MISSOURI STORICAL REVIEW CONTENTS Attorney General Herbert S. Hadley Versus the Stand­ ard Oil Trust Hazel Tutt Long Missouri Railroads During the Civil War and Recon­ struction Margaret Louise Fitzsimmons Early Ste. Genevieve and its Architecture Charles E. Peterson Missouriana Historical Notes and Comments Missouri History Not Found in Textbook STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY of MISSOURI VOL. XXXV JANUARY 1941 No. 2 OFFICERS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, 1938-1941 ALLEN McREYNOLDS, Carthage, President. GEORGE A. ROZIER, Perryville, First Vice-President. L. M. WHITE, Mexico, Second Vice-President. MARION C. EARLY, St. Louis, Third Vice-President. B. M. LITTLE, Lexington, Fourth Vice-President. JOHN T. BARKER, Kansas City, Fifth Vice-President. ROY H. MONIER, Carrollton, Sixth Vice-President. R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer. FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Secretary and Librarian. TRUSTEES OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1941 BEN L. EMMONS, St. Charles. ISIDOR LOEB, St. Louis. STEPHEN B. HUNTER, Cape E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville. Girardeau. CHAS. H. WHITAKER, WALDO P. JOHNSON, Osceola. Clinton. LANGDON R. JONES, Kennett. ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville. Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1942 MORRIS ANDERSON, Hannibal. WM. SOUTHERN, JR., LUDWIG FUERBRINGER, Independence. St. Louis. HENRY C. THOMPSON, HENRY KRUG, JR., St. Joseph. Bonne Terre. JUSTUS R. MOLL, Springfield. GEORGE H. WILLIAMS, JOHN F. RHODES, St. Louis. Kansas City. CHARLES L. WOODS, Rolla. Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1943 JESSE W. BARRETT, St. Louis. H. S. STURGIS, Neosho. ALBERT M. CLARK, Richmond. JAMES TODD, Moberly. HENRY J. HASKELL, Kansas City. JONAS VILES, Columbia. WM. R. PAINTER, Carrollton. L.|M. WHITE, Mexico. JOSEPH PULITZER, St. Louis. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-six trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee. THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW VOL. XXXV JANUARY 1941 NO. 2 CONTENTS Page Attorney General Herbert S. Hadley Versus the Standard Oil Trust 171 HAZEL TTJTT LONG Missouri Railroads During the Civil War and Reconstruction. 188 MARGARET LOUISE FITZSIMMONS Early Ste. Genevieve and its Architecture 207 CHARLES E. PETERSON Missouriana 233 Historical Notes and Comments 266 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 333 *&$&** FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Editor The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly. It is sent free to all members of the State Historical Society of Missouri. Member­ ship dues in the Society are $1.00 a year. All communications should be addressed to Floyd C. Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by con- tributors to the magazine. "Entered as second-class matter at the postoffice at Columbia, Mis­ souri, under Act of Congress, October 3, 1917, Sec. 422." CONTRIBUTORS LONG, HAZEL TUTT, a native of Missouri, is now head of the social science department in the senior high school of Kirksville, Missouri. She received an A. M. degree in history from the University of Missouri in 1939. During her graduate work, she was a Peabody scholar and conducted an experiment in the integration of English and American history in the university laboratory school. FITZSIMMONS, MARGARET LOUISE, a native Missourian, received an A. B. degree from Washington university in 1927 and an A. M. degree in history and education from the same institution in 1931. Since 1934, she has taught history and English at Blewett high school in St. Louis, Missouri. PETERSON, CHARLES E., a native of Minnesota, and a graduate of the university of that state, is senior landscape architect of the national park service, assigned to the Jefferson national expansion memorial at St. Louis. He originated the historic American buildings survey in 1933 and is adviser to the Mississippi valley unit at St. Louis. He is a member of the American institute of architects and of its national committee for the preservation of historic buildings. THOMPSON, HENRY C, II, a native of Wisconsin, is a trustee of the State Historical Society of Missouri. He is an electrical engineer for a large mining company in southeastern Missouri. In the past few years, he has contributed several series of articles to local papers on the history of the older counties of Missouri, a number of which have been reproduced in the Missouri Historical Review. This issue of the Review includes in "Missouriana" his review of Schoolcraft's Scenes and Adventures in the .... Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas. ATTORNEY GENERAL HERBERT S. HADLEY Versus THE STANDARD OIL TRUST BY HAZEL TUTT LONG One of the most engaging figures in American public life thirty years ago was Herbert S. Hadley. As attorney general of Missouri from 1905-1909, he first gained wide recognition by his public-spirited and fearless work in the prosecution of the Standard oil company and other trusts or combinations for violation of the anti-trust laws of the State. Later, while serving from 1909 to 1913 as the first Repub­ lican governor of Missouri since 1872, he became even more widely known for his high standards and his progressive leadership. There is a difference of opinion as to which point in Hadley's career was the peak. Certainly he reached a very high level in popularity and service when he was attorney general of Missouri—a level which he exceeded in turn in his work as floor leader of the Roosevelt delegation at the Repub­ lican national convention of 1912. His lack of robust health and a rugged constitution was not the least of a combination of circumstances which kept him from the presidency of the United States. His personal fitness for that office was never seriously questioned. The story of the successful prosecution of the Standard oil company by this daring young attorney general of Mis­ souri reads like a fairy tale. It was in 1904 that Missouri as the ''Mysterious Stranger" left the solid South and joined the Republican ranks. The election returns of 1904 showed the Democratic party in Missouri defeated on the national ticket for the first time since 1868. Republican candidates won in all the State adminis­ trative offices with the exception of the Republican nominee for governor, who was defeated by the Democrat, Joseph W. Folk. Herbert S. Hadley became the new attorney general. (171) 172 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW At that time, there were various industrial corporations and combinations of unusual size and influence which were practicing monopolistic methods to the extent of being detri­ mental to the public good. Attorney General Hadley deter­ mined to force these organizations into line with strict obedi­ ence to the law of Missouri.1 This determination was in accord with his fundamental political philosophy. He held the firm belief that the American government is a govern­ ment of laws and not of men, and that no man is above the law.2 He considered the people of Missouri his clients and often referred to them as such.3 One of the main policies of the Roosevelt administration, at that period, was the vigorous enforcement of the federal anti-trust laws. Several state officials attempted to follow this national policy with differing degrees of enthusiasm, but it fell to Attorney General Hadley to begin the pioneer anti-trust proceedings against the Standard oil company of New Jersey and its subsidiaries.4 Within two months after taking office, Hadley launched proceedings against this huge trust which included among its subsidiaries, operating in Missouri, the Waters-Pierce oil company, the Standard oil company of Indiana, and the lThe Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri, Vol. X, p. 6. 2In Memoriam: Herbert Spencer Hadley, 1872-1927, p. 12. (A pamphlet containing addresses made by former friends and members of the Kansas City bar association in the United States district courtroom in Kansas City, January 21, 1928.) As a part of his address, Judge Albert L. Reeves told the following story about Hadley. "On one occasion, while Attorney General, he arose to argue a constitu­ tional question in the State Supreme Court. Judge Lamm .... was the presiding judge. General Hadley indicated that for the benefit of the Court he would read the provision of the Constitution under observation. Where­ upon, Judge Lamm remarked that the Court was familiar with the Constitu­ tion. General Hadley quickly replied, 'Your Honor cannot be too familiar with it, so I will read it.' And he did." 3Haskell, Henry J., "The People, His Clients," in Outlook, Vol. LXXXVIII, No. 13 (March 28, 1908), p. 719. 4Morse, Sherman, "The Taming of Rogers," in American Magazine, Vol. LXII, No. 3 (July, 1906), pp. 227-31. Flynn, John T., God's Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and his Times, p. 437. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 19, 1905: An editorial declaring that if Hadley's course were followed in other states, emancipation from the trust would be easy. Jefferson City Tribune, January 31, 1906: Ohio and Texas officials conferred with Hadley relative to his Standard oil inquiry before beginning similar proceedings in their own states. HERBERT SPENCER HADLEY ATTORNEY GENERAL, 1905-1909 GOVERNOR. 1909-1913 ATTORNEY GENERAL HADLEY V. STANDARD OIL TRUST 173 Republic oil company. While in St. Louis conducting an inquiry on terminal charges, which had been authorized by the legislature, Hadley stumbled on information which had never come to his attention before. One of the witnesses was the manager of the Waters-Pierce oil company.5 In testifying as to the volume of the Waters-Pierce business handled by the St. Louis railroads, he mentioned that the Standard oil com­ pany had no agency in St. Louis.6 'Why is it," Hadley demanded, "that the Standard gives you no competition in this important field?" Even though the witness seemed to think there was noth­ ing strange about this fact, Hadley thought it odd7 and he con­ tinued his investigation so quietly that it was not generally known.