 [Artemus Bullard?] to Apple Creek 150 miles down the river to a meeting of the presbytery. I staid part of the time with Mrs. Ballard whom I think I have men­ tioned before as the author of the Missionary Wife, "Louisa Ralston" etc. She is a lovely woman respected and cherished by her husband's flock as she should be. Mr. B. is settled over the first church in St. L. and Mr. Potts over the second.9 . . . Mr. Strong is expecting now confidently to give up his agency after about 3 months traveling—about the first of Sept. His principal reasons for it are the sparse settlements and feeble and embarrassed state of our infant churches together with obstacles arising out of our recent ecclesiastical divisions render the amount of funds which can be by any or all means raised by it so small as not to justify him in devoting his time and energies on this field. . . Our Ecclesiastical proceedings at headquarters are making dreadful havoc of the churches in our settlements. Churches before too weak to support the gospel, must now be divided into old and new school factions, and both utterly inadequate to support ministers and unable in this state to get them if they could. . . We are determined to go to 111. Mr. S. has already received calls from that state. [Yours] Julia

8In April, 1838, Artemas Bullard came to St. Louis and was installed as pastor of the First Church in June. He was the leader of the New School. J. Thomas Scharf, History of Saint Louis City and County (Philadelphia, Everts, 1883), II, 1700-02. 9The Second Church was established in 1838 with sixty-four members from the First Church. The Rev. A. T. Norton preached here for some time but in 1839 Dr. William S. Potts came and stayed until his death in 1852. He was the leader of the Old School. Scharf, op. cit., II, 1700-02. 344 Missouri Historical Reviezv

THIS WEEK IN />^ MISSOURI HISTORX pgS^3W^^^^ssN»»« Compiled by the —^^^*A***ti6«0tta4Ul STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

During the past three months, newspapers all over the state have published the six "This Week in Missouri History" articles presented here. This popular feature of the Review is printed each quarter for readers who may miss seeing the articles in their home papers.

Miss Jean Brand compiled the articles, with my editorship, from reference sources and publications in the Society library and did the research for article illustrations.

The search for illustrations led through many sources. The striking picture of the peddler and his wagon, which we have used on the cover of this issue, was drawn by an artist for Harper s Weekly in 1868, and the house-raising appeared in that magazine in 1874. The dramatic steamboat conflagration was sketched for Frank Leslies Illustrated Newspaper in 1869. An 1877 book titled Our Country was the origin of the ox team picture, while John R. Mustek's Stories of Missouri, 1897, first published the illustration of Missouri Rangers. The portrait of George S. Park came from the Society photo files.

References at the end of each article will serve as a guide to those who may wish to read more on a subject.

FLOYD c. SHOEMAKER since 1915 has been secretary and librarian of the Society and editor of the Missouri Historical Review. This Week in Missouri History 345

RAIDERS THREW NEWSPAPER PRESS INTO RIVER IN 1855 Released April 16, 1953

A clatter of hooves resounded through the streets of Parkville on a spring morning in 1855, as a group of horsemen galloped to a halt in front of the printing office of the Industrial Luminary. "All right, Patterson, we gave you warning," the leader said to one of the editors. "Now, you get out of the state in three days and never come back, or we'll hang you. Where's George Park?" He turned to the others. "Never mind. Get on with the job, men!" The mob proceeded to wreck the plant and then, shouting, they carried the press and type of the Luminary to the bank of the Mis­ GEORGE S. PARK, Editor of the Parkville Luminary in 1855 souri River and consigned them to the yellow waters. W. J. Patterson recognized the men as members of the "Platte County Self-defensive Association," a pro-slavery organization that had been aroused by the free-soil editorials in the Luminary. In the Kansas election of March 30, 1855, groups of pro-slavery Missourians had crossed the border to vote illegally in an attempt to make Kansas a slave state. The Luminary protested these frauds. For such criticism to be published in Platte County under the very noses of the men who participated was more than could be endured, and they decided to destroy the paper on April 17. Later, Park sued and obtained damages from the leaders. George S. Park, senior editor of the paper and founder of Park­ ville, was absent at the time of the raid, but he was later allowed to return and settle his affairs before banishment. Many years after- 346 Missouri Historical Review ward, a monument honoring him was erected overlooking the spot where his press was thrown into the river. Park had been a New Englander who came to Missouri at the age of twenty-three to teach school in Callaway County. He enlisted when the Texas war for independence broke out and only by a skillful move escaped from in front of a firing squad after the surrender to Santa Anna. Park settled at the mouth of the Little Platte River in 1838 and six years later laid out the town of Parkville. He became in­ terested in various commercial enterprises in Platte County and in 1853 began publishing the Parkville Industrial Luminary. After the raid on his newspaper, Park went to Illinois and in a few years made a large fortune. In 1864 he returned to Parkville, where as a Radical he won a seat in the state senate in 1867, after contesting his opponent's announced victory. Park College was opened in 1875 in buildings furnished by Park and was chartered four years later. Park gave the school several buildings and 100 acres of land. He died in Illinois in 1890 and was buried in Parkville. His partner, Patterson, went to Canada and became a wealthy merchant. The interest aroused all over the nation by the raid on the Luminary served to stimulate emigration from the North into Kansas, and contributed toward making it eventually a free state—the very result that the Parkville mob was trying to prevent. {.References: Howard L. Conard, Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1901), 5, 49; "Destruction of the Press in Missouri up to 1865," Mis­ souri Historical Review, 36 (October, 1941), 72-74; Roy V. Magers, "The Raid on the Parkville Industrial Luminary," Missouri Historical Review, 30 (October, 1935), 39-46; William M. Paxton, Annals of Platte County, Missouri (Kansas City, Mo., 1897), pp. 19'8-99; Floyd C. Shoemaker, editor, Missouri Day by Day (Co­ lumbia, Mo., 1942), I, 262.] This Week in Missouri History 347

THE NEIGHBORS ALL HELPED THE PIONEER BUILD HIS HOUSE Released April 30, 1953 Families began arriving early in the morning for a house-rais­ ing bee, some by wagon, some on horseback or on foot. Men started work at once on the job of hewing and piling up logs to fashion the primitive cabin. A house-raising in Missouri in pioneer days was a real social event, and it was not considered a hardship to go long distances to get to one. It combined socia­ bility with hard work for the set­ tlers who cooperated in helping a neighbor build a new home. Often a house-raising bee was given for a young married couple who needed a new log cabin to set BUILDING THE LOG CABIN Was Quick Work When Will­ up housekeeping. ing Volunteers Gave a Helping Although raising a house was Hand largely a man's business, the women always came along to prepare an enormous noonday meal, join in neighborhood gossip, or perhaps to do quilting. Everyone worked until noon, when the men sat down to an improvised table groaning with good food cooked over an open fire at the building site or at a nearby cabin. Usually guests contributed their specialties to the menu, particularly venison and wild turkey, which the hostess would not be likely to have on hand.

In the afternoon the men set to work again, with much rivalry among them regarding their building skill. There was a spirit of giving and sharing, of helping a neighbor, so that what might have been a hard and tedious job for one man was turned into a merry occasion with a few backaches and much laughter for all. 348 Missouri Historical Review

Missourians built a house in a day, and sometimes held a dance in the evening to pack down dirt floors or to smooth rough wooden ones. This kind of house was quickly built because it was the simplest of dwellings, usually with only one room and sometimes without glass windows, nails, or metal hinges. Walls of horizontal logs were chinked with mud or mortar. Early fireplaces were crudely made of sticks plastered with clay, or later, of stone or brick. The familiar log cabin was not used by the first American colonists, who usually had carpenters among them to build frame houses, but was imported years later by the Swedes of Delaware. This house that could be put up easily from the abundant forests with no other tool than an axe suited the pioneer perfectly, for he moved constantly westward, traveled light, and claimed no skill at carpentry. It became the typical dwelling of the American frontier. Settlers did not always build to stay, but those who took root in Missouri soon built sturdy homes that lasted through the years and kept the log cabin for smoking meat or cribbing corn. [References: Wiley Britton, "Pioneer Life in Southwest Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, 16 (January, 1922), 283; Robert E. Riegel, America Moves West (New York, 1930), p. 81; Harold R. Shurtleff, "The Log Cabin Myth," (Cam­ bridge, Mass., 1939); Monas J. Squires, "Merrymaking in Missouri in the Old Days," Missouri Historical Review, 28 (January, 1934), 97: Walter B. Stevens, Centennial History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1921), II, 672.] This Week in Missouri History 349

FIRE DESTROYED STEAMBOATS, INSURANCE COMPANIES, IN 1849 Released May 14, 1953 "Fire!" At 10 o'clock on the night of May 17, 1849, the cry rang out across the deserted wharf at St. Louis. Bells on steamers clanged and men came running from all directions. Someone had discovered fire aboard the steamer White Cloud.

STEAMBOATS BURNING On the Mississippi Made an Awesome Spec­ tacle as Flames Swept the St. Louis Waterfront

Crewmen cut loose most of the other steamers to let them drift with the current out into the Mississippi, since there was not time to get steam up to move them. Then suddenly flames cut the White Cloud from its moorings, and with timbers crackling it floated out among the other boats. Within half an hour, burning boats covered the river for a mile below the city's business section. Twenty-three vessels were de­ stroyed, many of them the best and largest in the St. Louis trade, and some just arrived with full cargoes still aboard. Tons of cargo caught fire on the levee, and soon the whole length of the wharf presented an almost unbroken line of blaze. A strong northeast wind fanned the flames, which crept unhindered to a row of shanties along the river. An inadequate water supply slowed the fire fighters as the conflagration spread to the main wholesale and 350 Missouri Historical Review

commission house district. All or parts of fifteen blocks of business houses and homes were destroyed before the fire was checked between 6 and 7 o'clock the next morning. Four lives were reported lost. Gunpowder used to blow up several houses finally checked the spread of the fire at Second and Market streets. Relief for sufferers and plans for rehabilitation of the burned areas were organized at once and property owners took this opportunity to widen the streets and enlarge the levee. A number of St. Louis insurance firms failed because of having to pay out for so many fire insurance policies. Property damage was estimated at $5,500,000. The origin of the fire is still a mystery, since no evidence could be found to convict those arrested on sus­ picion of incendiarism. Most believed the great fire was accidental, probably caused by sparks from a passing steamer. [References: St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 22, 1849; J. Thomas Scharf, History of Saint Louis City and County (Philadelphia, 1883), II, 1110; I, 819; Floyd C. Shoemaker, editor, Missouri Day by Day (Columbia, Mo., 1942), I, 337.]

SHOPPING WAS EASY WHEN THE STORE CAME TO THE FARM Released May 28, 1953 The illustration for this article is reproduced on the cover. The hooves of the peddler's horse clattered over the cobbled streets from warehouse to warehouse along the St. Louis waterfront. Behind the horse was drawn an ancient squeaking wagon, soon to be­ come a shining store of brooms, pots, pans, medicines, trinkets, and calico for sale to Missourians in the back country where there were as yet few stores. The arrival of this wagon and the picturesque Yankee peddler was an exciting event to the people on the farms and in the villages of the interior, for the peddler offered a welcome interlude in the monotony of country life. Missourians enjoyed bargaining with these strangers, though peddlers were sometimes characters of suspicion, being accused of all sorts of chicanery, especially by the more settled village merchants. Farmers on isolated homesteads were eager to buy goods and to hear the latest news from other regions. When trade lagged in one locality it was a simple matter for the peddler to move on to greener fields. Traveling merchants of the early 19th century did much to further the settlement of Missouri by furnishing the few necessities and luxuries desired by settlers before the influx of immigrants made permanent stores profitable. This Week in Missouri History 351

The peddler needed only a horse and wagon and a few dollars ready cash to buy merchandise on credit and begin his trek to the West. He could travel perhaps six to twenty miles a day and often took an entire summer to cover his territory.

Another kind of peddler followed the rivers of Missouri, load­ ing boats with a stock of bacon, flour, whiskey, furniture, and notions. These floating stores remained in one place until the stock was sold out, or, if the trade was slow, easily moved downstream to another village. When he sold his cargo, the river peddler disposed of his flatboat, too, and returned home by steamer. Some of these merchants were observed as late as 1833.

When merchandising took on a more permanent form, store keepers paid less attention to competition from transient peddlers. They tried instead to win the itinerant's wholesale business. Kerr and Guild at Jackson, Missouri, in 1826 advertised a shipment of goods recently purchased in the East and invited peddlers in the southern part of the state to call and examine the stock.

The wave of immigration after the 1820's spelled eventual doom for the roving peddler and his wagon full of trinkets. In more thickly populated areas the settled businessman had the advantage because of his larger stock of goods, his greater willingness to grant credit and to take farm products in exchange for merchandise, and his better acquaintance with the people of the neighborhood.

[References: Lewis E. Atherton, "Itinerant Merchandising in the Ante-bellum South," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society (Boston), April, 1945; Ather­ ton, Pioneer Merchant in Mid-America (Doctoral dissertation, University of Mis­ souri, 1937), pp. 60-65; Atherton, The Southern Country Store, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge, La., 1949), pp. 96-97, 200; William G. Bek, translator, "Gottfried Duden's 'Report,' 1824-1827," Missouri Historical Review, 13 (April, 1919), 269-79.]

BIBLES FOR BULLWHACKERS Released June 11, 1953 A hard-bitten "bullwhacker" with the job of driving ox teams from Missouri across the western plains did not always possess the most delicate of drawing room manners. He very probably had an unfortunate bent for hard drinking, fighting, violent profanity, and 352 Missouri Historical Review harsh treatment of the plodding oxen which seemed the cause of all his woes. Alexander Majors of Jackson County, a veteran of the Santa Fe trade and a partner in the great transportation firm of Russell, Majors, and Waddell, knew that freighting attracted a rough breed of men. But he believed that orderly, sober, God-fearing men made the most efficient employees.

BULLWHACKERS Had to be Tough to Drive Plodding Oxen and Heavy Freight Wagons over the Primitive Trails Leading West.

His efforts to modify the frontier character attracted attention in a West notorious for its unrepressed ways. As part of the cam­ paign, Major's firm presented a Bible to each employee. Wagon trains were expected to observe the Sabbath as a day of rest, and when Majors accompanied a train he held Sunday church services where he preached and led in the singing of hymns. Majors wrote out a pledge to be signed by the men he hired. If they could not read, it was read to them and they signed with a mark. In it they swore that while employed by the firm they would drink no intoxicating liquors, use no profane language, and would not quarrel or fight with any other employee. They promised to This Week in Missouri History 353 conduct themselves honestly in every respect, and they were for­ bidden to treat the oxen cruelly. Whether or not any of the bullwhackers were permanently reformed by pledges and Bibles, the system proved to be good business. Probably no firm enjoyed a greater reputation for integrity and efficiency than did Russell, Majors, and Waddell in its heyday. In the years just before the Civil War, the company held vast government freighting contracts, and its wagons dotted the Santa Fe, Oregon, and California trails by the hundreds. The partners con­ tracted to supply the U. S. Army in Utah in 1858, ran stage lines to Pike's Peak and California, and in 1860-61 operated the Pony Express between St. Joseph and Sacramento. [References: Frederick R. Bechdolt, Giants of the Old West (New York, 1930); Hildegarde Hawthorne, Ox-Team Miracle (New York, 1942); Alexander Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier (Chicago, 1893); Missouri Historical Re­ view, 28 (April, 1934), 211; Raymond W. Settle and Mary Lund Settle, Empire on Wheels (Stanford, Calif., 1949).]

FIGHTING MISSOURI RANGERS OUTWITTED TROUBLESOME INDIANS Released June 25, 1953 "I've killed one of them! I've killed an Indian," a Missouri lad shouted gleefully. An old hunter named Crow, who knew the tricks of the red men, said, "Don't be too sure, son. Just keep your eye cocked on him 'til I get my gun loaded."

MISSOURI RANGERS Held Off Indian Attacks While Settlers Fled to the Safety of Pioneer Forts 354 Missouri Historical Review

"You're not going to waste lead on a dead Indian, are you?" asked the boy. The Indian lay in the grass with only part of one shoulder visible. The old hunter took careful aim and fired at that part. The fallen brave leaped to his feet with a yell of pain and ran howling. The knowledge displayed by the frontiersman of the wiles and cunning of the red man was a characteristic of the Missouri Rangers. They paid their foes the compliment of never underestimating them. The rapid immigration following the American flag in 1804 brought Indian fighting to Missouri. Those early encounters called into existence a hardy class of military men known as the Missouri Rangers. Their discipline and manner of service differed from that of the regular army. Most of them served without pay, and each furnished his own horse and ammunition. Though they were divided into companies and regiments, no record has been preserved of their organization; if it was made, it was destroyed when the State capitol burned in 1837. We are dependent upon tradition for Ranger history. Though most of the Rangers were men of reckless courage and daring, there were a few of the opposite nature. There is the story of a certain Harmon, who boasted so much of what he would do when he met the Indians that some of his companions decided to test his courage. One evening a dozen or so young men rode into the woods. Suddenly, came the sound of rapid firing and blood-curdling yells. There were shouts of "Indians ! Indians !" Harmon ran, not stopping to mount his horse, not stopping, the story goes, until he reached the nearest fort, forty miles distant. According to one of the Rangers who sometimes wrote doggerel verse:

He kicked the dogs, And leaped the logs, And scared the frogs, And plunged into the water.

Names of courageous Missouri Rangers that still live in the history books include that of Captain Sarshel Cooper. He was killed by Indians in 1814. No name was more familiar on the Missouri frontier than that of Captain Stephen Cole. It was he who built Cole's Fort near Boonville, and it was for him that Cole County was named. This Week in Missouri History 355

Captain Peter Craig, who was killed at the "Battle of the Sink Hole" in present Lincoln County, gained the respect of Missourians, as did Captain James Callaway. Callaway County commemorates the name of this gallant captain of the Missouri Rangers, who was killed by Indians in March, 1815. [References: William R. Gentry, "The Missouri Soldier One Hundred Years Ago," Missouri Historical Review, 12 (July, 1918), 216; John R. Musick, Stories of Missouri (New York, 1897), p. 118; Raymond D. Thomas, "Missouri Valley Settlement—St. Louis to Independence," Missouri Historical Review, 21 (October, 1926), 30.] 356 Missouri Historical Review

PRESENTATION OF "AWARD OF MERIT" TO THE NATIVE SONS OF KANSAS CITY*

BY FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER

I am very proud to have been asked to come here today to meet with all of you and to present this award for outstanding historical service to the Native Sons of Kansas Citv.

Presentation of the Historical Award to the Native Sons of Kansas City Left to Right: Robert P. Weatherford, Jr., Mayor of Independence, Mo.; Floyd C. Shoemaker; and Ward C. Gifford, President of the Native Sons of Kansas City.

On October 22, 1952, your organization was honored by an­ nouncement of an award of merit given by the American Association for State and Local History at its annual meeting in Houston, Texas. The American Association granted this award for outstanding con-

*The American Association for State and Local History at its convention at Houston, Texas, on October 22, 1952, voted an award of merit to the Native Sons of Kansas City for the partial restoration of Fort Osage in cooperation with other agencies. The presentation of the award was made at a dinner meeting of the Native Sons of Kansas City, Ward C. Gifford, president, presiding, in the Pine Room, Union Station, Kansas City, on March 27, 1953. Presentation of uAward of Merit" to the Native Sons 357 tributions in the field of state and local history, and it was one of two conferred on local historical societies in the area of the Missouri Val­ ley states. These states include. Missouri, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. In recommending the Native Sons of Kansas City for this award, I cited the organization's outstanding work in cooperation with the Jackson County Court in originating and sponsoring the project for the restoration of Fort Osage near Old Sibley, Missouri. To my mind, the reconstruction of Fort Osage is one of the greatest historical accomplishments Missouri has yet seen, and the future construction outlined in your plans promises to make of Fort Osage a memorial of national importance. For Fort Osage played a role of great importance in the westward expansion of the United States in the days when Missouri, Mother of the West, was sending her sons up the great muddy river to trade with Indians and to supply the fur markets of St. Louis. Fort Osage has been described as the Gibralter of the frontier. There high on the bluff it guarded the river below, and the river was the great highway, the easiest road, leading to the Rocky Moun­ tains and whatever lay beyond. When Fort Osage was established in 1808 at the big eddy on the Missouri, our national hold on the West was feeble. The Louisiana Purchase was a vast area of un­ defined boundaries, with England and Spain encroaching from the north and south. By the time Fort Osage had passed its usefulness, treaties with England and with Spain had defined our boundaries, and American trappers and traders gazed upon the Pacific. The land was desirable and the way was open for Americans to develop their great West. You of the Native Sons of Kansas City are already perhaps the most thoroughly informed group anywhere on the history of Fort Osage. You have studied the work of Lewis and Clark and of George C. Sibley. You know the detail of construction of the fort and of the Indian trade there. You've heard of the visit of Daniel Boone, and of the arrival of that colorful steamboat, the Western Engineer. The lives of the courageous and famous men who came and went at Fort Osage are familiar to you. The story that interests us today is the saga of the hard-working men who are now bringing the fort back to life. They, too, are courageous men—courageous in the ways required by the tempo of modern life, in situations that the frontiersman never had to face and 358 Missouri Historical Review could not have understood. It takes a very special kind of courage to contemplate a tremendous task like the restoration of Fort Osage, to conceive the idea in the first place, to believe it possibtej and to carry it through the intricacies of public relations, publicity, law, the courts, and to wade bravely into the almost overwhelming task of accurate historical research. To give one's time, in these days when time is money, to gain the know-how of promotion and public co­ operation, to study and labor for no reward but the civic good—that takes the kind of courage that the leaders of your organization have shown in carrying out the Fort Osage project. As you recall, the restoration project was conceived early in 1940, and the Fort Osage Restoration Society was informally or­ ganized April 4, 1940, with Flavel Robertson as chairman. He served you nobly, until his death in 1948, as general chairman, promoter, and co-ordinator of the project. Then Mr. William L. McPherrin carried on with his duties. Mr. James Anderson, whom I've heard described as a human encyclopedia of local history, has served as curator and historian, George Fuller Green as architect and chief adviser on construction, and Gen. E. M. Stayton as commander of your fighting vanguard of progress. The cooperation of the Jackson County Historical Society and of the Daughters of the American Revolution is also to be commended. Since the Jackson County Court purchased the thirteen-acre site of the original fort, the Native Sons have labored tirelessly to­ ward the achievement of the restoration goal. It was most appro­ priate that the dedication of Blockhouse No. 1 took place in 1948 on the 140th aniversary of its original construction by William Clark. It is fitting now that the factor's house at Fort Osage is being completed in the 150th anniversary year of the Louisiana Purchase. It was the Purchase that facilitated the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804 during which Clark discovered the present site of the fort. The Purchase was one of the most far-reaching and economical acts of statesmanship of the American government, for without it, it is doubtful if there could have been a Far West or a Southwest or a Trans-Mississippi. When James Monroe and Robert R. Living­ ston hoped to buy West Florida and New Orleans from France for the two million dollars appropriated by Congress, they never dreamed of buying all this territory for fifteen million dollars—neither did Jefferson, although he had authorized Monroe and Livingston to spend as much as ten million dollars if necessary for West Florida Presentation of "Award of Merit" to thet Native Sons 359 and New Orleans. Once the land was secured, the United States was free to set up outposts such as Fort Osage to protect the frontier and encourage settlement. With these two important structures, the blockhouse and factor's house, ready for the public, the fort site is already fulfilling one of its important purposes—attracting visitors to Jackson County to an interesting and educational portrayal of Missouri and national his­ tory. I understand that some 50,000 persons have visited the remote river bluff site since the blockhouse was dedicated in 1948, that these visitors came from forty-two states and eleven foreign countries. The attraction of Fort Osage drew all those people to the northeast corner of Jackson County despite the fact that the site is off the main highway and a bit difficult to find. The volume of visitors is expected to increase in the future. Now, the State Historical Society of Missouri is hoping to make it easier for this new volume of visitors to find the fort—and at the same time give them something of its historical background—by erecting a historical marker on U. S. Highway No. 24 at Buckner, Missouri. As you may know, the State Historical Society has inaugurated a state-wide highway marker program to mark Missouri sites of historic interest. These markers will conserve and dramatize Mis­ souri history for both the home folks and tourists who pass through the state. We first sent questionnaires to historically minded per­ sons in every Missouri county, asking them for locations and descrip­ tions of historic sites which they thought would be of state-wide in- interest. Fort Osage will be among the first group of markers com­ pleted, and we hope that the State Highway Commission will be able to erect this marker before the first of July. A state appropriation of $10,000 has been made for the marker project, and plans are under way to erect twenty-eight markers during this year. The markers are to be of aluminum alloy, fifty-four inches wide by seventy-two inches high, with a ten-inch ornamental top carrying the state seal in colors in baked enamel, and will have inscriptions on both sides in two-inch letters. The body of the marker is to be of national blue with lettering in twenty-three carat gold leaf, all in baked enamel. The State Historical Society and the State Highway Commission have worked out a cooperative plan for the erection and upkeep of the markers. It was agreed that the Society should pay the cost of the markers, supply the text to be imprinted on each, and 360 Missouri Historical Review select the sites. The selection of the exact spot along the highway for installing the markers is to be made by the Commission, which is to install and maintain them, provide turnouts, or roadside parks in connection with each, erect approach signs, and indicate the sites on highway maps put out by the Commission. After much careful research, writing, condensing, and re-writing, we have evolved the final text to be imprinted on the Fort Osage marker. It reads as follows:

FORT OSAGE

Four miles north are restored buildings of Fort Osage, westernmost frontier outpost of the U. S. government until 1819. One of 28 fortified Indian trading posts or "factories" operated on our Indian frontiers, 1795- 1822, to promote and protect national expansion. In 1808 men of the U. S. Infantry and of the Territorial Militia, directed by William Clark, began fort construction. The location was a strategic spot on the Missouri named Fort Point by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The fort was sometimes called Fort Clark. The Osage Purchase Tine w7as set here, 1808. Great and Little Osages, obeying a summons to settle near the post, ceded their land east of a line from the Fort south to the Arkansas and claims to land north of the Missouri. In return they received annuities, trading privileges, and other considerations. Defended by blockhouses and a stockade, the post with George C. Sibley as trader or "factor" played an important part in opening the Louisiana Purchase to settlement and to trade. The fort was a port of entry to the West for fur expeditions and a last outpost for the first successful expeditions to Santa Fe. Federal survey of the famed Santa Fe Trail started from Fort Osage, 1825. George C. Sibley was one of survey commissioners. Among famous guests at this frontier fort were the Lewis and Clark guide, Sacagawea; Mandan Chief Shahaka; fur traders Chouteau, Lisa, Henry, Menard, Hunt, Crooks, Ashley; naturalists Bradbury and Nuttall; and writer Brackenridge. Daniel Boone at 82 rested at this fort on his last long hunting trip. Closed during the War of 1812, the fort was regarrisoned in 1815. In 1819 the army's Yellowstone Expedition, with Long exploring party on steamer Western Engineer, moved the garrison to a post at Old Council Bluffs. The fort was shut down by the government, 1822, and abandoned, 1827. Jackson County settlers used fort timbers in building homes. In 1836 Archibald Gamble bought the site and laid out a town he named Sibley in honor of the factor. In 1941 Jackson County Court began the projected restoration of the fort as a monument to westward expansion. The project originated with and is sponsored by the Native Sons of Kansas City, Missouri. Presentation of "Award of Merit" to the Native Sons 361

Erected by State Historical Society of Missouri and State Highway Commission—1953. This historical marker will in effect memorialize not only Fort Osage but also the magnificent work done by your organization in building Fort Osage to its present status. The award by the American Association for State and Local History, which I am to present today, is in recognition of the unselfish work you have done and the great accomplishment you have wrought. This award is one more in a series of honors which have been bestowed by the Association upon Missouri historical societies, news­ papers and individuals. The first was in 1948 when the Cole County Historical Society was one of nine county historical societies in the nation honored for outstanding achievement during the preceding year. In September, 1949, the Association granted the State Historical Society of Missouri an award for—I quote—"completion of a dynamic program of popular dessemination of Missouri's history; for building local historical societies; for increasing membership to a point sur­ passing every other historical society in the United States; for cele­ brating fifty years of splendid progress; and for publishing a history of this semi-centennial period." And while I'm talking on my favorite subject, the State Histori­ cal Society of Missouri, I wonder whether you here are familiar with the services we perform which you might want to make use of. The Society was organized by the Missouri Press Association in 1898 and today is a division of the State Department of Education. Its purpose is to collect, preserve, make accessible, and publish the his­ tory of Missouri. The library and collections the Society has accumu­ lated through the years are now worth more than the total amount of the state appropriations it has received. You may some time wish to use the reference and research library which the Society maintains in Columbia, or perhaps you would enjoy seeing our art collections by Thomas Hart Benton or George Caleb Bingham. You might like to visit our quarter-million dollar Bay Collection of Middle Western Americana, which is housed in a special rare book room, or you may be interested in some of the five millions of pages of old and new Missouri newspapers on micro­ film, or the 25,000 bound volumes of newspapers. Several of you are already members of the Society and receive the quarterly Missouri Historical Review, for in Kansas City live 576 362 Missouri Historical Review of the Society's 6,300 members, while in Jackson County there are a total of 111 additional members. I'd like, however, to take this opportunity to extend an invitation to every member of the Native Sons of Kansas City to become a member of the State Historical Society as well. Your membership will bring you a lively new in­ terest in your state and people, and you'll enjoy fellowship with a group active in creating a state historical consciousness. The bumper year for Missouri awards from the American Asso­ ciation for State and Local History was 1951, when four were awarded in June. The State Historical Society of Missouri that year was ranked second in the nation among state historical societies in point of progress and achievement considering resources. The Kansas City Star was given a regional award for the most outstand­ ing daily paper in the Missouri Valley states in its contributions to state and local history, Chester A. Bradley, editor of the "Missouri Notes" in the Star, being especially cited for his historical articles. The Liberty Advance and Tribune received the regional award among weekly newspapers in the area, with particular mention being made of the series of articles by Robert Steele Withers. Dr. Claire V. Mann of Rolla, who is historian of the Phelps County Historical Society, received the regional award that year for his individual historical con­ tributions. The 1952 award to the Native Sons of Kansas City, Missouri, is therefore another step in a continuing process of historical achievement by Missourians. Here is the text of the award:

THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR STATE AND LOCAL HISTORY Washington, D. C.

AWARD OF MERIT The American Association for State and Local History is pleased to recognize and commend the distinctive contribution of

THE NATIVE SONS OF KANSAS CITY (MISSOURI)

For the partial restoration of Fort Osage (1808-1823) in cooperation with a number of local agencies Presentation of "Award of Merit" to the Native Sons 363

Voted at the annual meeting of the Association in Houston, Texas, on October 22, 1952. Albert B. Corey President of the Association Clifford L. Lord Chairman, Committee on Awards May I offer my most sincere congratulations to the Native Sons of Kansas City on this occasion. 364 Missouri Historical Review

THE MISSOURI READER AMERICANS IN THE VALLEY PART XII EDITED BY RUBY MATSON ROBINS* THE SETTLEMENTS, 1796 TO 1820 (Continued) The Boone's Lick Country Howard County Early Settlement in Howard County and the War of 1812 THE BOONE'S LICK COUNTRY1 Sometime after 1806, the intriguing name of the Boone's Lick Country was given to a large central-Missouri region, that soon was in successful competition for settlers with the older areas of New Madrid, Cape Girardeau, Ste. Genevieve, St. Louis, and St. Charles.

Boone's Lick Spring in 1905 From a photo by Grigsby in PICTURESQUE FAYETTE, ed. by Vern Dyson, 1905

*RUBY MATSON ROBINS, a native of Maryland, received her B.A. in 1937 and her M.A. in 1943, both from the University of Maryland. She taught for six years in the public high school of Silver Spring, Maryland. She is now em­ ployed as a research associate in the State Historical Society of Missouri. xThe spelling of Boone's Lick is variable and it has been otherwise used as Boon's Lick, Boonslick, and Booneslick. Boon's Lick (sometimes Boonslick) seems to have been in most common use in early days. It is found in the early laws; in the titles of the Franklin Missouri Intelligencer and Boon's Lick Advertiser established in 1'819 and the Fayette Boon's Lick Times, established in 1840; and in early travel accounts such as Bradbury's Travels (1809-1811), Faux's Journal (1818-1819), and James' Account of S. H. Long's Expedition (1819-1820). The Missouri Reader 365

Boone's Lick, "now . . . several springs of brackish water bub­ bling from the floor of a narrow valley in southeast Howard County,"2 was a salt spring where the sons of Daniel Boone made salt. Nathan Boone gives the history of the lick in an interview with Lyman Draper : "Col. Daniel Boone never discovered Boone's Lick : It took its name from Daniel M [organ] and Nathan Boone working it, and from the latter's Early discovery of it. In 1806, D[aniel] M [organ] and Nathan Boone commenced Salt-making there—with Six or Eight men Employed, one furnace of forty kettles, & made 25 or 30 bushels of Salt per day—which, when boated down to the settlement, at St. Louis, Sold readily from $2 to $2.50 per bushel. They afterwards enlarged the furnace . . . and kept from sixteen to twenty men em­ ployed, making 100 bushels of Salt per day . . .

Boone's Lick Spring. Sons of Daniel Boone Making Salt in 1807 From a lunette painted by Walter TJfer in the Missouri State Capitol.

"The manufacture of salt at Boone's Lick did not prove profitable. Dfaniel] M [organ] Boone continued nearly four years then sold out. . r The members of Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains visited a salt-works near Boone's Lick in 1819 and James, who wrote an account of the expedition, describes how the salt was made: "We visited one establishment for the manufacture of salt. The brine

2Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians Land of Contrasts and People of Achievements (Chicago, Lewis, 1943), II, 945. ^Draper MS., 6s, 212. Interview with Nathan Boone by Lyman C. Draper in 1851. In Draper MSS. in the library of the State Historical Society of Wis­ consin. (Photostatic copy in the library of the State Historical Society of Mis­ souri), pp. 244-45. 366 Missouri Historical Review

is taken from a spring at the surface of the earth, and is not re­ markably concentrated, yielding only one bushel of salt to each four hundred and fifty gallons. Eighty bushels are manufactured daily, and require three cords of wood for the evaporation of the water. The furnace consists of a chimney-like funnel, rising obliquely along the side of a hill, instead of the vertical and horizontal flues, commonly used in these manu- i^fi^W: factures. The fire being kindled in the lower orifice of this, the ascent of the air drives the flame against forty or fifty iron pots in­ serted in a double series; to these the water is conveyed by small pipes."4 A summary description of the Boone's Lick Country was mm-^r^ . ,y--K - v ^ printed in the Missouri Intelli- An Old Salt Kettle gmcer {n lg20 jn angwer tQ re_

From a photo by Grigsby in PICTUR- auests for information on the ESQUE FAYETTE, ed by Verne Dyson, 1905 * place: "... the part vulgarly called 'Boon's Lick,' is extensive, and embraces all the settlements on the Missouri river, and its tributary streams, west of the old counties of St. Louis and St. Charles. . . "Emigration to this tract of country commenced in the year 1810, but on account of its being an insulated wilderness, the difficulty of obtaining provisions, and subsequently, to its being the scene of an exterminating Indian warfare, it was not considerable, until the fall of the year 1816. For about two years during the last war, the people were closely confined to forts, never dared to venture out without their rifles, and suffered the extremes of Indian cruelty and depredation. But, whenever the Indians did mischief, volunteers from the different forts embodied, pursued and fought them. . . "The face of the country is generally level, diversified, however, with gentle rises. . . The bottoms are level, fertile, well timbered, and produce great quantities of grapes. . .As you recede from [the

4Edwin James, Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, Performed in the Years 1819, 1820, by Order of the Hon. J. C. Cal­ houn, Secretary of War, under the Command of Major S. H. Long, of the U. S. Top Engineers. Compiled from the Notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say and Other Gentlemen of the Party (London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. 1823), I, 83-84. The Missouri Reader 367 larger streams], the country gradually spreads out into some of the most beautiful and fertile tracts, which the eye can behold, until you arrive at the prairies, which are an unbroken and almost unbounded plain. . . "The soil, in respect to its fertility and productiveness, is be­ lieved to equal any other in the Union.—More than one hundred bushels of corn, and in several instances, fifty bushels of wheat, have been taken from the measured acre, with common cultivation. But fifty bushels of corn and thirty bushels of wheat are average crops. Rye, hemp, flax, oats, barley, and all other cultivated productions of the climate grow here exuberantly. Potatoes, however, form an exception, being inferior, both in quality and quantity, to those of Canada and New England. Tobacco is certain crop. . . Good crops of cotton are sometimes raised. . . With ordinary care, which is very little, except planting the seed, several beets have been raised in this neighborhood weighing over fourteen pounds, and a parsnip measuring four and a half feet. . . "The spontaneous productions are plums of different kinds, blackberries, gooseberries, persimmons, papaws, red and black-haws and strawberries; in the prairies. . . [are] frost and summer grapes, crab apples, white and black walnuts, hazel nuts, and pecans, all of which are abundant and superior. . . Bear, deer, and turkies are plentiful; also wild geese and ducks in the spring and fall—wild honey is so abundant that two hundred gallons have sometimes been obtained by a few day's hunting. . . The prairies are fertile and beautiful beyond description, having a soil almost as black, and very similar in appearance to gun powder. . . Grasses of different sizes and strange appearance, and flowers of various and most delightful colors seem to vie with each other for occupancy. . . On the verge of the prairies are groves of scattering trees, whose rich foliage, com­ bined with the waving grass beneath, and intermediate sun and shade give the place a most picturesque and lovely appearance. . . "But the great boast of the country, in comparison with which the other advantages seem almost unimportant, is the salubrity of the climate. I do not believe that the whole hemisphere affords a more agreeable, dry and elastic air than that of the upper Missouri. . . "The current of emigration has been rapid and steady. In the beginning of the year 1816, the population. . . did not exceed five hundred. In 1818, according to the census, it amounted to nine thousand, and is now on the most moderate calculation, twelve thou- 368 Missouri Historical Review sand. A wilderness has, within the short space of three years, been converted into productive fields; and, through industry and enterprise, has become the seat of an intelligent and dense population. The lapse of a few years will see the country improve by art and. . .the cottage of the husbandman will be converted into a spacious man­ sion. . r° Augustus Storrs, who wrote this description of the Boone's Lick Country, had emigrated to Howard County in 1816, probably from New England. It is known that he served for a time as postmaster at Franklin in Howard County.6

HOWARD COUNTY7 Howard County was organized at the begining of 1816 out of St. Charles and St. Louis counties, and named for Benjamin Howard, first territorial governor of the Territory of Missouri. Howard County, which comprised the Boone's Lick Country, was a huge tract of land bounded east by Cedar Creek, now the western boundary of Callaway County; south by the Osage River; west by the Osage purchase line;8 and north by the ridge of high ground north of the present Iowa border. An article in the Missouri Intelligencer in the fall of 1819 describes how rapidly this territory north of the Missouri River and west of St. Charles was being populated: "The emigration. . . to this country, during the present season, almost exceeds belief.— Those who have arrived in this quarter are principally from Ken­ tucky, Tennessee, &c. Immense numbers of wagons, carriages, carts, &c. with families, have for some time past been daily arriving.— During the month of October it is stated that no less than 27 waggons and four wheeled carriages, and 55 two wheeled carriages & carts, passed near St. Charles bound principally for Boon's Lick. It is calculated that the number of persons accompanying these waggons &c could not be less than 3000. It is stated in the St. Louis Enquirer of the 10th inst. that about 120 waggons &c. per week had passed

^Missouri Intelligencer and Boon's Lick Advertiser (Franklin, Missouri), April 1, 1820. (For readibility the quote has been revised to paragraph form). 6See the Missouri Intellipencer (Columbia, Missouri), May 29, 1830. ^Information on Howard County taken from Shoemaker, Missouri and Mis­ sourians, I, 219, 226. 8Governor Clark denned the Osage boundary line north of the Missouri River, ". . .as a line beginning at the mouth of the Kansas River and going north for 140 miles . . ." In 1816 it was changed to 100 miles north (Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 219). The Missouri Reader 369 through St. Charles for the last nine or ten weeks, with wealthy and respectable emigrants from various states, whose united numbers are supposed to amount to 12,000. The County of Howard, already respectable in numbers will soon possess a vast population; and no section of our country presents a fairer prospect to the emigrant."9 "The settlers came by river route and by land, over the old St. Charles-Franklin road, that historic highway of Missouri called the Boone's Lick Trail. The land route was more popular, it was cheaper."10 Settlement was so rapid that by the end of 1820 seven new counties, Cooper, Lafayette (then Lillard), Saline, Cole, Boone, Chariton, and Ray had been erected out of Howard County. Prob­ ably a total of twenty-nine counties and parts of nine others have been erected out of Howard County since 1816.11 The Journal of the Senate of the State of Missouri for 1821 gives the population of the Boone's Lick counties at that time: Howard, 7,323, including 1,409 slaves; Cooper, 3,483, including 440 slaves; Boone, 3,742, including 576 slaves; Lillard (Lafayette), 1,340, in­ cluding 130 slaves; Cole, 1,028, including 52 slaves; Ray, 1,789, including 141 slaves; Saline, 1,176, including 178 slaves; and Chari­ ton, 1,426, including 290 slaves.12 These population figures are remarkable in the fact that the first permanent settlement in the Boone's Lick Country was not made until around 1810.

9The Missouri Intelligencer (Franklin, Missouri), November 19, 1819. 10Floyd C. Shoemaker, "The Pioneer," Missouri Historical Review, XIX (January, 1925) 244-45. uIt is difficult to determine but probably the following counties were erected in whole or part out of Howard after 1816: west third Schuyler; Macon, except east fourth; Randolph, except northeast tip; Boone; Cole; north half Miller; Putnam; Sullivan; Linn; Chariton; Howard; Cooper; Moniteau; Morgan; north tip Camden; Mercer; Grundy; Livingston; Carroll; Saline; Pettis; north half Benton; Harrison; Daviess; Caldwell; Ray; Lafayette; Johnson; Henry; north half St. Clair; Worth; Gentry; DeKalb; Clinton; Clay; east strip Cass; east strip Jackson; east strip Bates. ^Journal of the Senate of the State of Missouri, First G. A., 2nd Sess., 1821 (St. Louis, J. C. Cummins, 1821), p. 35. 370 Missouri Historical Reviezv

EARLY SETTLEMENT IN HOWARD COUNTY AND THE WAR OF 1812.

Houck writes of the Boone's Lick settlements: "In 1807,18 Nathan and Daniel M [organ] Boone. . .in company with three others, first came to this neigh­ borhood to manufacture salt. . . The Boones, and their associates, did not remain or settle there. In 1808, Benjamin Cooper and family first settled in this region, but this settlement was regarded as an intrusion upon the Indian lands by the government, and he was ordered off to a point below the Gasconade. . .In 1810, he re­ turned again to the Boonslick Courtesy of Missouri Historical Society country, and with him came a Nathan Boone number of others."14

Photo by Massie Cooper Emigrant Train From a lunette painted by Walter Ufcr in the Missouri State Capitol

13Prior to the establishment of Boone's Lick, temporary camps in Howard County are reported. One such place was known as Barclay's Lick, another as Prewitt's trading post. In 1800 Joseph Marie made a settlement and improve­ ments on a land grant in Howard County, and in 1800 Ira P. Nash, later deputy United States surveyor, was given a huge land grant here. (History of Howard and Chariton Counties [St. Louis, National Historical Company, 1883], pp. 88-90.) "Louis Houck, A History of Missouri (Chicago, R. R. Donnelley and Sons, 1908), III, 146. The Missouri Reader 371

Brackenridge, lawyer and traveler, accompanied Manuel Lisa on his trip up the Missouri in 1811, and he describes the Boone's Lick settlement at that time: "Bottoms on the N. E. side the Mis­ souri, uncommonly fine. There is a flourishing settlement here. Being Sunday, the good people were dressed out in their best clothes, and came in groups to the bank to gaze upon us, as we passed by under sail. The sight was no doubt agreeable to them, and we were no less pleased at catching another glimpse of civiliza­ tion. . .We put to shore at the farm of Braxton Cooper,15 a worthy man, who has the management of the salt works. The settlement is but one year old, but is already considerable, and increasing rapidly; it consist of seventy-five families, the greater part living on the bank of the river, in the space of four or five miles. They are generally persons in good circumstances, most of them have slaves."16 Bradbury, English naturalist, who accompanied the overland Astorian expedition in 1811, also describes the Boone's Lick settle­ ment : ". . .we came in sight of a white man's house, at Boon's Lick, when our boatmen immediately set up a shout. Soon after, some men appeared at the edge of a field of Indian corn, close to the river: they invited us ashore. . .In passing through the corn, I was much struck with its luxuriance: I judged it to be not less than fourteen feet high, and the ears were far above my head. It was Sunday, and when we arrived at the house, we found three women there, all dressed in clean white gowns. . .they formed a pleasing contrast to the squaws. . .They soon spread the table for us, and produced bread, milk, and preserved fruits, which I thought the most delicious that I ever tasted."17 During the War of 1812 the Boone's Lick settlements did not expand, and the settlers mentioned by Brackenridge and Bradbury were occupied in protecting themselves against Indian raids.18 Shoe­ maker tells of the forts in the area of present Howard County. These forts indicate the more thickly settled sections: "Head's Fort was

15This settlement described by Brackenridge is sometimes called Cooper's Bottom. There were three families of Coopers there, Braxton Cooper, Benjamin Cooper, and Sarshel Cooper, and their families. See History of Howard and Cooper Counties (St. Louis, National Historical Company, 1883), p. 151. 16Henri Marie Brackenridge, Journal of a Voyage Up the River Missouri Performed in 1811 (Baltimore, Coale and Maxwell, 1816), pp. 33-34. 17John Bradbury, Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811 (London, Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, 1819), pp. 196-97. 18A list of the "men and boys" in the different forts is given in the History of Howard and Cooper Counties, Missouri, pp. 95-98. 372 Missouri Historical Review located in present Howard County, a few miles above the town of Rocheport. McLain's Fort, more frequently called Fort Hempstead, was built about a mile north of New Franklin. If a sentry was caught sleeping at Fort Hempstead he was required to grind a peck of corn for each of the widows in the fort. "In Howard County near the Missouri River Fort Kincaid was constructed about a mile above the site of old Franklin.19 Cooper's Fort, a large stockade flanked by log houses and large enough to hold twenty families, was built on the river bottom about two miles from the Boone's Lick salt works. It was nearly across from Arrow Rock Creek. This fort, probably one of the largest of the settlement, was the scene of a much told story about Indian raids. When the fort was besieged one time it was necessary to get aid from nearby Fort Hempstead. But all the men were needed in the immediate defense, so young Mildred Cooper volunteered to ride through the woods, where the Indians were hiding, to get aid for the fort. She left, riding the swiftest horse the fort could offer, dashed through the Indians surrounding the fort. . .In a short time she was safely back with help that meant safety for Fort Cooper."20 Houck retells several incidents involving the Indians and the settlers during the war. On one occasion in 1813 the settlers at Cooper's Fort, ". . .captured a boat in charge of Captain Coursault belonging to French traders of St. Louis loaded with Indian goods, twenty-five kegs of powder and 500 pounds of balls, going up the river. . .Ben Cooper and others admonished Coursault of the impro­ priety of supplying the Indians with ammunition under existing con­ ditions, and he seemed to see and appreciate the danger of this and promised to return down the river."21 To be sure that Coursault did not continue up the river the settlers kept guard, and as they supposed, he tried to continue his trip. His "ammunition and a large keg of whiskey" were confiscated, but he was allowed to go with the rest of his goods. "Not long after the capture of this boat two. . .men were killed by the Saukee Indians on the north side of the river, being the first men killed in the Boonslick country during the War of 1812. . .

leHouck says that the first marriage celebrated in the Boone's Lick Country was near Fort Kincaid. It was between "Robert Cooper and Elizabeth Carson in 1810, at the residence of Lindsay Carson, the father of 'Kit' Carson, the great scout." (Houck, A History of Missouri, III, 146) 20Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 293. 21Houck, A History of Missouri, III, 113-14. The Missouri Reader 373

These men were out at the time in the wilderness, on the Moniteau, selecting a location to settle. It is said that the savages, after slaying them, 'cut off their heads, cut out their hearts and placed them on the side of the road on poles'. . .When the news reached the settlers a party of men started out to get their bodies. On the way an Indian was captured. . .[and when he tried to escape] he was shot and in­ stantly killed."22 The Baptist missionary John Mason Peck describes how an Indian sniper, one night in 1814, killed Captain Sarshel Cooper,23 an early settler: ". . .Cooper came to his tragic end at Cooper's fort where his family resided. . .A single brave crept stealthily in the darkness and storm to the logs of the cabin, and made an opening in the clay between the logs barely sufficient to admit the muzzle of his gun, which he discharged with fatal effect. The assassin escaped and left the family and every settler in mourning. . .the impressions of their loss were vivid at the period of our first visit [1819]."24 Another incident of the war occurred in the spring of 1814 when two Negroes were captured by the Indians. A party of sixty men pursued but did not catch up with the Indians whom they followed up the Chariton River. The pursuing party, "On their return. . . were much fatigued and on short allowance, and opened the keg of whiskey seized from Captain Coursault, and which had long tempted them, and James Cole says that they 'had a jolly high time.' ,,2B "In the following August a band of eight Indians was followed by a party of forty men from Cooper's and Kinkead's fort. These Indians had killed some cattle and stolen some ten or twelve horses, driving away the horses to high ground. . .to a place about three miles from the present Franklin, where they tied the horses in a thicket. Captain Cooper with 25 or 30 men, among them Lindsay Carson. . . found the horses. . .and then followed the trail of the Indians into the bottom below. . .[Here the Indians were surrounded]. In this encounter five Indians were killed, all shot to pieces."26

22Ibid., Ill, 114. 23Houck, A History of Missouri, III, 116, says Cooper County was named for this Sarshel Cooper. The History of Howard and Cooper Counties, p. 639, says that Cooper County was named for Colonel Benjamin Cooper. 24John Mason Peck, Forty Years of Pioneer Life, Memoir of John Mason Peck, edited by Rufus Babcock (Philadelphia, American Baptist Publication Society, 1864), p. 138. 25Houck, A History of Missouri, III, 116. ™Ibid., Ill, 116-18. 374 Missouri Historical Review

The Boone's Lick continued to experience trouble with the Indians and during the autumn of 1814, ". . .Henry Dodge and his 350 mounted rangers, with some forty friendly Shawnees, went there to subdue the hostile Miamis. They were joined at Cooper's Fort by the local militia under the leadership of Captain Benjamin Cooper."27 From Cooper's Fort the men crossed the river into what is now Saline County and there subdued the Miamis.

Photo by Massie Surrender of the Miamis to Gen. Dodge, 1814 From a lunette painted by Fred C. Carpenter in the Missouri State Capitol

Indian troubles did not continue in the Boone's Lick region after 1814, "although there were still many Indians there and the white settlers still lived in forts. Altogether a total of fourteen white men and four Negroes were killed in the Boone's Lick region. Many horses and cattle were stolen—in 1814 it was reported the Sacs and Foxes had driven more than 150 horses and 300 head of cattle from the region."28 Most of the number of settlers killed and livestock stolen involved the area in present Howard County and adjacent Saline, Cooper, and Cole counties. There were also scattered settlements in Howard County other than those in the vicinity of the forts mentioned. The History of

27Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 303. 28Ibid., I, 298. The Missouri Reader 375

Howard and Cooper Counties lists settlers in the locations of present day Glasgow, Fayette, and Roanoke before 1820.29 Several churches were organized among these scattered settlers in Howard before 1820. "The first Baptist churches north of the Missouri River were Mount Zion,30 established about 1810 in Howard County, and Mount Pleasant Church, near New Franklin. By 1818 there were five Baptist churches north of the Missouri River. . ."31 A Methodist circuit, established in 1817, extended from Cote sans Dessein to Grand River, on the north side of the river, and served Howard County.32 According to Peter's history of The Disciples of Christ in Mis­ souri the first church of this faith was established in Howard County near old Franklin in 1816 and was known as the Salt Creek Church.33 This is the first of a three-part article on the Boone's Lick Country. Part II will appear in October.

29National Historical Company, History of Howard and Cooper Counties, pp. 204-05; 177; 237. A town named Richmond, which has now disappeared, was laid out near Fayette in 1819. See the Missouri Intelligencer (Franklin, Missouri), June 11, 1819. ^R. S. Duncan, History of the Baptists in Missouri. . . (St. Louis, Scammell and Company, 1882), p. 149, reports this church in the vicinity of present day Fayette in 1817. First established in 1810, it almost went out of existence during the War of 1812 but was reorganized and constituted in 1817. 31Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 259. 32W. S. Woodard, Annals of Methodism in Missouri. . . (Columbia, Missouri, E. W. Stephens, 1893), p. 30. 33See George L. Peters, The Disciples of Christ in Missouri (Kansas City, Mo., Centennial Commission, 1937), p. 29. 376 Missouri Historical Review

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

A PERSONAL MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY

/ sometimes wonder if there is any way to finance a copy of your publica­ tion [the Missouri Historical Review] to every school and every public library in our state. In addition to the fact that it is interesting to both young and old, it has an educational value of unusual merit.—H. J. BLANTON, Paris, Missouri, in a letter to the editor, dated February 23, 1953. The letters received by the Society each year from Missouri schools requesting information on Missouri history give substance to Mr. Blanton's suggestion. Missouri school children should have access to the Missouri Historical Review. Most schools can afford membership in the Society, which is $1 a year and includes free subscription to the Review. In spite of the Society's having, since 1937, the largest mem­ bership of any state historical society in the United States, the number of schools getting the Review is relatively small. Many of the school libraries in the larger cities receive the Review but most of the smaller town schools and nearly all rural schools of Missouri do not take it. Is there a copy of the Review in your school library?

MEMBERS ACTIVE IN INCREASING SOCIETY'S MEMBERSHIP During the two months of March and April, 1953, the following members of the Society increased its membership as indicated:

FIVE LIFE MEMBERS Warren, David M., Panhandle, Texas

TWENTY NEW MEMBERS Dawson, Mrs. Lerton V., Excelsior Springs

SEVENTEEN NEW MEMBERS Walsh, Jerome, Kansas City

FOUR NEW MEMBERS Hunter, Harry S., Kirkwood McGreevy, W. C, Springfield

THREE NEW MEMBERS Funk, E. M., Columbia Golladay, Mrs. J. E., Otterville Mason, William S., Brownsville, Texas Neuman, Hugo A., Hermann Historical Notes and Comments 377

TWO NEW MEMBERS Bradford, Alex, Columbia Brand, Jean, Columbia Corder, L. W., Jefferson City Deason, George B., Hannibal Halligan, C. F., Union Motley, Mrs. Robert L., Bowling Green Neuhoff, Dorothy A., St. Louis

ONE NEW MEMBER

Aker, Mrs. E. G., Parkville Kersten, Earl W., Jr., Reno, Nevada Allen, Wendel, Washington, D. C. Kiefner, Mrs. Charles E., Perryville Bonds, James, Galatia, Illinois Knipmeyer, Gilbert, Jefferson City Bradley, Chester A., Kansas City Kuehling, Otto, Odessa Buckner, William C, Columbia Lavender, F. M., St. Louis Cosby, Mrs. Byron, Columbia Linneman, R. H., St. Charles Daily, Herley S., Kansas City Lucas, Mrs. Okla H., Fayette Dudeck, Lawrence E., St. Charles McLarty, Mrs. Vivian, Columbia Edwards, F. Henry, Independence Misemer, H. F., Portland, Oregon Elzea, C. F., Columbia Norton, E. H., Jefferson City Essman, Mrs. Edna L., Cyrene Otis, Mrs. Merrill E., Kansas City Evans, Mrs. C. A., Chicago, Illinois Overholt, Mrs. Charles E., Asheville, Finke, Mrs. M. D., Carrollton North Carolina Fix, Mrs. Katherine, St. Louis Richardson, J. M., Warsaw Graham, Harold T., Kirkwood Shoemaker, Floyd C, Columbia Hammers, Clyde C, Kansas City Stidham, J. H., Fulton Howard, Earl S., Poplar Bluff Van Sant, T. H., Fulton Hunter, Stephen B., Cape Girardeau Woods, Marie, Columbia Jones, Robert, St. Louis

NEW MEMBERS OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY One hundred sixty-three applications for membership were re­ ceived by the Society during the two months of March and April, 1953. The total membership as of April 30, 1953, is 6269. The new members are : Adams, Hall, New Rochelle, New Betzler, Charles E., St. Louis York Biggerstaff, Frank G., Kansas City Anderson, Mrs. C. M., McPherson, Black, Edward W., Kansas City Kan. Blaschke, Fred, Washington, D. C. Asher, L. E., Center Bledsoe, Mrs. Carl, Aroya, Colorado Bartmess, P. B., Sikeston Bodine, Harry E., Jr., Glendale Bauer, Mrs. Helen S., Cainsville Boiling, Richard, Washington, D. C. Beinke, Franz R., Union Bowersock, Justin D., Mission, Kan. Beronius, Dale, Kansas City Bradford, W. E., Fayette, Miss. Berry, Edward H., Sikeston Bradshaw, W. L., Columbia—LIFE 378 Missouri Historical Review

Brinkley, Paul D., Excelsior Springs Hoemeyer, Walden, Union Buck, Dennis T., Waverly Hoffman, Bernie, Kansas City Buckner, James S., Springfield Hopkins, H. G., Excelsior Springs Burch, Guy, Macedonia, Illinois Hufty, Mrs. Don, Frankford Campbell, Carl E., Big Spring, Texas Hughes, Frank A., Kansas City Carter, E. A., Excelsior Springs Johnson, George E., Kearney Chinn, Leonard W., Springfield Jones, Mrs. Philip, Joplin Clardy, Anne, St. Louis Kelley, Joseph J., Kansas City Clark, Kathryne, Sikeston Kelso, Mrs. W. W. Altamont Clements, Alvin, Wichita, Kansas Kempster, H. L., Columbia Corder, Frank G., Waverly Kiefner, Mrs. Frank, St. Louis Cowan, Leslie, Columbia—LIFE Kinder, Quinton, Columbia Cox, Harold, Springfield King, Howard E., Jr., Brownsville, Doughty, Mrs. Al, St. Louis Texas Drescher, Warren F., Jr., Kirkwood Kipp, Henry, Stover Drexel Branch Library, Drexel Kirchofer, E. A., Hermann Duggan, James M., St. Charles Kitchen, Virgil, Poplar Bluff Dunham, Mrs. John, Otterville Krueger, W. F., Columbia Eden Booth Library, Pleasant Hill Kuhn, Mrs. Herbert, Otterville Edwards, Paul Madison, Kansas City Kurtz, John L., Kansas City Egan, John V., Portland, Oregon La Rue, Lon H., Elsberry Ellis, Elmer, Columbia—LIFE Lehm, Fred M. G., St. Louis Ellis, J. L., Maplewood Leighty, Mrs. Clyde E., Arlington, Eisner, William L., Hannibal Virginia Engholm, E. R., St. Charles LeMaster, Mrs. Elizabeth L., Atlanta, Finney, Mrs. Ruth, Morley Georgia Fiske, J. S., Harrington, Virginia Lenoir, George W., Armstrong Flatley, James, Washington, D. C. Lick, Artz S., Excelsior Springs Fox, Kenneth L., Kansas City Link, James W., Hannibal Frazier, Norvel W., Sr., Kirkwood Lloyd, Samuel H., Jr., Rolla Fresno State College, Fresno, Calif. Lorimier, R. S., St. Louis Frost, John M., Bolivar Loving, Mrs. Belle, Kansas City Garden City Branch Library, Garden McBride, Mary Margaret, New York, City New York Garrett, R. C, Fulton McCoy, Charles E., Warrenton Garrison, Max, Kansas City McDavid Buick Co., Excelsior Springs Gillum, Turpin, Ashley McGee, Louis B., Kansas City Godsey, Roy, Liberty McNutt, J. A., Excelsior Springs Gray, Gene, Kansas City McQueeny, James, Kansas City Gregory, Jack, Kansas City Maurin, Mrs. J. Nolan, New Orleans, Hallows, Fred A., Louisiana Louisiana Harrington, F. L., St. Charles Montague, J. B., Parkville Harrison, Vincil, Otterville Moore, J. Edwin, Corpus Christi, Haymes, Lon S., Springfield Texas Heck, Ervin, McKittrick Mow, John Beck, Centralia Hedges, Bess, Bowling Green Mulholland, F. S., University City Herrell, D. D., Excelsior Springs Nicholson, B. H., Springfield Historical Notes and Comments 379

Norton, William Harrison, North Smith, H. L., Sikeston Kansas City Smith, Mrs. Margaret H., O'Dell, Clarence H., Excelsior Springs Brownsville, Texas Payne, Roy, Excelsior Springs Smith, Mrs. Silas, Excelsior Springs Peterman, Mrs. C. H., Excelsior Smith, Mrs. Verna Mae Edom, Springs Columbia Pflum, Warren M., Robertson Somerville, George W., Chillicothe Phillips, C. E., Kansas City, Kansas Spann, John R., San Bruno, Pigg, Mrs. O. M., Excelsior Springs California Pirtle, Mrs. C. L., Odessa Stallings, Tharon E., Sikeston Plassmeyer, Joseph, Westphalia Stephens, F. F., Columbia—LIFE Polst, Henry W., Webster Groves Stoops, Mrs. F. O., Summersville Post, Allan W., Trenton, New Jersey Stoye, Marie, St. Louis Price, Madeline, Columbia Sunder, John E., Creve Coeur Ragan, Perry C, Springfield Tallman, Frank J., Kansas City Rauch, Francis B., Sr., St. Charles Temple, Otis, Slater Rehkopf, Charles F., St. Louis Trimble, Mrs. Minnie B., Columbia Remmerberger, Frank E., Harrison­ Turner, Mrs. C. W., Columbia ville Turner, Meredith B., Springfield Reppy, Mrs. J. H., Hillsboro Vaughan, Mrs. Harry H., Riesmeyer, Mrs. Carl K., Clayton Alexandria, Virginia Riley, Fred, Keytesville Warren, Henri, Corrona-Delmar, Riordan, Alice F., Tarkio California Riordan, John J., Tarkio Welter, Ben J., Sikeston Rogers, Randolph, Kansas City Wilhite, Mrs. Hugh, Excelsior Rowen, Mrs. Cecil, Excelsior Springs Springs Sage, Carl, Howard, South Dakota Willard, Richard, Excelsior Springs Sage, Leslie, Sun Valley, California Williams, Mrs. Edna, Springfield Sappington, Mrs. A. C, Carrollton Williams, Mrs. J. E., Marshall Schaefer, Vernon, Overland Wilson, James C, Kansas City Schnedler, Kurt, St. Charles Wilson, Mrs. Marcella, St. Charles Selders, Lloyd, Kansas City Wood, Dean Earl, Kansas City Smith, Mrs. Andrew H., Blairsville, Wrench, Jesse E., Columbia—LIFE Pennsylvania Wurst, C. Andrew, Springfield

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE SESQUICENTENNIAL One hundred and fifty years ago the government of the United States closed the biggest real estate transaction in history with the purchase from France of the immense area west of the Mississippi known as the Louisiana territory. This act almost doubled the size of the United States and was a big step toward making it a con­ tinental power. At a cost of approximately four cents an acre Con­ gress had bought the area extending from the Mississippi west to the watershed of the Rocky Mountains. 380 Missouri Historical Review

The year 1953 marks the sesquicentennial of this important event in our history and efforts are being made to observe the anniversary with fitting ceremonies. Charles Nutter, formerly editor of "Mis­ souri Notes" in the Kansas City Star and now managing director of International House at New Orleans and the person in charge of that city's celebration in October, is sparking the celebration by sending out attractive kits of information on the Purchase. These kits, one of which he sent to the State Historical Society of Mis­ souri, contain: a pamphlet by the U. S. Bureau of Land Manage­ ment in the Dept. of the Interior giving a historical sketch and maps showing as nearly as possible the various land transfers and areas in­ cluded in the term Louisiana at different times; a copy of a tear sheet from the Kansas City Star of March 1 containing an illustrated ar­ ticle by Mr. Nutter on the Purchase; tear sheets from Collier's of March 21, containing an article on the Purchase by Bernard De Voto; a pamphlet, "America's Best Buy," by Charles Nutter; a reprint from the March, 1953, Reader's Digest of an article, "We Bought an Empire for Four Cents an Acre," by Donald Culross Peattie; a large map showing the area of the Purchase; and a booklet by the Louisiana Purchase 150th Anniversary Association of New Orleans giving a summary of events and projects which have been planned to bring attention to the sesquicentennial. Since Missouri was one of the states formed from the Louisiana Purchase area this sesquicentennial holds an unusual amount of in­ terest. The first ceremony by which representatives of France transferred the territory to representatives of the U. S. took place in New Orleans in November of 1803, but it was on the following March 9, 1804, that Lt. Gov. Charles Dehault Delassus, the last Spanish lieutenant governor of Upper Louisiana, relinquished possession of that portion of the Purchase to Capt. Amos Stoddard, who acted as the representative of France and who the following day took posses­ sion of Upper Louisiana for the United States.

ACQUISITIONS A letter written by Alexander W. Doniphan while at Washing­ ton, D. C, to his nephew John Doniphan of Liberty, on February 22, 1861, has been given to the Society by Frederic A. Culmer, pro­ fessor of history at Central College, Fayette. Doniphan at that time was a delegate to the Washington Peace Conference called by Vir­ ginia and his letter is filled with his dislike for Lincoln. The contents Historical Notes and Comments 331 of the letter have previously appeared in the Review as part of an article by Mr. Culmer, "A Snapshot of Alexander W. Doniphan, 1808-1887," Missouri Historical Review, 38 (Oct., 1943), 25-32.

On March 10, 1953, the State Historical Society of Missouri received as a personal gift from Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, internation­ ally famous editorial cartoonist of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 144 of his original drawings of cartoons which have appeared in the Post-Dispatch from August 8, 1946, to June 11, 1952. This gift, added to the 1,332 other drawings covering the period 1917-1945 which he gave to the Society in 1945, brings the total to 1,476 items in our Fitzpatrick Collection.

Daniel R. Fitzpatrick won the John Frederick Lewis prize of the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts in 1924, a Pulitzer prize in 1926, and has had his work displayed in one-man shows in St. Louis and New York.

Permanent quarters in the Society's rooms have been provided for this valuable collection. As was done with the earlier drawings these later ones will be mounted on mat boards and analytical and publication date indexes will be made for them. They will then be placed in parchment paper folders, filed with the original collection in solander boxes, and arranged in mahogany cabinets especially built for the purpose.

Two items have been added recently by Mrs. Ruth Rollins West- fall to the Rollins papers in the possession of the State Historical Society of Missouri. One is a hand written copy in James S. Rollins own handwriting of "Full notes and peroration of my speech in favor of bill providing for the location of the university." The other is a deed of sale whereby Edward Camplin sold 160 acres of land in Audrain County to James S. Rollins and Nathaniel A. Wilson on October 6, 1849. It is noteworthy that Edward Camplin, who signed the deed with a mark since he could not write, subscribed $3000 to­ ward locating the University of Missouri in Boone County.

Six original letters, dated 1862 and 1863, written by a group of St. Louis ladies who were on a committee to visit sick soldiers at Benton Barracks, have been given to the Society by C. W. Kanaga of Kansas City. 382 Missouri Historical Reviezv

Ten letters written by Thomas L. Beazley, 1883-1887, from Rocheport and Columbia to a friend in Carthage, have been given to the Society by Mrs. Carl Rexroad of Columbia. Included also is a business agreement between Beazley and H. H. Crittenden for the purchase of lots in Kansas City. The letters tell a little of Beazley's career as a teacher and contain advice on good buys in land in south­ west Missouri and in Kansas.

Mrs. Hale Houts of Kansas City, while state chairman of gene­ alogical records for the D. A. R., had copies made of the Bates County cemetery records which had been compiled by E. J. Kling, Sr., of Springfield, and some early Howard County records, compiled by Mrs. R. J. Walker of Armstrong. She has recently sent the State Historical Society typescript copies of these records as well as a num­ ber of St. Louis, Jefferson City, and western Missouri newspapers dating from the 1850's.

The Missouri Supreme Court Library has donated to the So­ ciety thirty-five volumes of valuable old newspapers several of wThich will fill in gaps in the Society's files. They are: the Columbia Mis­ souri Statesman, May 2, 1845-Feb. 23, 1849; the St. Louis Missouri Democrat, Sept. 1866-July, 1874: the St. Louis Missouri Republi­ can, Feb. 1867-July, 1874; the St. Louis Missouri Republic, Jan., 1891-Mar., 1898: and the St. Louis Globe, Jan.-Dec. 1873.

Two copies of "La Gui-Annee," the traditional old song sung in French communities to usher in the New Year, have been given to the Society by Mrs. Anne Andre Clark of Santa Monica, Calif., the song's copyright holder. Mrs. Clark prefers the spelling "Gui-Annee" wThich she says comes from "Gui-de-ran-neuf" or "mistletoe-of-the- year-new," to that of "Guignolee," which means revelry or a clown's performance. Her version of the origin of the song dates back to the Druid priests of Brittany who gathered gui (mistletoe) for the New Year. Originally arranged by Mrs. Clark from the music played by an old Negro fiddler of Ste. Genevieve, the song wras first published about 1910. The present copies include a history of the song, the French words, and the English translation made for Mrs. Clark by her father, Dr. Maurice Andre, and Capt. Gustavus St. Gem, both former residents of Ste. Genevieve. Historical Notes and Comments 383

ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

The Audrain County Historical Society held in reorganization meeting in Mexico March 10 and elected the following officers: Rob­ ert S. Green, president; Marquess Wallace, vice-president; Mrs. Miriam Hays, secretary; and W. O. Mclntyre, treasurer. The offi­ cers were authorized to rewrite the constitution and bylaws and to incorporate the society as a non-profit organization.

The Historical Association of Greater St. Louis held a meeting at the Chouteau House of St. Louis University on April 10. The speakers were Father Thomas L. Coonan of St. Louis University, who talked on "John Lingard, Turning Point in Historiography," and Dr. Frank Vandiver of Washington University, who spoke on "Leader­ ship in the Confederacy."

The Jefferson County Historical Society met April 9 at which time Roy Taylor was elected vice-president from Joachim Township and Henry Lippert from Central Township.

The Native Sons of Kansas City held a dinner meeting at the Union Station on March 24, where Floyd C. Shoemaker, the guest speaker, presented the organization with an award of merit which was given the society by the American Association for State and Local History at its annual meeting in Houston, Texas, in October, 1952.

The Newton County Historical Society met March 2 to hear Dr. Richard Pilant of Muncie, Ind., speak on historic persons and places of Newton County. The society met again March 24 for a banquet and program at the Municipal Auditorium. Floyd C. Shoe­ maker, the guest speaker, gave a talk on "Planning the Activities of a County Historical Society" in which he outlined the functions of a historical society and suggested possible programs of interest. Arthur Jacobsen, superintendent of the George Washington Carver National Monument, also spoke briefly on this national monument at Diamond.

Phelps County Historical Society held its fourteenth annual meeting March 9 in the new Lucy Wortham James Memorial Li­ brary in St. James. Officers were elected as follows: Mrs. Mayme Ousley, president; Barney Miller, vice-president; Mrs. George Laun, 384 Missouri Historical Review

treasurer; and Dr. C. V. Mann, corporate secretary and historian. Three directors were chosen for the term 1953-1955; W. C. Burk- head; Mrs. Clarence Hudgens; and Mrs. Mabie Lambelet. Walter Snelson was also elected to serve out the one year term as director occasioned by the election of Barney Miller to the vice-presidency.

The Platte County Historical Society has issued another "Bulle­ tin," vol. 1, no. 2, telling of the society's covered dish dinner meet­ ing held in the Methodist Church, Platte City, March 6, at which Dr. W. L. Gist, president, announced that the revision of the bylaws had been completed and that the society is in the final stages of incorpora­ tion. Dr. W. F. Sanders of Central College, Fayette, spoke on high­ lights of Platte County 100 years ago. The "Bulletin" also contained a number of other interesting items: a description of Mrs. Grant Ege's colored films of old homes and churches in Platte County; quotations from the Missouri Histori­ cal Review and the St. Joseph Museum Graphic; Alfred Hasemeier's plans for a regional historical library; and descriptions of old tomb­ stones in the county which are falling into decay.

ANNIVERSARIES Several events were held in St. Louis during April in celebra­ tion of the sesquicentennial of the Louisiana Purchase. The Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association held a luncheon at the Hotel Jefferson and first day of sale ceremonies for the special postage stamp issued to commemorate the anniversary on April 30. Guest of honor and speaker on the occasion was Arthur E. Summerfield, post­ master general of the U. S. Mr. Summerfield also autographed souvenir albums of the commemorative stamp to be sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Governor Phil M. Donnelly, and several other prominent persons. In the evening of the same day the Missouri Historical Society held its annual dinner at the Chase Hotel in commemoration of the Purchase with Allan Jackson, CBS news reporter, speaking on "The Louisiana Purchase and European Unity Today."

Southwest Baptist College at Bolivar celebrated its seventy-fifth anniversary March 16-20. The college opened in 1878 in the First Baptist Church in Lebanon with J. R. Maupin as president and it was not until the next year that it removed to Bolivar. Historical Notes and Comments 385

Events during anniversary week featured talks by four denom­ inational leaders: Dr. Dale Moody of Louisville, Ky.; Dr. John W. Raley of Enid, Okla.; Rev. Rollin Burhans of Louisville, Ky.; and Dr. J. D. Grey of New Orleans; and a three-act religious play, "Fam­ ily Portrait," produced by the Dramatic Guild of the college.

Missouri Valley College at Marshall celebrated its sixty-fifth anniversary with a three-day convocation February 27—March 1. The program opened with the conferring of honorary degrees by Pres­ ident M. Earle Collins on four distinguished leaders : William McDon­ ald of St. Louis; Dr. Charles W. Arbuthnot, Jr., of Geneva, Switzer­ land; Dr. Charles Tudor Leber of New York City; and Charles M. Totten of New York City.

Loretto Academy in Kansas City celebrated its golden anniver­ sary with a four-day program beginning April 11. An article by John J. Doohan in the Kansas City Times of April 9 describes the early days of the academy, now on Thirty-ninth Street, and some of the tragedies which befell early groups of Lorettines on the frontier.

Luther Memorial Church of Richmond Heights observed its tenth anniversary in 1952 and on the occasion a sixteen-page anni­ versary booklet was issued under the authorship of the Rev. A. R. Suelflow, curator of the Concordia Historical Institute. A copy was sent the Society by the author.

NOTES A monument of Georgia granite honoring Saline County Con­ federate soldiers buried in Ridge Park cemetery at Marshall, was un­ veiled and dedicated at ceremonies April 26. The monument, which contains 124 names, was the result of a project begun in 1907 by the Robert E. Lee chapter, United Daughters of the Confederacy in Marshall. The presentation was made by Mrs. Lulu Lamkin Mur- rell, chairman of the committee, and accepted by F. C. Barnhill for the cemetery board and Mrs. Orval L. Sheets of Cape Girardeau, state president of the Missouri division, U. D. C. Robert L. Hoy described the Battle of Marshall, October 13, 1863, and A. Lamkin James gave a tribute to Saline County's Confederate soldiers. 386 Missouri Historical Review

Mrs. Maude Hall Jones of Moberly has been chosen the Missouri Mother of 1953 by the Missouri organization of the American Mothers Committee of the Golden Rule Foundation. Lt. Gov. James T. Blair, Jr., presented the award to Mrs. Jones at ceremonies at the Central Christian Church in Moberly, April 12. Mrs. Jones, now eighty-one years of age, is the mother of two children and has also reared two nephews and a niece while participating actively in church and civic activities.

To the music of a little German band, bearded men and bustled ladies will parade again in Herman on the week end of May 29-31 when the town's second annual "Maifest" or spring festival is held. Time will be turned back a century or more for those three days and visitors will be permitted to see the old homes and wine cellars of the early German inhabitants, enjoy a parade, and attend a pageant with its songs and dances depicting the early days in Hermann's history. After the successful "Maifest" of 1952, the citizens of Hermann formed an organization called "Historic Hermann, Inc." for the pur­ pose of providing a museum, preserving historic sites, and otherwise extending appreciation of the area as one of the early German settle­ ments in America.

Plans for the big pageant to be held at the Ft. Osage restoration, on six evenings from June 22-27, are progessing rapidly. An article by John Alexander in the Kansas City Star of April 19 gave some hints to prospective script wrriters on the colorful history of the old fort, beginning with the arrival by keel boat of Capt. Eli Clemson, the first commandant, and the factor George C. Sibley in 1808, their meet­ ing with Gen. William Clark and his dragoons, the coming of Mary Easton Sibley, and the eventual abandonment of the fort in 1822.

The pageant, with a cast of 300 to 350 persons, will be presented on a stage 200 to 300 feet wide and bleacher seats for 2,500 wrill be provided for spectators. Co-chairmen Robert P. Weatherford and Homer M. Clements, and a board of directors representing ten in­ terested groups, have announced the beginning of an advanced ticket sale and script contest.

* Some of the missing papers of the Lewis and Clark expedition have been found recently in an attic in St. Paul, Minn. The papers Historical Notes and Comments 387 have been declared authentic by Professor Ernest S. Osgood of the University of Minnesota, the historian whom the Minnesota Histor­ ical Society consulted when the papers from the attic of Civil War General John Hammond were given the society by Hammond's granddaughter, Mrs. Vaclav Vytlacil of Sparkhill, N. Y. The papers, sixty-seven items in all, were written by Capt. Wil­ liam Clark with a few notations by Capt. Meriwether Lewis. They cover the period from Dec. 13, 1803, when the party was camped op­ posite the mouth of the Missouri River along the Mississippi, to April 3, 1805, when they left Ft. Mandan in South Dakota on their way to the Pacific coast.

A "Mark Twain Hobby and Antique Show," sponsored by the Kiwanis International and the Study Club of Perry, Mo., was held in Perry April 11 and 12. The show featured the first showing of the Mark Twain collection of antiques bought from Clemen's daughter and a collection of Mark Twain first editions.

The National Folk Festival Association, founded in 1933, held a folklore conference at Washington University, St. Louis, on April 7 and 8 in celebration of the centennial of the university and the ses­ quicentennial of the Louisiana Purchase. Homer P. Rainey, presi­ dent of the association, presided over the sessions of the conference which immediately preceded the opening of the 19th Annual National Folk Festival on the evening of April 8. This festival, which was under the direction of Sarah Gertrude Knott, was held at Kiel Audi­ torium.

Floyd C. Shoemaker spoke before the Resident Wives Club of the College of Agriculture, April 14, on the subject of "The State Historical Society of Missouri." Mr. Shoemaker described the So­ ciety's facilities, collections, and publications and urged the audience to carefully preserve old diaries, letters, and other papers until they can be examined to determine their value.

An emergency helicopter fleet, to be used in flood rescue and survey work on the Mississippi, has been set up by the U. S. Army corps of engineers. Four privately owned helicopters have been rented for the purpose. 388 Missouri Historical Review

Some eighty-four-year-old drug store fixtures of the McKinley Drug Store, St. Louis, have been turned over by their owner, George P. Lowenguth, to C. F. G. Meyer III of the Meyer Brothers Drug Company. Meyer will reconstruct some of the items and place them on display with his collection of old drug store furnishings at 217 S. Fourth St., St. Louis.

The world premiere of Paramount's film "Pony Express" was held in St. Joseph, Mo., on April 22. Preceding the showing of the film a parade of high school bands, Iowa tribal Indians, and riding clubs from surrounding towns was held and a chuck wagon dinner given at the Pony Express stables for visiting members of the cast.

Henry C. Thompson of Bonne Terre is the author of an article in the Bonne Terre Regster of April 9 and the Flat River Lead Belt News of April 10 on "Early American Enterprise at Mine LaMotte."

An article on the history of Bethel Church and three old settle­ ments in St. Louis County, Pond, Grover, and Glencoe, appeared in the Clayton Station Watchman-Advocate of April 3. Mrs. J. Thomas Wright was the author of the article.

The Kennett Dunklin Democrat's issue of February 3 brings newrs of the sale of that paper by Congressman Paul C. Jones and Edgar L. Jones to Jack Stapleton, the owner of three northwest Mis­ souri newspapers. Included in this issue are a number of congratu­ latory letters to Stapleton from Missouri officials and friends.

The question of whether lost treasure of gold and silver lies buried at different spots in Kansas is still being debated. Legend has it that Forty-niners and Santa Fe traders sometimes had to bury and abandon their gold when attacked by robbers and Indians on the plains but so far none has been found. An article by E. B. Dykes Beachy in the Kansas City Times of March 9 tells of a few of these stories. An article on "Big Charlie" Crocker, who was later to win fame as a railroad builder, and his trip across the plains in 1850 ap­ peared in the Kansas City Star of March 19. Written by John Ed­ ward Hicks, the article also included information on a young pioneer, Henry P. Starks, father of the late Fred Starks, former employee of the Star. Historical Notes and Comments 339

A story of Dwight Pennington on the proposed George Wash­ ington Carver National Monument near Diamond, Mo., appeared in the Kansas City Star of March 29. The author gives a short sketch of Carver's life and achievements and tells of the progress made so far on establishing the monument. Chester A. Bradley has an article in the Kansas City Star of April 1 on three illustrious Missourians of one family: Henry Dodge who came to Missouri as a youth, was a delegate to the first consti­ tutional convention in 1820, and later became the first territorial gov­ ernor of Wisconsin, Congressman from that state and senator; Aug- gustus Caesar Dodge, Henry's son, one of Iowa's first senators in Congress and later minister to Spain; and Lewis Fields Linn, a half- brother of Henry, who became Missouri's "model senator" in Con­ gress, 1833-1843, and the "father of Oregon" by reason of his spon­ sorship of a bill for occupation of that territory. Kit Carson was the discoverer of a short cut to California through the great salt desert in Utah, but it was a young lawyer from Ohio, Lansford W. Hastings, who first exploited the route and gave it his name. In 1846 he managed to get one party across it but the Donner party which followed later were so weakened and delayed by the crossing that most of the party perished later in negotiating the mountain pass to the west. An article by Vaun Arnold in the Kansas City Times of April 2 gives this story. An article in the Kansas City Times of April 3 gives the opinion of Mrs. Ruth Hamilton, director of the Union Pacific Historical Mu­ seum at Omaha, that all persons who have claimed to be or who will in the future claim to be Jesse James are imposters. She bases her claim that Jesse James was killed on April 3, 1882, on the records of the Pinkerton National Detective agency which were recently given to the museum. Portraits in a special "ancestor collection" in the Nelson Gallery of Art in Kansas City are the inspiration for an article by Winifred Shields in the Kansas City Star of April 12. The article includes reproductions of eight of the pictures of Kansas City pioneers and short sketches of their achievements. Chester A. Bradley in his "Missouri Notes" in the Kansas City Times of April 17 calls attention to the Chance gardens at Centralia and the Reynolds tulip gardens at Morehouse, which have 2,000 new bulbs from Holland in their display. 390 Missouri Historical Review

The diary of Osborne Russell, a Maine boy who set out from Independence for the West with an outfit of trappers in 1834, is the basis for an article by Robert G. Beason in the Kansas City Times of April 28. The journal continued until 1843 when Russell became a iarmer in Oregon.

An article by Arline Black in the Kansas City Times of April 30 tells of James Mackay's journey up the Missouri River in 1795, his preparation of a "Table of Distances" and a map of the region, and their value, along with his journals, to Lewis and Clark and other travelers.

John Edward Hicks has contributed a fine article to the Kansas City Times of April 30 in the form of a review of the book Before Lewis and Clark, edited by Professor A. P. Nasatir and published by the St. Louis Historical Documents Foundation in 1952. The article appeared 150 years to the day from the date of the signing of the Louisiana Purchase compact in Paris in 1803 and it gives an ex­ cellent resume of the explorations of the French and Spanish, begin­ ning with 1673, in that territory.

New facts on the death of Jesse James are told in an article in the Liberty Tribune of April 16. These facts were found by Mrs. Sam Hamilton in an old newspaper clipping at Lathrop which gives Bob Ford's story as told to Gov. Crittenden after he had been par­ doned.

Olden days at Jollification, Newton County, are described in two articles by Mary Willets in the Neosho Daily News of March 1 and 2. Of particular interest is her description of old Jolly Mill, built in 1837, which is still operated by Frank Haskins.

On April 19 the Quincy (Illinois) Herald-Whig devoted its whole "Feature" section of twelve pages to the centennial of Culver- Stockton College at Canton, Mo. Fine pictures are given of the college buildings, its founders and benefactors, and some of its early organizations along wTith articles on the history of the school.

An article on the Bald Knobbers of Taney and Christian coun­ ties appeared in the "Magazine" section of the St. Louis Globe-Demo­ crat of April 5. Mary Barrett, the author of the article, tells of the Historical Notes and Comments 391 band's founding in 1884 and its end three years later writh the hang­ ing of David and William Walker and John and Wiley Mathews. DeSoto, Missouri, is celebrating its 150th anniversary in July of this year. An article by Bill McGoogan, Jr., in the "Magazine" section of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat of April 5 describes the town in word and pictures since its founding in 1803. Dr. William Beaumont, noted pioneer physician, is the subject of a half-page article by Lee Brashear in the "Features" section of the April 19 St. Louis Globe-Democrat. The author pays high tribute to Dr. Beaumont whose death occurred in St. Louis 100 years ago April 25.

Laura Ann Turner, better known as "Hill Billy Ann," Ozark painter and poetess, has been receiving some real publicity through the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of late. An article on January 1 by Velma Daniel, written soon after her eighty-second birthday, gave a short history of her many activities and her philosophy which has kept her happy through difficult years. A full page of pictures in color of "Hill Billy Ann" and some of her paintings appeared in the rotogravure section of the Post-Dispatch of February 22. An article on the Clayton Mill, one of the last stone burr grist mills in Carter County, appeared in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of March 24. The author, Lucile Masnor, tells the history of the mill and describes olden-time methods of bringing grain to be ground. Cote sans Dessein or "Hill without Design," a landmark in Callaway County, almost became the site of Missouri's capital city in the early days. Will Davis has told its story in an article in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of April 13, illustrated with several pictures of the hill. "Evolution of the Hitching Post" is the title of an unusual article by L. L. Richardson in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of April 26. The author accompanies his article with eight pictures of old St. Louis hitching posts and one of their modern counterpart, the parking meter.

HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS The University of Missouri Bulletin. Vol. 54, No. 32. General Series 1953, No. 23. On the sesquicentennial of the Louisiana Pur­ chase the University of Missouri has issued a beautifully illustrated bulletin paying tribute to Thomas Jefferson for his leadership in the purchase and for his vision of "education for democracy." The 392 Missouri Historical Review bulletin contains three articles: one by William Peden on the Jef­ ferson monument, a granite obelisk which once marked the grave of Jefferson and which now stands on the campus of the University of Missouri; another by Frank F. Stephens on Jefferson's vision in the Louisiana Purchase; and a third by Fred C. Robins on the uni­ versity, the first land-grant college west of the Mississippi.

Desperate Women. By James D. Horan. (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1952. 336 pp. $4.00) Better than a fair share of these desperate women were native-born Missourians, namely "Cala­ mity Jane" and Bell Starr, and perhaps Genie Carter, wife of Harry Tracy. Four of the women described were spies during the Civil War and the rest were notorious women of the West who stood up with the most desperate of the men of that frontier period. The author tells his stories well and he gives an imposing list of manu­ scripts, newspapers, and books from which he drew his material. Indexed.

History and Genealogy of the Ryker Family. Compiled by Franklin A. Ryker. (n.p.: 1947, 58 pp.) The author, nine genera­ tions removed from the Abraham Rycken, or de Rycker, who came to this country and received an allotment of land in New York in 1638, traces the European background of the family as well as the American descendants of Abraham. He also devotes one section to the coat of arms, crest, and motto of the family and the controversial authorities which he consulted. By the time of the seventh, eighth, and ninth generations, many of the family had reached Missouri.

On Freedom's Altar. By Hazel Catherine Wolf. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1952. 195 pp. $3.75). As long ago as 1675 Puritans John Eliot and Cotton Mather spoke out against slavery but Elijah Lovejoy became the first martyr to the abolition cause in 1837. In the period before the Civil War covered by this volume abolitionists gloried in their persecution and Prudence Cran- dall, John Brown, William Lloyd Garrison and others exploited the martyr concept to its fullest extent. It remained only for Lincoln to become the super martyr then and for the Radical Republicans to claim the tradition as their own. Vividly told, the story is an original and scholarly approach to abolitionism. An impressive biblio­ graphy, excellent index, and good pictures complete the volume. Historical Notes and Comments 393

The New Dictionary of American History. By Michael Martin and Leonard Gelber. (New York: Philosophical Library, 1952. 695 pp. $10.00) Comprehensive, concise, and readable, this one volume contains a great deal of up-to-date information that would be diffi­ cult to find under one cover elsewhere as well as outstanding his­ torical material. Its more than 4000 short articles including 1300 biographies, while admittedly not encyclopedic, cover a great variety of subjects in the fields of economics, labor, science, religion, and politics, to mention a few. As a handy, compact, ready-reference book it will be extremely useful.

A Mirror for Americans. Edited by Warren S. Try on. (Chi­ cago: University of Chicago Press, 1952. 3 vols., 793 pp. $14.50) These three volumes are made up of delightful extracts from the works of American travelers who mirrored for their readers the length and breadth of their own country between the years 1790 and 1870. Volume I is taken up with "Life in the East"; Volume II is "The Cotton Kingdom"; and Volume III, which will probably be of the most interest to Missouri, is "The Frontier Moves West." Ex­ tracts from the writings of Lorenzo Dow, Henry M. Brackenridge, George Catlin, John Peyton, J. Milton Mackie, and Josiah Gregg are given with their pungent comments on life in Missouri. The first such anthology ever published, these volumes fulfill a definite need in portraying life in this country in its early days as seen through the eyes of Americans.

Hear the Train Blow. By Lucius Beebe and Charles Clegg. (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1952. 415 pp. $12.75). This history of the railroad age in America, comprising the last century and a quarter, presents an epic in the popular medium of pictures, 860 of them, most of which are contemporary photos and sketches with the addition of some textual material. According to the authors the evolution of the United States as a nation since 1830 has been largely "the history of the flanged wheel on the steel rail." One might wish the pictures better identified but they are interestingly presented and the format and paper used are excellent.

Lincoln and His Generals. By T. Harry Williams. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952. 353 pp. $4.00) Abraham Lincoln as commander-in-chief during the Civil War is the theme of this 394 Missouri Historical Review book. His troubles in trying to direct the war with untried and often uncooperative generals, the lack of trained man-power, and the almost total absence of a comprehensive strategic plan at the beginning for winning the war are clearly and interestingly presented. The author shows a tendency to favor Lincoln in his conclusions but he has drawn his facts from impeccable sources and presents a plausible and swift- moving account. Indexed.

OBITUARIES BELL, OVID, Fulton: Born June 10, 1875; died Apr. 2, 1953. Secretary to Richard Parks Bland, 1897-1899, owner of the Fulton Gazette, 1901-1927, founder of the Ovid Bell Press, 1927, and author of a number of books on Callaway County and the Masonic lodge. He was president of the Missouri Press Association, 1912-1913. A member of the Society.

BREWER, CHESTER L., Columbia: Born Nov. 26, 1875; died Apr. 16, 1953. Athletic director at the University of Missouri, 1910- 1917 and 1923-1935, and a civic leader. A member of the Society.

DUNCAN, JAMES H., Savannah: Born Oct. 13, 1877; died Oct. 8, 1952. In the farm management department of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company. A member of the Society.

GOSHORN, ROBERT C, Jefferson City: Born May 8, 1890; died Apr. 14, 1953. The owner and publisher of the Jefferson City Post Tribune, the Capital News, and the Sunday News and Tribune, and the owner of radio stations KWOS and KWOS-FM. A former president of the Missouri Press Association. A member of the Society.

HARVEY, RAY, Carthage: Born June 19, 1910; died Mar. 14, 1953. Vice-president and general manager of the Jasper County Title and Guarantee Company, he had been elected a state repre­ sentative in Nov., 1952.

HOLMES, WILLIAM K., Jefferson City: Born Apr. 21, 1883; died Mar. 31, 1953. An attorney, prosecuting attorney of Maries County for six terms, state representative, 1945-1949, and state auditor 1949 until his death. A member of the Society. Historical Notes and Comments 395

IGOE, WILLIAM L., St. Louis: Born Oct. 19, 1879; died Apr. 20, 1953. A lawyer and a representative in Congress, 1913-1921.

JOURNEY, WILLIAM ROBERT, Higginsville : Born June 29, 1865 ; died May 22, 1952. A civil engineer and vice-president of the Mis­ souri Telephone Association for a number of years. A member of the Society.

LOVE, EDWARD KIMBROUGH, St. Louis: Born 1870 (?) ; died Mar. 22, 1953. A realtor. Former director of the National Wild Life Federation and vice-president of the Missouri Conservation Federation, in 1938 he set up the Edward K. Love Wildlife Con­ servation Foundation at the University of Missouri with a gift of $100,000. A member of the Society.

MCCORMICK, ELBERT RANDOLPH, Parkville: Born Jan. 19, 1871; died Mar. 25, 1953. A retired farmer and cattle buyer, he was a state representative, 1927-1935.

MERSMAN, WILLIAM C, St. Louis: Born Oct. 25, 1877; died July 17, 1952. A member of the Society.

MILLER, LOUIS E., St. Louis: Born Apr. 30, 1899; died Nov. 1, 1952. A lawyer and a member of Congress, 1943-1945. A mem­ ber of the Society.

WALSH, MRS. EDWARD J., St. Louis: Born 1885 (?); died Apr. 15. 1953. Philanthropist and leader in charitable and social welfare work. Recipient in 1947 of the first Fleur de Lis Award from St. Louis University for distinguished service to the school.

WICKERSHAM, P. O, Cainsville: Born Mar. 12, 1878; died May 28, 1952. A member of the Society.

WIELANDY, PAUL J., St. Louis: Born June 5, 1864; died Mar. 4, 1953. President of the Blackwell-Wielandy Book and Stationery Company, 1912-1942 and a former member of the first state high­ way commission. A member of the Society. 396 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS

A WHIZ KID

From the Richmond Conservator, July 22, 1897. It is said that Mitch White, son of R. M. White, of the Mexico Ledger, will soon begin the publication of a weekly newspaper called the "Whizzer." Well, Mitch is a whizzer himself, and if he don't make the "Whizzer" whiz it won't be his fault.

MORE ABOUT ED HOWE

From the Gallatin North Missourian, October 2, 1873. Ed. W. Howe, who some four or five years since worked in this office, was married at Falls City, Nebraska, to Miss America Frank, on the 18th of September. He is now editor and proprietor of a paper at Golden, Colorado. May they prosper in Golden until their golden wedding.

NEW YORK AND OHIO BETTER LOOK TO THEIR LAURELS

From the Kansas City Times, October 30, 1952. Extracts from an article by Chester A. Bradley. Industry and millions of Americans again are on the move and generally the trend is westward, reports the National Industrial Conference board. One might add that the nation's choice for the Presidency has turned in the same direction. It may not mean a thing, but this November for the first time in history a Mid-Westerner will be elected to succeed a Mid-Westerner as chief executive. Either Texas or California, big timers in the new economic picture, also will be represented for the first time by a native son in the White House. General Eisenhower, a Kansan for all practical purposes, was born in the Lone Star state, and Governor Stevenson of Illinois is a native of California. To date, only two Presidents, Herbert Hoover, a native of Iowa, and Harry S. Truman were born west of the Mississippi . . .

CLOTHING STORES AND HABERDASHERIES ARE GOOD PLACES FOR A START

From the Kansas City Star, January 11, 1917. Idaho and Utah have each elected a Jew for governor. No other state ever had a governor of this faith. Those two men came from Missouri, and each was in the clothing business, one in Chillicothe, and the other in Pleasant Hill. Moses Alexander was clerk in a clothing store in Chillicothe and after­ ward became partner and then owner. He went to Idaho for his health, went into the clothing business, got to own a chain of stores, was twice mayor of Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 397

Boise and was such a good mayor that they elected him governor two years ago and re-elected him last fall. Simon Bamberger had a clothing store in Pleasant Hill. He went to Utah and became a millionaire railroad and mine owner. He was elected governor last fall by the Progressives and Democrats, who wanted an honest governor who would sign a prohibition bill and make the state dry. He is the first governor of Utah not a Mormon. Both of these men, beginning life in small businesses, arose to riches and honor because their business and public life was builded on honesty, integrity, cleanness of purpose, conviction, and courage.

1867 PRE-FABS

From the Brookfield Gazette, July 31, 1867.

NEW MANUFACTORY IN HANNIBAL NEW BUSINESS NEW FIRM GARDNER AND VOSE

We are now prepared to supply a want long and seriously felt by new comers, emigrants and citizens, the need of houses and tenements ready to move into; and have now completed arrangements to manufacture, in Hanni­ bal, several sizes and styles of

READY MADE COTTAGES ! Which we will put up in Brookfield, or any town along the Railroad

COMPLETE FOR OCCUPANCY IN A FEW DAYS. They are the most paying investment to be found as they will readily rent anywhere at from $12 to $20 per month.

THE BACKGROUND OF THE GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER NATIONAL MONUMENT From the Granby News Herald, January 22, 1953. The movement for the George Washington Carver National Monument near Diamond was started in 1941 by one of our own Granby boys . . . Richard Pilant. It was at his suggestion that the bills were introduced and the George Washington Carver Birthplace Memorial Associates set up to push the legis­ lation over the nation. The original bills were first introduced by Dewey Short . . . and by the senator from west Missouri, Harry Truman. This hap­ pened while Carver was still alive. The bills were immediately reintroduced on the day after Carver's death in January, 1943, and passed a Republican House and a Democratic Senate without a dissenting vote, and became law on Bastille Day, July 14, 1943. . . During the last twelve years, Mr. Pilant has traveled some hundred thou­ sand miles at his own expense enlisting support for the Carver Memorial in every part of this country and abroad. All types of groups have endorsed: religious, political, civic, ethical and labor , . . 398 Missouri Historical Reviezv

ANNIE LISLE GOT AROUND From the Kansas City Times, March 15, 1952. Excerpts from an article by Clifford H. Nowlin. Why do Kansas University and Missouri University use the same tune in their "Alma Mater" songs: Some have said that both schools borrowed it from Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. President Deane W. Malott of Cornell has sent me a collection "Songs of Cornell." There I find that "the words of the Cornell 'Alma Mater' were written early in 1872, through mutual suggestion, by Archibald Croswell Weeks, 72, and Wilmot Moses Smith, 74 . . . And the tune? It is identified simply as "Annie Lisle." . . . How did it reach Kansas? Prof. C. S. Skilton wrote of "Crimson and the Blue," that the words were adapted by Dean George Barlow Penny to Cornell's song, "Far Above Cayugas Waters" ... it was sung by K. U. glee clubs at least as early as 1893 . . . Credit for the words of "Old Missouri" is given to Dr. G. A. Wauchope when he was assistant professor of English at the University of Missouri in 1895. They were written at the request of H. K. White, leader of the first university glee club, which presented the song for the first time from the stage of an old theater in Columbia, April 16, 1895. The tune "Annie Lisle" was not chosen until 1898 . . . These and about a dozen other universities, including Alabama University, Lehigh University and Indiana University, sing their "Alma Mater" lyrics to the tune of "Annie Lisle." . . .

GOD BLESS THEM BUT KEEP THEM AT HOME, EH? From The Mirror, St. Louis, June 9, 1898. The Woman's Humane Society troubles, being aired in one of the St. Louis courts, go to show that the proceedings attendant upon the nomination and election of officers in a progressive woman's organization take on the aspects of a ward primary participated in by the slum politicians . . . Of course, nobody's head was jammed down into her chest, no one had her face pushed in and no one was "trun t'rough a winder," but there was intimidation. A male man was on hand at the meeting, fussing around and terrorizing the humane sisters. This male man, a Dr. T. Griswold Comstock, was, in the language of one witness, bossing things. He told a woman who wanted to make a motion that in his opinion she was "a dammed fool," and said other things at which, to quote a lady witness, "the ladies fled in terror." There were women crying hysterically. There were threats that certain women would slap certain other women. There was no hair-pulling, but the excitement almost reached that stage at one point. The good Dr. T. Griswold Comstock took one lady by the arm, wheeled her around and told her to go to another part of the room. Those women who were not talking were too crushed to talk. . . . The whole affair was a magnificent example of the adaptability of the new women to the political methods of "the gang." Yet we hear that if there is to come a new area of cleanliness in our politics it must come through the ladies, God bless them! Missouri History Arot Found in Textbooks 399

THE OLD HAMMACK MILL

From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 31, 1952. Extracts from an article by Arthur Jobson. . . . The Chariton [River's] channel was moved about two miles east and its course was straightened . . . With the passing of the river also passed many pioneer landmarks. One of these was the old Hammack mill located on the west bank of the river a few miles downstream from Highway 36. The first steel bridge built in Macon County spanned the river near this mill. While the mill and the river at this place have long since disappeared, the bridge still stands as a reminder of a once heavily-traveled hill and river road. The mill took its name from its builder, Anthony Hammack, a wealthy landowner, who came to Missouri before the Civil War. Hammack lost his life near the mill in 1869. When, the river was high, he and four other men attempted to cross in a slender dugout canoe. The swift water capsized the boat. Hammack . . . drowned . . . Tradition has it that the location of the mill was determined by a bridge of stones laid across the river by Indians . . . Using this as a base, a cribbing of large logs was placed across the river, over which was laid an apron of thick oak planks. This served to divert water through a mill race into a deep pit beneath the mill . . . Channel cat weighing as mush as 10 pounds fre­ quently were caught in the deep water below the dam. The mill itself was a rambling three-and-a-half story building, containing many dusky nooks, stairways and doors held shut by pegs thrust in holes . . .

YOU COULD ALWAYS BLAME IT ON JESSE

From the Liberty Tribune, February 5, 1953. Extracts from an article by Robert Steele Withers. . . . Today at the Northeast corner stands the oldest building on the square [in Liberty] ... In 1866 it housed The Clay County Savings As­ sociation and Tuesday afternoon, February 13, it was robbed. This was the first daylight bank robbery in the United States. On this day around 2 p.m., about 12 horsemen rode into town and quickly stationed themselves to surround the bank. Two of their number dismounted leaving their mounts held by the rest of the gang. At this time only 2 persons were within the bank—Greenup Bird and William Bird, his son. The robbers approached William Bird and asked him to change a $10 bill. As he started to open a cash drawer they covered him and his father with revolvers and told them that they were robbing the bank. They forced the two men into the vault and attempted to lock the door. They then looted the bank of $60,000 in gold and bonds. In possession of the loot the two bandits rushed out and remounted their horses. The whole squad then attempted to terrorize the town by firing their revolvers in the air or at any citizens who happened to be in sight . . . The only fatality was a young man named George W^ymore, the son of a local pioneer and a student at William Jewell College . . . 400 Missouri Historical Review

. . . The band rode out of town toward the north . . . The gang had failed to lock the door of the vault and Mr. Bird and his son released themselves and gave the alarm. A posse was formed and began the pursuit of the robbers . . . and though it was carried on for two days nothing ever came of it. The next day The Clay County Savings Association was joined by the other bank of Liberty, the Liberty Savings Association, in offering a reward of $10,000 . . . No one was ever recognized by either Mr. Bird or his son . . . To understand how this could happen in this community one must turn back a page or two of our local history . . . Three-fourths of the voters of Clay County had been disfranchised only a few months prior to the robbery . . . The guns of the community had long since been confiscated by the Federal army . . . The only horses here at that time were a few worn out cavalry or artillery horses ridden back from the battle fields ... So it was easy to see why the pursuit was a failure. At the time of the robbery most of the depredation of this territory centered in or revolved about two bases. One was in eastern Jackson County and the other was in northeastern Clay County at the home of Frank and Jesse James . . . Because the bank robbed was only about 12 miles from the home of Frank and Jesse James many people were sure that they were involved.

THE LONGEST CAMPAIGN TO BE PRESIDENT ON RECORD

From the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, January 18, 1953. Extracts from an article by Lester David. . . . Back in 1908, a Philadelphia newspaper exploded a bombshell with the claim that a tall florid, 200-pound senator named David Rice Atchison had been President for 24 hours in 1849 . . . This was the evidence: the terms of James K. Polk and his vice-presi­ dent, George M. Dallas, expired at noon on March 4. General Zachary Taylor, elected the year before, was to be sworn in at that hour. But Inauguration Day fell on a Sunday and Taylor, a religious man, refused to take the oath until the following day. The office of President was vacant and the Vice-President had also ended his term. By the Succession Act of 1792, then in effect, the Senate's temporary head automatically took the helm. And thus, the newspaper asserted, David Rice Atchison became the 12th President of the United States, serving from noon March 4 until noon March 5 in 1849. . . Atchison's place seemed secure until G. H. Haynes, a well-known historian rocked the boat in 1925 with an article in the American Historical Reviezv. Mr. Haynes pointed out sternly that Atchison's term as senator expired with the end of the 30th Congress on March 4, that even though he had been re-elected, his next term did not begin until noon March 5. So, Mr. Haynes said . . . "During the hours of Sunday afternoon and Monday morning, neither he nor anyone else wras president of the Senate pro tern. That office was vacant." . . . Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 401

In July of 1930, Theodore C. Atchison, a New York lawyer and distant relation, reopened the case in the Missouri Historical Review. He found proof that Atchison had been elected temporary Senate president on March 2. The action clearly meant, claimed Theodore Atchison, that David Atchison's term was to bridge the disputed day, that he was to head the Senate until the new Vice-President took over. Some historians agreed. Others did not. And the argument continues until the present day . . . [Editor's note: In the Missouri Historical Review, 46 (January, 1952), 207, extracts from an article by Henry J. Haskell, late editor of the Kansas City Star, give his opinion that the President does not assume the duties of his office until he has taken the oath, and since Atchison had not taken the oath, he was not President. In fact, he was not even a member of the Senate, as his term had expired.]

A JOLLY MILL INSTEAD OF A JOLLY MILLER

From the Neosho Daily Neivs of March 1, 1953. Extracts from an article by Mary Willets. . . . The distillery [later the Jolly Mill, Newton County] was built in 1837, it is said, by John Isbell's slaves . . . The hand-hewn timbers were mortised and held together by hand-whittled pegs . . . It seems that this mill site was once a part of the old Ferguson place, a portion of the original government grant. Parts of the old vats may still be seen in the upper stories. They were about 12 feet in diameter with staves, hand hewn, five feet high. These were tongue-grooved and mortised together . . . They were converted into grain storage bins later. There was always a little wooden box—a toll box—which held the millers "eighth" from each bushel of grain. Our narrators described the old stone burrs—two sets: One for corn, another for wheat. The burrs were brought from France. These French burrs were harder than glass—some compared them with diamonds. These not only produced a fine turn of flour and meal but, because of their surface, could be used for several years without sharpening. It seems that only the lower stone turned, powered by water. There were big master cog wheels with pinions to raise or lower them. Thus, both sets of burrs could be run at once or each individually. Capps Creek was dammed for the task and an eight-foot head of water furnished ample power. There was a certain melody when the burrs began to turn . . . Former schoolboys, [George] Slankard and [L. P.] Kelley, like to recall days at old Jolly school, too. Seventy-five students were enrolled in this one- room school with an average daily attendance of 65. It seems that boys and girls enrolled whenever they could tackle the ABC's. How long did they go to school? "Why, until they got through—or reached a marriageable age." It was not uncommon to see a mustache here and there among the male stu­ dents . . . 4()2 Missouri Historical Review

There were exhibitions at the end of each school term. All the talent in the neighborhood was put to work. Folks came from miles around; whole families came in wagons with well filled baskets to last the day. School children performed during the day. Adults took over the evening entertainment . . .

AN EARLY ADVOCATE OF "THE MAIL MUST GO THROUGH"

From the Kansas City Star, December 16, 1952. Extracts from an article by Susan C. Chiles. Scarcely breathing for fear he might be heard, Absalom Grimes lay under a skiff aboard a Federal boat as it made its way up the Missouri River . . . The boat came to dock. A girl wandered idly down the dock stopping be­ tween the bottom-up skiff and the railing. While talking to the officers who were detailed to take Grimes dead or alive, she dropped her handkerchief and retrieved it—and with it a packet of letters which she deftly dropped into her portmanteau . . . Nobody suspected that she was also a rebel spy with a price on her head . . . The first mail was delivered to the Confederate soldiers by Grimes in 1862. Their wild enthusiasm encouraged him to continue this service. It was the first letters any of them had received from homes behind or near the Federal lines, since they had joined the Confederate ranks . . . Grimes used every sort of strategy, including camouflage. One outstanding feat was running the blockade on the Mississippi River, at Vicksburg. Through the aid of the various young women of the "first families," Grimes had collected about 2,000 letters. His ace helper, Bob Louden, was with him. They ob­ tained a double-end skiff and painted it a dull green. The mail was put in waterproof carriers and fastened securely to the bottom of the skiff. Grimes and Louden, divested of their clothing, got into the water, and pushed and paddled the camouflaged skiff past the Federal shore guard and gunboats one dark night . . . Finally he was brought to trial and condemned to hang. [He was later pardoned after a period in prison.] Looking over Grimes's life, it would seem he had the best possible training for the job he did ... In 1852 Absalom became a full-fledged pilot. In 1861, in company of his two best friends, Samuel Clemens and Sam Bowen, he applied for a renewal of his license as a pilot . . . After being released from prison, Grimes went back to Hannibal and again took up his old task of being pilot . . . He moved to St. Louis in 1872 and continued piloting until 1883 . . .

HOW CHOLERA REACHED ST. LOUIS

From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of April 4, 1953. The story of how the dreaded germ of cholera traveled more than 25,000 miles and finally was brought up the Mississippi River by steamboat to cause the disastrous St. Louis epidemic of 1849 was told ... by Dr. Robert A. Moore, dean of the Washington University School of Medicine . . . Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 403

When cholera broke out at Calcutta, India, in 1840, . . . the event had little interest for St. Louisans . . . The East India Co. had for almost a century . . . held a monopoly on the export of opium from India. Despite a prohibition on importation by the Chinese Government, the trade in 1830 amounted to more than 2,500,000 pounds. In March, 1839, all foreigners were forbidden to leave Canton and all opium on shore and on ships in the harbor was seized . . . The British Lion was irked by this summary action and England declared war. British soldiers set sail from Calcutta. Cholera was on the way. Mild to severe epidemics broke out in the Indies and in the port cities of China. Britain won the war and secured cession of Hong Kong—and left cholera in China. From China, the germ progressed westward through Sinkiang province, following trade routes to Bukhara and reaching southern Russia by 1846. One million Russians died. In 1848, year of political and social revolution in Ger­ many, cholera went with Germans who sought better fortunes in the new world. . . . Cholera appeared among 280 steerage passengers of the ship "Swanton," which set sail from Le Havre for New Orleans in October, 1848. Fifteen died. Before the New Orleans Board of Health would acknowledge that cholera had besieged the port, immigrants were en route upstream to St. Louis. The cholera arrived here in January, 1849, but it was winter then and the few deaths were attributed to "eating cabbages and sauerkraut." . . . With springtime, the St. Louis epidemic made itself manifest. The steamers "Iowa," "America," and "Missouri" brought new boatloads of infected new­ comers. There were 273 deaths here in the second week of May. By the third week of June, after the city had established a quarantine boat, cholera was kill­ ing nearly 600 a week . . . The Board of Aldermen, "in order to check the spread of the cholera now raging among us" yielded all power to a committee of public health, composed of twelve citizens. The committee established temporary hospitals in public schools. It ordered tar, sulphur, and other disinfectants burned in all parts of the city . . .

WESTPORT IN 1843

From the Kansas City Times, March 30, 1951. Extracts from an article by Henry C. Haskell, Jr. . . . Accompanying Fremont [on his second expedition to the West] was a young man from Washington, D. C, Theodore Talbot . . . Talbot kept a jour­ nal which lies today, still unpublished, in the Library of Congress . . . [His] description of Kansas and the neighboring village of Westport predates by three years the much-quoted passage in Francis Parkman's Oregon Trail . . . "We of the river party slowly wended our way up the turbulent waters of the Missouri (having left St. Louis on May 13 [1843]) . . . "Westport is too much like all small villages to need any particular descrip­ tion. It presents just now a lively scene from the numbers and heterogeneous description of those thronging its narrow streets. Here we see a sturdy farmer driving along slowly, his heavy-laden wagon bearing his all of worldly store and treasure, with a devoted wife by his side and mayhap a pretty sunburnt 404 Missouri Historical Review daughter or some younger fry, at each turn clapping their hands and hurrahing with mad delight as some attraction enhanced their simple hearts. "Next one stumbles on a lot of merry auditors around some keen, witty horsetrader, expiating on the merits of an old broken-down, winded or spavined steed to an uninitiated amateur of horseflesh and prairie life. Farther on a group of mountaineers with boisterous mirth arrest your wandering eye, just in time to witness some gay freak of these reckless wanderers, each of whom is deter­ mined to enjoy to the utmost the pleasures he is so soon to be debarred, the value of which he has learned from former privations. "There stalks an Indian of graver aspect, apparently regardless of all around, while yonder there stands some smiling rosy-cheeked Delaware damsel in picturesque attire, vastly delighted to have attracted the notice of a hand­ some young paleface, not proof against the glance of a dark, bright eye. The tawny Mexican in native costume adds a new feature to the motley group. The whole is worthy of perpetuation on the artist's canvas."

MISSOURIANS HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN RENOWN

From The Kansas City Times, November 29, 1948. Excerpts from an article by John Edward Hicks. The University of Wisconsin . . . can look back over a century of history in which Missourians have played a prominent part. Immediately after state­ hood had been achieved in 1848, plans were carried forward to establish a state university at Madison. To head up the new institution, the board of regents selected Dr. John H. Lathrop, chancellor of the University of Missouri. Born in New York state in 1799, he had attended Hamilton college and had been graduated from Yale University. From a teaching position at Hamilton he had gone to Columbia in 1841 as first president of Missouri University. Thus did Dr. Lathrop make a beginning for the university [of Wisconsin] in a decade of service before he resigned to become head of the University of Indiana. He returned to Columbia in 1860 as professor of English literature. In 1865, one year before his death, he again was president of the University of Missouri, having pioneered the co-educational movement in three universities. His son, Gardiner Lathrop, was an emigrant attorney here [Kansas City] at the turn of the century, before going to Chicago as solicitor general of the Santa Fe railroad. Four grandchildren of Dr. Lathrop are now living in Kansas City, John H. Lathrop, Mrs. Marvin H. Gates, Mrs. Willard R. Douglass, and R. O. Ripley. Student-soldiers in Civil War days drilling on the long slope of the old [Wisconsin! campus found their formations broken up by an ancient dun horse, property of Prof. Daniel Read, who had come up from the University of Indiana to teach philosophy and English literature. Members of the senior class of 1864 with one exception (an invalid) marched away as members of the 40th Wisconsin infantry. Two years later Dr. Read succeeded Dr. Lathrop as head of the University of Missouri, holding the position until he resigned in 1876. In 1925 the board of regents was looking for a president who could "sell" the [Wisconsin] university to the legislators, the student body, the Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 405 teachers, and prospective students and teachers from all over the world. It believed it had found the right man in Dr. Glenn Frank, editor of the Century magazine. Born at Queen City, Missouri, Dr. Frank had been a circuit rider while still in his teens. He was graduated from Kirksville State Normal school and then from Northwestern University ... At 38 he was made head of the University of Wisconsin and soon became a national symbol of the new liberalism ... "a brilliant editor, a superb writer, the nation's first speaker . . . He focused world attention on Wisconsin University." The attendance rose to 10,679. Nevertheless when his contract came up in 1937, it was not renewed, the margin being one vote . . . Dr. Frank, campaigning for the office of United States senator, was on his way to speak at Green Bay, Wisconsin, September 14, 1940, when he and his son were killed in a motor car accident.

THE IRON MOUNTAIN BABE

From the St Louis Post-Dispatch, January 31, 1953. Extracts from an article by L. L. Richardson. On a hot August morning in 1902 train No. 4 puffed north out of Iron- dale on its regular schedule toward St. Louis. This was known as the Iron Mountain Railroad (now the Missouri Pacific). No one on that train was aware of the event that was to take place, except some mother or father who stuffed a baby into a satchel and tossed it out from a coach as the train chugged across a trestle over Big River, 65 miles south of St. Louis. A farmer, Bill Helms, was going down the road that followed the railway . . . With his horse and wagon he forded Big River as there was no bridge in 1902 . . . Somewhere in the brush on the other side he thought he heard a faint cry . . . He gee'd his horses and crossed to the other side. The wail was louder. Mr. Helms haw'd his horses to investigate. There in a pile of brushes was a satchel, a square cardboard affair of the times. From it came those wails Helms had been hearing. He unbuttoned the valise. What he saw inside did not overly shock him . . . The baby was bruised somewhat. Helms lifted it out and took the satchel with him, bouncing the babe on his leg as he drove on . . . Mother Helms took the baby to her heart, bathed his wounds . . . Suddenly it struck the fancy of the newspapers . . . People from every­ where came to see the Helms baby. Millionaires wrote to the Helms, saying that they would adopt the child and bring him up in wealth. A lady in a black veil came and said it was her baby—that she had tossed it off in a moment of distress on the train. The Helms' stood steadfast . . . saying they would rear this child that came to them from the yonder. They named him William Moses Gould—the "Gould" for a railroad digni­ tary . . . the "Moses" because that was how he was found, the "William" for his godfather, William Helms. Anywhere today down around Irondale, Flat 406 Missouri Historical Review

River, Bonne Terre, or Potosi you are bound to hear a folk song wailing, "The Iron Mountain Babe," because a song was written about him too.

[Editor's note: By a strange coincidence, on the very day that the above article appeared in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, the "Iron Mountain babe" died in Houston, Texas. Helms, fifty years old at the time of his death, was buried in Hopewell, Missouri on February 5 without ever knowing who his parents were.]

MISSOURI HISTORICAL DATA IN MAGAZINES American Heritage, Spring: "Territorial Enterprise" [Mark Twain's Virginia City newspaper], by Lucius Beebe. American Journal of Public Health, October, 1952: "Public Health in Missouri —Past, Present, and Future," by Clyde A. Bridger and Robert L. Mc- Namara. Bulletin Missouri Historical Society, April: "The Autobiography of William Robyn," Part II, ed. by Ernst C. Krohn; "Leon D. Pomaredes' Original Panorama of the Mississippi River," by Joseph Earl Arrington; "Charles Daniel Drake of St. Louis," by David D. March. Business Week, February 21 : "Factories Can't Conceal a Cowtown" [Kansas City]. Colliers, March 21 : "Celebrating 150 Years of the Louisiana Purchase," by Bernard De Voto. Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, April: "C. C. Schmidt, D.D." by Paul Koenig. Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, March: "Joplin (Joplin, Mo.)" [chapter]; ibid., April: "St. Louis (St. Louis, Mo.)" [chapter]. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Winter, 1951 : "The Cherokee Cross Egypt," by Scerial Thompson. Mark Tzuain Quarterly, Winter: "Mark Twain and Dwight D. Eisenhower," by Cyril Clemens. Museum Graphic, Spring: "Belle Starr and Her Times," by Bartlett Boder. National Genealogical Society Quarterly, March: "Belated Census of Cape Girardeau Co., Mo.," by Wm. J. Gammon. Pioneer Times, January: "Belated Funeral of 'Bloody Bill' Anderson," by E. L. Pigg. School and Society, January 17: "Centenary of Central High School" [St. Louis]. School Review, February: "Centennial Anniversary in St. Louis : First Public High School West of Mississippi River," by M. L. Hartung. The Twainian, January-February: "Mark Twain's Vocabu'ary"; ibid., March- April : "Mark Twain's Vocabulary." The Wi-iyohi (Monthly Bulletin of the South Dakota Historical Society), Vol. VI, No. 12: "Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark." INDEX TO VOLUME XLVII

The names of members of the State Historical Society of Missouri who have secured new members for the Society and the names of the new members them­ selves have not been listed individually in this index but may be found listed collectively under the heading of the State Historical Society of Missouri.

Anderson House, Lexington, 78 Abboud, Tomile, 164 Andre, Maurice, 382 Abels, Martin, obit., 87 Andrew County, part of Platte Pur­ Abilene, Kan., cattle center, 203 n., 210, chase, 30; Civil War veterans, art. 211 on, noted, 83 Abolition, book on, 392 Andrews, Stanley, 76 Abolitionism in Mo., 1836-1839, 329 n., "Annie Lisle" (song), art. on, 398 335 n., 337, 340 Anniversaries, 73-74, 175-76, 279-80, Acuff, John H., verso of t.p. Jan. issue 384-85 "Adam and Eve in Paradise" (paint­ Anthony (Lenoir slave), 321 n. ing), noted, 316 Antioch Community Church, 280 Adam-Ondi-Ahman, Mo., art. on, noted, Antonio, —(circus manager), 15 Arbuthnot, Charles W., 385 2'85 "Archeological Rambles near Fenton in Adams, Mary Louise, thesis by, 68. the Spring of 1881," listed, 102 Adkins, Mrs. J. L., 277 Archeology, "Archaic people," art. on Adkins, Robert, house, Liberty, 178 noted, 181; "Middle Woodland" Agricultural products, 195; 1796-1820, group, art. on, noted, 181 149-50, 366-67, 371 Ardinger, Horace, home, Lexington, 78 Agriculture, State Board of, reports of, Arkansas, number of cattle in, 1880, 1866, 208, 1882-1895, 214 214 Aker, Mrs. Mary B., art. by, noted, 81; Armijo, Manuel, 21-22 (comp.) Bullocks of Virginia and Armstrong, Mary Patricia, thesis by, 68 Kentucky and Their Descendants, 86 Arnold, Vaun, art. by, noted, 389 Alabama Territory 1817-1819, comp. Arrington, Joseph Earl, art. by, listed and ed. by Clarence Edwin Carter, 406 187 Arrow Rock, Mo., menagerie in, 1845, Alabama University, alma mater song 3 of, 398 Artist in America, An, by Thomas Hart Alexander, —(magician), 315 Benton, 84-85 Alexander, John, art. by, noted, 386 Ashley, Mrs. Elizabeth (Moss). See Alexander, John T., 206 Crittenden, Mrs. Elizabeth (Moss) Alexander, Moses, art. on, 396-97 Wilcox Ashley Alexandria, Mo., trail through, 256 Ashley, William H., 86; at Fort Osage, Alleghanians (musicians), 312 360 Allen, E. H., Jr., art. by, listed, 304 Astorian expedition, 157, 371 Allen, Gerard B., 184 Atchison, David Rice, art. on, noted, Alton, 111., Weekly Observer, 176 287, quoted, 400 America, book on life in, 1790-1870, 393 Atchison, Theodore C, 401 America (steamboat), 403 Atchison County, part of Platte Pur­ American Antiquarian Society, 70 chase, 30 American Arena Company, 3 Atchison, Kan., Globe, 30 n., 141 n. American Assoc, for State and Local Atherton, Lewis E., art. by, listed, 304 History, grants awards, 167, 275, 356, "Atlantic" (balloon), (illus.), 315 361, 362-63, 383 Audrain, James H., 256-57 American Association of Museums, 79 Audrain County, mule prizes at first American Fur Company, 25 state fair, 133; election of 1865 in, American history, dictionary of, 393 231; history of, 256, 263-64; Prairie American Legion, Post No. 416, 124 Sax Horn Band, 311; brick court­ American Pioneer Trails Assoc, 283 house, 1839, 320 American Tract Society, 329 n. Audrain County Historical Society, 277, "Americans in the Valley," ed. by Ruby 383 Matson Robins, 47-61, 148-62, 251- Aull, James, 241, 242 65, 364-75, (illus.) Ault, Frederick C, verso of t.p. Oct. "Amusements and Entertainments in issue Early Missouri," by Elbert R. Bowen, Austin, Moses, thesis on, 67 307-17 Ayers, Ebenezer, 156 Amusements in Mo., thesis on, 67 Anderson, —(magician), 314 Anderson, Bill, art. on funeral of, B noted, 182, listed, 406 Bachelor's Bottom, 159 Anderson, James, 278, 358 Bailey, Bernadine, Missouri, 187 Anderson, Morris, 76 Bailey, G. F., 15 Anderson, Mrs. Morris, donor, 76 Bainbridge, John, Biography of an Anderson, Tillman, W., obit., 188 Idea, 292 407 408 Missouri Historical Review

Baird, James, 48 Beazley, Thomas L., letters of, donated Baker family, 312 382 Bald Knobbers, art. on, noted, 390-91 Becknell, Williams, 22 Bales, David L., obit., 189 Beds, rope, 217; feather, 216-22 (illus.) Balloons, 316, (illus.), 315 Beebe, Lucius (co-auth.), Hear the Bamberger, Simon, art. on, 397 Train Blow, 393; art. by, listed, 406 Bands, early, 310-11 (illus.) Before Lewis and Clark. Documents Banjo (steamboat), 15, 106, 107 Illustrating the History of the Mis­ Bank of Missouri, chartered, 49 souri 1785-1804, ed. by A. P. Nasatir, Bank of St. Louis, chartered, 49 179, 184-85; review of, noted, 390 Bannon, John Francis, 179 Behr, Otto, 311-12 Banta, Byron B., verso of t.p. Jan. Bell, Ovid, The Story o/ the Kingdom issue of Callaway, 85; Political Conditions Baptist Church in Callaway before the Civil War —records, 69 Began, 85; art. by, quoted, 100-01; —Blue River Association, 69 (co comp.) Transactions of the Mis­ —Boeuf Creek, organized, 59 souri Lodge of Research, Vol. IX, —Clinton, 69 291-92; obit., 394 —Cold Water, organized, 58 Bellissame, Alexandre, 52 —Elkton, 73 Bench, Mrs. Susie O., 279 —Fee Fee, organized, 58 Benevolent societies, St. Louis, 50 —Femme Osage settlement, 1817, 160 Benson, Robert J., 278 —Friendship, Warren County, 157 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), An Art­ —Grand Prairie, Callaway County, 69 ist in America, 84-85; collection, 361 —Hebron, 69 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), 192, —Howard County before 1818, 375 286; duel, 51. —Little Bonne Femme, 180 Benton Barracks, 381 —Little Bonne Femme Association, Berger, Mo., 60-61 291 Bernard, William R., 101 —Mount Pleasant, 375 Berninghaus, Oscar E., art. on, noted, —Mount Zion, 375 81: painting by, noted, -81 —Negro Fork, organized, 59 Berry, Mrs. Elza P., obit., 189 —Peno, 262 Bethany, Mo., book on, noted 30 n., —Ramsay's Creek, 262 141 n. —St. Charles, 1818, 154 Bethel Church, St. Louis County, art. —St. Louis, 1818, 53-54 on, noted, 388 —Salem Association, 291 "Bibles for Bullwhackers," 351-53 Baptist Female College. See Stephens Bieber, Ralph P., trustee, 164; quoted, College 203-15 Barclay's Lick, 370 n. Big Spring, Mo., 253 Barker, Earl E., obit., 87 Bigbear, Nancy, 129 Barnard, Harriet, letters to, 330-43 Bingham, George Caleb, portrait by, Barnes brothers, 32 donated, 69-70, noted, 238; collection, Barnhill, F. C, 62, 72, 266, 286, 385; 70, 361; art. on, noted, 82; paintings art. by, noted, 287 by, noted, 82, 310; pencil sketches Barnum, P. T., circus tent, 2; exhibit by, noted, 167, 172; report of, 299- of Tom Thumb, 7-8 300 Barrett, Jesse W., trustee, 164 Bingham, Helen, art. by, noted, 287 Barrett, Mary, arts, by, noted, 287, Biography of an Idea, by John Bain­ 390-91 bridge, 292 Barry, Louise, art. ed. by, listed, 102 Birbeck. Robert, art. by, noted, 83 Barry County, book on, 85 Birch, Billy, 107 Bartle, H. Roe, verso of t.p. Apr. issue Bird, Abraham, 265 Barton, —(Professor), 314 Bird, Greenup, 399, 400 Basye, J. C, 262 Bird, William, 399, 400 Bates, Edward, 228, 231 Bishop, Anna, 312 Bates, Frederick, 69; grave, 77 Bishop. Henry S., verso of t.p. Apr. Bates County, cemetery records do­ issue nated, 382 "Bit of Weston, Missouri, History A," Bates home, Lexington, 78 by E. W. Howe, Part I, 29-36, Part "Battle of Pilot Knob, The," 45-46 II, 141-47 (illus.) (illus.) Black, Arline, art. by, noted, 390 Baumhoff, Richard G., art. by, noted, Black, Robert H., art. by, listed, 102 83 Black Hawk (Indian), 258-59 Baxter Springs, Kan., cattle pastured Blackington, Oliver, obit., 189 at, 209 B^ir, Frank P., Jr., 163, 228 Bay Mill, near Hannibal, painting of, Blair, James T., Jr., 386 noted, 167 Blair's Panorama and Scientific Lec­ Bayard, Ralph F., verso of t.p. Oct. ture, 316 issue Blake, Leonard, 178 Bayne, Sarah H., 247 Bland, Richard Parks, thesis on, 67 Beachy, E. B. Dykes, arts, by, noted, Blanton, H. J., 174; When I Was a Boy, 286, 388 289-90, verso back cover Apr. issue; Bean, Benjamin, 143 letter from, verso back cover Apr. Bean, Mark, 129 issue (illus.), extract from, 376 Beasley, —(circus performer), 12 Blitz, —(magician), 314 Beason, Robert G., arts, by, noted, 81, Block, Sarah Carr, obit., 87 182, 390 Blondeau, Jean Baptiste, 161 Beaumont, William, art. on, listed, 102, Blue Star Memorial Highways, park noted, 391 dedicated, 124; Mo. state chairman Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 172 of, 124 Index 409

Bob White's Minstrels, 107 Bradley, Chester A., arts, by, noted, Boder, Bartlett, 164, 175; arts, by, 80, 182, 389, quoted, 91-92, 94-95, 191, noted, '82, 183, listed, 102, 199, 305, 192, 298, 396; trustee, 164; work 406 cited, 275, 362 Boeuf, Mo., 60 Bragg, Harold, obit., 87 Boggess, Mrs. Harry L., Sr., 277 Bramman, Mrs. W. J., 28 n. Bolivar, Mo., Polk County Bank anniv., Brand, Jean, arts, by, 37, 38-46, 131- 74 40, 233-43, 344-55 Bonham, David, 121, 227 Brashear, Lee, arts, by, noted, 391 Bon Homme, Mo., 58, 59-60 Breckenridge, James M., quoted, 23, Bonne Terre, Mo., scrapbook on, 174 27; obit., 292 Bonne Terre Register, offers prize, 285 Bressie, Ephraim F., art. on, noted, 83 Bonnot's Mill, Mo., 61 Brett, Bradford, 276 Boone, Daniel, 157, 233, 253; drama on Breuer, R. E ., 72 life of, 79; land grant, 158-59; syndic, Brewer, Chester L., obit., 394 159; portrait of, 234, noted, 173; arts, Breweries, 1810, 318 n. on listed, 199, 200; art. on, 234-35; Brick industry, art. on, 318-28 at Ft. Osage, 357, 360; sons of, 365 Brick making, methods of, 321-24 (illus.) Bricker, Mrs. Emily Evans, obit., 87 Boone, Daniel Morgan, 159, 160; fort Bridge, Samuel, 318 of, 162; at Boone's Lick, 365 (illus.) Bridger, Clyde A., art. by, listed, 406 370 Bridges Boone, James, 159 —covered, 78-79, 174, 282 Boone, Jemima, picture of, noted, 173 —Glasgow, art. on, noted, 287 Boone, Mrs. Luther, arts, by, noted, —Hannibal, 304 285 Bridgeton, Mo., early history of, 57, 58 Boone, Nathan, 159, 160; in War of Broadhead, James O., 227, 228 1812, 155; home of, 235; at Boone's Broadhead, William F., 173 Lick, 1806, 365 (illus.), 370 (illus.) Brookings, Robert Somers, 250 (illus.) Boone County, prizes at first state fair, Brooks, Stanley, 279 133; fair, art. on, noted, 181; fair of Bross, William, 33 1835, 202; early library in, 308; Brown, B. Gratz, 227 established, 369; population, 1821, Brown, Earl C, 175 369 Brown, John, 392; at Weston, 145 Boone County Home Mutual Insurance Brown, Peter, manuscripts of, 69. Co., founded, 292. Brown, Samuel J., obit., 87 Boone's Lick Country, circuses in, 1; Bryan, David, 161 arts, on, noted, 80, listed, 102; immi­ Bry:m, Eliza, art. on, noted, 288 gration to, 155, 254, 256, 261; salt Bryson, John, 261 springs in, 201, in 1905, (illus.) 364, Buchanan County, part of Platte Pur­ history of, 365; 1796-1820, 364-68 chase, 30; brickyards in, 322 Boone's Lick Road, 155, 162; letters on, Buffalo Lick, 260 noted, 173; immigration over, 369 Bull Run, Battle of, 172 Boon's Lick Country. See Boone's Lick Bullard, Artemus, 343 Country Bullard, Mrs. Artemus, 343 Boonslick Historical Society, 71, 174, Bullard's Panorama of New York City, 277 316 Boonville, Mo., menagerie in, 1845, 3, Bullock, Hugh, 86 4; minstrels in, 1856, 108; first state Bullocks of Virginia and Kentucky fair at, 132-33 (illus.), 176; "the vine and Their Descendants, comp. by clad matrimonial assoc," art. on, Mary Bullock Aker, 86 196-97; ferry at, 204; early cattle Bui hvh ackers, 344; art. on, 351-53 trails to, 204; pre-Civil War amuse­ (illus.) ment in, 308-16 Bungert, Joseph, obit., 189 Boonville Advertiser, 28th "Rural Life Burdell, Minstrels, 108 Edition," 80 Burhans, Rollin, 385 Burke, Mrs. Jane (Calamity Jane), 392 Boonville College, chartered, 245 Burkhart, James A., arts, by, listed, Booth, Bertha, arts, by, noted, 182, 285 199, 305 Border ruffians, 146 Burkhead, W. C, 384 Bott, Mrs. Emily Ann (O'Neil), "Joseph Burrowes, Arthur V., trustee, 164 Murphy's Contribution to the De­ Burton, Perlee E., obit., 292 velopment of the West," 18-28 Burton, W. W., reminiscenses of, 298 Botts, John, 296 Bush, Isidor, 118; quoted, 119, 123 Bottsville, Mo. See Meadville Bush, Pike Caleb, obit., 189 Bouvet, Maturin, 58 Bowen, Elbert R., 182; "The Circus in Early Rural Missouri," 1-17; "Negro Minstrels in Early Rural Missouri," C. I. O. See Congress of Industrial 103-09; "Amusements and Entertain­ Organizations ments in Early Missouri," 307-17 "Calamity Jane." See Burke, Mrs. Bowen, Sam, 402 Jane Bowers, D., 108 Caldwell, Samuel, 261 Bowling Green, Mo., trail through, 256; Caldwell County, first presidential cam­ founded, 261, 262 paign in, art. on, noted, 182; arts, on Bozarth, John, 264 schools in, noted, 285 Brackenridge, Henri Marie, 393; Caledonia, Mo., Cherokee trail thi'ough, quoted, 56, 59, 151-52, 158, 251-52, 128 254, 257, 371; at Ft. Osage, 360 Calhoun, John Caldwell, 256 Bradbury, John, quoted, 157-58, 371; at California (state), and cattle trade, Ft. Osage, 360 202-03: admission to the Union, 202 410 Missouri Historical Review

California Emigrant Letters, ed. by Carthage, Mo., arts, on, noted. 80 Walker D. Wyman, 185 Carthage, Battle of, 235 California Trail, 18, 25-27, 101, 353 Carver, George Washington, art. on, Callaway, Albert B., thesis by, 67 noted, 389; death, 397 Callaway, Flanders, 157 Cashman, Jesse, 96 Callaway, Mrs. Flanders, 234 Cass County, fire of 1858, 134 Callaway, James, 252, 254; killed, 355 Caster, Daniel, 19, 21, 28 Callaway, Mrs. James, 252 Catholic Church Callaway County, books on, 85; prizes —Cote sans Dessein mission, 1816, at first state fair, 133; established, 255 149; population, 1821, 150; 1819-1820, —Florissant, 57 254-55; named, 355 —St. Charles, St. Charles Borromeo, Calliopes, 10 (illus.) 148 Calvert, Ann. See Holladay, Mrs. Arm —St. Louis, early, 54; Catholic Cen­ (Calvert) tral Union, 74; St. John Nepomuk Calvert, Smith, 34 parish, 74 Cameron, Mo., art. on, listed, 304 —St. Vincent's College, 106-07 Camp Branch, Mo., 161 —Society of Jesus, 54 Camp Jackson, captured, 85 —Society of the Sacred Heart, 54-55, "Camp Meetings in Missouri Made 154 Shouting Religious Converts," 39-41 —Vincentian order, 54 (illus.) Cathclics in Mo., and Constitution of "Campaign for the Ratification of the 1865, 228-29, 231 Constitution of 1865, The," by David Catlin, George, 393 D. March, 223-32 Cattle drives through Mo., 42-43 Campanalogians (Freeberthyser's Swiss (illus.); pre-Civil War, 203-06, 298; Bell Ringers), 312 Civil War years, 206; after Civil War, Campbell, Mrs. A. J., 179 206-10 (illus.) cover Apr. issue Campbell, Alexander, quoted, 245-46 Cattle industry in Mo., early, 210-15 Campbell, Ernest H., thesis by, 67 (illus.) Campbell, Robert, 23 Cattle markets in Mo.. 210-13 Campbell's Minstrels, 107-08 Cave, Rhodes E., obit., 87 Camplin, Edward, 381 Caves, Jesse James, 99; Graham, art. Cane Hill, Ark., Cherokee trail through, on, listed, 102, noted, 181 129 Cayce, Mrs. J. Paul, 75 Cannon, B. B., 128 "Centennial Cavalcade" (pageant), 248 Cannon, Clarence, verso of t.p. Jan. Centennial celebrations, 73, 74, 175-76, issue 279-80: art. on, 244-50; arts, on, listed Cap au Gris, 111., 257 40(3 Cape Giradeau, Mo., circuses in, 1, 3, Central College, 245; museum, 93, 94 9; Associated Committees of Historic, Central Missouri State College, 247 75; Lorimier cemetery, 75; Allied Garden Clubs pilgrimage, 78 Central Pacific Railroad, 32 Cape Girardeau County, tombstone in­ Centralia, Mo., Chance gardens at, art. scriptions, 76; covered bridges in, on, noted, 389 78; early census of, listed, 102, 199, Chadwick House, Lexington, 78 305, 406; early library in, 308 Chambers, William N., verso of t.p. Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian, Jan. issue 94, 95 Champion (trick horse), 3 Cape Girardeau Western Eagle, files Chapman, Carl H., 277 loaned, 283 Chard, Ora, verso t.p. July issue Capitals and capitols, Missouri state, Charette. See Marthasville, Mo. art. on, 1881, noted, 91; cost of, 191S, Chariton County, established, 369; 192; burned, 1837, 354 population, 1821, 369 Capps, Ernest, 71 Chariton River, course changed, 399 Caprell, Madame —(clairvoyant), 315 "Charles D. Drake and the Constitu­ Carl Schurz Association, Philadelphia tional Convention of 1865," by David 175 D. March, 110-23. Carnegie Foundation, 250 Charless, Joseph, quoted, 48-49; pres. Carondelet, Mo., history of, 1796-1820, of Mechanics Benevolent Soc, 50; 56-57 lodging house, 53 Carpenter, Clifford D., "The Early Charless, Mrs. Joseph, 53 Cattle Industry in Missouri," 201-15 Chautauquas, art. on, noted, 289 Carr, William C, 319 "Cherokee Cross Egypt," listed, 406 Carroll, —(circus manager), 15 Cherokee Roadside Park, dedicated, Carroll, H. Bailey, The Texan Santa Fe 124-30 Trail, 290 "Cherokee 'Trail of Tears' across Mis­ Carroll. John, 185 souri, The," by Floyd C. Shoemaker, Carrollton, Mo., circus in, 1858, 10, 16 124-30 Carson, Christopher (Kit), 372 n., 389 Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Carson, Elizabeth. See Cooper, Mrs. 99 Elizabeth (Carson) Chicago, 111., Levi J. North's shows in, Carson, Lindsay, 372 n., 373 9; cattle market, 212; Forster Pub­ Carter, Clarence Edwin (comp. and lishing Co., 281; Kenworthy (ventri­ ed.), Alabama Territory 1817-1819, loquist) in, 1834, 314 187; Historical Editing, 188 Chicago and Alton Railroad, 287 Carter, E. Kemper, obit., 87 Chiles, Susan C, arts, by, noted, 80, Carter, Genie. See Tracy, Mrs. Genie 286, quoted, 402 (Carter) Chittenden, Mrs. Earle P., obit., 87 Carter County, Clayton Mill, art. on, Cholera, 25-26; thesis on, 68; art. on, noted, 391 402-03 Index 411

Chouteau, Auguste P., 28, 47, 79; at Ft. Clements, Homer M., 386 Osage, 360 Clemson, Eli, 386 Chouteau, Francois, 101 Cleveland, Grover, 193 Chouteau, Pierre, 21 Cleveland, Marshall, 145 "Christ Healing the Sick" (painting), Clinton, Mo., papers and docs, from, noted, 316 69; Phenix Hook and Ladder Co., 95- Christian Church 96; public well in, 1883, 296 —Antioch, Clay County, 280 Clinton Journal, 76 —Lewis County, 245-47 Coat's Prairie, 255 —Salt Creek, 375 Cobb, Mrs. Elizabeth, home, Lexington, Christian College, chartered, 245 78 Christian County, Bald Knobbers in, Coburn, James W., 142 art. on, noted, 390-91 Co-education in Mo., 245, 246 Christian University. See Culver- Cole, Elbert C, 124 Stockton College Cole, James, 373 Christy, Mrs. Martha, 21 Cole, Stephen, 252, 354 Christy, William, 21 Cole County, 252; early library in, 308; Church of Christ (Hedrickites), arts. named, 354; established, 369; popu­ on, noted, 182, 183, quoted, 196, 302 lation, 1821, 369 Cincinnati, Mo., pictures on bluffs, 301 Cole County Historical Society, 174- Cincinnati, Ohio, 1795, 48 75; honored, 275, 361 Circuit riders (preachers), 233, 242-43 Coleman, A., 198 (illus.) College Mound, Mo., McGee Memorial "Circus in Early Rural Missouri, The" Presbyterian Church centennial, 279- by Elbert R. Bowen, 1-17 (illus.) 80 Oct. cover College of St. Louis, 1819, 55 Circuses in Mo., 1-17, 105-06, 317; art. College of Wooster, Ohio, 248 on, noted, 182 Collet, Oscar W., art. by, listed, 102 City of Kansas, Mo. See Kansas City Collett, Gordon, thesis by, 68 City of Louisiana (steamboat), 236 Collins, A. Loyd, verso of t.p. Jan. Civil War, hospitals, 14, 235-37 (illus.); issue; donor, 68-69, 166-67 in Iron County, 45-46; military order Collins, Mrs. A. Loyd, 69 books of, 69; Andrew Countians in, Collins, Caroline, obit., 87 art. on, noted, 83; art. on, listed. 102, Collins, Earl A., Legends and Lore of noted, 286; debt, 195; and cattle in­ Missouri, 84 dustry, 205, 206; stories of, 220-21; Collins, J. T., 69 mail, 402; See also Militia. Collins, John M., obit., 87 Civil War battles Collins, M. Earle, 385 —Bull Run, 172 Colorado, gold discovered in, 203; cattle —Carthage, 235 to, 1850's, 203, 1864, 206; number of —Corinth, 303 cattle in, 1884, 215; Barton (magi­ —Lexington 236, 303; art. on, noted, cian) in, 315 181-82 Colter, John, book on, 185-86 —Marshall, 385 Columbia, Mo., circus in, 1858, 15, —Pilot Knob, 45-46 (illus.) 16; arts, on, and pictures of. noted, —Shiloh, 303 285; amusements in, pre-Civil War, —Vicksburg, 198 307-15 —Wilson's Creek, 72 Columbia Missouri Statesman, files do­ —Yazoo River, 198 nated, 382 Clapper (steamboat), 31 Columbia Missourian, "Progress Edi­ Clark, Mrs. Anne (Andre), donor, 382 tion" of, noted, 2-85 Clark, Champ, 192 Columbian (steamboat), 27 Clark, Christopher, 257, 258 Columbians (Higgins family), 312 Clark, John, 59 Columbo, Fred Ray, obit.. 293 Clark, John T., obit., 189 Comanches: Lords of the South Plains, Clark, William, 53, 79, 368 n.; museum The, by Ernest Wallace and E. Adam- of, 56; maps of, noted, 186; at Ft. son Hoebel, 188 Osage, 358, 360, 386; papers of, 387 Comer, Russell C, obit, 293 Clark County, 256, 264 Commission form of gov't, thesis on, 67 Clarksville, Mo., cattle crossing river Committee of Seventy, 1863, 111 at, 1834, 201; founded, 261; stockade Compton, Arthur Holly, 248, 250 at, 261 Comstock, T. Griswold, 398 Clay, Cassius M., obit., 87 Concordia College. See Concordia Clay, Henry, papers, 79; visit to St. Seminary. Louis, 1837, 338 Concordia Seminary, chartered. 245; Clay County, art. on, noted, '81; early Historical Institute, open house, library in, 308 177, arts, on, listed, 305 Clay County Historical Society, 71, 277 Confederates, Civil War, hospital ship, Clay County Seminary, founded, 100; 14; veterans, monuments to, 183-84; Eunomian Literary Society, 309 385; mail to. 402 Clegg, Charles (co-auth.), Hear the Congress of Industrial Organizations, Train Blow. 393 gift to Truman library, 282; Steel Clemens, Cyril, letter of, quoted, 193; Workers Union, gift to Truman li­ art. by, listed, 406 brary, 282 Clemens, John M., 308 Congressional Medal of Honor, Clemens, Samuel, 12, 95, 192, 276, 402; awarded, 75; winners of, honored, quoted, 33, 39, 107; hoax by, 81; arts. 281 on, listed, 102, 199; film on, 179: Conkling, Clarence M., art. by, listed, poem by, 193; book on, 288-89; and 200 Madame Caprell (clairvoyant), 315 Conservation Commission, created, 136 n.; art. on newspaper of, listed, 406; Conservative Union party, 114, 118, 121, see also Mark Twain 227-32 412 Missouri Historical Review

Constitution, 1820, 91, 111, 112, 115, Cruft, —(Professor), 311 116 Culbertson, Thaddeus A., Journal of an Constitution, 1865, 110-23; campaign Expedition to the Mauvaises Terres for ratification of, 223-32 and the Upper Missouri in 1850, ed. Constitution, 1945, book on judicial by John Francis McDermott, 84 system under, 1-87 Cullimore, Don, art. by, listed, 102 Constitutional amendments, state, 136 Culmer, Frederic A., donor, 380-81 Constitutional amendments, U.S. See Culver, Lucius L., 246-47 U. S., constitutional amendments Culver, Mrs. Mary E., 246 (illus.) Constitutional Convention (1820), 389 Culver-Stockton College, centennial, Constitutional Convention (1865), 110- 176, 247; history of, 245-47 (illus.); 23, 223-27 arts, on and pictures of, noted, 390 Cooke, Lyle B., 278 Cummings, Mrs. Lawrence B., obit., 189 Coolidge, Calvin, 92 Cunningham, Earl, art. by, noted, 82, Coonan, Thomas L., 383 quoted, 93 Cooper, Benjamin, 372, 373, 374; family Cunningham, Mary E., verso of t.p. emigrate to Howard County, 370 Oct. issue (illus.), 371 n. "Curb-and Gutter Program that the Cooper, Braxton, 371 Public Likes," art. listed, 199 Cooper, Mrs. Elizabeth (Carson), 372 n. Currency, 1-818, 52 Cooper, Joseph, 94 Curry, Charles F., 278 Cooper, Mildred, 382 Curry, Mrs. Edna, home. See Chad- Cooper, Nestor B., 93 wick House Cooper, Robert, 372 n. Czechs, in St. Louis, 74 Cooper, Sarshel, 371 n.; grave, 93-94; killed, 354, 373 Cooper County, hog prizes at first state fair, 133; early library in, 308; Dade County, letter on, noted, 181 established, 369; population, 1821, Dallas, George M., 400 369 Dallas Mill, 179 Coopers' Bottom, 371 n. Dalton, J. Frank, 99 Coppinger, Mary Laura Pitts (comp.), Dalton brothers, 192 Missouri State Directory Daughters Dances, early, 309-10 (illus) of the American Revolution, 185 Dandy board, 70 Corey, Albert B., 363 Daniel, Al, art. by, noted, 183-84 Corinth, Battle of, 303 Daniel, Ann, 164 Corn, art. on, noted, 286-87 Daniel, Velma, art. by, noted, 391 Corn belt, 213 Dannen, H. L., 175 Cornell University, alma mater song of, Danville, Mo., 253; circus in. 1841, 3; 398 on Bonne's Lick Road. 155 "Corn-Husking a Social Occasion Darby, Ada Claire, 175, 279 in Pioneer Davs," 131, 136-37 (illus.) Darst, David, 158 Corrigan, Mrs. James B., obit., 87 Darst, Joseph M., 73, 158, 177 Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Daughters of the American Revolution, Museum of Art, New York, 70 and restoration of Ft. Osage, 358 Cote sans Dessein, Mo., history of, 254- —Bowling Green, 102 55; art. on, noted, 391 —Fairfax, William White chapter, Cottey College, 247; art. on, noted, 81 199 Cottle, Almond, 259 —Farmington, John Forster chapter, Cottle, Ira, 259 76 Cottleville, Mo., circus in, 1841, 3; on —Fulton, Charity Stille Langstaff Boone's Lick Road, 155 chapter, 305 Coursault, Frs., 372, 373 —Jefferson City, Jane Randolph Jef­ Couzens, Phoebe W., 249 ferson chapter. 102 Cowan, John T., 69 —Joplin, 305, 406 Cowell, Mrs. Sam. 9 —Kansas City, Elizabeth Benton Coy, Roy E., art. by, noted, 82, listed, chapter, 102 102 —Liberty. Alexander Doniphan chap­ Crabbs, Leo B., Jr., 62, 266, verso t.p. ter, 102, 178 July issue —Missouri directory of, 186 Craig. Peter, 258, 355 —Poplar Bluff, 305 Crandall, E. J., and Co., Bottsville, —St. Charles, 167, 173 296 —St. Louis, St. Louis chapter, 406 Crandall, Prudence, 392 Davenport, la., circus in, 1838, 3 Cravens, E. H., 71 David, Lester, art. by, noted, 287, Crawford, Mrs. A. B., 178 quoted, 400-01 Crawford. Marvin, obit., 293 Daviess County, history of, published, Creasey, Roy, 276-77 180-81 Crisler, Robert M., arts, by, listed, 102, Davis, Jefferson, 225; letter from, noted, 183 quoted, 172-73 Crittenden, Mrs. Elizabeth (Moss) Davis, Joseph, diary of, noted, 289 Wilcox Ashley, book on, 86 Davis, Lottie Wright, (comp.), Records Crittenden, H. H., 382 of Lewis, Meriwether and Kindred Crittenden, John Jordan, 86 Families, 1-86-87 Crittenden, Thomas T., 390 Davis, Mary F., 277 Crocker, Charlie, art. on. noted. 388 Davis, Ned, 106, 107; Ohio Minstrels, Crooks, Ramsay, at Ft. Osage. 360 107 Crow, Jim, 103; see also Jim Crow Davis, Robert W., verso of t.p. Oct. Crow, Wayman, 249 Crowell, Gilford W., thesis by, 67 Davis, Walter A., 178 Croy, Homer, art. by, quoted, 99; He Davis, Will, art. by, noted, 391 Hanged Them High, 186 Davis and Crosbie circus, 15 Index 413

Davis family, book on records of, 187 Drake, Charles D., arts, on, 110-23, Dawson, Mrs. Lerton V., 62, 165, 266- 223-32; art. on, listed, 406 67, 277 Drake, Daniel, 110 Debating societies, early, 308 Drake University, la., 247 Deer, Ray, art. on dissertation of, Draper, Lyman, 365 noted, 83 Draper, Mrs. Mabel Hobson, obit., 88 Deer Lodge (steamboat), 27 Driesbach, —(circus owner and per­ De Garis, Mrs. Emma Lane, obit., 189 former), 12; menagerie and circus, Delassus, Charles Dehault, 159, 235; 6-7 (illus.) gave possession of Upper Louisiana, Druid Horn Blowers, 312, 313 380 Drummond light and gas works, 13 Democratic party, 195 "Dry Goods and 'Wet' Groceries Lured Dempster, —(soloist), 312 Frontier Customers," 240-42 (illus.) Denny, Jack H., 277 Du Bois, Mo., 60 Denslow, Ray V., (co-comp.), Trans­ Du Bourg, Louis William Valentin, 54- actions of the Missouri Lodge of Re­ 55 244 search, Vol. IX, 291-92 Dubufe, Claude Marie, 316 Dent County, art. on, noted, 83 Duchesne, Rose Philippine, 54-55, 154; Desloge, Firmin V., obit., 88 art. on, noted, 182 Desloge, Joseph, 179 Duford, Dukes, 248 Desloge Lead Company, art. on, noted, Dugger, Harold H., thesis by, 67 180 Duncan, James H., obit.. 394 De Smet, Pierre Jean, 28 Duncan, R. S., quoted, 157 De Soto, Mo., 150th anniv., art. on Dunklin County Historical Society, 277 noted, 391 Dunlap, (Peg-leg Davy), 100 Desperate Women, by James D. Horan, Durhams, 202 392 Dustan. See Dustin, Thomas De Voto, Bernard, arts, by, listed, 102, Dustin, Thomas, picture of, noted, 173 406, noted, 380 Dye, George W., 36, 142 Dickerson, Obadiah, 264 DyeA Russell V., 71 Diemer, George W., 247 Dyers, Clyde P., 62, 266; obit., 293 Di Franza, S., 91 Digges, Charles W., 163 Dilliard, Irving, donor, 176; arts, by, E listed, 199, 305 Dillon, George W., obit., 189 Earl, James, 21 Dioramas, 316-17 "Early Cattle Industry in Missouri, Disciples of Christ. See Christian The," by Clifford D. Carpenter, 201- Church 15 (illus.) cover Apr. issue Distilleries, 1810, 318 n. Earhquake, New Madrid, 131, 137-38 Dix, Dorothea, 236 (illus.); San Francisco, 138 "Dixie" (song), noted, 105 East India Co., 403 Dobie, J. Frank, art. by, quoted, 298 Easton, Rufus, 51-52, 337 Dr. Kane's Arctic Expedition in Search Eddy family, 312 of Sir John Franklin Panorama, 316 Edgar, Will, 197 Dodge, Augustus Caesar, art. on, noted, Edgington, Mrs. Otho S., 124 389 Education, secondary, thesis on, 67; Dodge, Henry, surrender of Miamis to, Catholic, in Mississippi Valley, 1704- 1814, 374 (illus.); art. on, noted, 389 1886, thesis on, 68; in Mo., art. on, Dodge, Mr. and Mrs. Nathaniel B., 300 244-50; State Dept. of, 291, 298, 361, Dodge, Mrs. Rose, 78 thesis on, 67 Doerschuk, Albert N., obit., 88 Edwards, Granville D., obit., 8'8 Doherty, William T., Jr., thesis by, 67 Edwards, Ninian, 79 Donahue, Mot, 298 Edwards, Paul R., verso t.p. July issue Doniphan, Alexander, 24, 177; art. on, Edwardsville, 111., circus in, 1841, 3 noted, 180; letter by, noted, 380-81 Ege, Mrs. Grant, 384 Doniphan, John, letter to, noted, 380- Eichengerger, Allen, 178 81 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 191, 396; art. Donnell, Forrest C, 193; book on, 166 on election of, noted, 183, quoted, Donnell, J. P., verso t.p. Apr. issue 192-93, listed, 406; album sent to, 384 Donnell, Lawson & Simpson, New York, Eisenstadt, Michael, 280 146 Eisenstadt Manufacturing Co., St. Donnelly, Joseph P., 283 Louis, 280 Donnelly, Phil M., 248; book on, 166; Elections, Presidential, in Mo., art. on, election of, 191; speaker, 281; album noted, 80, quoted, 91-92, in Montana, sent to, 384 91, Idaho, 91, Arizona, 91, New Donner party, 3'89 Mexico, 91, Maine, 92 Doohan, John J., art. by, noted, 385 —1816, 51 Doolin, Mrs. Henry, verso t.p. July —1817, 51-52 issue —1864, 111 Dougherty, Mrs. Brigid, 19 —1865, 123, 224, 226, 231-32 Dougherty, Matthew, 19 —1884, art. on, noted, 285 Douglas, William, 187 —1904, 193, 1904-1952, art. on, noted, Douglass, Mrs. Willard R., 404 80, quoted, 192-93 Douglassville, 111., showboat at, 1854, 5 —1928, 192 Dow, Blanche H., 247 —1952, 178, 179; arts, on, noted, 183, Dow, Lorenzo, 393; art. on, noted, 285, quoted, 191, 192-93, 396 288 Eliff, Joseph D., thesis on, 68 Dowell, Glover E., obit., 293 Eliot, John, 392 Doyle, Frank, 73 Eliot, William Greenleaf, 249 (illus.) "Draconian Code," 110 Eliot Seminary. See Washington Uni­ Draffen, W. M., 197 versity 414 Missouri Historical Reviezv

Elk Fork, Monroe County, bridge, 78, Ferries, 204; art. on, 43-44 (illus.); first 174 in Mo., 60; Rialto near Weston, 144 Elkhorn, Mo., circus in, 1858, 10 "Ferries Carried Pioneers across Un- Elkton, Mo., Baptist Church, 73 bridged Streams," 43-44 (illus.) Elliott, Howard, 193 Field, Eugene, art. on, noted, 183, Ellis, Elmer, 164, 248; donor, 288 listed, 199; poems by, noted, 291 Ellis, Tom, 30 "Fighting Missouri Rangers Outwitted Ellison, George Robb, trustee, 164 Troublesome Indians," 353-55 (illus.) Ely, Ezra Styles, 336 Filley, Chauncey I., 118 Ely City, Mo., 336 n. Findley, Rowe, art. by, noted, 81 Emancipation, gradual, Ordinance of Finiels, Nicolas de, 184 1863, 111, 112; and Constitutional "Fire Destroyed Steamboats, Insurance Convention of 1865, 111, 113-15, 116- Companies, in 1849," 344, 349-50 17, 119; Ordinance of January 11, (illus.) 1865, 114, 223 Fire engines, early, 37, 41-42 (illus.), Emancipation Day, art. on, quoted, 51, 95-96 197-98 Fire fighting companies, early, 41-52 Emigrant Aid Society, 146 (illus.), 95-96 Emmett, Daniel Decatur, 105 Fire, prairie. See Prairie fires Empire Company, 315 "First Daily Overland Stage Started English, Mary Kay, verso of t.p. Oct. from Missouri," 38-39 (illus.) issue "First State Fair at Boonville," 132- English-China war of 1839, 403 33 (illus.) Eolia, Mo., trail through, 256 Fisher doll collection, erratum on, 70 Epiphany, feast of, 139 Fitzgerald, R. L., 266 Episcopal Church Fitzpatrick, Daniel R., donor, 381; col­ —St. Louis, 1819, 54 lection added to, 381 Eppich, Mary George, thesis by, 68 Flat Creek, Pettis County, bridged, 78 Erin Benevolent Society, St. Louis, 50 Flat River, Mo., scrapbook on, 174 Euphonians (Rainey family), 312 Fletcher, Thomas C, 227, 230 Euterpians (minstrels), 108 Flint, Timothy, quoted, 49-50, 57, 59- Evans, Mrs. C. A., 266 60, 152-53, 256 Evans, Joe, 35, 145, 146 Flint, Mrs. Timothy, 153 Evans, Nathan George, 143 Flint Hill, Mo., trail through, 256 Evans, O. D., 266 Floating Palace (showboat), 5-6 Evening Star Troupe (minstrels), 108 (illus.), 13-15, 106 Ewing, Thomas, Jr., 45-46, 303 Floods, 1844, 93; 1903, 93; art. on, Ewing, W. Prewitt, 284 listed, 102 Florissant, St. Ferdinand de, Mo., 1796- 1820, 55, 57, 154 Folk festival, 19th national, 284, 387; association, 387 Fagan, James F., 45-46 Folk tales, art. on, listed, 102; book Fair acres, by G. Poe Waters, 86 on, 292 Fairfax, Mo., art. on D. A. R. chapter Ford, Bob, 390 listed, 199 Foreman, Grant, 126, verso t.p. July Fairs, 202, 316; first state, 131, 132-33 issue (illus.), 176; Boone County, art. on Forest, Francis, 309 noted, 181, 1835, 202; state, at Boon­ Forster Publishing Co., Chicago, 281 ville, 1855, 316 Fort Osage Pageant Assoc, Inc., 276 Falconer, Thomas, letters of, noted, Fort Osage Restoration Society, or­ 290 ganized, 358 Far West, Mo., art. on, noted, 285 Forts, in Mo., 155, 156, 161-62, 252, Faris, H. P., 96 254, 257-58, 260-61, 371-72; and beef Farlow, Joyce, art. ed. by, listed, 102 supply, 203 Farmer, Mrs. Wallace, 274 —Bellefontaine, 263 Farmington, Mo., Council of Garden —Bent, 24 Clubs, 124; Cherokee journey —Benton, 27 through, 128 —Best's, 252 Fasel, G. W., lithographs of, noted, 167, —Brown, 24 173 —Buffalo, 262 Fashions, 1873, 296-97 —Callaway's, 162 Fayette, Mo., circuses in, 1840, 1841, —Cap au Gris, 257 3; Howard High School, 247, founded, —Castlio's, 162 245; library, 1826, 30-8; settlers at —Clark. See Fort Osage before 1820, 375 —Clark's, 258 Fayette Boon's Lick Times, established, —Clemson, 252 364 n. —Cole's, 354 "Feather Bed, The," by Robert S. —Cooper's, 372, 373, 374 Withers, 216-22 (illus.) —Davidson, 45-46 Feature articles, historical, 38-46, 131- —Gibson, 298 40, 233-43, 344-55; comment on, 194 —Head's, 371-72 Federated Garden Clubs of Missouri, —Hempstead (or McLain's), 382 1st vice-president of, 124 —Howard, 258 Feeder industry, north Mo., 213-15 —Howell, 162 Femme Osage settlement, history of, —Kennedy's, 162 158-60 —Kincaid, 372, 373 Ferguson, —(singer in circus), 105-06 —Kountz', 162 Ferguson, Robert Harrison, art. by, —Leavenworth, 24, 30, 36, 142 listed 199 —McLain's. See Hempstead Ferrell,'Thomas, De Redder, La., 288 —Mandan, 387 Ferrell, Thomas, Hickman, Ky., 288 —Mason, 263 Index 415

—Osage, restoration of, 179, 275, 356 Game, in Mo., 135-36 (illus.); law of n., 357-63, art. on, noted, 81; pa­ 1905, 135; see also Conservation geant, 276, 386; visited by Daniel Commission Boone, 235, 357, 360; text of Gammon, William J., arts. comp. by, marker at, 360-61 listed, 102, 199, 305, 406 —Pierre, 84 Garden Clubs. See Federated Garden —Point. See Fort Osage Clubs —Pond, 162; on Boone's Lick Road, Gardner, Frederick D., 193 155 Gardner, Hamilton, art. by, listed, 304 —Quick's, 252 Gardner, James A., thesis by, 67 —Roy's, 254 Gardner Lake. See Lake Doniphan —Stout's, 258 Garlichs, Frank, obit., 189 —Talbot's, 252 Garnett, E. B., 278 —Tebo's, 254 Garrison, William Lloyd, 392 —White's, 162 Gary, Theodore, obit., 189 —Wood's, 258 Gasconade, Mo., 61 —Zumwalt, 161, 162 Gasconade County, early settlements Foster, Arabelle, 279 in, 61 Foster, Emory S., quoted, 224 Gates, Mrs. Marvin H., 404 Foster, Stephen C, 105 Gauldin, M. A., donor, 173 Fowler, Dick, Leaders in Our Town, Gavin, Thomas J., 278 290-91 Gayoso, Manuel de Lemos, 58 Fox's settlement, 264 Geary, Fred, wood cut by, 131, 135 Franchise, and Constitution of 1865, 110 n., 116, 121-23, 223-25, 227-30, (illus.) for aliens, 118, for Negroes, 121 Geese, wild, 131, 135-36 (illus.); im­ Frank, America. See Howe, Mrs. portance to pioneers, 217-19 America (Frank) Geiser, S. W., verso t.p. July issue Frank, Glenn, 405 Gelber, Leonard (co-auth.), The New Frankfort, Ky., art. on cemetery in, Dictionary of American History, 393 listed, 200 General Assembly Franklin, Benjamin, 292 —1820, incorporated St. Charles Franklin, John, 316 Academy, 154 Franklin, Mo., on Boone's Lick Road, —1822, Dec. 14, incorporated Ste. 155; amusements in, pre-Civil War, Genevieve, 91; incorporated St. 308-09; brick house in, 1819, 320; Mary's of the Barrens Seminary, early postmaster, 368 244 Franklin County, settlements in, 60-61 —1824, Dec. 18, General Municipal Franklin Missouri Intelligencer and Elections Act, 91 Boon's Lick Advertiser, established, —1830, gave St. Mary's of the Bar­ 364 n. rens right to confer A.B. and Franko, Alfred M., arts, by, noted, 288 A.M. degrees, 244 Frazier, Bernard, 283 —1831, gave Marion College right to Frederick II (the Great), impersona­ confer A. B. and A. M. degrees, tions of, 8 244-45 Freeberthyser, —(musician), 312 —1832, incorporated St. Louis Uni­ Freeman, Daniel, art. on, noted, 286 versity, 244 Freeman, James D., verso of t.p. Apr. —1839, Geyer Act, 245; incorporated issue. University of Missouri, 245 Fremont, John Charles, 236 —1849, chartered William Jewell French in Mo., books on, 184-85, 187 College, 245 Friendship Baptist Church, 157 —1851, chartered Grand River Col­ Frink, J., coach company, 173 lege and Christian College, 245 Frisby, Frank M., obit., 88 —1853, created Missouri State Agri­ Froeschner, Richard C, quoted, 97 cultural Society, 132; chartered • Fronabarger, Garland, photographs by, City of Kansas, 176, Christian Uni­ noted, 84 versity (Culver-Stockton), 176, 245, Frontier, in Mo., thesis on, 67; art. on, 246, Concordia Seminary, 245, listed, 199 Westminster College, 245, Lebanon "Frontier Merchant and Social His­ Academy, 245, Steelville Academy, tory," art. listed, 199 245, Boonville College, 245, Green­ Fulbright plan, 164 field College, 245, McGee College, Fulton, Mo., circus in, 1841, 3; private 245, Richmond College, 245; Van school in, 1842, 100-01; Empire Com­ Rensellaer Academy, 245, Eliot pany in, 1851, 315; school in, 1838, Seminary (Washington Univer­ 340 sity), 245, 249, Lindenwood, 245, Fur trade, use of carts and wagons in, 331 n.; School Law, 244 25 —1855, cattle law, 205 Fyan, Mrs. Lucille, 279 —1861, cattle law, 43, 205, 208 Fyan, R. W., 279 —1863, emancipation ordinance, 111, 112 —1864, call for a state convention, 111 —1865, Board of Immigration creat­ Gallagher, Peter, diary of, noted, 290 ed, 230 Gallais, Mrs. Lucien, 274 —1867, cattle law, 43, 210; 8 hour Gallatin North Missourian, and Consti­ day law passed, 297 tution of 1865, 224, 229 —1899, provided for state fair, 133 Gamble, Archibald, founded Sibley, —1905, Mar. 10, game law Mo., 360 Gentry, M. K., 197 Gamble, Hamilton R., Ill, 112, 228 George Washington Carver Birthplace Gambrel, Harry M., 278 Memorial Associates, 397 416 Missouri Historical Review

George Washington Carver National Grimes, Absalom, art. on, noted, 286, Monument, 383; art. on, noted, 389, quoted, 402 quoted, 397 Gross, Mrs. W. C, obit., 88 Georgia, Indian policy, 126-27 Grover, George W., diary of, noted, 290 Germans in Mo., and Charles D. Drake. Grover, Mo., art. on, noted, 388 Ill, 117-19; and Constitution of Guerrillas, in Platte County, 144-45 1865, 227, 228, 231; balls, 310; sing­ "Gui-Annee, La," (French song), do­ ing societies, 310-11; in St. Louis nated, 382, see also Guignolee brick industry, 324 n. Guide to the Western Historical Manu­ Giant in the Wilderness, by Helene scripts Collection, University of Mis­ Magaret, 185 souri bulletin, 84 Giddings, Salmon, 50 "Guignolee" (French song), 139 Gifford, Ward C, 278, 356 (illus.) Guitar, Sarah (co-ed.), Messages and Gilbert, Samuel, 263 Proclamations of the Governors of Gilbert, Samuel A., 114 the State of Missouri, Vol. XV, 166; Gilbirds, Noel F., obit., 88 Vol. XVI, 166 Gill, McCune, donor, 173-74; The St. Gummersbach, Victor A., obit., 189 Louis Story, 185 "Gum-Shoe Bill." See Stone, William Gillespie, Mrs. M. K., obit., 88 Joel Gillum, W. W., verso t.p. Apr. issue Gilstrap, Abner L., 122 H Girard. John B., 21 Gist, W. L., 279, 384 Haenssler, Osmund, obit., 88 Glasgow, Mo., circus in, 1840. 3; art. Haid, Edward A., obit., 293 on steel bridge at, noted, 287; set­ Hale, Dr., —(Marion College), 336 tlers at before 1820, 375 Hale, Mrs. —(Wells), 336 Glassen, Ben A., obit., 88 Hale, Fuller Rite, thesis by, 68 Glencoe, Mo., art. on, noted, 388 Haley, F. C, III, 62, 266 Glover, Samuel T., 227 Hall, Elizabeth D.. thesis by, 67 Godwin, Bette, thesis by, 68 Hall, John R., 72; arts, by, auoted, Gold, in Ga., 126 93-94, 96-97, noted, 181, listed; 199 Gold rush, 25-26, 44, 101, 202; journal Hallam, Lewis, 103 on, 75-76; book on, 185 Hallock, Emmet O., obit., 88 Golden (Colo.) Globe, established, 30 Halpert, Herbert, 292 n., 141 n. Hamilton, H. A., obit., 88 Golden Rule Foundation, American Hamilton, Henry W., 72, 178 Mothers Committee, 386 Hamilton, James C, 341 Gonzales, Eva Eliza. See Murphy, Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. Ruth, 389 Eva Eliza (Gonzales) Hamilton, Mrs. Sam, 390 Goodell, Mrs. Clark, 175 Hamlin, Herb, verso of t.p. Jan. issue Goodrich, James E., verso of t.p. Oct. Hammack, Anthony, 399 issue; obit., 189 Hammack Mill, art. on, 399 Gordon, Cy, 144-45 Hammond, John, 387 Gorenflo, —(soloist), 312 Ham's Prairie, 255 Gorham, B. W., 37 Hancock's Bottom, 161 Goshorn, Robert C, obit., 394 Hancock's Prairie, 255 Government, state, 1820-1860, thesis on, Handicapped persons, thesis on serv­ 67 ices to, 68 Government in the Missouri Synod, by Handley, W. E ., 75 Carl S. Mundinger, 291 Hanks, Wilma, 248 Governors, powers to pardon, 96-97; Hanley, Thomas O., art. by, 182 bookson, 166 Hannibal, Mo., 276; circuses in, 1, 3, Grabau, Johann A., art. by, listed, 102 14; showboat at, 5, 14; Tom Thumb in, 1853, 8; Dan Rice in, 1848, 1852, Grabau. Johann Andreas August, art. 11; minstrels in, 1849-1859, 106-08; on, listed, 102 cattle drives to, 204; laid out, 264, • Graham cave, art. on, listed, 102, noted, 265; Library Institute, 1844, 308; 181 amusements, pre-Civil war, 308-15; Granby, Mo., circus in, 1869, 13 Gardner and Vose Manufactory, 1867, Grand Moving Panorama, 317 397 Grand Prairie, described, 1837, 335; Hannibal (elephant), 7 letter from 1838. 340-41 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 31- Grand River College, chartered, 245 32, 94-95, 296 Grant, Ulysses S., 238, 303; art. on, Hannibal bridge, 304 listed, 199 Hannibal Courier-Post, 94-95 Graves. Willis, 324 Hannibal Tri-Weekly Messenger, illus­ Gray, Drakeford, 259 trations from, 1852, 4, 1854, 6, 1853, Gray, Mrs. J. D., 71 313 Great Books program, 298 Hardin, Charles Henry, 299 Great Plains, 203, 211, 213 Harding, Chester, painting of Daniel Greeley, Horace, 33 Boone, 233, 234 (illus.) Green, Mrs. Charles W., verso t.p. Harding, Warren G., 92 Oct. issue Hardy, —(magician), 315 Green, George Fuller, 358 Harlan, George B., obit., 88 Green, Robert S., 383 Harlin, J. C, 124 Greenfield College, chartered, 245 Harmon, —(Mo. ranger), 354 Gregg, Josiah, 393 Harmon, Henry G., 247 Gregg, Kate L. (ed.), The Road to Harmony Mission, art. on, quoted, Santa Fe., 289 300-01 Grey, J. D., 385 Harrington, Edward, 21 Griffen, Mrs. Walter, donor, 167 Harris, Burton, John Colter: His Years Griffith, Arthur C, donor, 181 in the Rockies, 185-86 Index 417

Harris, Thomas B., 114 Highway 61. See U. S. Highway 61 Harrison, Burr, 173 Hildebrand (or Hildebrandt) family, Harrison, Mrs. E. W., 283. Erratum 60 E. W. Harrison Hildebrand, Mo., 60 Harrison County, book on, noted, 30 Hill, —(magician), 315 n., 141 n. Hill, John B., verso t.p. Apr. issue Harris's Great Moral Dramatic Pano­ Hill, John White, 21 rama of Intemperance and Crime, Hill, R. E. L., verso of t.p. Jan. issue 316 Hindman, Albert H., art. by, quoted, Hartman, Mrs. F. V., 175 300-01 Hartung, M. L., art. by, listed, 406 Hinkle, James Fielding, obit., 89 Harvey, Dexter, 276 Hinn, Mrs. Carl P., 71 Harvey, P. Caspar, 179 Historical Association of Greater St. Harvey, Ray, obit., 394 Louis, 383 Hasemeier, Alfred, 384 Historical Editing, by Clarence E. Haskell, Henry J., obit., 89; art. by, Carter, 188 cited, 401 Historical markers, highway, plans for, Haskell, Henry C, Jr., art. by, quoted, 165 403-04 Historical Notes and Comments, 62-90, Haskins, Frank, 390 168-90, 266-95, 376-95 Hastings, Lansford W., route to Calif., Historical Review of the Judicial Sys­ art. on, noted, 389 tem of Missouri, by Laurance Hyde, Haswell, Harold A., Jr., thesis by, 67 187 Hayden, Miss —(magician), 314 Historical societies, activities of, 71- Hayes, Hubert, 79 72, 174-75, 276-79, 383-84 Haymes, J. E., 279 Historical Spots in Old Barry County, Haynes, G. H., 400 by Nellie Alice Mills, 85 Hayes, Mrs. Miriam, 383 History and Genealogy of the Ryker Hayes, Paul C, donor, 74 Family, comp. by Frankiin A. Ryker, He Hanged Them High, by Homer 392 Croy, 186 History of the Little Bonne Femme Heady, Ray, art. by, 81 Association, A, by Roy B. Williams, Health, public, in Mo., art. on, listed, 291 406 "History of the Structural Brick In­ Health institute, St. Louis labor, dustry in Missouri," by Clarence N. thesis on, 68 Roberts, 318-28 Hear the Train Blow, bv Lucius Beebe Hitching posts, art. on and picures of, and Charles Clegg, 393 noted, 391 Hedley, Mrs. W. J., 124 Hodgson, Alva, 288 Hedrick, Granville, 196, 302 Hoebel, E. Adamson (co-auth.), The Helicopter fleet, set up by U. S. Comanches: Lords of the South Army, 387 Plains 188 Helms, Bill, 405 Hohandika (Indian girl), 301-02 Helms, Mrs. Bill, 405 Holcomb, Eathen A., 122, 123 Helms, William Moses Gould, art. on, Holladay, Mrs. Ann (Calvert), 34, 147 405-06 Holladay, Ben, 33-36 (illus.), 39, 142, Hemp, at Weston, 35 147; art. on, noted. 82, listed, 102 Hempstead, Stephen, 50 Holladay, Joe, 35, 36 Henderson, —(St. Louis, 1816), 48 Holland, Lou E., 175 Henderson, D. Pat, 246 Holland, William S., 115 Henderson, John B., 85, 227 Hollenberg ranch house and state Henry, Andrew, at Ft. Osage, 360 park, Kansas, art. on, noted, 286 Henry, John, 58 Holmes, Mrs. Elizabeth Henry, verso Henry County, and cattle drives of t.p. Jan. issue 1859, 205: brick courthouse, 1839, 320 Holmes, Paul, 279 Hermann, Mo., "Maifest," 77, 178, 386, Holmes, William K., obit., 394 art. on, noted, 83; Brush and Palette Holt County, part of Platte Purchase, Club, 77; "Historic Hermann, Inc.," 30; elk in. 1841, 135 178, 386 Holy Cross Lutheran Church, St. Louis, Hewitt, W. C, officer, 164 thesis on, ©8 Hickey, Philip J., 248 Homestead Act. art. on, noted, 286 Hickman, David H., 244 Homestead National Monument, 286 Hickory County, fair. 278 Honk Kong, China, given to England, Hickory County Historical Society, 403 277-78 Honig, L. O., verso t.p:*'July issue Hickory Grove, Mo., 161; circus in, Honore, Francois, 58 1841, 3; on Boone's Lick Road, 155 Hoover, Herbert, 92, 192-93, 396 Hicks, John Edward, arts, by, noted, Hopkins, James F., 79 81, 388, 390, quoted, 404-05; Themes Horan, James D., Desperate Women, from the Old West, 85 392 Higdon, J. C, 278 Horner, Puss, 12 Higdon, Mrs. U. S., obit., 89 Horrell, George, home, 178 Higgins, Mary Frances. See Murphy, Horse trading, art. on, noted, 289 Mrs. Mary Frances (Higgins) Horton, Emma Mildred, obit., 189 Mooney Hosmer, John, 283 Higgins family (Columbians), 312 Hospitals, Civil War, 14, 233, 235-37 Higginsville, Mo., Brick and Tile Co., (illus.) 328 Hotchkiss, Mrs. Edward G., obit.. 89 Highway commission, state, accepts Houck. Louis, quoted, 47, 50, 51, 53- roadside park, 124; historical marker 54, 55, 58, 60, 61, 156, 157, 159-61, program. 165. 359-60. 361 254, 257, 259, 260, 262, 370, 372, 373; Highway 54. See U. S. Highway 54 thesis on, 67 418 Missouri Historical Review

House, Adam, 60 art. on, 300-01, purchase, 360, 368; House-raisings, 344; art. on, 347-48 Cherokees, 124-30; raids in War of (illus.) 1812 in Mo., 155, 156, 252, 254, 257- Houses, ready made, art. on, 397 59, 260-61, 263, 371-74; Potowatomies, Houts, Mrs. Hale, donor, 382 252 Houx home, Lexington, 78 Indian Territory, 208, 209, 298 Howard, Benjamin, 258, 368 Ingalls, John J., 35 Howard County, mule prizes at first Insurance, fire and caualty, book on, state fair, 133; created, 149; end of 292 Boone's Lick Road, 155; 1796-1820, International Film Bureau, Inc., 179 368-75; population. 1821, 369; early Iowa, prairie grasslands in, 213; num­ records of, donated, 382 ber of cattle in, 1880, 214, 1884, 215; Howard Female College, founded, 245 value of cattle. 1884, 215 Howard High School. See Fayette, Mo. Iowa., State Historical Society of, Howe, Mrs. America (Frank), 396 membership in, 62 Howe, Edgar W., 289; "A Bit of Wes­ Iowa (steamboat), 403 ton, Missouri History," Part I, 29-36, Ireland, panorama of, 316 Part II, 141-47 (illus.); marriage, 396 Irion, Theo W. H., obit., 293 Howe, Henry, 131 Howell, Francois, Prairie, 161 Iron County, Civil War battle in, 45-46 Howells, William Dean, quoted, 30 n., Iron Mountain babe. See Helms, Wil­ 141 n. liam Moses Gould Howes circus, 12 "Iron-clad" (or "Kucklebur") oath, Hoxie, Richard L., 238 121, 122, 223-25, 227-30 Hoxie, Mrs. Vinnie (Ream), 233; art. Irvine, Sam, 72 on, 237-38 (illus.) Irving, —(professional reader), 314 Hoy, Charles, 279 Irving, Mrs. —(soloist), 314 Hoy, Robert L., 385 Isbell, John. 401 Hoyle, Stephen, journal of, noted, 290 Ismert, C. M., verso t.p. Apr. issue Hoyt, Joseph G., 249 Izzard, Wes., art. by, quoted, 192 Huckleberry Finn, 12, 192, 289; paint­ ing of home, noted, 167 Hudgens, Mrs. Clarence, 384 Hughes, Daniel, 179 Jabker, Paul William, thesis by, 68 Hughes, John T., 24 Jackson, Allan, 384 Hulbert, James R., 70 Jackson, Andrew, Indian policy, 125, Humbolt, Alexander, portrait of, don­ 126: art. on, noted, 284-85 ated, 69-70, 167 Jackson, Mo., Kerr and Guild store, Hunt, Bruce H. (co-comp.), Trans­ 1826, 351 actions of the Missouri Lodge of Re­ Jackson County, 4th of July celebra­ search, Vol. IX, 291-92 tion, 1872, art. on, noted, 81; book Hunt, Theodore, 48 on early days in, 86; bond issue. 1952. Hunt, Wilson Price, 360 179-80; members in State Historical Hunter, R. D., 209 Society of Mo., 362 "Hunters once Found Game Plentiful Jackson County Court, and Ft. Osage in Missouri," 135-36 (illus.) restoration, 275. 281, 357. 358, 360 Hurter, Mrs. Catherina (Schnyder), 97 Jackson County Historical Society, 358 Hurter, Julius, 97 Jacobsen, Arthur, 383 Husmann, George, 120, 123 James, A. Lamkin, 385 Husslein, Joseph C, obit., 190 James. Edwin, quoted, 155-56, 252 56, Huttig, Charles M., obit., 89 365-66 Hyde, Mr. and Mrs. —(teachers at James, Frank, 99, 191, 192. 299. 400 Marion College). 336 James, Jesse, 79, 192, 299, 400: arts, Hyde, Laurance, Historical Review of on, noted, 82, 287, quoted. 93, 99, the Judicial System of Missouri, 187 listed, 102; letter from, noted, 191; death of, authenticated, 389, art. on, noted. 390 James, Lucy Wortham, 74, 280 Iatan, Mo., first Rebel flag raised at, James, Thomas, 74, 280 145 James, Mrs. Zee, 99 Idaho, governor of, 1915-1919, 397 James Foundation, established, 74 Igoe, William L., obit., 395 James Raymond (steamboat), 5, 13, Illinois, and early cattle drives, 204, 15, 106. 107 206; prairie grasslands in, 213; Jarrett, Jacob, 23 number of cattle in, 1880, 214; 8 Jedlicka, Cyril J., 278 hour day law passed, 297 "Jeff Davis" (or "chess") pie, art. on, Immigration, 1796-1820. 47-61. 148-62, noted, 82 251-65, 351, 354, 364-75; Board of, Jefferson, Thomas, medal. 79: and created, 1865, 230 Louisiana Purchase, 356, 391-92 Independence, Mo., menagerie in, 1845, Jefferson Barracks, art. on, listed, 304 3: book on founding of, 86; Church Jefferson Brothers Co. (minstrels), 108 of Christ, art. on, noted, 182, quoted, Jefferson City, Mo., circus in, 1838. 3 196, 302; "Temple Lot," art. on, n.; minstrels in. 1858, 108; new Jef­ noted, 182, quoted, 196, 302; Texas ferson bldg., 192, 283; arts. on. noted, cattle in, 1849-1860, 203 285- amusements in, pre-Civil War, Index of Missouri Historical Review 312-16 Vols. 26-45, 166 Jefferson City Inquirer, illustrations Indiana, number of cattle in, 1880, 214; from, 1857, 7, 1858, 10. 276 University, alma mater song of, 398 Jefferson City Missouri State Times, Indians, Sac and Fox left Platte Pur­ and Constitution of 1865, 224. 230 chase, 30: attacks on overland stages, Jefferson City News and Tribune, 37, 38 (illus.); Osage, papers of, 79, "Progress Edition" of, 285 Index 419

Jefferson County, murder in, 1800, 60; drives to, 207, 209; cattle from, 1890, covered bridge in, 79, 282; Chamber 212; prairie grasslands in, 213; of Commerce, 282; arts, on, noted, number of cattle in, 1880, 214, 1884, 284 215; panorama of, 316; election of Jefferson County Historical Society, March 30, 1855, 345; immigration to, 71, 278, 383 346; treasure buried in, art. on, Jefferson National Expansion Memo­ noted, 388 rial Association, 384 Kansas City, Mo. Jeffries, John G., obit., 190 —art. on, listed, 406 Jenkins, Howell, 183 —brick industry in, 1890, 323, 328 Jesse, Richard A., 177 —cattle market, 1872-1884, 210-13 Jim (Saline County Negro, 1833), 96 (illus.) Jim Crow, song, 103; dance, 103, —circus in, 1856, 15 (illus.), 104 —City of Kansas chartered, 176 Jobson, Arthur, arts, by, quoted, 98-99, —Fifteenth St. renamed, 280, 303 194, 297, 399 —leaders in, book on, 290-91 John Colter: His Years in the Rockies, —named, 176 by Burton Harris, 185-86 —Nelson Gallery of Art. See Wil­ Johnson, Albert Sydney, 142-43 liam Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Johnson, Mrs. Alice (Barr), 273 Johnson, Flo May, arts, by, noted, —Northeast High School, 282 183 —robbery at fair grounds, 1872, 191 Johnson, Mrs. Katherine (Lewis), 273- —Southside Lions Club, newsletter 74 of, 284 Johnson, Morris, 197 —State Historical Society of Mo., Johnson, Thomas M., 273 members in, 361 Johnson, Walto Porter, 273 —streets, arts, on, noted, 286 Johnson, Waldo Plato, obit., 273-74; —Texas cattle in. 1849-1860, 203-04, 293; trustee, 273 211 Johnson, Waldo P., 274 —Van Horn School. See Kansas Johnson County, antelope in, 135 City, Volker School Johnson, Fogg, Stickney circus, 3, 105- —Volker School, 303 06 Kansas City Art Institute, 71 Johnson's Panorama of the City of St. Kansas City Enterprise. See Kansas Joseph, the Missouri River, and Kan­ City Western Journal of Commerce sas, 316 Kansas City Star, given award, 275, 362 Johnston, G. W., 197 Kansas City Western Journal of Com­ Johnston, Joseph E., 142, 172 merce, history of, 303 Jolliet, Louis, 184 Kansas Pacific Railroad, 203 n. Jollification, Mo., art. on, noted, 390 Kansas State College, 287 Jolly Mill, art. on, noted, 390, quoted, Kansas University, alma mater song, 401-02 398 Jolly School, 401-02 Kantor, MacKinlay, Warwhoop, 188 Jones, Edgar L., 388 Katy Railroad and the Last Frontier, Jones, James, 261 The, by V. V. Masterson, 290 Jones, Jefferson F., 85 Kearny, Stephen Watts, in Mexican Jones, Mrs. Maude Hall, 386 War, 24 Jones, Paul C, 388 Keeler, Ralph, 106-07 Jones, Richard S., 288 Keeley, Mary Paxton, verso t.p. Jan. Jones' Tan Yard, Callaway County, 341 issue; art. by, noted, 181-82 Jordan, Mrs. Clara, art. on and by, Keil, C. J., 95 noted, 283, listed, 305 Keith, —(soloist), 312 Jordan, Gamble, obit., 89 Keith, Clayton, quoted, 261 Jordan, Mrs. Lutie Gordon, arts, by, Keithly, Mrs. E. W., art. contributed noted, 82 by, 301-02 Jordan, Thomas, 31 Joseph, —(major in Union army), 144- Kelley, L. P., 401 45 Kelly, John W., 244 "Joseph Murphy's Contribution to the Kelly, S. T., Jr., 71 Development of the West," by Emily Kem, James P., 193; arts, on, listed, Ann O'Neil Bott, 18-28 305 Journal of an Expedition to the Mau- Kemp, William E„ 72 vaises Terres and the Upper Missouri Kempton, Greta, 164 in 1850, by Thaddeus A. Culbertson. Kendall, George Wilkins, narrative of, Ed. by John F. McDermott, 84 noted, 290 Journey, William Robert, obit., 395 Kenny, Laurence J., verso of t.p. Jan. Judicial system of Missouri, book on, issue; trustee, 164 187 Kent, —(St. Louis), 339 Jueneman, Donald, 75 Kentucky, influence of on Mo. live­ Jueneman, Robert, 75 stock, 202 Jueneman, Rodney Whitelaw, verso Kenworthy, —(ventriloquist), 314 t.p. July issue Kerby, James T., obit., 293 Jug fishing, art. on, listed, 199 Kerr, Mrs. James R., verso of t.p. Oct. Julian, R. E. L., 282 King, —(actor), 313 June and Turner circus, 15 King, Willard, home, 178 "Kingdom of Callaway," book on, 85 K "Kingdom of Poosey," art. on, noted, Kanaga, C. W., donor, 381 81 Kanell, Billie G., 75 Kingsbury, L. A., 174; art. by, listed, Kansas, first house of representatives 102 org., 146; first election in, 146; cattle Kingsley, Omar, 8-9 420 Missouri Historical Review

Kinloch, Missouri: A Study of an Lemmon, C. E., 164 All-Negro Community, thesis, 68 Lenoir, Thomas, 321 n. Kirk, James H., thesis by, 68 Lenoir, Mrs. Walter, 321 n. Klein, Mrs. J. E., 124 Lent, L. B., 15 Kling, E. J., Sr., 382 LeViness, W. Thetford, art. by, noted, Knaup, Emma, 175 81 Knehaus, Jack, 75 Lewis, John Frederick, prize, 381 Knierim, Joseph, 279 Lewis, Meriwether, 50, 187, 387 Knipmeyer, Gilbert, 181 Lewis and Clark expedition, 22, 155, Knott, Sarah Gertrude, 284, 387 159, 186, 357, 358, 360, 390; arts, on, Know-Nothing party, 117, 118 listed, 102, 406; papers of, 386-87 Knox County, 256, 264; covered bridge Lewis County, 256, 264 in, 78-79 Lewis family records, book on, 186-87 Koch, Norbert, thesis by, 67 Lexington, Mo., menagerie in, 1845, 3; Koenig, Paul, art. by, listed, 406 historic homes, 78; Chamber of Com­ Kolb, Marie A., verso t.p. July issue merce, 78; garden tour, 78, art. on, Kookum Chuck (Indian), 301 noted, 181, quoted, 297; arts, on, Kouns, Nathan, 100-01 noted, 82; minstrels in, 1853, 108-09; Krekel, Arnold, 112, 118, 227, 244 ferry at, 204; B. B. Wilson's school Krohn, Ernst C, art. ed. by, noted, in, 309; Maib and Houx house. See 305, listed, 406 Maib and Houx house Kuegele, Martin F., art. by, listed, 199 Lexington, Battle of, 236, 303; art. on, Kurz, Rudolph Frederick, art. on. noted, 181-82 noted, 82, listed, 102 Liberty, Mo., menagerie in, 1845, 3; circus license fee, 1851, 16; Method­ ist Church, 76; historic homes tour, 178; Clay County Savings Assoc, Labaddie, Mo., 60 robbery, 1866, art. on, noted, 287, Labor, thesis on health institute of, quoted, 399; Miss Hayden (magi­ St. Louis, 68; problems, 1867, 297 cian), in, 1847, 314; Liberty Savings Laclede, Mo., Pershing memorial, 74 Assoc, 400 Laclede County Historical Society, 71, Liberty Advance, given award, 275, 362 278 Liberty Tribune, given award, 275, 362 Lafayette County (formerly Lillard), Libraries, early, 308 early library in, 308; first court­ Library of Congress, 70 house, 1825, 320; established, 369; License fees, for circuses, 16-17; for population, 1821, 369 minstrel shows, 109 Laffoon, Edgar, obit., 190 Licklider, Glenn A., verso t.p. Jan. issue La Grange, Mo., 264 Life magazine, memoirs of Harry S. Lake, Bill, 13 Truman in, 282 Lake Doniphan, 177 "Light of Our Past" (pageant), 248 Lake of the Ozarks Dogwood Festival, Lillard County. See Lafayette County 78 Limbaugh, Rush H., 75; life member­ Lamar, Mirabeau B., 290 ships contrib. by, 266 Lamarche, Antoine, 150 Limerick, William, art. on, noted, 82. Lambelet, Mrs. Mabel, 384 Erratum Limrick, William Lancashire Bell Ringers, 312 Lincoln, Abraham, 111, 197, 199, 228, Lands, described, 149-50, 151-53, 213- 392; art. on, listed, 102, noted, 237- 14, 366-67 38; assassination of, 225, 227, 238; Lane, James, 145 book on, 393-94 Langsdorf, Alexander S., 288 Lincoln, Benjamin, 257 Lard, Moses, 280 Lincoln, Stephen, verso t.p. July issue Larkin, —(actor), 313 Lincoln, William Wallace, 237 Larkin, Lew, art. by, noted, 181, Lincoln and His Generals, by T. Harry quoted, 198-99 Williams, 393-94 Lathrop, Gardiner, 404 Lincoln County, 256, 257-60; estab­ Lathrop, John H., 404 lished, 149; population, 1821, 150 Lathrop, John H., II, 404 "Lincoln Posed while Sixteen-Year-Old Laun, Mrs. George, 383-84 Girl Made His Portrait in Clay," Lawless, Tom, art. by, noted, 177 237-38 Lawless, Mrs. W. P., obit., 89 Lind, Jenny, art. on, noted, 79 Lawrence County, antelope in, 135 Lindenwood College, chartered, 245, Lawson, L. M., 146 331 n.; early days of, 329-42 (illus.) Lawson, Martin E., donor, 76 Lineville, Mo., art. on old hotel in, Leach, Mrs. Frank, 72 noted, 81 Leach, Fred, 288 Linn. Lewis Fields, arts, on, noted, 284, Leaders in Our Town, by Dick Fowler, 389 290-91 Linn County, covered bridge in, 79 Leavenworth, Henry, 30 Linton, Moses L.. 228, 229; quoted, 123 Lebanon, Mo., circus in, 1841, 3; arts. Linwood Lawn, Lexington, 78; art. on, on, noted, 81-82; Emancipation Day noted, 82 celebration, 1903, 197-98 Lippert, Henry, 383 Lebanon Academy, chartered, 245 Liquor, in pioneer stores, 241 Leber, Charles Tudor, 385 Lisa. Manuel, 47, 158: house, 319 Lee, Frank Hood, obit., 190 (illus.); at Ft. Osage. 360; trip up the Lee, John Vincent, obit., 89 Missouri in 1811, 371 Lee Syndicate, 95 Literarv societies, early. 308-09 Leeman, Wayne, art. by, noted, 288 Little Bonne Femme Assoc, art. on, Legends and Lore of Missouri, by Earl noted. 180; book on history of, 291 A. Collins, 84 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Lehigh University, alma mater song, 180 398 Littleby, Robert, 263-64 Index 421

Live stock in Mo., 201-15 McConnell, Ronald, 181 Livingston, Robert R., 358 McCormick, Elbert Randolph, obit., 395 Livingston County, arts, on schools McCormick, F. L., obit., 89 in, noted, 285 McCoy, Joseph G., 37; quoted, 203-15 Locust Creek, Linn County, bridged, McDermott, John Francis, 179; (ed.), 79 Journal of an Expedition to the Log cabins, 347-48 Mauvaises Terres and the Upper Mis­ Logan, Benjamin, picture of, noted, 173 souri in 1850, by Thaddeus A. Cul­ Logan, Wilfred D., art. by, listed, 102 bertson, 84 Long, Mrs. A. H., verso t.p. Oct. issue McDonald, William, 385 Long, Stephen H., expedition, 256, 319- McDonald, William N., obit., 294 20, 360, 365-66 McElhiney, Mrs. George W., donor, 173 Long, William, 282 MacEvoy's Panoramas of Niagara and Longhorns, 42-43, 204-10. 298 Ireland, 316 Long's expedition, 155, 254, 256 McGee College, chartered, 245; cen­ Lookout, Fred, 79 tennial, 279-80 Lookout, Henry, 79 McGee Memorial Presbyterian Church, Lord, Clifford L., 363 279-80 Loretto Academy, 50th anniv., 385 McGinnis, Henry A., thesis by, 68 Lorimier, Louis, grave, 75 McGoogan, Bill, Jr., art. by, noted, 391 Lorimier, Mrs. Louis, grave, 75 McGuire, John C, verso t.p. July issue Lotteries, authorized, 1817, 51 Mclntyre, W. O., 383 Louden, Bob, 402 Mack, N. W., 308 Louisiana, Mo., founded, 261; art. on Mackay, James, 58; art. on, noted, 390 post office in, noted, 287; Campana- Mackie, J. Milton, 393 logians in, 1861, 312-13 McKeithan, D. M., art. by, listed, 305 Louisiana (state), governor, 1868, 181, McKendree, William, 16i 199 MacKesson, Virginia F., arts, by, noted, Louisiana Purchase, 357, 358, 360, bul­ 81, quoted, 197-98 letin on, 391-92; sesquicentennial, 73, McLane, William H., 69. 166-67 176, 276, 379-80, 384, 387, 390, art. McLarty, Vivian K., "Three Centen­ on, listed, 406 nials in History of Missouri Educa­ "Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and tion Observed in 1953," 244-50; (ed.), Clark," listed, 406 "A Missionary's Wife Looks at Mis­ Louisiana, Upper, transfer to U. S., 54 souri, Letters of Julia Barnard Louisianaville, Mo., See Louisiana, Mo. Strong, 1836-1839," 329-43 Louisville, Ky., 1795, 48 McLucas, Walter Scott, obit., 294 Loutre Island, circus in, 1841,3; history McMahan, R. E., 279 of, 251-53 McNair, Alexander, book on. 166 Love, Edward Kimbrough, obit., 395 McNamara, Robert L., art. by, listed, Love, James, 100-01 406 Lovejoy, Elijah Parish, 150th anniv., Macon County, brickyards, 1891, 322 176; art. on, listed, 199; death of, McPherrin. William L., 358 340, 392 McTigue, Mary Xavier, thesis by, 68 Lovejoy, Mrs. Elijah, 340 Maddern family, 312 Low, Jeremiah D„ 247 Madison County, tombstone inscrip­ Lowenguth, George P., 388 tions, 76; election of 1865 in, 231 Lowman, Mrs. Ida V., obit., 89 Madisonville, Mo., arts, on, noted, 183 Lowry, Howard Foster, 248 Magaret, Helene, Giant in the Wilder­ Loyalty oath of June 10, 1862, 223, 228 ness, 185 Lucas, Charles, 51 Magicians, early, 314-15 Ludlow, Noah M., 313 Maib, Harold, home, Lexington. 78, 297 Luther Memorial Church, Richmond Mail service. See Postal service Heights, 385 Majors, Alexander, 33. 352 Lutheran Church Malott. Deane W., 398 —Holy Cross, St. Louis, thesis on, Mamelles, described, 151-53 68 Mann, C. V., 384; speaker, 72; radio —Missouri Synod, book on, 291 programs of, 82; given award, 275, —Richmond Heights, 385 362 Lutherans in Mo., art. on, listed, 199 Mann, Mrs. C. V., 82 Lyceums, early, 308 Marais des Liards. See Bridgeton, Mo. Lynch, Frank. 108 Maramec Iron Works, organized, 74, Lynch, Mrs. John R., verso t.p. July 280 issue March, David D., arts, by, listed, 102, Lyon, Mrs. Henry A., verso t.p. Apr. 406; "Charles D. Drake and the Con­ issue stitutional Convention of 1865," 110- 23; 'The Campaign for the Ratifica­ M tion of the Constitution of 1865," Mabie, Ed, 13 223-32 Mabie, Jerry, 13 Marie, Joseph, settlement, 370 n. Mabie Brothers circus, 1843-1859, 12, Marion College, founded, 76, 244-45, 13 335-36 McAfferty, —(New York reader), 314 Marion County, 256, 264; early library Macallister, —(magician), 314, 315 in, 308 McCain, Jack, 99 "Mark Twain and Dwight D. Eisen­ McCanne, Hugh, daybook of, 75-76 hower," listed, 406 McCanne Mrs. Mariah, 76 "Mark Twain and Education," listed, McCanse, Ralph Alan, verso t.p. July 102 issue "Mark Twain and Tom Sawyer" (film), McCluer, Mrs. Arthur, 173 179 McColloch, Samuel, 173 Mark Twain Estate, 289 422 Mis so uri His to rical R eview

Mark Twain Hobby and Antique Show, —Fishing River circuit, 76 387 —Howard County, circuit in, 1817, Mark Twain Municipal Board, 179 375 Mark Twain Museum and Home, art. —Liberty, 76 on, noted, 80 —Miller's Creek, 255 Mark Twain State Park, verso back —Missouri Conference, 1816, 243 cover, Apr. issue —New Liberty, 1818, 259 "Mark Twain's Story of the Bull and —St. Louis, early, 54 the Bees," art. listed, 305 —St. Louis County, Bethel, 388 "Mark Twain's Vocabulary," listed, 406 Mexico, Mo., 1819, 255; First National Marmaduke, John S., 45-46 Bank, 276-77 Marquette, Jacques, 184 Mexican War, 18, 23-25, 26, 101 Marshall, Mo., Confederate soldiers Mexican independence, 22 monument, 385; Civil War battle at, Meyer, Arthur B., art. by, listed, 199 385 Meyer, C. F. G., Ill, 388 Marshall, Battle of, 385 Meyer, S. J., art. by, listed, 305 Marshfield, Mo., Emancipation Day Michel, Stella, 77, 284 celebration, 1903, 197-98 Middle Fork, Monroe County, bridged, Marshfield Chronicle, files loaned, 283 174 Marshfield, Herald, files loaned, 283 Middle Grove, Mo., art. on college in, Marthasville, Mo., history of, 157-58 noted, 82 Martian, Nicholas, 187 Middletown, Mo., 253 Martin, Michael (co-auth.), The New Midwest, towns, art. on, listed, 304 Dictionary of American History, 393 "Mighty Mo." (statue), 283 Mary Blane (steamboat), 84 Militia Mary Institute, 249 —1st Mo. Cav., 76 Maryland, constitution of, 112, 121; —25th Mo. Inf., 303 emancipation experience, 115; con­ —32nd Mo. Inf. Vol., 198 stitutional convention, 1864, 226 n. Miller, Barney, 383, 384 Masnor, Lucile, art. by, noted, 391 Miller, John, 4th Gov. of Mo., 191 Masonic College, picture of, noted, 182 Miller, John, founder of Clarksville, Masons, St. Louis Lodge No. Ill, 50; 261 Missouri Lodge No. 12, 50; Howard Miller, Louis E., obit., 395 Lodge No. 4 A. F. and A. M., New Miller, M. F., 77 Franklin, 74; St. Charles Lodge No. Miller, Mrs. Roy, 279 28, 154; book on. 291-92 Miller's Creek Methodist Church, 255 Massachusetts Society for Promoting Millport bridge, Knox County, 78-79 Christian Knowledge, 329 n. Mills, Clark, 237-38 Massie, Gerald R., pictures by, noted, Mills, Nellie Alice, Historic Spots in 180 Old Barry County, 85 Masterson, V. V., 282; The Katy Rail­ Mills, Jolly, art. on, noted, 390; Clay­ road and the Last Frontier, 290 ton, art. on, noted, 391; Hammack, Mather, Cotton, 392 art. on, 399 Mathews, John, (minister), 262 Milly, Christine, 316 Mathews, John (Bald Knobber), 391 Mine La Motte, arts, on, noted, 80, Mathews, Joseph R., obit., 190 180, 284, 388 Mathews, M. M., 70 Mine La Motte, Mo., scrapbook on, 174 Mathews, Wiley, 391 Mining, arts, on, noted, 80 Matson's (or Shepherd's) Mill, 263 Minnesota, prairie grasslands in, 213; Mauntel, Mrs. Fred, 124 number of cattle in, 1880, 214 Maupin, J. R., 384 Minnesota Historical Society, 387 May, Frank, Sable Harmonists, 108 Minor family, book on records of, 187 May's Prairie, 255 Minstrels, Negro, 13; art. on, 103-09 Maysville, Mo., circus in, 1841, 3 (illus.) Meaders, Harry, 124 Mirror for Americans, A, ed. by War­ Meador, L. E., 75 ren S. Tryon, 393 Meadville, Mo., art. on, quoted, 296 Miesmer, Hulen F., 78 Mechanic's Benevolent Society, St. "Missionary's Wife Looks at Missouri, Louis, 50 A, Letters of Julia Barnard Strong, Meek, Jo, book on, noted, 81 1836-1839," ed. by Vivian K. Mc- Meeker, Mrs. Bernard, 279 Larty, 329-43 Meeks, —(magician), 315 Mississippi County, election of 1865 Memorial Forests in Mo., art. on, in, 231 listed, 199 Mississippi Territory, book on, 187 Menageries. See Circuses Missouri, by Bernadine Bailey, 187 Menard, Pierre, 360 Missouri, official manual of, 83; prairie Menzel, C. J., 80 grasslands in, 213; number of cattle Mepham, Mrs. George S., obit., 89 in, 1880, 214, 1884, 215; value of Mercer County, brickyards, 1891, 322 cattle, 1884, 215; described, 1836, 332 Meriwether family records, book on, Missouri (steamboat), 403 186-87 Missouri Archeological Society, 178, Mersman, William C, obit., 395 181 Messages and Proclamations of the Missouri Citizens Commission for the Governors of the State of Missouri, Study of Education, booklet by, ed. by Sarah Guitar and Floyd C. noted, 180 Shoemaker, Vol. XV, 166; Vol. XVI, Missouri Farmers Assoc, art. on, noted, 166 83 Methodist Book Concern, 329 n. Missouri Historical Data in Magazines, Methodist Church 102, 199-200, 304-05, 406 —Cedar Creek circuit, 255 Missouri Historical Review, 182, 361; —Cold Water, organized, 59 comments on, verso t.p. each issue, —first Methodist circuit, 243 194, verso back cover, Aprf issue. Index 423

376; index to vols. 26-45 mentioned, Moran, Mrs. Edward, 124 166; new format of, 166; back issues Morehouse, Mo., Reynolds gardens in, of, wanted, 174, 276; quoted, 384; art. on, noted, 389 arts, in, cited, 401 Morgan, Buford, 102 Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Morgan, Ray, art. by, noted, 286 73, 177, 178, 282, 384; manuscripts of, Mormons, arts, on, noted, 182, 285, 20, 69, 84 quoted, 196, 302 Missouri History Not Found in Text­ Morrill, O. R., 284 books, 91-102, 191-99, 296-305, 396- Morris, R. B., 145 406 Morrison, J. R., art. by, noted, 287 Missouri Horticultural Society, 304 Morton, William A., 114 Missouri, Kansas, and Texas Railroad, Moses, 33 book on, 290 Moss, Elizabeth. See Crittenden, Mrs. Missouri Land Association, 296 Elizabeth (Moss) Wilcox Ashley Missouri Military Academy, 191 "Moss of the Wilderness," listed, 102 "Missouri Moon," story noted, 188 Motley, Mrs. R. L., 62, 266, verso t.p. "Missouri Mother of 1953," 386 July issue Missouri Pacific Railroad, 303, 405 Mott, Frank L., trustee, 164 Missouri Press Assoc, 290, 298, verso Mount, Samuel, 20, 21 back cover Apr. issue, 361 Mount Pleasant Baptist Church, 375 Missouri Reader, The, "Americans in Mount Vernon, Mo., circus in, 1841, 3 the Valley," ed. by Ruby Matson Mount Zion Baptist Church, 375 Robins, 47-61, 148-62, 251-65, 364- Muench, Cora, 124 75 (illus.) Muldrow, William, papers, 76 Missouri River, books on, 84, 179, 184- Mules, 24 85; art. on, listed, 200; panorama of, Mullanphy, Bryan, 19 316 Mullanphy Travelers Aid, St. Louis, Missouri State Agricultural Society, thesis on, 68 132, 316 Mullgardt, Mrs. W . O., 28 n. Missouri State Directory Daughters of Mulligan, James A., sword, art. on, the American Revolution, comp. by noted, 181-82 Mary Laura Pitts Coppinger, 186 Mundinger, Carl S.. Government in the Missouri State Historical Society. Missouri Synod, 291 See State Historical Society of Mis­ Murphy, Anselm B., 22, 24, 28 n. souri Murphy, Mrs. Emily (Tisserand), 28 Missouri State Society of Oregon, 78 Murphy, Mrs. Eva Eliza (Gonzales), 28 Missouri Supreme Court Library, Murphy, Eva Eugenia, 28 donor, 382 Murphy, James, 18 Missouri Valley College, 279-80; 65th Murphy, Joseph, art. on. 18-28 anniv., 385 Murphy, Mrs. Mary (Hullen), 18-19 "Missouri Waltz," 280-81 Murphy, Mrs. Mary Frances (Higgins) "Missourians Rallied to Aid Wounded Mooney, 28 Civil War Soldiers," 235-37 (illus.) Murphy, Patrick, 18 Mitchell, Joseph E., obit., 294 Murrell, Mrs. Lulu Lamkin, 385 Moll, Justus R., donor, 77 Museums, as early exhibitions, 106 Moniteau County, taxes in, 1870, 195 "Music in the Missouri Air," art. Monkey Circus and Burlesque Drama­ listed, 200 tic Troupe, 15, 107 Musick. John R., 99 Monroe, Harry, 197 Myer, Mrs. Max W., art. by, listed, 102 Monroe, James, 187, 300, 358 Monroe, Mo., history of, 259 Monroe County, 256, 264; covered N bridges in, 78, 174; election of 1865 Nacy, Richard R., 163 in, 231 Nagel, Helen, 178 Montague, J. B., 279 Napoleon Bonaparte, 69; impersona­ Montana, Historical Society of, 84 tion of, 8 Montgomery, Richard, 251 Nasatir, A. P. (ed.), Before Lewis and Montgomery, Mr. and Mrs. William B., Clark, 179, 184-85; book review of, 300 noted, 390 Montgomery County, Graham cave in, Nash, Ira P., land grant, 370 n. art. on, listed, 102; established, 149; National Folk Festival, 19th, 284, 387 population, 1821, 150; 1818-1820, National Folk Festival Assoc, 387 251-54 National Historical Publications Com­ Monuments and Memorials, 74-75, 177, mission, 79 280 National Saddle Horse Museum, plan­ Moody, Dale, 385 ned, 277 Mooney, Mrs. Mary Frances (Higgins). Native Sons of Kansas City, 71-72. 175, See Murphy, Mrs. Mary Frances 278; receive award, 274-75, 356-63, (Higgins) Mooney 383; and restoration of Ft. Osage, Moore, Dorothy O., arts, by, noted, 83, 274-75, 281, 356-63 183 Nauvoo, 111., and the Mormons, 196 Moore, Edward D., art. by, noted, 182, Nebraska, prairie grasslands in, 213; quoted, 196 number of cattle in, 1884, 215 Moore, George H., 177 Nebraska Territory, story of, noted, Moore, Mr. and Mrs. Jonas, 21 188 Moore, Joseph, 31 Nee, Dan M., obit., 89 Moore, Joseph H., trustee, 164 "Negro Minstrels in Early Rural Mis­ Moore, L. F., 266 souri," by Elbert R. Bowen, 103-09 Moore, Mrs. L. J., 28 n.; quoted, 26-27 (illus.) Moore, Lowell E., 266 Negroes, community of in Mo., thesis Moore, Hrs. R. L., Jr., 277 on, 68; songs, 105; minstrels, 103-09, Moore, Robert A., 402 317 424 Missouri Historical Review

"Neighbors All Helped the Pioneer Nunn, Mrs. Bess Crank, 73 Build His House," 347-48 (illus.) Nuttall, Thomas, 360 Neihardt, John G., poems by, noted, Nutter, Charles, donor, 380; arts, by, 291 noted, 380 Neil, Francis, 55 Neill, S. T., 95 Nelson, David, 335 n., 340 n. O Neosho, Mo., Southwest Missouri Har­ Oberholtz, L. E., verso t.p. July issue vest Fair, 175 Obituaries, 86-90, 188-90, 292-95, 394-95 Nerinckx, Charles, book on, 185 O'Brien, John Joseph, thesis by, 68 Nevada, Mo., fireman's tournament, O'Connor, Basil, 282 95-96 Old Beef Trail, 298 New Dictionary of American History, "Old Dan Tucker" (song), noted, 105 The, by Michael Martin and Leonard Old Stone Church, Parkville, art. on, Gelber, 393 noted, 286 New England Tract Society, 329 n. Old Union No. 2 (fire engine), 42 New Franklin, Mo., Howard Lodge No. Older, P. A., 15 4 A. F. and A. M., 74 Olin, Franklin W., Gallery of Arms and New Liberty Methodist Episcopal Military Trophies, art. on, noted, 305 Church, 259 Olio, 104 New London, Mo., trail through, 256 Omaha, Neb., Union Pacific Historical New Madrid, Mo., circus in, 1850, 9 Museum, 79, 389 New Madrid County, election of 1865 On Freedom's Altar, by Hazel Cathe­ in, 231 rine Wolf, 392 "New Madrid Earthquake Terrified O'Neal, James, 31 Missourians in 1811," 137-38 (illus.) O'Neil, Patricia. See Stewart, Mrs. New Madrid earthquake, 265; art. on, Patricia (O'Neil) 137-38; arts, on, noted, 288 O'Neill, Gertrude Brooks, verso t.p. New Orleans, La., St. Charles theater, Oct. issue 14; circus, 107; International House, Order No. 11, 220, 303 380; Louisiana Purchase 150th Anni­ Oregon, Mo., circuses in, 1 versary Assoc, 380 Oregon (state), Missouri State Society New Year's Eve, French celebration of, of, 78; cattle sent to, 1846, 202; 131, 138-39 (illus.) "father of." See Linn, Lewis Fields "New Year's Day in Early Missouri," Oregon Trail, 18, 25-27, 101, 202, 353 138-40 (illus.) Orton's Badger circus, 15 New York, N. Y., Public Library, 70: Osage County, early settlement in, 61 Chase National Bank, 74; minstrel Osage Indians, papers of, 79; art. on, shows in, 1769, 1843, 103; panorama quoted, 300-01 of, 316 Osage Purchase, 148-49, 360; line, 368 New York Community Trust, 74 Osage River, lock and dam No. 1, art. New York Historical Assoc, 70 on, noted, 83 New York Religious Tract Society, 329 Osborn, Mrs. Donald R., verso t.p. Apr. n. issue New York's American Tract Society, Osborn, Thomas, 50 329 n. Osborne, Vincent B., art. on, listed, 102 Newell, L.. 25 Osborne, William, 32 (illus) Newport, Mo., 60, 61 Osgood, Ernest S., 387 Newton County, Jolly mill and school, Otis, Merrill E., thesis by, quoted, 91 art. on, 401-02 Our Storehouse of Missouri Place Newton County Historical Society, 175, Names, by Robert L. Ramsay, 83-84 383 Ousley, E. W., 72 Niagara, panorama of. 316 Ousley, Mrs. Mayme, 383 Nine Mile Prairie, 255 Overland stages, St. Louis to St. "Noah's Ark" bridge, Platte County, 79 Charles, 1819, 55; St. Joseph to San Nobel prize, 250 Francisco, 1861, 32-33, 37, 38-39 Noble, W. G. (Boss), 31 (illus.) Nodaway County, part of Platte Pur­ Overland Mail Company, 39 chase, 30; antelope in, 135 Owens, Richard, 23 Noland, Clare Agee, obit., 294 Owens, Robert, 58 Nolen, Anne, obit., 89 Ozark County, art. on old mill in, Nonesuch (fire engine), 51 noted, 288 Normandy, Mo., Saint Francis Home Ozarks, tomato canning in, 195; book for Girls, thesis on, 68 on, 292 North, J. A., company, 107 North, Levi J., National Circus, 9-11, 276 North American circus, in Hannibal, Pacific Railroad, reaches Sedalia, 209 1852, 14 Page, Mrs. Hattie, obit., 294 North Dakota, prairie grasslands in, Palma's Panoramas of Jerusalem and 213 Venice, 314 North Missouri Railroad Co., thesis on, Palmyra, Mo., circuses in, 1, 3; trail 68 through, 256; laid out, 264 Northeast Missouri State Teachers Panoramas, 316-17 College, thesis of, 1950-1951, 68; Parham, Tennessee Ann. See Whit- thesis on music in, 68 tenburg, Mrs. Tennessee Ann (Par- Norton, A. T., 343 n. ham) Nowlin, Clifford H., art. by, quoted, Paris, Mo., book on, 289-90 398 Park. George S., 344; arts, on, noted, Noxon, George A., obit., 89 286, 287; art. on, 345-46 (illus.) Nuderscher, Frank B., pictures by, Park Board, State, purchase Pershing noted, 173-74 home, 74 Index 425

Park College, arts, on, noted, 286, 287; Pocahontas, 12 McCormick Chapel, 286; Graham Ty­ Poems, book of, 291 ler Memorial Chapel, 286; founded, Political Conditions in Callaway before 346 the Civil War Began, by Ovid Bell, Parker, Isaac C, book on, 186 85 Parkman, Francis, 403 Polk, James K., 400 Parkville, Mo., Presbyterian "Old Stone Pomarede, Leon D., 37; art. on pano­ Church," art. on, noted, 286; founder, rama of, listed, 406 345-46 Pomeroy, S. C, 145 Parkville Industrial Luminary, de­ Pond, Mo., art. on, noted, 388 stroyed, 345-46 Ponting, Tom Candy, 204 Pastor, Frank, 12 Pony Express, 32-33, 353; route, art. Pastor, Tony, 12, 106 on, noted, 286; stables, 388; film on, Patten, Nathaniel, 307 388 Patterson, John, 59 Pope, Mrs. Icie Mae, 279 Patterson, W. J., 345, 346 Poplar Bluff, Mo., State Bank anniv., Patton, —(school teacher, Buffalo Fort, 74 1812), 262 Popplewell, Frank S., 202; quoted, 206 Peattie, Donald Culross, art. by, noted, Portage Des Sioux, Mo., history of, 380 150, 156-67 Peck, John Mason, quoted, 52-53, 153, Postal service, early, 32-33. 38-39 259 373 (illus.); first railroad, 95; 1855, 296 Peddlers, 344; art. on, 350-51, (illus.) Potosi Washington County Journal, cover July issue files loaned, 283 Peden, William, art. by, noted, 392 Potowatomie Indians, 252 Pemiscot County, election of 1865 in, Potts, William S., president of Marion 231 College, 335 n.; pastor, Second Pres­ Pennington, Dwight, arts, by, noted, byterian Church, St. Louis, 343 286, 389 Powell, Mrs. Rose, 75 Penny, George Barlow, 398 "Prairie Fires a Hazhard of Frontier Peno Baptist Church, 262 Life," 131, 133-34 (illus.) Pepper, Jack, 144; horses, 144 Prairie grasslands, 213 Permont, Mary, verso t.p. Apr. issue Prairieville, Mo. See Eolia, Mo. Perry, Charles A., 35 Pratt, Herbert L., 233 Perry, Mo., Mark Twain Hobby and Presbyterian Church Antique Show, 387 —American Home Missionary So­ Perry County, brickyards, 1890, 322, ciety, 329 n., 333 n. 326, 1908 and 1920, 326 —art. on early days of, 329-43 Pershing, John J., 192; home pur­ —Board of Missions, 329 n. 333 n. chased, 74 —Buffalo Creek, 262 Peruque, Mo., inn at, 257 —College Mound, 279-80 Peters, Mrs. Frank L., obit., 89 —Missouri Presbytery, 333 n. Petersen, William J., quoted, 62 —Old and New School controversy, Petites Cote. See St. Charles, Mo. 329, 330 n., 343 Pettis County, covered bridge in, 78 —Parkville, 286 Pettis County Historical Society, 72 —St. Charles, early, 50, 153, 340, 342 Peyton, John, 393 —St. Louis, First Church, 340 n., 343 Phelps County Historical Society, 72, n.; Second Church, 343 n. 383-84 —St. Louis Presbytery, 331 n. Philadelphia zoological garden, 3 —Warrensburg, 73 Philipson, Joseph, 48 —Wayman (Liberty) Cumberland, Pigg, Elmer L., 277; art. by, listed, 406 73 Pike, Albert, 238 "Presentation of 'Award of Merit' to Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 22, 260 the Native Sons of Kansas City," by Pike County, established, 149; popula­ Floyd C. Shoemaker, 356-63 (illus.) tion, 1821, 150; election of 1865 in, Presidents of the U. S., book on, 291- 231; 1818-1820, 256, 260-62; early 92 library in, 308 Preston, Eugene L., art. submitted by, Pilant, Richard, 383, 397 299 Pilot Knob, Battle of, 45-46 (illus.) Prewitt's trading post, 370 n. Pinckney, Mo., circus in, 1841, 3; early Price, John, home, Ste. Genevieve, 318 history, 253 (illus.) Pinkerton Detective Agency, National, Price, Lakenan, obit., 190 79 389 Price, Sterling, 144, 225, 236; at Battle Pioneer life, 216-22 (illus.), 239-43 of Pilot Knob, 45-46 (illus.) Price, R. B., officer, 164 Pixley, Mr. and Mrs. Benton, 300 Price, T. D., 296 Place names, book on, 83-84 Prices, salt, 1806, 365; brick, 1811 and Piatt, —(magician), 315 1820, 318; whiskey. 1816, 49; land, Platte City, Mo., menagerie in, 1845, 1818-1819, 52; rents and food, St. 3 Louis, 1818, 52; hemp and cattle, Platte County, part of Platte Purchase, 1849, 35; cattle in Mo., 1850, 202, in 30; "Noah's Ark" covered bridge in, Calif., 202, in Texas, 1865, 206, in the 79; horses, 144; art. on history of, North, 206-07; feathers, 218 noted, 183 Primitive Baptist Church Platte County Historical Society, 278- —Salem, on Coat's Prairie, 255 79, 384; bulletin of, 384 Primm, James Neal, thesis by, 67 Platte County Self-defensive Assoc, Privies, art. on, noted, 289 345 Proctor, Walter T., art. by, noted, 181 Platte Purchase. 30; art. on, noted, 81 Prokes, Albert J., verso t.p. Apr. issue Plessinger, Sibyl H., thesis by, 67 "Public Health in Missouri—Past, Pres­ Poagus, Haysler A., 76 ent, and Future," listed, 406 426 Missouri Historical Review

Puckett, E. P., 277 Reams, Billy, art. on, 194 Pudd'nhead Wilson, 192 Reams, Mrs. Sally, art. on, 194 Pugh, U. R., 277 Recommended Poems for Missouri Pulitzer prize, 381 Elementary Grades, comp. by For­ rest E. Wolverton, 291, Records of Lewis, Meriwether and Kin­ Q dred Families, comp. by Lottie Quick, Jacob, 252 Wright Davis, 186-87 "Quilting Bee," 233, 239-40 (illus.) Reed, A. A., 124 Quilts, of silk handkerchiefs, 91 Reed, Dave, 106; minstrels, 107 Quincy, 111., cattle drives to, 204 Reed, Ollis E., 75 Reed, Mrs. Perry, 72 R Reed, William, 336 Reeder, Andrew Horatio, 146 Radical Union State Executive Com­ Reed Spring, Mo., tomato canning in, mittee, 225, 228 195 Radicals, Republican party, 195, 392; Reelfoot Lake, Tenn., art. on, noted, art. on, listed, 102; and Constitution 288 of 1865, 111-23, 223-32 Reeves, Benjamin H., diary of, noted, Radio stations, KWTO, Springfield, 79 289 Rafting, art. on, noted, 183 Rehabilitation, vocational, in Mo., Ragland, William T., obit., 90 thesis on, 67 "Raiders Threw Newspaper Press into Reid, Whitelaw, 34 River in 1855," 345-46 Religion, frontier, 39-42 (illus.), 242- Railey brothers, 31 43 (illus.); Salt River Country, 1819, Railroads, rate of building, 1881, 92-93; 259 book on, 393 Religious of the Sacred Heart, art. on, —Central Pacific, 32 noted, 182 —Chicago and Alton, 287 Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ —Hannibal and St. Joseph, 3132, of Latter Day Saints, centennial, 94-95, 296 175-76; picnic grounds, 177; arts, on, —Iron Mountain. See Missouri Pa­ quoted, 196, 302 cific Repp, Arthur C, 177 —Kansas Pacific, 203 n.. 405 Reppy, John H., obit., 90 —Missouri, Kansas, and Texas, book Reppy, Mrs. John H., 71, 278 on, 290 Resources and Development Div., book­ —Missouri Pacific, 209, 303, 405 let by, 180 —North Missouri Railroad Co., thesis Revivals, art. on, noted, 289 on, 68 Revolutionary War, attack on St. Louis, —St. Louis and Iron Mountain, 45 73, 174; art. on, noted, 83 —St. Louis, San Francisco, 198 Rexroad, Mrs. Carl, donor, 382 —Santa Fe., 404 Reynolds, —(magician), 315 —Union Pacific, 39, 183 Rice, Dan, circus, 2, 11-12, 13 Rainey, Eddie, 312 Rice, Martin, art. on, noted, 80 Rainey, Homer P., 387 Rice, Thomas Dartmouth (Jim Crow), Rainey family (Euphonians), 312 103, (illus.) 104 Raley, John W., 385 Richardson, Albert D., 33 Ralls, Daniel, 182, 263. Erratum Ralls, Richardson, L. L., art. by, quoted, 97, David 405-06, noted, 391 Ralls County, established, 149; popu­ Richmond, Mo., menagerie in, 1845, 3; lation, 1821, 150; art. on courthouse circus in, 1858, 10; founded, 375 n. of, noted, 182; 1820, 256, 263; Indian Richmond College, chartered, 245 romance, 301-02 Richmond Heights, Mo., Luther Memo­ Ramsay, John, 160 rial Church, 10th anniv., 385 Ramsay, Mr. and Mrs. Robert, 159-60 Ridotto, 106 Ramsay, Robert L., Our Storehouse of Rinehart, R. J., verso t.p. Oct. issue Missouri Place Names, 83-84 Ring, Mrs. John, Jr., 28 n. Ramsay, William, lick, 160 Ringling Brothers circus, 15 Ramsay's Creek Baptist Church, 262 Ringo, Samuel, 178 Randolph, Vance, art. by, listed, 102; Ripley, R. O., 404 Who Blowed Up the Church House?, Ripley, Robert L., 99 292 Road to Santa Fe, The, ed. by Kate L. Randolph County, election of 1865, 231 Gregg, 289 Range country, 213 Roadside parks, Cherokee, 124 Rangers, War of 1812, 344; pay of, 155; Roanoke, Mo., settlers at before 1820, art. on, 353-55 (illus.) 375 Rankin, David, 214 Robbins Brothers, 312 Rankin, William M., verso t.p. Apr. Robert, Dwight V., 72 issue Roberts, —(widow near Farmington), Rathbone, Perry, art. by, listed, 200 128 Rauchenstein, Mrs. F. W., art. by and Roberts, Clarence N., "History of the on, listed, 199 Structural Brick Industry in Mis­ Ray, E. Lansing, honored, 281 souri," 318-28 Ray County, established, 369; popula­ Roberts, Maurice G., obit., 190 tion, 1821, 369 Robertson, Flavel, 358 Raymond and Van Amburgh's menag­ Robidoux, Felix, art. on, noted, 82, eries, tent, 2; (illus.), 4 listed, 102 Read, Daniel, 404 Robidoux, J. C, art. on, listed, 102 Reading Interests and the Book Trade Robidoux, Joseph, III, 82 in Frontier Missouri, thesis, 67 Robidoux's Landing. See St. Joseph, Ream, Vinnie. See Hoxie, Mrs. Vinnie Mo. (Ream) Robins, Fred C, art. by, noted, 382 Index 427

Robins, Ruby Matson (ed.), "The Mis­ Driesbach-Mabie circus in, 1853, 6-7; souri Reader: 'Americans in the circus license fee, 1851, 16; ferry, Valley,' " 47-61, 148-62, 251-65, 364- 44; museum, 82; concerts in, 1850, 75 107; telegraph line to, 176; art. on Robinson, —(Yankee), 15 history of, noted, 183; cattle trade Robison, G. G., 181 in, 1846-1890, 202-03, 210-12; Sacred Robyn, William, autobiography of, Heart Convent, art. on, listed, 305; listed, 305, 406 amusements in, pre-Civil War, 311- Rocheport, Mo., ferry at, 204 17; Moorhead Brick and Tile Co., 326, Rock Mansion, Platte City, picture of, 327, 328; world premiere of "Pony noted, 183 Express" (film), 388 Rockwell, —(circus performer), 12, 15 St. Joseph Historical Society, 175, 279 Rode, J. J., 178 St. Joseph Lead Company, 166; gives Rodgers, Harris D., 124 park, 124 Rodgers, Rollin W., obit., 90 St. Louis Rodman, Francis, 232 —academy for young men, 1818, 55 Rogers, Isaac, art. on, listed, 199 —Advertising Club, 73, 281 Rogers, John D., Producing Co., 276 —American Press Brick Co., 326-27 Rogers, Robert W., 71 —arts, on, listed, 200, 305 Rogers, William E., thesis by, 68 —banks, early, 49 Rollins, C. B., Jr., 172 —Baptist Church, early, 53-54 Rollins, James S., 69, 172, 228, 237-38; —Blackmer-Post Pipe Co., 326-27, 328 speech of, donated, 381 —brick house, first, 47, 318-19 Roop, Lewis, 71 —brick industry, 318, 319, 322-28 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 92 —Catholic Central Union, 74 Roosevelt, Theodore, 92 —Catholic Church, early, 54 Rose, F. P., art. by, listed, 199 —cattle market, 1845-1884, 210-13 Rosenblatt, H., 312 —Central High School, centennial, Rossiter, Miss —(instructor at Lin­ 176, 247-48, arts. on. listed, 406; denwood, 1837), 337, 339 founded, 245, 247 (illus.); arts, on, Round Prairie, 255 noted, 288 Rounds, Glen, 292 —cholera epidemic, 1849, 25-26; Rowland, Mrs. Claude K., verso t.p. thesis on, 68; art. on, 402-03 Jan. issue —circus in, 1841, 3 Rozier, George A., 165 —Civil War hospitals in, 235-36 Rubey, Web M., 98 —College Hill Press Brick Co., 326 Rucker, B. H., 82; art. on, noted, 183 —Columbian Brick Co., 324 Rucker, John B., art. on, noted, 82 —descriptions of, early, 48-50, 52-53, Ruhl, Margaret Allen, art. by, listed, 55-56 20Q —Eisenstadt Manufacturing Co., 280 Russell, Osborne, art. on, noted, 390 —elections, 1865, 231, 1904, 1928, Russell, William H., 33 and 1952, 192-93 Russell, Majors, and Waddell, 33, 352-53 —Episcopal Church, 1819, 54 Rutgers, Arend, 161 —equestrian show in, 1823, 2 Rutledge, Leighton, art. by, noted, 83 —Erin Benevolent Society, 50 Rycken (or de Rycker), Abraham, 392 —Fernholtz Brick Co., 324 Ryker, Franklin A. (comp.), History —ferry rates, 1808, 44 and Genealogy of the Ryker Family, —fire of 1849, 25, 349-50 (illus.) 392 —fire engines, early, 41-42, 51 —fire department organized, 1857, 42 —Fulton Iron Works, 97; centennial, 184 Sable Melodists, 107 —high schools, history of, noted, 288 Sacagawea (Indian girl), 360 —history of, 19, 24, 25, 47-56, book Sacred Heart Sisters, 154 on, 185 Sager family, 313 —Holy Cross Lutheran Church, St. Andrew, Mo., 1796-1820, 57-58 thesis on, 68 St. Charles, Mo., circus in, 1841, 3; —Hydraulic Press Brick Co., 323, Catholic school in, 1818, 55, 154, art. 324, 326, 327 on, noted, 182; naming of, 148; St. —Internal Revenue Bureau, 177 Charles Borromeo Catholic Church, —John Scullin School, 77, 284 148, 150; history of, 150-56 —Ladies Union Aid Society, 236-37 (illus.); Presbyterian Church, early, —land office, 1818 and 1819 reports, 153, 340, 342; school for girls, 153; 52 Baptist Church, 1818, 154; Society of —Lee and Jones brickyard, 1813, 319 the Sacred Heart established, 1818, —libraries, early, 55 154; St. Charles Academy, 153-54; —Lyons Brick Co., 323 Masonic Lodge, 1819, 154; trail —McKinley^Drug Store, 387 through, 256; performance in, 1820, —Majestic Manufacturing Co., 246- 313; described, 1819, 320. 1836, 331 47 St. Charles County, 148-50, 251-65; —Mansion House, 53 early library in, 308 —Masonic lodges in, early, 50 St. Charles District, 148-50 —Mechanic's Benevolent Society, 50 St. Clair (steam ferry), 37, 44 (illus.) —Methodist Church, first, 54 St. Francois County, tombstone inscrip­ —Meyer Brothers Drug Co., 388 tions, 76; scrapbooks on, 174; election —Missouri Hotel, 53 of 1865 in, 231 —National Land Transfer Assoc, 230 St. Gemme, Gustavus, 382; quoted, 119 —newspaper, second, established, St. James, Mo., Lucy Wortham James 47-48 Memorial Library, 74, 280, 383 —Normal School, founded, 248 St. John, Mo., 60 —paving, first, 55 St. Joseph, Mo., 30; circuses in, 1; —pictures of, early, noted, 173-74 428 Missouri Historical Review

—Presbyterian Church, first, 50, 340 St. Regis Seminary, 244 n., 343 n.; second, 343 n. St. Vincent's College, 106-07 —Progress Brick Co., 324 Ste. Genevieve, Mo., church register, —receipts for 1814-1815, 47; 1817- 1759-1839, 69; archives, 1768-1804, 1819, 55 1810-1826, 69; historical marker at, —Revolutionary War, British attack 165; Catholic Church in, 1749, 165; on, 73, 174, art. on, noted, 83 Masonic lodge, 1807, 165; academy, —Rogers, Hanna and Co. See St. 1808, 165 Louis, Hydraulic Press Brick Co. Ste. Genevieve County, tombstone in­ —Ross-Keller Brick Co., 323 scriptions in, 76 —Saint Bridget of Erin parish, Sale, Llewellyn, 177 thesis on, 68 Salem, Mo., circus in, 1841, 3 —St. John Nepomuk parish, 74 Salem Primitive Baptist Church, 255 —Saint Leo's parish, thesis on, 68 Saline County, tax book for 1860, 173; —St. Louis High School. See St. art. on, noted, 286; established, 369; Louis, Central High School population, 1821, 369 —schools, early, 50-51, 247 Saline County Court, 173 —Sons of the Revolution, 174 Saline County Historical Society, 72 —stage to St. Charles, 1819, 55 Salmon, Urlin, obit., 294 —Texas cattle in, 1849-1860, 203-04, Salt, manufactured, 150; in Boone's 1866, 207 Lick, 1806-1810, 365, 370; how made, —theater, early, 48 365-66 (illus.); kettle, 366 (illus.) —Tom Thumb in, 1844, 8 Salt Creek Christian Church, 375 —Triumph Brick Co., 324 Salt River Country, 149, 201, 255-65 —United Brick and Tile Co., 327 Salt works, 1810, 318 n. —Veiled Prophet carnival, arts, on, Sam Clemens of Hannibal, by Dixon listed, 199, 200 Wecter, 288-89 —War of 1812, treaties signed in, 156 Samuels, Archie, 299 —Washington University. See Wash­ Samuels, Lynn, donor, 172; letter to, ington University 172-73 —William Clark Society, 179 Samuels, Reuben, 299 —Wyman's English and Classical Samuels, Mrs. Reuben, 299 High School, 247 Sanders, W. F., 279, 384; arts, by, St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, noted, 286, 287 45 Sanderson, Paul, 301-02 St. Louis award, 1952, 177 Sands, —(magician), 315 St. Louis Central Christian Advocate, Sands and Nathan circus, 15 229 Sandy Creek, Jefferson County, St. Louis Council on Human Relations, bridged, 78-79 248 Santa Anna, 346 St. Louis County, settlements in, 47- Santa Fe, N. Mex., 21-22 60; early library in, 308; art. noted Santa Fe Railroad, 404 on Bethel Church and old settle­ Santa Fe trade, 18, 21-23, 26 ments, 388 Santa Fe Trail, 352, 353; through Sa­ St. Louis Daily Dispatch, quoted, 227 line County, 72; art. on, noted, 80, St. Louis District, settlements in, 1811, quoted, 101; book on, 289; from 59-60 Texas, book on, 290; described, 330- St. Louis Enquirer, 47-48 31; surveyed, 330, 360; "Father" of. St. Louis Globe, files donated, 382 See Becknell, William St. Louis Globe-Democrat, centennial Sappington cemetery, 72 edition of, 176; sponsors folk festival, Sarpy, John Baptiste (?), 28 284 Satterlee and Bell circus, 15, 16 St. Louis Historical Documents Founda­ Savannah, Mo., circuses in, 1; Reynolds tion, 179, 283, 390 (magician) in, 1857, 315 St. Louis Labor Health Institute, thesis, 68 Saverton, Mo.. 263 St. Louis Library Co., organized, 55 Saw mills, 1810, 318 n. St. Louis Mercantile Library Assoc, Sayers, Floyd C, 124 69; Library, 70 Scharnhorst, Arlie, 178 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, files Schauffler, Edward R., art. by, quoted, donated, 382 303-04 St. Louis Missouri Republic, files don­ Schauffler, Mary Reynolds, 186 ated, 382 Schauffler, Robert McElwin, The St. Louis Missouri Republican, files Schauffler Family in America, 186 donated, 382 Schauffler, William Gottlieb, 186 St. Louis, San Francisco Railroad, 198 Schauffler Family in America, The, by St. Louis Society for the Blind, thesis Robert McElwin Schauffler, 186 on, 68 Schermann, Waldo, 178 St. Louis Story, The, by McCune Gill, Schiller, Johann von, 310 185 Schmidt, C. C art. on, listed, 406 St. Louis Tri-Weekly Missouri Demo­ Schmidtke, Edwin C, obit., 294 crat, and Constitution of 1865, 224, Schnyder, Catherina. See Hurter, Mrs. 225 Catherina (Schnyder) St. Louis University, 55; theses of, Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, quoted, 55- 1950-51, 68; founded, 244 56, 157 St. Louis Weekly Observer, 176 Schools, early, in St. Louis, 50-51, 247- St. Mary's, Kan., art. on Catholic 48; St. Charles, 1796-1820. 153-54; in school in, noted, 182 Mo., booklet on, 180; Pike County, St. Mary's Seminary of the Barrens, 1812, 262 founded, 244 Schrantz, Ward L., arts, by, noted, 80 St. Paul's College, chartered, 245 Schubel, Mason, 278 St. Peters, Mo., trail through, 256 Schult, Louis Houck, obit., 90 Index 429

Schurz, Carl, art. on, noted, 175, listed, Sibley, George C, diary of, noted, 289; 199 at Lindenwood, 329, 330, 331, 337, Schwarz, Frank, art. on, noted, 175 338; at Ft. Osage 357, 360, 386 Schwarz, Max, art. on, noted, 175 Sibley, Mrs. Mary (Easton), 329, 331 Schwarz, Paul, art. on, noted, 175 (illus.) 334, 337, 338, 339, 342; at Ft. Scofield, C. S., 247 Osage 386 Scotland County, 256, 264 Sieck, Louis J., officer, 164; obit., 190 Scott, James, 255 Sigma Delta Chi, dedicates plaque, 176 Scott, John, 51 Simmons, Joseph R., 167 Scrips, John, 259 Simonds, Nathaniel, 259 Scruton, George H., trustee, 164 Singing societies, early, 310-11 (illus.) Searl, —(magician), 315 Sitton, William N., obit., 90 Sedalia, Mo., selected as site for state "Six Bulls" region and river, 77 fair, 133; Sorosis Club, 179; cattle Skilton, C. S., 39-8 drives to, 1866-1867, 207 n., 209-10 Slade, Joseph A., 33 Seeley circus, 3 Slankard, George, 401 Seifert, Mrs. Herbert, 179 Slater Sisters, 312 Seifert, Shirley, 178; Three Lives of Slavens, James H., 243 Elizabeth, 86 Slavery, abolished in Mo., 223 Selecman, Charles Claude, 192 Slusher, Edgar, Sr., home, Lexington, Selecman, Merle, 192 78 Sequoyah (Indian chief), 125 Smith, Edgar E., verso t.p. Jan. issue Settlement and settlements, 1796-1820, Smith, Mrs. Eliza (Wallace), 220 47-61, 148-62, 251-65, 364-75 Smith, H. M., 15 Sevey, Theodore, orders of, noted, 290 Smith, Hyrum, 177; death of, 196 Sexton, H. Clay, 42 Smith, Israel A., 176; trustee, 164 Shackelford, D. W., 197 Smith, J. L., 312 Shagoyewatha (Indian chief), 301 Smith, John, 12 Shahaka (Indian chief), 360 Smith, Joseph II, 175-76, 177, 302; art. Shakespeare, William, language of used on, noted, 182, quoted, 196 by Dan Rice, 11-12 Smith, Joseph III, 196 Shannon, James, 246 (illus.) Smith, Rowland, art. by, 83 Sharp, Attossa Pinckney, 253 Smith, Taylor, Jr., 124 Sharp, Benjamin, 253 Smith, Wilmot Moses, 398 Sharpley's Philadelphia Minstrels, 108 Smith settlement, 264 Shaw, Joel, 261 Smith sisters, 313 Shaw, John, 258 Smithsonian Institution, 97; Div. of Shawk, Abel, 42 Ethnology, 70, 79, 84 Shawnee Mission, 101 Snelson, Walter 384 Shea, John H., home, Lexington, 78 Snider, Delia, 277 Sheets, Mrs. Orval L., 385 Snider, Felix E., 75 Shelby, Joseph, 45-46 Snyder, Louis, 95 Shelby County, 256, 264 Social conditions, in St. Louis, early, Sheldon, Robert P., 164 53 Shepard, Elihu H., 319 Social customs, 136-37 (illus.), 138- Shepherd, James, book on, 86 40 (illus.), 141-43, 144, 147, 194, 221- Shepherd's (or Matson's) Mill, 263 22, 239-40 (illus.), 240-42 (illus.), 347- Shepley, Ethan A. H., 248 48 (illus.,) 350-51 (illus.) cover July Sherman, C. C, 279 issue; book on, 289-90 Sherman, William T., 238 "Soldier papers," 76 Shields, Winifred, art. by, noted, 389 Soldiers, Union, vote on Constitution Shiloh, Battle of, 303 of 1865, 226 (illus.), 232 Shin-plasters, 52 Solomon (Lenoir slave), 321 n. Shockley, Minnie, obit., 90 Sons of the Revolution, St. Louis, 174 Shoemaker, Floyd C, quoted, 50-51, Sorenson, Donald J., art. by, noted, 175 52, 54-55, 252, 255, 256, 257-58, Soulard, Antoine P., 265; map noted, 260-61, 263, 265, 371-72, 374, 375; 184 personal messages from, 62, 168, 266, South Dakota, prairie grasslands in. 376; speaker, 71, 124-30, 179, 279, 213 356 (illus.), 383, 387; visitor, 73, 77, Southwest, book on, 188 177, 179; gives report at Annual Southwest Baptist College, 75th anniv., Meeting, 164-67; comments on, 194, 384-85 298; letter to, verso back cover, Apr. Spalding, G. R., circus, 1848-1860, 12; issue; recommends Native Sons of and Rogers circus, 12-15, 106, 107 Kansas City for award, 275 Spanish in Mo., books on, 184-85, 187 Shoemaker, Floyd C. (co-ed.), Messages Sparks, E. L., 95 and Proclamations of the Governors Spence, H., art. by, listed, 305 of the State of Missouri, Vol. XV, Spence, T. H., verso t.p. July issue 166; Vol. XVI, 166; "This Week in Spier, Robert, 178 Missouri History," 37-46, 131-40, 166, "Spiritual Reward the Only One for 194, 233-43, 344-55; "The Cherokee Frontier Circuit Preachers," 242-43 'Trail of Tears' across Missouri," (illus.) 124-30; "Presentation of 'Award of Spreen, Orville, verso t.p. Jan. issue Merit' to the Native Sons of Kansas Springfield, Mo., circuses in, 1, fee, City," 356-63 1846, 16; commission form of gov't, Shoemaker, Mrs. Floyd C, 73, 177, 179 thesis on, 67; Handley hospital, 75; "Shopping Was Easy when the Store Cherokee trail through, 129; cattle Came to the Farm," 350-51 (illus.) drive through, 1853, 204, 1859, 298; cover July issue brickyards, 1890. 1908, 326 Short. Dewey, 397 Sprouse, Claude W., obit., 190 Showboat (steamboat), 80 Stafford, M. L., verso t.p. Apr. issue Showboats, 1, 5-6 (illus.), 13-15 Stage coaches. See Overland stages 430 Missouri Historical Review

Stalling, Mr. and Mrs. Robert, home, Stevens, Thaddeus, 238 Lexington, 78 Stevens, Walter B., quoted, 253 Stapleton, Jack, 388 Stevenson, Adlai, 176, 191, 396; anec­ Stapp, Mrs. Florence, 279 dote on name of, 193 Star shower, 1833, art. on, noted, 285 Stevenson, Adlai E., 193 Stark, James. 261; art. on, noted, 177; Stevenson, Robert F., 73 home (illus.), 262 Stewart, J. E. B., 142 Stark, Lloyd Crow, 177 Stewart, John C, 277 Stark, William, Sr., 261 Stewart, Mrs. Patricia (O'Neil), 26 n. Stark Brothers nursery, 177 Stewart, Thomas J., obit., 90 Starks, Fred, 388 Stewartsville, Mo., band (illus.) 311 Starks, Henry P., art. on, noted, 388 Stidham, J. H., verso t.p. Apr. issue Starnes, Lee, art. by, listed, 102 Stockton, Robert H., 246-47 (illus.) Starr, Belle, 392; art. on, listed, 406 Stoddard, Amos, quoted, 56-58, 149-50, Starr, James, 128, 129 151, 156; accepts Upper Louisiana Starr, Mrs. James, 128, 129 for the U. S., 380 Start, Clarissa, art. by, noted, 288 Stokes, S. Q., 8, 13 State Government and the Economy: Stolz, Robert G., 281 Missouri 1820-1860, thesis, 67 Stone, Den, 12 State Historical Society of Missouri Stone, William Joel, monument, 97-98 —acquisitions, 68-70, 74, 75-76, 166- Stores, frontier, 233, 240-42 (illus.); 67, 172-74, 380-82 art. on, listed, 199 —Annual Meeting, 163 67, 281 Storm, Colton, 282 —art collections, 361 Storrs, Augustus, quoted, 366-68 —art. on, noted, 285 Story of the Kingdom of Callaway, —awards of merit granted to, 1949, The, by Ovid Bell, 85 275, 361, 1951, 167, 275, 362 Stringfellow, J. H., 146 —Bay, J. Christian, collection, 361 Stringfellow, Lamar, 79 —Bingham collection, 233, 238 Stringfellow, R. F.. 145-46 —comments on, verso t.p. each Strong, E., Jr., 329, 334-35, 337, 338, issue 339, 343; letter from 330-33 —feature articles, historical, 37-46, Strong, Harriet, 329, 338, 341, 342 131-40, 233-43, 344-55 Strong, Mrs. Julia (Barnard), letters —founding of, 290, 298, verso back of, 329-43 cover, Apr. issue, 361 Strong, Mary, 339, 340-41 —highway historical marker pro­ Strong, W. A., 303 gram, 165, 359-61 Strong, William, 339 —membership: members active in Stuart, Burr, obit., 294 increasing, 62-64, 168-69, 266-69, Sturgis, S. D., 76 277, 376-77; new, 64-67, 170- Styles, in hair arrangement, 1881, 91; 72, 269-73, 377-79; life, 165-66, 266, in girls' dresses, 1874, 92 verso of back cover, July issue; Sublette, William, 25, 28 county historical societies ioin, 71; Suelflow, A. R., donor, 385 total, 64, 165, 170, 269, 298, 362, Sullivan, John B., 178 377; as a prize, 284 Sullivan, John L., donor, 174 —microfilm record, 166, 361 Sullivan, Mrs. Leonor Kretzer, 178 —newspaper files, 289, 361 Summerfield, Arthur E., 384 —officers of, verso front cover, each Supreme Court, Mo., 1860 decision on issue; presidents and secretaries, Governors' powers, 97 1898-1953, verso back cover, Oct. Sutter, John Augustus, 76 and Jan. issue; elected, 1952, 164 Sutton, Elsie Kerr, art. by, noted, 183 —publications of, 166 State of Missouri Official Manual for Swain, E. E., officer, 164 the Years 1951-1952, under direction Swanton (steamboat), 403 of Walter H. Toberman, 83 Swiss Bell Ringers, 312-13 (illus.); Herr State song, Missouri, 280-81 Freeberthyser's, 312 Stayton, E. M., 358 Switzler, William F., 114, 118, 122, 228; Steamboats, first in St. Louis, 51 thesis on, 67: serenaded, 311 —America, 403 Switzler, Mrs. William F.. 311 —Banjo, 15, 106, 107 Swofford, Mrs. Robert T., verso t.p. —City of Louisiana, 236 Apr. issue —Clapper, 31 Symon, W. M., 71 —Columbian, 27 —Deer Lodge, 27 —Iowa, 403 Taft, William Howard, 92 —James Raymond, 5, 13, 15, 106, Talbot, Theodore, art. on, 403-04 107 Tambo and Bones, 104 —Mary Blane, 84 Tammahaw (Indian), 301 —Missouri, 403 Taney County, Bald Knobbers in, art. —Showboat, 80 on, noted, 390-91 —Swanton, 403 Tar and feathers, 221 —Western Engineer, 357, 360 Taussig, James, 227 —White Cloud, 349 Taverns and hotels, St. Louis, early, —Zebulon M. Pike, 51 52, 53; Van Bibbers on Loutre Lick, Steelville Academy, chartered, 245 253 Stephens, Claude, talk by, 82 Taylor, Maxwell D ., 281-82 Stephens, Frank F., art. by, noted, 392 Taylor, Ralph M., obit., 90 Stephens, Howard V., obit., 190 Taylor, Roy, 383 Stephens, Hugh, verso t.p. Oct. issue Taylor, Zachary, 258, 400 Stephens College, 291 Teachers, thesis on community in­ Sterling, E. C, 324 fluence on, 67 Sterling, T. W., 324 Teasdale, Sara, poems by, noted, 291 Index 431

Tedrow, Joseph H., obit., 90 Tracy, Lester L., Jr., thesis by, 68 Telegraph, to St. Joseph, 176 Transactions of the Missouri Lodge of "Territorial Enterprise," listed, 406 Research, Vol. IX, comp. by Ray V. Territorial history, 47-61, 148-62. 251- Denslow et al, 291-92 65, 364-75 Travis, John, 59 Territorial legislature Treat, Jno. B., 77 —1806, July 9, set license fees for Treatise on the Law of Suits by At­ ferries, 44 tachment in the United States, A., by —1813, St. Louis receipts and ex­ Charles D. Drake, cited, 110 penditures to be published, 47 Treget, Pierre de, quoted, 60 —1817, school laws, 50; lottery Trimble, Mrs. Ada G., 279 authorized, 51 Trowbridge, Mrs. Harry, 283 Terry, Dickson, arts, by, noted, 83, Trowbridge, Luis Y., obit., 90 175, 184 Troy, Mo., trail through, 256; history Texan Santa Fe Trail, The, by H. of, 260 Bailey Carroll, 290 Trudeau, Zenon, 58, 161; and Daniel Texas, cattle to Mo., 42-43, 203-10 Boone grant, 159, 234-35 (illus.), 298; drovers attacked, 42-43, Truman, Mrs. Bess (Wallace), 163, 205, 207-10 (illus); fever, 43, 204-06, (illus.) 208, 210; number of cattle in, 1880, Truman, Harry S., 92, 192, 396, 397; 214, 1884, 215; value of cattle, 1884, family portrait, 163-64 (illus.), 167; 215; war for independence, 346 inaugural parade, 164; memoirs of, Texas, Republic of, 290 282; library, 282; library fund, 282; Texas County, brickyards, 1891, 322 art. on, listed, 305 "Texas Longhorns Invaded Missouri in Truman, Margaret, 163 (illus.); art. on, North Drive of '66," 42-43 (illus.) listed, 305 Thayer family, 312 Truman, Mary Jane, 163 Theater, first performance in St. Louis, Truman Road, 280, 303 48 Tryon, Warren S. (ed.), A Mirror for Themes from the Old West, by John Americans, 393 Edward Hicks, 85 Tucker, B. B., horse pictures, noted, Theses relating to Missouri, 67-68 277 "This Week in Missouri History," by Tucker, E. W., 277 Floyd C. Shoemaker, 37-46, 131-40, Tucker, William C, art. by, quoted, 166, 194, 233-40, 344-55 (illus.) 194 Thomas, Baltimore, house, art. on, Turner, Laura Ann (Hill Billy Ann), noted, 286 art. on and pictures of, noted, 391 Thomas, Notley, 286 Turtle, Howard, arts, by, noted, 81, Thomasson, R. R., art. by, noted, 287, 181 quoted, 304 Twelfth Night. See Epiphany, feast Thompson, Henry C, arts, by, noted, of 80, 180, 284, 388; trustee, 164 Tyler's Indian exhibition, 12 Thompson, M. Jeff., art. on, noted, 183, listed 199 Thompson, Scerial, art. by, listed, 406 U Thomson, Mrs. Elma (Filar), 274 Thomson, Mrs. Esther Schoene Boch- Uncle Ike's postoffice, 284 ner, 274 Underwear, buckskin, 92 Thomson, Mark A., 274 Union, Mo., cattle drive through, 1853, Thomson, Ronald M., obit., 274, 294; 204 trustee, 274 Union League of Missouri, Grand Coun­ Thralls' Prairie, on Boone's Lick Road, cil of, 225 155 Union Pacific Railroad, 39, 183; South­ "Three Centennials in History of Mis­ ern Branch. See Missouri, Kansas, souri Education Observed in 1953," and Texas Railroad. by Vivian K. McLarty, 244-50 (illus.) United Daughters of the Confederacy Three Lives of Elizabeth, by Shirley —Marshal, Robert E. Lee chapter, Seifert, 86 385 Thruston, Ethylene Ballard, art. by, —Missouri division, president of, noted, 81 385 "Thunderland" (drama), on Daniel United Society for the Promotion of Boone's life, 79 the Gospel and Common Schools, Tisserand, Emily. See Murphy, Mrs. formed 1818, 160 Emily (Tisserand) U. S. Congress Tobacco, at Weston, 35 —1792, Act of Succession, 400 Toberman, Walter H., 248; (director). —1814, Feb. 10, gave Daniel Boone State of Missouri Official Manual land, 235 for the Years 1951-1952, 83 —1939, designated Homestead Na­ Todd, David, 96 tional Monument. 286 Todd, James, trustee, 164 U. S. Constitution, Thirteenth Amend­ Toll Roads, at Weston, 146 ment, 197 Tom Sawyer, 192, 289; painting of U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Distin­ home, noted, 167 guished Service award of, 75; report Tom Thumb, 7-8 of 1884, 215 Tomatoes, in Mo., 195 U. S. Highway 54, 177 Toole, K. Ross, verso t.p. Apr. issue U. S. Highway 61, 256; "Ten-Mile Tootle, Milton, 144 Garden," 78; roadside park on, 124 Totten, Charles M., 385 U. S. Indian policy, 126-27 Town of Missouri, Mo., 160 U. S. Land office, St. Louis, 1818, 1819, Tract Society, 329-43 52 Tracy, Mrs. Genie (Carter), 392 U. S. State Dept., Technical Cooper­ Tracy, Harry, 392 ation Administration, 76 432 Missouri Historical Review

University of Kentucky, research on Wallace, Mrs. David Willock, obit., 295 Henry Clay, 79 Wallace, Eliza. See Smith, Mrs. Eliza University of Michigan, William L. Cle­ (Wallace) mens library, 282 Wallace, Ernest (co-auth.), The Co­ University of Missouri, 248; theses of, manches: Lords of the South Plains, 1950-51, 67-68; College of Agri­ 188 culture, bulletins, 77, Resident Wives Wallace, Mrs. L. S., 278 Club, 387; School of Journalism, art. Wallace, Marquess, 383 on, noted, 80; free tuition law of Wallace, Sarah Agnes, 330 1867, 193; founded, 245; president, Walsh, Mrs. Edward J., obit., 395 first, 404, 1854, 246, 1866, 404; Agri­ War of 1812, in St. Charles County, cultural Extension Service, 304; 154-55, 161-62; at Portage des Sioux, Union Literary Society, 1842, 308; 156; in Femme Osage, 159-60; forts School of Mines, brick for first build­ in Mo., 161-62; on Loutre Island, 252; ing, 321 n.; fund for location of, 381; in Lincoln County, 258-59; in Pike tomb of Jefferson, 392, art. on, noted, County, 260; in Ralls County, 263; 392; alma mater song, 398 in Howard County, 371-74 University of Missouri Bulletin, The, "War" on Texas cattle, 205-06, 208-10, 391-92 (illus.) 42, cover Apr. issue University of Wisconsin, art. on, 404- Ward, Artemus, 33 05 Ward, James, 161 Upper Louisiana, book on Spanish and Ward, John, 54 French in, 184-85; transferred, 380 Ward, R. A. verso t.p. Jan. issue Upton, Mrs. Eugene V., 72 Waring, Raymond, Weeks menagerie Utah, governor of, 1917, 397 and circus, 3 Warmoth, Henry Clay, art. on, noted, 181, quoted, 198-99 Valier, Louis, obit., 190 Warner, Ezra J., verso t.p. Apr. issue Van Amburgh, I. A., 7; circus, 2, 14, Warner, Theodore F., 35, 36 (illus.) 4, 6; wild animal trainer, 4-6 Warren, David M., 192; life member­ Van Bibber, Isaac, 253 ships contributed by, 166, 266, verso Van Brunt, Henry, arts, by, noted, back cover July issue 80, 286, quoted, 101 Warren F. B., verso t.p. Apr. issue Van Cleve, William M., obit., 90 Warrensburg, Mo., First Presbyterian Vandale, Earl, obit., 294 Church, 73 Vandeventer, William L., trustee, 164 Warrenton, Mo., circus in, 1841, 3; on Vandiver, Frank, 383 Boone's Lick Road, 155 Van Fleet, James A., 281 Warwhoop, by MacKinlay Kantor, 188 Van Hoozer, W. R.. obit., 190 Washburn, —(circus manager), 13, 15 Van Horn, Robert T., art, on, 303-04; Washburne, Elihu B., art. on letters of, listed, 199 Battalion of the United States Re­ Washington, George, 249 serve Corps, 303 Washington County, tombstone in­ Van Home, Jefferson, 129 scriptions, 76; election of 1865 in, Vanlandingham, Benjamin, 264 231; brick courthouse, 320 (illus.) VanOsdell, Peter A., 181 Washington Institute. See Washington Van Ravenswaay, Charles, arts, by, University listed, 200, 305 Washington Peace Conference, 1861, Van Rensellaer Academy, chartered, 380 245 Washington University, St. Louis, Van Wormer, Aaron, 191 thesis of, 1950-1951, 67; chartered, Vaughan, H. B., diary of, noted, 80 245, 249; centennial, 248-50, art. on, Ventroloquists, early, 314-15 noted, 288; arts, on and pictures of, Vernon County, and cattle drives, noted, 287 1866, 208-09 (illus.) Watch Night. See New Year's Eve Vestal, Stanley, art. on book by, Waterman, —(circus performer), 12 noted, 81 Waters, Baxter, obit., 295 Veterans of Foreign Wars, state com­ Waters, G. Poe, Fairacres, 86 mander of, 124 Watkins, Tom, art. on, listed, 199 Vide Poche. See Carondelet, Mo. Watters, T. Ballard, trustee, 164, 279 Vigilance committees, 204-06, 208-10, Watts, Mrs. J. Howard, verso t.p. Apr. (illus.) 42, cover Apr. issue Village a Robert. See Bridgeton, Mo. Wauchope, G. A., 398 Virginia Minstrels. 103, 104 Wayman, W. C, 73 Vocational Rehabilitation in Missouri, Wayman (Liberty) Cumberland Pres­ 1945-1950. . ., thesis, 67 byterian Church, 73 Voelker, Frederic E., donor, 179 Wayne County, art. on marker in, "Volunteer Firemen Outmoded by First noted, 183-84 Steam Fire Engine," 41-42 (illus.) Waynesville, Mo., Cherokee camp at, Von Schrenk, Hermann, obit.. 295 129 "Voting Habits in the United States," Weatherford, Robert P., Jr., 276, 356 listed, 102 (illus.), 386 Vytlacil, Mrs. Vaclav, 387 Weber, Mrs. Kossuth C, 124 Webster, Daniel, visit to St. Louis, W 1837, 338 Waconda, Mo., laid out, 264 Webster County Historical Society. Wagon shows. See Circus 279; loans newspaper files, 283 Wagons, Murphy, art. on, 18-28 (illus.) Wecter, Dixon, Sam Clemens of Han­ Walker, David, 391 nibal, 288-89 Walker, Mrs. R. J., 382 Weeks, Archibald Croswell, 398 Walker, William, 391 Weier, Mrs. Amelia C, 71, 278 Wall, Bernhardt, verso t.p. Apr. issue Weigel, Mrs. Robert, 71 Index 433

Welch, James E., 52, 53, 153, 154 Williford, Charles C, 79 Wellington, Mo., menagerie in, 1845, 3 Willson, Jacob G,, obit., 90 Wells, John B., 144 Wilson, B. B., school, Lexington, 309 Wells, Leander E., 144 Wilson, Dean, 124 Wells, Lloyd Manning, thesis by, 67 Wilson, Nathaniel A., 381 Wells family, book on records of, 187 Wilson, Woodrow, 92; anecodote on. Wells, Fargo, and Company, 39 192 Wells Minstrels, 108 Wilson's Creek, Battle of, 72, 235; Wellsburgh, Mo., trail through, 256 Foundation, memorial battlefield, 72 Welsh, James E., 157 Wilt, Christian, 48 West, Benjamin, 316 Winchell, —(elocutionist), Drolleries, West, development of, art. on, 18-28; 314 books on, 84, 85, 184, 185, 186, 188, Winkler, John, 179 289, 290 Wisby, Mr. and Mrs. Tom, 283 West Plains, Mo., anniv., 73 Wisconsin, number of cattle in, 1880, West Point Academy, 282 214; first territorial governor of, Western Emigrant. See St. Louis En­ 389; 40th Inf., Civil War, 404 quirer Wisconsin, State Historical Society of, Western Engineer (steamboat), 357, award to, 167 360 Wisner, William, 334 Western Historical Manuscripts, cata­ Withers, Mrs. Ethel (Massie), speaker, log of, 84 280 Western Journal. See St. Louis En­ Withers, Robert S., speaker, 71; home, quirer 178; "The Feather Bed," 216-22; arts, Western Sanitary Commission, created, by, noted, 275, 287, cited, 362, quoted, 236 399-400 Westfall, Mrs. Ruth (Rollins), 172; Wittig, —(soloist), 312 donor, 70, 167, 381 Wolf, Hazel Catherine, On Freedom's Westminster College, 100; chartered, Altar, 392 • 245 Wolverton, Forrest E. (comp.), Rec­ Weston, Tom, 31 ommended Poems for Missouri Ele­ Weston, Mo., arts, on history of, 29- mentary Grades, 291 36 (illus.), 141-47 (illus.) Woman suffrage, 1822, 91; 1824, 91; Westport, Mo., menagerie in, 1845, 3; 1870, 193-94 art. on, 1843, 403-04 Woman's Humane Society, 1898 elec­ Wheaton, Clarence L., art. by, noted, tion, 398 183, quoted, 302 Wood, Dean Earl, 283; art. on, noted, Wheeler, Hubert, 248 80, quoted, 101 Wheeler, W. W., 175 Woods, Charles L., trustee, 164 Wheldon, John, 252 Woods, J. H., 15 When I Was a Boy, by H. J. Blanton, Woods, John S., 31 (illus.), 36, 141, 289-90, verso of back cover, Apr. 144 issue Woodward, David F., obit., 90 White, H. K., 398 Woodward, W. S., quoted, 59 White, L. M., trustee, 164; art. on, 396 World Star Minstrels, 107 White, R. M., 396 World War II, 101st airborne div., 282 White, Walter Scott, obit., 90 Worsham, James A., Sr., verso t.p. White Cloud (steamboat), 349 Oct. issue White Hair (Osage Indian chief), 300 Wrench, Jesse, 178 Whittenburg, J. A., 94 Wright, H. T., 198 Whittenburg, Mrs. Tennessee Ann (Par- Wright, Harold Bell, 284 ham), 94 Wright, Mrs. J. Thomas, art. by, noted, Who Blowed Up the Church House?, 388 by Vance Randolph, 292 Wyatt, Mr. and Mrs. Harley, Sr., 179 Wickersham, P. O., obit., 395 Wyden, Peter, art. by, noted, 288 Wielandy, Paul J., obit., 395 Wylie, John, art. by, listed, 199 Wiese, Kurt, pictures by, noted, 187 Wyman, Edward, English and Classi­ Wilcox, Daniel P., 86 cal High School, 247 Wilcox, Mrs. Elizabeth (Moss). See Wyman, Walker D. (ed.), California Crittenden, Mrs. Elizabeth (Moss) Emigrant Letters, 185 Wilcox Ashley Wymore, George, 399 Wild Bunch of the West, 79 Wymore home, Liberty, 178 Wilhelm, Mrs. Ida M., verso t.p. July Wyoming, number of cattle in, 1884, issue 215 Wilhoit, Luther E., obit., 190 Y Willets, Mary, art. by, noted, 390, Yantis, John L., 342 quoted, 401-02 Young, Brigham, 196, 302 William Jewell College, 100, 291; char­ Young, John, 158 tered, 245 Younger brothers, 192 William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art, Younger gang, 79 art. on, noted, 389 Yount, F. L., obit., 90 Williams Edward M., 278 Williams, Roy D., 62, 72, 266 Williams, Roy F., 180; A History of the Little Bonne Femme Association, Zane, Elizabeth, picture of, noted, 173 291 Zebulon M. Pike (steamboat), 51 Williams, T. Harry, Lincoln and His Ziegler, Leslie E., 247 Generals, 393-94 Zoyhara, Mademoiselle Ella. See Kings- Williamsburg, Mo., circus in, 1841, 3; ley, Omar on Boone's Lick Road, 155 Zumwalt, Christopher, 161 Williamson, Hugh P., art. by, noted, Zumwalt, Jacob, 161 180 Zwick, G. L., 175

^hCissouri Historical cReyiew

Floyd Q. Shoemaker, Editor

Volume XLFII

October IQS2—Jufy 1953

Published by State Historical Society of zJfrfissouri Columbia, Missouri ^953

Contributors

BOTT, EMILY ANN O'NEIL, housewife, Mt. Vernon, 111. BOWEN, ELBERT R., associate professor of speech and drama, Central Michigan College of Education, Mt. Pleasant, Mich. CARPENTER, CLIFFORD D., teacher in Northeast Junior High School, Kansas City. HOWE, EDGAR WATSON, 1853-1937, author and editor. MCLARTY, VIVIAN K., copy editor, Missouri Historical Review. MARCH, DAVID D., associate professor of history, Westminster College, Fulton. ROBERTS, CLARENCE N., professor of history, North Central College, Naperville, 111. ROBINS, RUBY MATSON, research associate, State Historical Society of Missouri. SHOEMAKER, FLOYD C, secretary of the State Historical Society of Missouri. WITHERS, ROBERT S., farmer, Liberty, Missouri. Contents Page AMUSEMENTS AND ENTERTAINMENTS IN EARLY MISSOURI. By Elbert R. Bowen 307 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY 163 BIT OF WESTON MISSOURI HISTORY, A. Parts I and II. By E. W. Howe 29,141 CAMPAIGN FOR THE RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF 1865, THE. By David D. March 223 CHARLES D. DRAKE AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1865. By By David D. March 223 CHEROKEE "TRAIL OF TEARS" ROADSIDE PARK DEDICATED 124 CIRCUS IN EARLY RURAL MISSOURI, THE. By Elbert R. Bowen 1 EARLY CATTLE INDUSTRY IN MISSOURI, THE, By Clifford D. Carpenter 201 FEATHER BED, THE. By Robert S. Withers 216 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 62, 168, 266, 376 HISTORY OF THE STRUCTURAL BRICK INDUSTRY IN MISSOURI. By Clarence N. Roberts 318 JOSEPH MURPHY'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WEST. By Emily Ann O'Neil Bott 18 MISSIONARY'S WIFE LOOKS AT MISSOURI, A. LETTERS OF JULIA BARNARD STRONG, 1836-1839. Edited by Vivian K. McLarty 329 MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 91, 191, 296, 396

MISSOURI READER: AMERICANS IN THE VALLEY. PARTS IX, X, XI, AND XII. Edited by Ruby Matson Robins 47, 148, 251, 364 NEGRO MINSTRELS IN EARLY RURAL MISSOURI. By Elbert R. Bowen . .. 103

PRESENTATION OF "AWARD OF MERIT" TO THE NATIVE SONS OF KANSAS CITY. By Floyd C. Shoemaker * 356

"THS WEEK IN MISSOURI HISTORY." By Fioyd C. Shoemaker 37, 131, 233, 344

THREE CENTENNIALS IN HISTORY OF MISSOURI EDUCATION OBSERVED IN 1953. By Vivian K. McLarty 244 Illustrations Page The Circus. October, 1952, cover design Cherokee Trail of Tears. January, 1953, cover design Armed Mobs Beat Texas Drovers in Southwest Missouri. April, 1953, cover design The Peddler's Wagon. July, 1953, cover design Advertisement of Raymond & Co's and Van Amburgh & Co.'s Menagerie . . 4 Advertisement of Van Amburgh's Menagerie 6 Advertisement of Driesbach & Co's Menagerie and Circus 7 Advertisement of Levi I. North's Circus and Calliope 10 Advertisement for a Murphy Wagon 20 Weston, Missouri, before the Civil War 29 John S. Woods 31 William Osborne 32 Ben Holladay 33 "This Week in Missouri History" 38, 131, 233, 344 Indian Attacks on the Overland Mail Stagecoaches 38 Camp Meetings in the Woods 40 The Horse-Drawn Steam Fire Engine 41 Armed Mobs Beat Texas Drovers in Southwest Missouri 42 The First Steam Ferry 44 The Union Camp at Pilot Knob 45 "Daddy" Rice as Jim Crow 104 The Minstrel Show 105 Missouri Farmers Exhibited Livestock at First State Agricultural Fair . . . 132 Settlers Battled Prairie Fires 134 Wild Geese. A woodcut by Missouri artist Fred Geary . . . 135 A Husking Bee 136 New Madrid Earthquake 137 French Settlers Sang and Danced on New Year's Day Calls 139 E. W. Howe 141 View of Weston, Missouri 143 View of St. Charles, Missouri, in 1841 151 The President Harry S. Truman Family Portrait 163 The Days of the Long Drive from Texas 207 The Vernon County Sheriff Takes Bonds 209 Great Bend of the Missouri Showing Packing Houses in Early Kansas City 212 A Feather Bed 216 Geese Carried on the Back of a Pioneer's Wagon 218 Union Soldiers Voting in the Field 226 Daniel Boone as Portrayed by Chester Harding 234 Hospital Ships for Civil War Wounded Provided Emergency Care 236 Vinnie Ream, Portrayed by Missouri Artist George Caleb Bingham 237 The Quilting Party Gave Women a Chance to Enjoy Sociable Gossip 239 In the Country Store Neighbors Met for Leisurely Shopping 241 The Circuit Rider Braved Storm and Hardship to Carry the Gospel 242 James Shannon 246 Page Mrs. Mary E. Culver 246 Robert H. Stockton 247 St. Louis High School Opened in Benton School 247 William Greenleaf Eliot 249 Robert S. Brookings 250 Stark Pioneer Cabin 262 Letter from H. J. Blanton Verso of back cover, April issue H. J. Blanton Verso of back cover, April issue A Frontier Ball 309 The Singing Society 310 The Stewartsville Band 311 Swiss Bell Ringers 313 The "Atlantic" Balloon Sailed from St. Louis in 1859 315 Price House, Ste. Genevieve 318 Manuel Lisa House, St. Louis 319 Washington County Court House 320 George C. Sibley 330 Mary Easton Sibley 331 Early View of Lindenwood 332 George S. Park 345 Building the Log Cabin Was Quick Work 347 Steamboats Burning on the Mississippi 349 Bullwhackers Had to Be Tough to Drive Plodding Oxen 352 Missouri Rangers Held Off Indian Attacks 353 Presentation of the Historical Award to the Native Sons of Kansas City . . . 356 Boone's Lick Spring in 1905 364 Boone's Lick Spring. Sons of Daniel Boone Making Salt 1807 365 An Old Salt Kettle 366 Nathan Boone 370 Cooper Emigrant Train 370 Surrender of the Miamis to Gen. Dodge, 1814 374 David M. Warren Verso back cover, July issue

A MISSOURIAN IN TEXAS LEADS IN LIFE MEMBERSHIPS

David M. Warren, a native of South Greenfield, Dade County, and a graduate of the University of Missouri, has never lost interest in Missouri although a long-time resident of Texas. He is a banker and editor in the town of Panhandle and vice-chairman of the University of Texas board of regents. David M. Warren Mr. Warren has a goal of establishing a group of life members of the State Historical Society of Missouri who will have the continuing interest of the Society at heart and who will work for its ad­ vancement. Life membership in the Society is open to anyone for $20 and to insure that key men would become life members, in May of 1951 Mr. Warren gave five life memberships to outstanding men throughout the State who had shown especial interest in the Society and its work. Prior to that time he had given thirty life memberships to relatives, former teachers, and classmates in the grades and high school in Greenfield and Joplin.

Recently Mr. Warren has given five more life memberships to persons on the faculty and adminis­ trative staff of the University of Missouri, bringing the number of life memberships he has given to forty, or over half of the total life memberships of the Society.