The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

WINTER 1968 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1965-68 LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Second Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Third Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Fourth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Fifth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1968 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1969 ROY COY, St. Joseph W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry L. E. MEADOR, Springfield HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1970 WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the Univer­ sity of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Four members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the fifth member, compose the Finance Committee.

T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield, Chairman WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ELMER ELLIS, Columbia LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical VOLUME LXII Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $25 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes NUMBER 2 no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. JANUARY 1968 CONTENTS

THE ACQUISITION OF ST. LOUIS' FOREST PARK. By Kevin C. Kearns 95

THE ARMY OF ISRAEL MARCHES INTO MISSOURI. By Warren A. Jennings 107

A NEW VIEW OF THE BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE. By Albert Castel 136

MISSOURI'S NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS. By Dorothy J. Caldwell 152

VIEWS FROM THE PAST: MISSOURI RECREATION 166

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

News in Brief 168

Local Historical Societies 174

Honors and Tributes 186

Gifts 188

Missouri History in Newspapers 192

Missouri History in Magazines 197

Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History 200

In Memoriam 202

BOOK REVIEWS 203

BOOK NOTES 207

FERRYING ACROSS THE RIVERS 211

VINNIE REAM Inside Back Cover

THE COVER: This period scene of old Ste. Genevieve, is reproduced from a diorama located in the Old Courthouse, Broadway and Market, St. Louis, Mis­ souri. Created during a Public Works project in the 1940s, the diorama is part of the Louisiana Purchase Exhibit of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. The photograph of the diorama was furnished to the Society by John Frost McDonald of St. Louis. Missouri Historical Society This sketch of Forest Park in 1875 was one of several that were instrumental in swaying public sentiment in favor of buying the land.

THE ACQUISITION OF ST. LOUIS' FOREST PARK

BY KEVIN C. KEARNS*

In many respects the twentieth century was born in Forest Park in St. Louis. Many of the new ideas and inventions of man were displayed at the famed Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 held on the grounds of this park, and truly the eyes of the world were turned to the State of Missouri which served as host to the grand event. Missourians were proud, for this was to be their opportunity to display a world's fair even greater than the Chicago World's Fair of 1893. As the 668 acres in the western portion of Forest Park were being prepared for the approaching spectacle, the excitement and anticipation shared by all citizens of

* Dr. Kearns is presently an associate professor of Geography at Colorado State College in Greeley, Colorado. He received his B.S. degree from Washington University in St. Louis and his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from St. Louis University. 96 Missouri Historical Review

the State were fostered by a statement in the St. Louis Post- Dispatch: The Chicago World's Fair was built upon a flat. The St. Louis World's Fair will be built within a forest. The fair of 1893 was a glittering vista of level plain. The fair of 1903 (as it was originally scheduled) will be a shimmering show of castle-crowned eminences.1 It was natural that the Louisiana Purchase Exposition should receive world-wide publicity and noteworthy that the majority of the contemporary publications were united in featuring the high moral tone of the Exposition as well as its vast proportions. For this fair was to be something special—even for world fairs, and it was expected that the millions of visitors would marvel at the beauty of the park upon whose grounds the fair was being held. It was generally conceded prior to the official opening of the fair that the natural beauty of the park grounds would indeed be one of the major attractions to visitors from virtually all parts of the globe. Some twenty-nine years before the Louisiana Purchase Exposition began work on the park terrain, the commissioners of Forest Park issued a statement in their records attesting to the abundance of pristine beauty which was so responsible in the ultimate decision to select that particular site for the fair grounds: Forest Park will prove attractive at all seasons, Spring will give it, with its luxuriant, indigenous grasses and the varied verdure of its native and cultivated trees, an exquisite beauty and freshness. In the leafy month, the light and shadow of its open lawns, interspersed with groups and individual trees, will be presented in striking contrast with the dark recesses of the wilderness, where it will be a study to preserve all of the impressive features of the primeval forest. The changing leaves of Autumn, found in such perfec­ tion in our country, here offer the greatest contrast, and the splendid variety and combination of colors. In Winter, when snow and sleet cover the earth and drape the trees in the clear and bright morning sun, a scene fairy-like and indescribable will be disclosed. But in the summer after­ noons, and early mornings, the park will prove the most i World's Fair Bulletin (St. Louis, July, 1901) ,11. Reprinted from St. Louis Post-Dispatch. The Acquisition of St. Louis' Forest Park 97

delightful. The early Spring, the protracted and ardent heat of the summer months, and the glories of our Indian Summer, lingering almost until merry Christmas, renders, in this climate, a "forest" park—attractive and enjoyable for quite eight months of the year. When opened to the public, it will be the rendezvous point of our people in a gay throng of carriages, and of the visitors by the lines of quick transit, then prepared for their accommodation.2 Pre-eminently the Exposition, held in such an environment, was robust, healthy, educational and inspiring. It left in the minds of the guests only the most favorable remembrances of all that they had seen and experienced. This was really the first World's Fair to assume a distinctly universal and democratic character. It was an object lesson in the brotherhood of mankind and an in­ spiration for a world where difference need not imply discord. It was the crowning achievement of the universal congress of com­ petitive exhibits that the 1904 World's Fair should be so inspiring to all humanity—and it was all taking place in Missouri—on the grounds of Forest Park. There was almost a general consensus that no better and more fitting site could have been chosen upon which to place the fair and that if a different location had been decided upon, the World's Fair in St. Louis would never have been as popular. If there existed a commonalty of approval in 1904 as to the selection of the site for the Exposition, the years of the early 1870s were filled with an atmosphere of disagreement and controversy over the proposal to establish a park in western St. Louis County. The fact is, that Forest Park did not come easily to the city of St. Louis. The property which is now Forest Park was retrieved to use­ fulness long before its ownership had passed into the hands of St. Louis. Previous to being acquired by the city, it was owned by several prominent families, such as that of Robert Forsyth, who utilized this land as a farm and for their complete country home. Here were broad wheat and hay fields surrounding neat two-story frame houses which were flanked by the necessary servants' quar­ ters and barns.3 But the primary settlement of Forest Park grounds can be traced back to yet another age and race.

2 Report of the Park Commissioner of the City of St. Louis, 1875, 9, in Missouri Historical Society files, St. Louis. 3 John T. Scharf, History of Saint Louis City and County (Philadelphia, 1883), 752. 98 Missouri Historical Review

Opening an Indian mound in Forest Park,

During the preparation for the World's Fair, an archaeologist by the name of David I. Bushnell of the Peabody Institute dis­ covered several Indian mounds in that part of the park covered by the Fair.4 His find consisted of six mounds which were report­ edly in perfect condition, and he called the attention of this find to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company and requested that the mounds be opened with great care so that any relics might be preserved. He offered to supervise the opening of the mounds and with the aid of several workmen they began the task. The mounds were on land to be graded and upon their opening almost one complete skeleton, three skulls, fragments of pottery and numerous flint arrowheads were revealed—besides bones too much decomposed for preservation.5 To the dismay of many local authorities, Bushnell explained that the mounds were not the work of the early Mound Building Indians as was suspected, but were actually the remains of earth-covered habitations and burial places of the Omaha Indians after the sub-structure of the wood had rotted. Other reputable archaeologists tended to differ with Bush- nell's theory and adhere to their belief that the first real inhabitants

4 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Evening Post, October 31, 1901. 5 Omaha, Nebraska, World Herald Newspaper, October 31, 1901. The Acquisition of St. Louis' Forest Park 99 of Forest Park were the Mound Builders who probably came to the Mississippi Valley from Mexico as a result of crowded con­ ditions and wars.6 The question of the primary sequent occupancy of this part of Missouri still remains largely within the realm of speculation. The French claim to the territory of Louisiana dated from 1682 and included the grounds later set aside for Forest Park. The French claim was rooted in the discoveries of Father Marquette and such claims continued until 1762 when the territory was trans­ ferred by the French Bourbons to the Spanish Bourbons. During the period of Spanish domination, St. Louis was no more than a village outpost with picket fences, log houses and prowling Indians. It was during this stage of settlement that the first evidence of "parks" can be noted—in the form of commons or common lands. These commons, several of which comprised the area later to be included in western St. Louis County, were for open cul­ tivation by different families and were acquired by petition and grant. In the colonial period of St. Louis the commons were really no more than a large body of land used jointly by the inhabitants of the village for the grazing of cattle and the procurement of building timber and firewood.7 This system of commons reached its zenith about 1786 and declined as an institution soon after­ wards. Following utilization as common land, the acres west of St. Louis found their way into the hands of such wealthy and prominent families as the Gratiot's, Papin's and the Chouteau's— primarily by means of land concessions granted by both the Span­ ish and French governments. Such grants account for the fact that some one hundred years later, when the city of St. Louis attempted to acquire the Forest Park tract it was found to be held almost entirely by a few family blocs. The movement to create a large park beyond the western limits of the city of St. Louis actually began in 1870, and was pro­ posed by Hiram W. Leffingwell, a prominent real estate man. Mr. Leffingwell was one of the city's pioneers in business and one of its most respected citizens. At an earlier date he had served as deputy county surveyor and this job afforded him the opportunity to learn a great deal about the future of real estate in St. Louis

6McCune Gill, The St. Louis Story (St. Louis, 1952), 37-38. 7 Charles E. Peterson, Colonial St. Louis (St. Louis, 1949), 10. and to foresee the value of having a park to serve the needs of future generations.8 Leffingwell was in agreement with one of the first articulate Americans to advocate the need for parks in this country, Wil­ liam Cullen Bryant, who, as a resident of the city of New York had the opportunity to experi­ ence first-hand the needs of that city in regard to the establish­ ment of public parks to serve a growing population. In 1845 Bryant wrote: The population of your city (New York) HIRAM LEFFINGWELL is increasing with such prodigious rapidity, your sultry summers, and corrupt atmosphere, generated in hot and crowded streets, all make it a cause for regret that in laying out New York no preparation was made while it was still practicable for a range of parks and public gardens along the central part of the island or elsewhere to remain perpetually for the refreshment and recreation of citizens during the torrid heats of the warm summer.9 It was the determination of Leffingwell that St. Louis would have the foresight to establish public areas of relaxation and en­ joyment for the citizens. In 1870, he had a plan of the proposed park drawn up and obtained the pledge of Nicholas M. Bell, who had just been elected to the State legislature, as well as other legislators, to have the bill authorizing the purchase of land for the park introduced at the earliest opportunity and to see that it received the necessary support. The proposed bill provided for setting aside some 2,754 acres west of the limits of St. Louis by the county court and for the later purchase by the city of St. Louis.10 On March 25, 1872, Nicholas M. Bell, in the face of much opposition by land holders in the proposed park zone, introduced

8 Camille N. Dry, Pictorial St. Louis: A Topographical Survey (St. Louis. 1876), 91-92. 9 Fred K. Vigman, Crisis of the Cities (Washington. D.C., 1955) , 66-67. lOSt. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 1, 1923. The Acquisition of St. Louis' Forest Park 101 the ball in the Missouri State Legislature and successfully steered it through to final enactment.11 According to observers at the time, Mr. Bell was risking his young political career by assuming the responsibility of introducing such a controversial measure before determined and influential opposition composed of wealthy land­ owners. Nevertheless, the bill was introduced and acted upon and immediately set off howls of protest. This initial effort to obtain passage of the park bill was short-lived. The holders of the property in western St. Louis County protested vehemently against such a plan to expropriate their land and resorted with haste to legal battle. There was surprising ease in the manner with which these property holders obtained a declaration from the Missouri Supreme Court that the measure, depriving them of their rightful owner­ ship of the land, was unconstitutional. The initial park proposal was soundly defeated. As it turned out, not only the holders of the land involved, but a large segment of public sentiment, was op­ posed to the passage of the plan—a seemingly fitting indication of the strong conservative nature of St. Louis at the time. Still, the champions of the Forest Park project were not discouraged, and they fought on with quiet determination. Hiram Leffingwell felt very strongly that the next logical step was to educate the people of the city about the need for such a park. He believed that ultimately the power of passage or defeat would be held in the hands of the public, for it was to be their park and supported by their money. In 1873, another attempt at obtain­ ing legislation was made and it also was defeated. The sponsors of the bill continued their ardent wooing of the suspicious property owners, and many were actually being won to the cause. Major opposition to the park bill was increasingly voiced by a hard-core group of conservative taxpayers who affirmed that the land might better be used for truck gardening or something equally "useful and practical." Still other opponents claimed that the city could never grow to such a distant area of the county.12 Even if it were possible, they said, valuable industrial and resi-

11 Ibid. 12 At that time the proposed park site was well beyond the established limits of the city of St. Louis and could be reached only by carriage or horse. This led to a common objection that the park in reality was to be established as a preserve only for the wealthy St. Louisians who could afford the leisure and the means with which to reach the park grounds and enjoy its offerings. This would, then, neglect the average citizen for whom the park was to be established. 102 Missouri Historical Review dential properties should be allowed there as a natural develop­ ment. At the same time, the property owners expressed alarm lest such a park would destroy the value of their neighboring holdings. However, Presiding Judge Thomas O'Neill and several other judges in favor of the park succeeded in convincing many persons that just the opposite would happen—that their holdings would necessarily increase in value as a result of proximity to such a naturally beautiful and preserved tract of land. One of the converts to the Forest Park cause was William Forsyth. One afternoon in late winter Forsyth and Colonel Thomas Skinker, another holder of property in the contested western por­ tion of the county, rode in a carriage out to the area for the park site.1H On the crest of the hill where the statue of St. Louis now stands they sat down on a fallen tree and Colonel Skinker made the prophecy that: "Here will be one of the finest parks in America, but you and I won't live to see it."14 Two years after the introduction of the first Forest Park Bill, a new bill was prepared, providing for a park only one-half the size of the first one or containing some 1,377 acres. At this time Colonel Skinker and William Forsyth were consulted and became very enthusiastic about the project when assured that if only half of their land was bought by the city at a nominal price, the part remaining to them would be greatly enhanced in value by its proximity to the park. The newly prepared bill was to be handled with the greatest care and tact. It was to be introduced this time by John I. Martin, a North St. Louis man. Andrew McKinley, an attorney from Kansas who had moved to St. Louis some years be­ fore, acted as field general, stirring up public enthusiasm, which in the end was one of the major factors for obtaining acceptance and passage of the bill.15 The revised Forest Park Bill included the following salient points: I. A public park of some 1,377 acres in western St. Louis county was to be established and called "Forest Park" because of the predominance of virgin timber land. II. The land to be set aside for these park purposes was to be expropriated from the present holders. An ap­ praisal of the land in question was to be made within 20 days by three "disinterested" parties who would

13 5r. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 1, 1923. 14 Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly Magazine, XIII (March, 1897), 341. i5Schari, History of St. Louis, 750-75L The Acquisition of St. Louis' Forest Park 103

then determine an honest and fitting fee to be paid to the holders. III. The County Court of St. Louis was authorized to issue bonds in order to help finance the purchase of such land. These bonds were not to exceed the sum of $1,300,000 and were to carry a six per cent rate of interest.16 This edition of the park bill was submitted to and passed by the Missouri State Legislature and finally approved March 25, 1874. Once again the act was assailed and another legal contro­ versy ensued. This time, however, the circumstances were of a different nature than previously encountered. By now most of the citizens of St. Louis were aware of the vital need to act quickly to acquire the property for a park—not necessarily for their immediate needs, but for their children's after them. And many holders of land to be bought by the city, such as Forsyth and Skinker, had been won over to the cause by the assurance that their remaining land would increase in value. The remaining determined contest­ ants of the Forest Park Bill were Charles P. Chouteau, William D. Griswold, Samuel N. Holliday and Julia Maffitt. They were united in their common cause to prevent at great cost the passage of the bill. Their motives, as later implied in the court proceedings, were strictly ulterior. These landholders believed that if they could hold out long enough the framers of the park proposal would be forced to settle by buying all the other land in the park area—thus leav­ ing them with all their land which would then be bordering nearly the entire park! The profits to be gained by procuring such a favor­ able location would indeed be considerable, and well worth their stubborn tactics. Immediate steps were taken by Chouteau and his followers to quash the bill once again and the case was taken to the County Circuit Court No. 1 where Presiding Judge C. H. Krum suggested that the case be appealed to the Missouri Supreme Court because of the "unique problems involved."17 In the October term of 1874 in the Supreme Court of the State of Missouri the case of the County Court of St. Louis County vs. Charles P. Chouteau, William D. Griswold, Samuel N. Holli­ day and Julia Maffitt was introduced. The petition drawn up and presented by the contestants of the Forest Park Plan of 1874 was based primarily upon two assertions:

16 Charles Gibson Papers, 1874, in Missouri Historical Society files, St. Louis. 17 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 20, 1874. 104 Missouri Historical Revieic

I. That the Act of the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, under which private land was to be expropri­ ated for public use, was unconstitutional. II. That the land to become Forest Park could not be turned over to the "people of the county of St. Louis" as stated in the bill, because no such legal person or political entity existed.18 Representing the interests urging passage of the park proposal was St. Louis County Counselor Thomas C. Reynolds.19 Counselor Reynolds strongly favored such a park for the people of the city of St. Louis. He rose to the occasion and met the arguments of the con­ testants with hard logic and a sense of emotional appeal in re­ gard to the interest of the "com­ mon citizen." According to Reyn­ olds, there was involved in the case a basic question of the legal­ ity of the right of eminent domain. It was his belief that in accordance with exercising the right of emi­ nent domain in an instance where property was to be acquired for purposes of a public park it was simply a matter of a redemption by the people of their own property from the hands of temporary possessors. This was, he said, most CHESTER H. KRUM assuredly the highest and most complete kind of property owner­ ship. In order to substantiate the latter statement, Reynolds brought to the attention of the court a similar case which oc­ curred in the Supreme Court of the United States, the case of Tolland's Lessee vs. Hagan. The ruling in this famous case reflected the opinion of the Supreme Court that "the highest and most exact idea of property remains in the government, or in the aggregate body of the people and in their sovereign

18 In Supreme Court: State of Missouri—In the Matter of Forest Park, October Term, 1874 (St. Louis, 1874), 1-2. is St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 9, 1874. 'WHtiK^is-

capacity."20 Thus, said Reynolds, the establishment of Forest Park, though it be based upon the ex­ propriation of private holdings, was not only constitutional, but manifested the very highest type of motives of the framers of the Bill, the Supreme Court responsible for making the ruling, and the peo­ ple of the State of Missouri who were ultimately to be the benefi­ ciaries of such a public area. The JOHN I. MARTIN county counselor further asserted that if the constitutionality of such public uses could be so seriously challenged as a valid point of argument for such contestants as Chouteau, it would lead logi­ cally to the absurdity that Forest Park, if declared unconstitutional, would be an excellent site for the location of an insane asylum which could serve the partially insane as well—including those who could not perceive the public use of a great public park. In final summation, Reynolds pleaded that the Forest Park Bill of 1874 was obviously framed with a clear and honest intent and that if another failure was forthcoming then St. Louis would have to content itself with sinking into the insignificance of a "petty village" in respect to public parks in comparison, for ex­ ample, to its natural rival, Chicago. Further, if the proposal was found to be invalid it would scarcely be possible to attempt to draft another one at some later date. Everything depended upon CHARLES P. CHOUTEAU this proposed bill. The decision was left to the Supreme Court. Thomas C. Reynolds had done his job well. The Supreme Court overwhelmingly upheld the consti­ tutionality of the Forest Park Bill stating that the objective was clear­ ly to "serve the public use for the people of St. Louis."21 The deci-

-0 Supreme Court, 4-5. 21 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July IS, 1874. 106 Missouri Historical Review sion was, for the first time, uncontested by Chouteau and his as­ sociates. Hiram Leffingwell and his supporters had finally won and their dream was now to become a reality. Although the first Board of Park Commissioners did not obtain possession of the park land until April 27, 1875, when it was acquired by condemnation under the authority of an act of the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, the people were to have their park and it was to be handed down from generation to generation serving always the best interests of the public.22 St. Louis had taken a major and de­ cisive step in the right direction. As one St. Louisan commented some years later, when looking back at the controversy over the passage of the bill: "A fresh impetus was given to St. Louis and her interest in the improvement of pleasure resorts when Forest Park was acquired in 1874."23 Still, no St. Louisan at the time of passage, could have foreseen the ultimate contributions of Forest Park to their fair city.

22 G. W. Orear, Commercial and Architectural St. Louis (St. Louis, 1888), 30. 23 William Hyde and Howard Conard, Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis (New York, 1899), III, 1700.

Paints of Similarity Linn Creek Camden County News, January 8, 1902. A prominent young merchant recently presented his better half with a handsome piano lamp on her birthday. He was much flattered when she told him she intended to give it his name, until he asked her reasons for so peculiar a proceeding. "Well," said she, "you know, dear, it has a good deal of brass about it, it is handsome to look at, requires a good deal of attention, is remarkably brilliant, is sometimes unsteady on its legs, liable to explode when only half full, flares up occasionally, it is always out at bedtime, and is bound to smoke. —Palmyra Spectator.

She Fooled All Her Friends La Belle Star, September 20, 1901. A young lady in a neighboring town, so it is said, had not the price of a $50 rustling swishing silk dress in her purse, so she fastened p'jces of sand paper around her ankles and the sound produced as she ambled along was much like the afore-said $50 skirt, and she fooled all her friends. T.B.H. Sterihouse, The Rocky Mountain Saints

THE ARMY OF ISRAEL MARCHES INTO MISSOURI

BY WARREN A. JENNINGS*

In early November, 1833, with the first onslaught of winter, the approximately 1,200 Mormon residents of Jackson County, Missouri, who had for the previous two years endeavored to cre­ ate a religious community called Zion, were forcibly expelled from their homes by their neighbors. Most fled across the Missouri River into Clay County, where they took up what they hoped would be only a temporary abode. Initially the Mormon leaders, acting upon the advice of Governor Daniel Dunklin, attempted through legal process to secure reinstatement upon their lands. These efforts failed. Early in January, 1834, the church elders in Clay County decided that Joseph Smith, their Prophet, who lived in Kirtland, Ohio, should be personally apprised of the plight of

* Dr. Jennings is an associate professor of History at Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, and the secretary of the Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks. A native Texan, he did his undergraduate work at the University of Kansas City and received his M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Florida. Dr. Jennings is the author of numerous articles pertaining to Mormon history. 107 108 Missouri Historical Review his people in Missouri. Lyman Wight and Parley Pratt undertook to fulfill this mission on January 12 and reached their destination on Saturday, February 22.1 The next day they preached to an overflow crowd at the local Methodist Church on the violence that had taken place in Missouri. On Monday Smith called a meeting at his home of the High Council, a newly formed governing body of the Mormon Church, to hear more from Wight and Pratt. The latter asserted that the dispossessed church members in Clay County "had found so much favor in the eyes of the people that they could obtain food and raiment of them for their labor insomuch that they were comfort­ able." After considerable discussion about "when, how and by what means Zion was to be redeemed," Smith arose and said he was going to Missouri. He requested that the Council call for volunteers to go with him. Between thirty and forty men immedi­ ately expressed their willingness to accompany Smith. After some discussion about the route, it was determined unanimously that the party would go by land. "Joseph Smith, Jun., was nominated to be commander-in-chief of the armies of Israel."2 This was the inception of "Zion's Camp," one of the most unusual and controversial chapters in Mormon annals. To this day the questions it raised are still being debated. Was it a military expedition? Was it a legal or extra-legal movement? What did it seek to accomplish? Or, for that matter, did it accomplish any­ thing? That same Monday a revelation came from the Prophet ad­ vising the Mormons as to the manner in which the Lord wished them to proceed. I have decreed that your brethren, which have been scattered, shall return to the land of their inheritances and build up the waste places of Zion; for after much tribula­ tion . . . cometh the blessing. . . . The redemption of Zion must needs come by power. . . . Say unto the strength of my house, my young men and the middle-aged, Gather yourselves together unto the land of Zion. . . . Let no man be afraid to lay down his life for my sake; for whoso lay- eth down his life for my sake, shall find it again. . . .

1 "Lyman Wight's Journal," as quoted in Joseph Smith and Heman C. Smith, History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Lamoni, Iowa, 1897-1903), I, 401. 2 The minutes of this council meeting are printed in B. H. Roberts, ed., History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints: Period L History of Joseph Smith, the Prophet, by Himself (Salt Lake City, 1902-1912) , II, 39. The Army of Israel Marches Into Missouri 109

[Obtain] companies to go up unto the land of Zion, by tens, or by twenties, or by fifties, or by an hundred, until [you] have obtained to the number of five hundred of the strength of my house.3 Eight men were called by name and commanded to journey among the branches of the church to recruit volunteers. These eight men went in all directions from Kirtland to col­ lect men, money, and supplies in order "to render all the assist­ ance that [they] could to [their] afflicted brethren."4 On February 26, Smith headed East with Pratt; two days later Sidney Rigdon and Wight followed. They traveled among the various con­ gregations in New York and Pennsylvania, telling the members about the expedition and what they hoped its results would be. Smith, for example, preached at a special conference in Avon, New York, on March 17. [He] stated that the object of the Conference was to obtain young men and middle aged to go and assist in the redemption of Zion, according to the commandment; and for the church to gather up their riches, and send them to purchase lands according to the commandment of the Lord; also to devise means, or obtain money for the relief of the brethren in Kirtland, say two thousand dollars, which sum would deliver the church in Kirtland from debt.5 An incentive held out to the recruits was disclosed in one of Smith's letters. The fact is, unless we can obtain help, I myself can­ not go to Zion, and if I do not go, it will be impossible to get my brethren in Kirtland, any of them, to go; and if we do not go, it is in vain for our eastern brethren to think of going up to better themselves by obtaining so goodly a land, (which now can be obtained for one dollar and a quarter per acre,) and stand against the wicked mob.6

3 This revelation was not published in the 1835 or first edition of the Doctrine and Covenants. See The Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1952), sec. 103 [hereafter cited as LDS~\, or Book of Doctrine and Covenants (Independence, Mo., 1950), sec. 100 [hereinafter cited as RLDS]. 4 Kimball's journal as recorded in Orson F. Whitney, Life of Heber C. Kimball (Salt Lake City, 1888), 53. 5 "History of Joseph Smith," in Nauvoo, Illinois, Times and Seasons, No­ vember 15, 1845. This history, hereafter cited as "H. J. S.," was dictated by Joseph Smith and ran serially in the Times and Seasons. 6 To Orson Hyde, April 7, 1834, ibid., December 1, 1845. 110 Missouri Historical Review

Throughout March and into April the recruiting continued. On April 21, Wight and Hyrum Smith set out on a recruiting mission into Michigan and northern Illinois. On April 24, the elders in Clay County informed the governor of Missouri that they had decided to organize into militia com­ panies "according to law, and apply for public arms."7 They stated that they had delayed doing so before because of fear that such action on their part would cause undue excitement. However, since their opponents were busy spreading "wicked reports," they "deemed it expedient to inform your Excellency that we have received communications from our friends in the East, informing us that a number of our brethren, perhaps two or three hundred, would remove to Jackson county in the course of the ensuing sum­ mer." The Governor was not to be alarmed: "Our object is purely to defend ourselves and possessions against another unparalleled attack from the mob." The elders did not know when their breth­ ren would reach Missouri. Whenever they do arrive, it would be the wish of our people in this county, to return to our homes, in com­ pany with our friends under guard, and when once in legal possession of our homes in Jackson county, we shall endeavor to take care of them, without further wearying the patience of our worthy Chief Magistrate. . . . Many of our brethren who are expected on, had made arrange­ ments to emigrate to this State, before the outrages of the mob last fall. Meanwhile the Jackson Countians were warned well in ad­ vance of the Mormon movement. P. M. Henderson, the postmaster at Chagrin, Ohio, wrote on April 29, to his counterpart in Inde­ pendence "that the Mormons in this region are organizing an army . . /to restore Zion,' that is, to take by force of arms their former possessions in Jackson County."8 Henderson predicted that they would go forth in small units so as not to create suspicion. "They are armed with every species of implements of destruction, from a scalping knife to a double-barrelled rifle." Furthermore, "it has been suggested to me (by a dissenter from their faith) but a few minutes since, that they have emissaries among the neighboring Indians, trying to provoke these ignorant people to join them (the Mormons) in this 'holy war/"

7 Nauvoo Times and Seasons, January 1, 1846. 8 Published in Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, June 7, 1834. The Army of Israel Marches Into Missouri 111

On Thursday, May 1, about twenty men in an advance guard of Zion's camp left Kirtland with four wagons. They went to New Portage, Ohio, where they waited with a branch of the church for the remainder of the party. The Prophet and his unit, consist­ ing of about 100 members, finally departed on Monday, May 5. The Painesville, Ohio, Telegraph of May 9, 1834, reported: This expedition has been a long time in active prepa­ ration. . . . Like Peter the Hermit, in the days of the cru­ sades, they have made every effort to stir up the holy zeal of the "warriors, my young men, and that are of middle age also," to the combat. . . . For several months past they have been collecting munitions of war for the crusade. Dirks, knives, swords, pistols, guns, powder-horns, &c. &c. have been in good demand in this vicinity. Some have equipped themselves with four or five pistols. The prophet, it is said, has a sword over four feet long. . . . The day before leaving head-quarters, the prophet harangued his troops in person, informing them that he was ready for martyrdom in attestation of his pretensions.9 Only Oliver Cowdery, editor of the church newspaper, Sid­ ney Rigdon, "and a few aged workmen who were engaged on the temple" were left behind in Kirtland.10 Why had the Mormons embarked upon this expedition? They later claimed that Governor Dunklin had appeared willing to guard them as they returned to their lands, whenever they were ready to go. As a result they were advised by some of the influen­ tial men in Clay County "to have enough of their brethren emi­ grate to that county, to enable them to maintain their rights, should the mob attempt to trample upon them again."11 They were to "then get the Governor to set them back upon their lands." Pratt later affirmed that the camp was "for the purpose of carry­ ing some supplies to the afflicted and persecuted Saints in Mis­ souri, and to reinforce and strengthen them; and, if possible, to influence the Governor of the State to call out sufficient addi-

9 Repainted in William Mulder and A. Russell Mortensen, eds., Among the Mormons: Historical Accounts by Contemporary Observers (New York, 1958), 85-86 to Whitney, Life of Kimball, 54. 11 Nauvoo Times and Seasons, February, 1840. The Prophet's brother wrote, "In the Spriiry of 1834, hearing from the Saints in Missouri, who had been driven from Jae' on county, that if they would procure force enough to keep themselves in possession, the Governor would reinstate them in their lands in Jackson county, a company was formed to go to their assistance. I was among the number," William Smith, William Smith on Mormonisrn (Lamoni, Iowa, 1883), 23-24. 112 Missouri Historical Review tional force to cooperate in restoring them to their rights."12 Heber C. Kimball, who kept a journal of the trip, alleged the motive was "to render all the assistance that we could to our afflicted brethren."13 Smith's contingent arrived at New Portage on May 6. The Prophet paused long enough the next day to perfect the organiza­ tion of the camp. His army now consisted of about 150 members, who were divided into companies of twelve men with a captain over each. Every man was assigned specific duties, in addition to the general tasks that all had to perform. Each company had two cooks, two to tend fires, two to set up and strike tents, two to care for the horses, two to obtain water, and a runner. Men were also designated to visit farms and villages to obtain provisions. All the members cast their money into a general fund. "Some of the brethren had considerable, and others had little or none, yet all became equal."14 On May 8, the march for Missouri was resumed. Day by day the party moved forward. Kimball noted: "Our living generally was very good, being able to buy bread from the bakers or inhabi­ tants on the way through the settled part of the country."15 Usually they subsisted on Johnny cake and corn dodger. At night before retiring the whole company were united in prayers at the sound of a trumpet. When the bugle blared in the morning, prayers were again offered. Sentinels were detailed to stand guard each night to watch the animals and to see that none of the threats of moles­ tation were carried out by the irate inhabitants of the country through which the army was passing. The camp marched through Mansfield, Ohio, on May 10, and the next day it was joined by a party of members from northern Vermont. They traversed the Sandusky plains and passed through some Indian settlements. Crossing the Miami River at Dayton on the 17th, they entered Indiana and covered forty miles that day. On May 21, they hiked through Indianapolis and on the 25th, a Sunday, they arrived at the Illinois line. Sundays were usually devoted to rest and preaching, but this one was spent in "washing and baking to prepare for our journey."16 Smith alleged

12 Parley P. Pratt, Autobiography of Parley Parker Pratt (Salt Lake City, 1950), 114. 13 Whitney, Life of Kimball, 53. 14 Ibid., 54. 15 Ibid., 55. mibid., 57. that "angels went before us, and the faith of our little band was unwavering; . . . we know that angels were our companions, for we saw them."17 On May 27, they came to the Okaw, a fork of the Kaskaskia River. Two canoes were lashed together to make a ferry. The baggage was unloaded from the wagons and ferried across, while the wagons and horses were floated over. Trees were felled across the stream to serve as foot bridges for the men. On June 4, Zion's Camp reached the Mississippi River. The party was two days in crossing since there was only one ferry and the river was a mile HYRUM SMITH and a half wide. While waiting their turn, the men spent their time in hunting and fishing. When all were safely over, they camped about a mile from the town of Louisiana, in a beautiful oak grove, im­ mediately on the bank of the river. On June 6, the march was resumed, and the following day they camped near the Salt River on a farm owned by a Mormon, James Allred. The men pitched their tents "in a piece of woods by a beautiful spring of water, and prepared for a Sabbath."18 The Salt River Journal informed its readers: [The camp] was composed chiefly of young and middle-aged PARLEY P. PRATT men, who had the general ap­ pearance of possessing consider­ able personal strength and activ­ ity. They were, with a few exceptions, well provided with firearms and accouterments of war. . . . They avowed their inten­ tion of acting entirely upon the defensive; but expressed a firm resolution of claiming the rights of their society at all hazards.19

17 "H. J. S.," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, Janu­ ary 1, 1846. 18 Whitney, Life of Kimball, 63. 19 As quoted in Heman C Smith, ed., "Current Reports and Opinions of Early Days," Journal of History, VIII (October, 1915), 488. 114 Missouri Historical Review

After the preaching service on Sunday, Hyrum Smith and Wight came into camp with the party of recruits they had raised. One of those in this latest band to join the camp was thirteen- year-old Lyman Littlefield, who had lived at Pontiac, Michigan.20 Years later he recalled that in the spring Hyrum Smith and Wight had visited the Pontiac Branch on a special mission. Some eighteen of the brethren volunteered to go west, among whom were Lyman's father and brother. That many had joined the camp for the pur­ pose of emigrating to Missouri is indicated by the number of wives and children it contained. From Pontiac three women had set out with their husbands. Wight's party had traveled across a large portion of Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois before reaching Quincy, where they were ferried across the Mississippi. During the entire journey the men were forced to walk since the wagons were filled with provisions, clothing and bedding. This made the loads so heavy that even the women had to hike a large portion of the way—"where the roads were in condition to admit of their doing so."21 Littlefield remembered: "Our coming had been looked for and now that the junction had been formed, the main and active motive was to prepare for an advance as soon as possible."22 The camp, however, remained at the Allred settlement for several more days in order to rest and recuperate. Clothes were washed; the wagons were checked and repaired. Zion's Camp now consisted of 205 men, mostly priesthood members, and twenty-five wagons, each with two or more horses.23 There were also ten women and several children. The entire force was now reorganized according to the pattern adopted at New Portage. Wight, a vet­ eran of the War of 1812, was chosen general of the camp. Smith, as commander-in-chief, was provided with a life guard of twenty select men. On June 11, Wight marched his troops on to the prairie, inspected their firelocks, and instructed them in firing by platoons. He then drilled them for half the day. In the meantime their brethren in Clay County had exerted themselves to the fullest extent in preparing for the arrival of the camp. In May, according to Smith, they "established an armory,

20 Littlefield's accounts are found in Lyman O. Littlefield, Reminiscences of Latter-Day Saints (Logan, Utah, 1888) , and N. B. Lundwall, The Fate of the Persecutors of the Prophet Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City, 1952) . 21 Lundwall, Fate of Persecutors, 281. 22 ibid., 283. 23 The names of all those who were a part of the camp may be found in "Members of Zion's Camp," Historical Record, VIII (August, 1889), 940. The Army of Israel Marches Into Missouri 115 where they commenced manufacturing swords, dirks, pistols, stocking rifles, and repairing arms in general for their own defense against mob violence; many arms were purchased."24 On June 1, John Whitmer, then a resident of Clay County, recorded: The Saints here are preparing with all possible speed to arm themselves and otherwise prepare to go to Jack­ son co. when the camp arrives; for we have had some hints from Joseph the Seer that this will be our privilege; so we were in hopes that the long wished for day will soon arrive, and Zion be redeemed to the Joy and satisfaction of the poor suffering saints.25 John Corrill, a Mormon elder, wrote that the Mormons in Clay County "generally thought that the Governor, on a petition to that effect, would reinstate those that had been driven out from their lands, (for they had not sold them) and then their brethren that came up in the camp would enable them to keep possession of their lands."26 Relying upon this belief, the elders notified Dunklin on June 5: We think the time is just at hand when our Society will be glad to avail themselves of the protection of a military guard, that they may return to Jackson county. We do not know the precise day, but Mr. [Amos] Rees gives his opinion that there would be no impropriety in petitioning your excellency for an order of the command­ ing officer to be sent by return mail that we might have it in our hands to present when our people are ready to start. If this should meet your approbation and the order sent by return of mail, we think it would be of great con­ venience to our society.27 On June 11 the Upper Missouri Enquirer, published in Liberty, observed: For the last six or eight weeks, the Mormons have been actively engaged in making preparations to return to Jackson county "the land of promise," by providing themselves with the implements of war, such as guns, pistols, swords, &c. and we are informed . . . they intend to call upon the Governor to reinstate them upon their lands in Jackson, and then, if molested, they are deter-

24 "H. J. S.," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, January 1, 1846. 25 "John Whitmer's Manuscript History," 66, in the office of the historian of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Independence. 26 John Corrill, Brief History of the Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints (St. Louis, 1839), 21. 27 As quoted in "H. J. S.," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, January 1, 1846. Stenhouse, The Rocky Mountain Saints Burning Mormon Houses

mined to protect themselves, sword in hand. We are told they are able to muster 700 strong.28 There was also a great amount of frenzied activity on the part of the citizens of Jackson County. They were tense with ex­ pectation. They knew the Mormons were in constant contact with the Governor, and they were kept informed of the daily progress of Zion's Camp. However, they had one consolation—several of the surrounding counties had pledged their support in case of conflict. During the last week in April an alarm spread through the county that the Mormons were preparing to cross the Missouri. Between 400 and 500 men turned out to repulse the invasion.29 They mustered near James McGee's place on the Big Blue River, but no Mormons came. It was rumored that Mormon spies had come to the river's edge; but when they saw the large number of citizens, the Mormons decided not to make a landing. "The scene closed by burning [the Mormons'] houses, or many of them."30 William Wine Phelps, another Mormon elder residing in Clay

28 As quoted in Washington, D. C, National Intelligencer, July 2, 1834. 29 Colonel Prentiss Ingraham, ed., Seventy Years on the Frontier: Alexander Majors' Memoirs of a Lifetime on the Border (Chicago, 1893), 52. Hereafter cited as Majors' Memoirs. 30 William W. Phelps to the brethren, May 1, 1834, Kirtland, Ohio, Evening and Morning Star, May, 1834. Hereafter cited as Kirtland Star. The Army of Israel Marches Into Missouri 117

County, wrote that 170 structures owned by the Mormons in Jack­ son County were consumed and that all persons who would not promise to take up arms against the Mormons were forced to leave the county. From this time forward, the Jackson Countians began to slip over the Missouri, commando style, to harass those Mor­ mons settled near the river.31 Several houses were broken into and searched for weapons while the Mormon men were absent. Some firearms were found and confiscated. Thomas Pitcher recalled, "the whole county was organized under Col. Sam Owens."32 Among those present in Independence during this crisis was Dr. John K. Townsend, a well-known Philadelphia physician and naturalist, who was preparing for a tour into Indian territory to the west. He arrived in Jackson County on March 14, and was there for several weeks. He wrote: Reports have been circulated that the Mormons are preparing to attack the town, and put the inhabitants to the sword, and they have therefore stationed sentries along the river for several miles, to prevent the landing of the enemy. The troops parade and study military tactics every day, and seem determined to repel, with spirit, the threatened invasion.33 The doctor was not too happy about the situation. He found the training and marching a source of irritation since "the miser­ able little skeleton of a saddler who is engaged to work for our party, has neglected his business, and must go a soldiering in stead."34 He added: "We were put to great inconvenience wait­ ing for our saddles." Not content with keeping their own citizens inflamed, the leaders in Jackson County made efforts to arouse the ire of the inhabitants in the surrounding counties. Men were sent into Clay County to obtain signatures on anti-Mormon petitions which de­ manded that the hated sect move on. They had little success. Whitmer reported that Samuel Campbell was directed "to harangue the people of Clay county on the subject of Mobocracy." He "suc­ ceeded in embittering the minds of some . . . but obtained only about 20 signers in Clay co."35

31 Ibid. 32 interview of Thomas Pitcher in Kansas City Journal, June 17, 1881. 33 John K. Townsend, Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River (Philadelphia, 1839) in Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, 1748-1846 (Cleveland, 1904-1907), XXI, 140. 34 ibid. 35 "Whitmer's History," 66. 118 Missouri Historical Review

As late as June 14, Corrill could write: "The leaders of the mob are yet striving to keep up the same spirit of opposition, by instilling falsehoods into the minds of the people." They tell them that the "Mormons" are coming upon them, mob like, to kill their women and children. They raised an alarm a few days ago in which the whole county of Jackson was in an uproar; men riding in different direc­ tions and proclaiming, "the Mormons are coming,—they are now crossing the river—they are coming to kill, destroy, &c." Some women and children left their houses, and fled to the woods, and elsewhere, while the men, 2 or 300, gathered together to oppose the "Mormons," as they supposed in their return. They repaired to the different ferries, on the river, to guard them, and I have been cred­ ibly informed, that they have since continued to guard the river at the different crossing places.36 Runners were then dispatched into neighboring counties asking for assistance. Fortunately there was no basis for these reports. Corrill claimed that the Mormons had neither intention nor need of returning at night time. "We shall . . . return under the protec­ tion of the Governor, as he has promised us." Corrill further noted: "As nearly as I can learn the number that is determined to stand and oppose our return, even unto bloodshed, is about 150 or 200 in that county." Zion's Camp left the Salt River on June 12, and traveled four­ teen miles, camping that night on the prairie. The next few days they moved rapidly forward. While at the Allred settlement, Smith had sent Orson Hyde and Pratt to Jefferson City "to request of His Excellency, Governor Daniel Dunklin, a sufficient military force, with orders to reinstate the exiles, and protect them in the possession of their homes in Jackson County."37 Pratt asserted in his Autobiography that they had an interview with the Governor "who readily acknowledged the justice of the demand, but frankly told us he dare not attempt the execution of the laws in that re­ spect, for fear of deluging [sic] the whole country in civil war." Dunklin "advised us to relinquish our rights, for the sake of peace, and to sell our lands from which we had been driven." The elders, according to Pratt, replied "that we would hold no terms with land pirates and murderers." Furthermore, "if we could not be permitted to live on lands which we had purchased, . . . our lands

36 Kirtland Star, June, 1834. 37 Pratt, Autobiography, 115. The Army of Israel Marches Into Missouri 119 would, at least, make a good burying ground, on which to lay our bones." Three days later, Hyde and Pratt rejoined the camp. The Prophet and several others retired to a solitary grove to learn the verdict of the Governor. It was, of course, adverse, and Pratt had to inform Smith "that Governor Dunklin refused to fulfill his promise to reinstate the brethren on their lands ... on the ground of impracticability."38 This discouraged the leaders of the camp immensely, and Smith "called on the God of fathers to witness the justice of our cause and the sincerity of our vows, which we engaged to fulfill, whether in this life or in the life to come."39 Why had the Governor retreated from an earlier promise to return the Mormons to their Jackson County homes? It was due in part, no doubt, to the adamant attitude of the citizens of Jack­ son County and the support they were receiving from the sur­ rounding areas. But, a more cogent consideration was that a com­ promise appeared to be in the making. On June 6, Dunklin sent a letter to Colonel John Thornton, "one of the wealthiest men in Clay County."40 The Governor ex­ pressed his appreciation to the latter for an earlier communica­ tion "on the subject of Mormon difficulties." Dunklin continued, "I should be gratified indeed if the parties could compromise on the terms you suggest, or, indeed, upon any other terms satis­ factory to themselves." He felt, however, that he could not as chief executive officer of the State "take upon myself the task of effecting a compromise between the parties. Uncommitted, as I am, to either party, I shall feel no embarrassment in doing my duty; though it may be done with extreme regret." The Governor added: A more clear, and indisputable right does not exist than that of the Mormon people ... to return and live on their lands, and if they cannot be persuaded as a mat­ ter of policy, to give up that right, or to qualify it, my course, as the chief executive officer of the state, is a plain

38 Roberts, History of Joseph Smith, II, 94. Cf., "Parley P. Pratt and Orson Hyde . . . brought the intelligence that the Governor would execute the law, whatever it might be," "Lyman Wight's Journal," History of the Church, I, 472-473. 39 Pratt, Autobiography, 116. 40 Peter H. Burnett, Recollections and Opinions of an Old Pioneer (New York, 1880), 50. This letter was first published in the Liberty Upper Missouri Enquirer, June 25, 1834. It was widely reprinted: Baltimore, Maryland, Niles' Weekly Register, July 26, 1834; Kirtland Star, July, 1834; and Nauvoo Times and Seasons, January 1, 1846. 120 Missouri Historical Review

one. . . . We cannot interdict any people who have a political franchise in the United States from emigrating to this state, nor from choosing what part of the state they will settle in. . . . It is their constitutional right to arm themselves. Indeed, our militia law makes it the duty of every man, not exempted by law, ... to arm himself with a musket, rifle, or some firelock, with a certain quantity of ammunition. ... I am fully persuaded that the eccen­ tricity of the religious opinions and practices of the Mor­ mons, is at the bottom of the outrage committed against them. They have their right constitutionally guaranteed to them and it is indefeasible, to believe and worship Jo Smith as a man, an angel, or even as the only true and living God, and to call their habitation Zion, the Holy Land, or even Heaven itself. Indeed, there is nothing so absurd or ridiculous, that they have not a right to adopt as their religion, so that in its exercise, they do not interfere with the rights of others. Dunklin requested Thornton to make every exertion to effect a compromise and proposed several alternatives. If none of these options should be acceptable, "then the simple question of legal right would have to settle it." The Governor noted further that he had heard both sides were arming with cannon. This, he wrote, was illegal since can­ nons were not necessary for self defense. Also, he had been warned that assistance was expected by the Jackson Countians from the adjoining regions. He regretted this extremely since militia com­ panies did not have the right to go into other counties without orders from the commander-in-chief. This law applied to the Mormons as well. "Men must not levy war' in taking possession of their rights, any more than others should in opposing them in taking possession." Dunklin also wrote to the leaders in Jackson County of his hope for a compromise. He suggested that an offer be made to buy out the Mormons and pay for the injuries that had been inflicted upon their society.41 The Governor promised that should compromise fail, he would restore only those who owned land in the county. Acting on the Governor's request, the citizens met and elected ten delegates, giving them full powers, to meet with the Mormons to work out an agreement. On June 10, Circuit Judge John F. Ryland of Lexington wrote

41 Liberty Upper Missouri Enquirer, June 11, 1834, as quoted in Washington National Intelligencer, July 2, 1834. The Army of Israel Marches Into Missouri 121 to Elder Algernon Gilbert that he had called a meeting for June 16 at Liberty, to explain his and the Governor's opinion of the situation.42 "I much fear and dread the consequences that are yet to ensue, unless I should succeed in my wishes to restore peace." The judge expected "a deputation of some of the most respect­ able citizens of Jackson county will meet with me." Within four days Gilbert replied that a conference of the Mormon society in Clay County had met that day to discuss his letter.43 It had been resolved to be present with as many members as possible. How­ ever, Gilbert forewarned the judge that his people were fearful that it might be proposed that they sell their lands. "We have thought it expedient to give season­ able notice that no such proposition could possibly be acceded to by our society; . . . 'home is home' and . . . we want possession of our homes." In an accompanying letter to the Mormons' attorneys, Alexander Doniphan and David Rice Atchison, Gil­ bert wrote that to sell their land "would be like selling our children into slavery."44 On Monday, June 16, hundreds of people poured into Liberty. It was later reported that nearly 1,000 persons gathered at the courthouse, filling the seats, standing in the aisles, and overflowing into the court­ house yard.45 A considerable number of Mormons were in attendance, including those elders who had been designated to represent the society. The committee of ten from Jackson County under the leader­ ship of Samuel C. Owens was also present. Judge Ryland had come from Lexington to Strauss Portrait observe but not to preside at the proceed­ DANIEL DUNKLIN ings. He addressed the assembly, however, "in an impressive and forcible manner, relative to the importance

42 Printed in "H. J. S.," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, January 1, 1846. 43 Printed in ibid., January 15, 1846. 44 ibid. 45 Walter B. Stevens, Centennial History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1921), II, 106. 122 Missouri Historical Review and urgent necessity of bringing their difficulties to an honorable adjustment." He vividly pictured the consequences if an amicable solution could not be found. He informed the committees of the respective parties that it was not his province, as a high judicial officer to dictate to them the terms upon which they should settle this subject; nevertheless, as a man who felt deeply inter­ ested for his country and its laws, ... he advised them the necessity of regarding the laws of the land. [He] ad­ dressed the Mormons, warning them against the danger of suffering themselves to be led by pretenders to the high prerogatives of the prophets of God, to certain destruc­ tion. . . . He supposed that the Mormons might cross the river and defeat the citizens of Jackson in battle—that it would only be the means of involving them in greater dif­ ficulties—that hundreds would rush from adjoining coun­ ties to revenge the blood of their neighbors, and they must be expelled in turn.46 After Ryland's speech, the meeting was formally organized with a group of Clay Countians to act as mediators. It was soon evident that much bitter feeling existed against the Mormons. Years later Joseph Thorp recalled that a good many speeches were made "and our friends from Jackson were very rabid."47 The Rev­ erend Riley, a Baptist minister, stated that the Mormons had lived long enough in Clay County "and must clear out or be cleared out."48 Owens, as head of his delegation, "spoke with force and energy, and in a way to arouse the passions rather than allay them, although it had been decided by all that inflammatory speeches should not be made."49 The chairman of the meeting, Judge Joel T. Turnham, pleaded: "Let us be republicans, let us honor our country and not disgrace it like Jackson county."50 The tirades continued, however, until Doniphan "arose and began to shove up his sleeves (his manner when a little warmed up) and commenced his remarks in a rather excited tone. . . . He advo-

46 Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, June 28, 1834, as quoted in Smith, "Current Reports," 489-490. 47 Judge Joseph Thorp, Early Days in the West: Along the Missouri One Hundred Years Ago (Liberty, Mo., 1924), 78. 48 Stevens, Centennial History, II, 106. 49 Thorp, Early Days, 78. 50 Stevens, Centennial History, II, 106. "Judge Turnham was not a judge, but had been in public life a good deal, and was a man of most excellent sense, very just, fearless, firm, and unflinching in the discharge of his duties," Burnett, An Old Pioneer, 55. The Army of Israel Marches Into Missouri 123 cated the right of citizen and individual responsibility, and was opposed to Judge Lynch and mob violence."51 This changed the tone of the meeting. The Jackson County committee presented its propositions in a signed statement.52 They proposed that the citizens "buy all the land that the said Mormons owned in the county of Jackson; and also, all the improvements which the said Mormons had on any of the public lands in said county of Jackson, as they existed before the first disturbances between the people of Jackson and the Mor­ mons, and for such as they have made since." The value of the land and improvements would be ascertained by "disinterested arbitrators," to be chosen by both parties. Twelve Mormons would be permitted to accompany the arbitrators to show them their land and improvements. Their safety would be guaranteed. After the value of the land and improvements had been determined "the people of Jackson will pay the valuation, WITH ONE HUN­ DRED PER CEN. ADDED THEREON, to the Mormons, within thirty days thereafter." It was stipulated that "while the arbitrators are investigating and deciding upon the matters referred to them, the Mormons are not to attempt to enter Jackson county." As an alternative the commissioners from Jackson offered to sell the lands and improvements of the citizens to the Mormons on the same terms and in the same manner. Were the Jackson Countians acting in good faith or were they merely stalling in the face of the threat posed by Zions Camp? The Upper Missouri Enquirer (June 18, 1834) noted: We have very little idea that the Mormons will accede to the propositions made by the citizens. We are told that such a hope is hardly entertained by any of the Jackson committee; and we have no doubt but the citizens of Jack­ son are determined to dispute every inch of ground. The chairman of the committee declared in the courthouse, in the presence of five or eight hundred persons, appealing to high heaven for the truth of his assertion, that they would dispute every inch of ground, burn every blade of

51 Thorp, Early Days, 78. 52 Printed in Liberty Upper Missouri Enquirer, June 18, 1834: reprinted in Washington National Intelligencer, July 9, 1834; Baltimore Niles' Weekly Register, July 12, 1834; and Kirtland Star, July, 1834. 124 Missouri Historical Review

grass, and suffer their bones to bleach on their hills, rather than the Mormons should return to Jackson County.53 Undoubtedly the committee knew that the Mormons would never agree to sell their lands. It was now late in an afternoon heavily charged with tension. Suddenly a fracas erupted outside the courthouse, and the cry was heard that a man had been stabbed. Everyone rushed out expecting to find a fight between the Mormons and their antago­ nists. It was soon discovered, however, that a blacksmith named Calbert had "dirk'd" an old enemy named Wales, inflicting a dangerous wound.54 This broke up the meeting since "the people became so much excited, that it was thought most prudent to adjourn."55 Before the elders withdrew, however, they promised to reply to the proposals made to them. They pledged, in the mean­ time, that the army under Smith would not invade Jackson County. That same evening they composed a letter to the committee from Jackson and had it delivered.56 The elders noted: "As we are informed that a large number of our people are on their way, re­ moving to Jackson county, we agree to use our influence immedi­ ately to prevent the said company from entering into Jackson county, until you shall receive an answer to the propositions afore­ named." Meanwhile, the Jackson County delegation had started home—Smith later claimed "to raise an army sufficient to meet me, before I could get into Clay County."57 After dark, seven citizens from Jackson County (most of whom were members of the committee) were left in Clay County. They reached William Everett's ferry around 9:00 o'clock, in a hurry to get back across the Missouri River. The night was clear and the moon shone brightly.58 It was suggested that the party

53 As reprinted in Smith, "Current Reports," 490. "The mob of Jackson co. proposed to sell to us, or buy our possessions in a manner that they knew that we could not comply with if we were ever so willing, which served to blind the mind of those who had heretofore said nothing, but now advised us to comply because they thought we had better have something than nothing for our possessions," "Whitmer's History," 66. 54 "H. J. S.," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, January 15, 1846. 55 Liberty Upper Missouri Enquirer, June 18, 1834, as reprinted in Smith, "Current Reports," 490. 56 Printed in ibid. Reprinted in Baltimore Niles' Weekly Register, July 12, 1834; and "H. J. S.," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, January 15, 1846. 57 ibid. 58 Owens to editor of Liberty Upper Missouri Enquirer, June 17, 1834, as quoted in Washington National Intelligencer, July 9, 1834. See also Baltimore Niles* Weekly Register, July 12, 1834. The Army of Israel Marches Into Missouri 125 with its horses might be too much for the ferry to carry in one trip, "but they feared to leave any on [the Clay side], lest the Mormons might come upon them before the boat could return for them."59 Besides, Everett assured the party that there was no danger. Owens wrote later that "the boat appeared to be in as good order as we ever saw it—the false floor was tight and good."60 When the ferry was about 200 yards from shore, "in an instant, as it were, the boat filled with water."61 Owens noted that it apparently did not strike anything; "our impressions at that time were, and still are, that something had been done to the boat to sink her, as it was known that the committee from this county would cross at that point."62 Several of the men aboard could not swim, and they grabbed the tails of the horses. In this manner they reached the south shore safely. Owens floated down the river four miles before reaching an island. Smith wrote that he "swam off naked about day light, borrowed a mantle to hide his shame, and slipped home rather shy of the vengeance of God."63 Five men drowned: James Campbell, David Lynch, William Everett, and two of his em­ ployees—Jefferson Cary and a Mr. Bradbury. Everett's body was later found lodged on a rock heap. Campbell's became entangled in a pile of driftwood where, Smith alleged with some satisfac­ tion, "the Eagles, Buzzards, Ravens, Crows, and wild animals ate his flesh from his bones . . . and left him a horrible example of God's vengeance."64 Alexander Majors, a Jackson Countian, remembered: "This occurrence put the quietus on any further attempt to settle for the damages done the Mormons when driven from the county, for it caused in the whole population the most intense feelings against them."65 It was broadcast that the Mormons had bribed one of the ferrymen—Bradbury, who was not around to deny it —to bore large holes through the gunwales of the flatboat. If so, he failed to provide adequately for his own escape. It is sig­ nificant that the boat was never examined for sabotage.66 Even

59 Thorp, Early Days, 80. 60 Washington National Intelligencer, July 9, 1834. 61 Ibid. 62 ibid. 63 "H. J. S.," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, January 15, 1846. 64 ibid. 65 Ingraham, Majors' Memoirs, 54. 66 William L. Webb, Centennial History of Independence, Missouri (Inde­ pendence, 1927), 85. KAY FT. LEAVENWORTH »W >""CLAt' .RICHMOND^C ; LIBERTY.-1^^ ^DEXI'NGTO WESTPORT^/'INOE^^^VU IACKSON

* fvAN 8URCM ((•99)

INDIAN I BATES

TERRITORY The route of Zion's Army drawn by Gayle Jennings.

Josiah Gregg, a bitter opponent of the Mormons, admitted: "It was owing perhaps to the craziness of the boat, yet some persons suspected the Mormons of having scuttled it by secretly boring auger-holes in the bottom."67 However, "the most reasonable idea was that the boat did not generally carry such heavy loads, hence the timbers had become dry and corking loose, and when the water pressed against it gave away and the boat filled."68 Smith felt differently. He maintained that "the angel of God saw fit to sink the boat."69 Zion's Camp was now rapidly nearing its destination. Edward Partridge, the first Mormon bishop and leader of the Mormons in Clay County, came out from Liberty to meet his brethren, and sometime around the 16th, he made contact while they were

67 Josiah Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies (Norman, Okla., 1954), 220-221. 68 History of Jackson County, Missouri (Kansas City, 1881), 263. 69 "H. J. S." Nauvoo Times and Seasons, January 15, 1846. <7 ,' ILLINOIS

**-''

JEFFERSON*

camped in the woods on the banks of the Wakenda River. The bishop informed the leaders of "the hostile feelings that existed in Missouri in all quarters."70 On Wednesday, June 18, the men of the camp pitched their tents a mile east of Richmond. Kimball wrote:

"On Thursday, the 19th, we arose as soon as it was light and passed through the town before inhabitants were up. As Luke Johnson and others were passing through before the teams came along, Brother Luke observed a black woman in a gentleman's garden near the road. She beckoned to him and said, "come here massa." She was evidently much agitated in her feelings. He went up to the fence and she said to him, "there is a company of men

TO "Extracts from H. C Kimball's Journal," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, February 1, 1846. 128 Missouri Historical Review

lying in wait here who are calculating to kill you this morning as you pass through."71 The party hastened on but was delayed by several minor acci­ dents to the wagons. Was there anything to this alarm, or was it just the Mormons' imagination? On June 20, a young resident of Lexington wrote his father in Macon County, Kentucky.72 He reported that a large reinforcement of Mormons had arrived and that they now had 800 to 1,000 men—"all well armed, with guns, tomahawks, knives, and from two to four braces of pistols each." He continued: They went through the county on the North of the river, yesterday. We understood that the people of that county intended to stop them, we raised about forty men, but could not overtake them (the Mormons,) as they raised a dog trot, and kept it up most of the day. Next Monday is supposed to be the day they intend crossing the river, to take Jackson county. The whole county is in an uproar. Volunteers are preparing to go to the scene of action. Should they cross the river, there will be a battle, and probably much blood shed. Among others, I shall start on Saturday next. On the afternoon of the 19th, around 4:00 o'clock, Zion's camp came to a halt just east of the Clay County line, between two of the seven branches of the Fishing River. This stream coursed southward into the Missouri, and near its mouth was a "magnifi­ cent forest, the trees of which were so lofty that . . . guns were unable to reach the birds perched on the upper branches."73 While the Mormons were making preparations for the night, five men rode into camp and stated that sixty men were coming from Richmond, and even more from Clay County, to attack them. The weather was pleasantly warm, and the river was in good condition for fording, not over ankle deep. Soon after the Missourians de­ parted; and while the men were eating, a small black cloud was detected rising in the west. Rapidly the sky became overcast "with densely dark and angry clouds" of a frightful aspect.74 Smith asserted that at this time about 200 men from Jackson County were crossing the Missouri at Williams' ferry "to be ready to meet the

71 Whitney, Life of Kimball, 65-66. 72 This letter was published in the Maysville, Kentucky, Eagle and re­ printed in Washington National Intelligencer, July 23, 1834. 73 Maximilian, Prince of Wied, Travels in the Interior of North America (London, 1843) , in Thwaites, Western Travels, XXIV, 122. 74 Lundwall, Fate of Persecutors, 287. The Army of Israel Marches Into Missouri 129

Richmond mob near Fishing River Ford."75 But, purportedly, after the first load of forty men had been conveyed across and the ferry was going back for another group, it was met by a squall and had great difficulty in reaching the south shore. The storm was tremendous. Fierce winds, driving rain, and heavy hail combined into a tornadic fury. Sheet and forked lightning kept the night afire while the loud crash of thunder shook the earth and made it tremble. The hail cut down the crops and vegetation while the world was awash in an avalanche of rain. The Mormons were in a critical predicament when their wagons and tents failed to provide protection. Some sought shelter in an abandoned Bap­ tist meeting-house whose logs were in a decayed condition. The tempest raged throughout the night. In the morning it was dis­ closed that the Fishing River had risen about forty feet and had overflowed the bottoms for several miles. Lyman Littlefield re­ called: At length the terrible night was passed and a glorious morning's sun chased away the darkness and revealed for our inspection the fragmentary condition of the woods and fields. A visible change had been wrought by the war­ ring elements. The work of havoc and devastation met the eye in every direction. Trees were uprooted and limbs hurled in great quantities to the earth. But the brightness of the new-born day and reviving warmth of the June sun reassured all nature.76 The Mormons then, as their descendants do now, looked upon this as another instance of divine intervention. John Whitmer wrote: The camp now arrives at Fishing River, where the enemy desired to head them being led by Priests &c. But God interposed and sent a storm of Thunder lightning and rain at an astonishing rate. Which stopped our enemies in consequence of the flood of water which swelled the River and made it impassable.77 Smith asserted in his history that the violence of the tempest took the fight out of the forces that were converging upon Zion's Camp. According to the Prophet, it struck his opponents harder than it did his own troops. "Their ammunition was soaked, and the forty in Clay county were extremely anxious in the morning, to return

75 "H. J. S.," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, January 15, 1846. 76 Lundwall, Fate of Persecutors, 288. 77 "Whitmer's History," 66. 130 Missouri Historical Review to Jackson, . . . fully satisfied, as were those survivors of the com­ pany who were drowned, that when Jehovah fights, they would rather be absent."78 Little hail purportedly fell on Zion's Camp, but the enemy lost horses, had rifles broken, and men injured. "It seemed as if the mandate of vengeance had gone forth from the God of battles, to protect his servants from the destruction of their enemies."79 The next day Zion's Camp could not cross the ford because of high water, and the men were marched five miles to a new camp site. This was on a farm which belonged to John Cooper, a Mor­ mon. While there they were visited by several Mormon elders from Clay County who informed them "of the fixed determination of [their] enemies to drive or exterminate them from that county."80 On Saturday the elders in Clay County wrote their reply to the propositions of the committee of ten from Jackson County "that they cannot be acceded to."81 However, they could assure the committee that the Mormons had no intentions of invading Jack­ son County. On Sunday Cornelius Gilliam, sheriff of Clay County, rode into camp for a consultation with the Mormon leaders. Smith proudly marched his army into a nearby grove and formed them into a circle around Gilliam. The Sheriff explained to the company the "manners, customs and disposition of the people," and how they could best secure their favor and protection. The Mormon leaders then wrote a statement of their purposes for public dis­ tribution which the Sheriff promised to disseminate. On July 2 Gilliam sent this with a letter stating his own views to the Upper Missouri Enquirer. The Mormon declaration avowed: The reports of our intentions are various, and have gone abroad in a light calculated to arouse the feelings of almost every man.—For instance, one report is, that we intend to demolish the printing office in Liberty; another report is, that we intend crossing the Missouri River on Sunday next, and falling upon women and children, and slaying them. ... It is not our intention to commit hostili­ ties against any man or set of men. It is not our intention to injure any man's person or property, except in defend-

78 "H. J. S.," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, January 15, 1846. 79 Ibid. 80 Whitney, Life of Kimball, 67. 81 Published in Kirtland Star, July, 1834. ing ourselves. ... It is our intention to go back upon our lands in Jackson coun­ ty, by order of the Execu­ tive of the State, if pos­ sible.82 Then they proposed that twelve disinterested men, six to be chosen by each group, determine the value of the possessions of those citi­ zens who felt they could not live with the Mormons in Jackson County. "They shall have their money in one year; and none of the Mormons shall enter that county to reside until the money is Kennedy, Early Days of Mormonism paid." The amount of damages JOSEPH SMITH sustained by the Mormons during the earlier riots against them and their expulsion were also to be fixed by the same twelve men. This would be applied against the purchase price of the citizen's land. After Gilliam had ridden off, Smith issued one of his most quoted revelations, since known among Mormons as the "Fishing River Revelation."83 The Lord forthwith expressed his dissatisfac­ tion: "Were it not for the transgressions of my people . . . they might have been redeemed even now; but, behold, they have not learned to be obedient to the things which I require at their hands, but are full of all manner of evil, and do not impart of their sub­ stance, as becometh saints, to the poor and afflicted among them." The various church branches were rebuked for not having given liberally of their substance and for not having sent enough men up to Zion. Thus, the necessary strength had not gone forth in the camp. Those who had volunteered, however, were to be blessed and were to receive an "endowment." "A commandment I give unto you, that as many as have come up hither, that can stay in the region round about, let them stay." Even those who could not remain were to tarry for a short period. The disciples were admonished to find favor in the eyes of the people "until the army of Israel becomes very great; and . . . my servant . . . shall have time to gather up the strength of my

82 Quoted in ibid.; and Washington National Intelligencer, July 23, 1834. SSLDS, sec. 105; and RLDS, sec. 103. 132 Missouri Historical Review house." Meanwhile, they were to purchase all the lands that could be acquired in Jackson County and in the surrounding counties. After these had been bought, "I will hold the armies of Israel guilt­ less in taking possession of their own lands." But firstly, let my army become very great, and let it be sanctified before me, that it may become fair as the sun, and clear as the moon, and that her banners may be terrible unto all nations; that the kingdoms of this world may be constrained to acknowledge that the Kingdom of Zion is in very deed the kingdom of our God and his Christ; therefore, let us become subject unto her laws. The leading elders of the church were instructed to return to Kirtland to receive their endowments in the temple then under construction. On Monday (June 23) the march toward Liberty was re­ sumed. The camp took a circuitous route around the head of Fishing River to avoid the deep water. When they arrived within a few miles of town, they were met by Doniphan, Atchison, and sev­ eral other gentlemen who warned them not to go into Liberty "as the feelings of the people were so much enraged."84 They were advised to revert to legal process as the means of obtaining their objectives. Smith then wheeled his troops to the left, and crossing a prairie and some woodlands the men arrived at Gilbert's resi­ dence. The army encamped on the banks of Rush Creek, a small stream west of town. That night it happened—the cholera burst forth among the troops. The possibility of such an outbreak must have occurred to the leaders even before they left Kirtland, for cholera was rampant throughout the West. It had appeared in Missouri in 1832—in Palmyra 105 people died from it within two weeks—and continued its virulence in epidemics in 1833 and 1834. During the night of the storm, Joseph Hancock had been struck down by the disease—the first attacked. On June 22 Ezra Thayer and Thomas Hayes were stricken, and thereafter other cases began to appear in the camp. Smith later asserted that on June 22 he called the men together and told them "that in consequence of the disobedi­ ence of some who had been unwilling to listen to my words, but had rebelled, God had decreed that sickness should come upon

84 "H. J. S.," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, February 1, 1846. The Army of Israel Marches Into Missouri 133 them, and that they shou'd die like sheep with the rot, that I was sorry but could not help it."85 On the night of June 24 cholera was manifest "in the most terrible form."86 Elder John Carter was the first fatality in the camp; he died on the afternoon of the 25th. Seth Hitchcock ex­ pired about thirty minutes later. Since coffins could not be ob­ tained, nor lumber to make them, the bodies were rolled in blankets, placed on a horse sled, and taken to a small stream which emptied into Rush Creek. They were interred in the bank of the stream, "buried at night by torch light so as to keep the fact of the pres­ ence of cholera from the knowledge of the inhabitants, and thus prevent, if possible, unnecessary excitement and trouble."87 The next to die was Eber Wilcox, who passed away even while prayers were being offered that the disease might be halted. He was buried by a party which included Brigham Young. The cholera continued to rage for four days. In all, sixty-eight of Zion's Camp were stricken and thirteen died. Among these was one woman, Betsy Parrish. Several other Mormons who were not a part of the camp also died of the scourge, including Gilbert.88 Early on the morning of the 25th, the camp was broken into small bands and dispersed among the various Mormon settlements "to allay excitement in the county."89 The Mormons had definitely determined not to fight. It was just as well. The combination of the ferry accident and the arrival of Zion's Camp had incensed the Jackson Countians even more than before if possible. They firmly committed themselves to making no arrangement with the Mormons. The situation had become stalemate and would remain so. The nation had watched the entire episode with fascination. Stories were printed in newspapers that a great battle had taken place and that Smith had been killed. On July 23 the National Intelligencer printed a letter from Lexington, Missouri, which was dated June 28. The writer declared that "Smith, their prophet had

85 Ibid. 86 Ibid. 87 Littlefield, Reminiscences, 30. The Mormons were not able to keep the outbreak a secret. The Liberty Upper Missouri Enquirer soon reported that cholera existed "to an alarming degree among the Mormons who recently emigrated to that country." Washington National Intelligencer, July 31, 1834. 88 Kirtland Star, August, 1834. 89 Elders to Dunklin, June 26, 1834, "H. J. S.," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, February 1, 1846. 134 Missouri Historical Review promised to raise all that should be slain in fighting the Lord's battles." He further alleged: [The Mormons] had collected in Clay county, and built a number of boats, to cross their forces over. . . . Jackson county could raise about 900 men, and 400 went from Lafayette; about 300 more would have marched in a day or two, if they had been required. ... I know we had neither law nor gospel on our side, but self-preserva­ tion urged us to pursue that course. The last days of the month Smith spent with friends in the western part of Clay County. He visited and counseled. Abigail Leonard remembered: "The prophet advised us to scatter out over the county, and not congregate too much together, so that the people who would have no cause for alarm."90 On June 30, Smith authorized Lyman Wight "to give a discharge to every man of the Camp who had proved himself faithful, certifying that fact and giving him leave to return home."91 The money in the paymaster's possession was divided equally among the men, each receiving $1.16.92 That same day several turned back for Kirtland. Those returning drifted back in small parties. A newspaper in Richmond, Indiana, observed that they looked "indeed like the remnant of a scattered army; their persons and equipage denote hard service, and make quite a contrast to their outward bound appearance."93 A number of the participants stayed in Missouri. Among these was Lyman Littlefield, whose father rented a farm west of Lib­ erty. At this time the Upper Missouri Enquirer reported: "Many of them have returned to the east, and the rest are scattered about throughout the country, and are actively engaged in assisting the citizens in saving their crops of wheat, &c."94 On July 9, Joseph and Hyrum Smith and several others started in a wagon for Kirt­ land, where they arrived on August 1. Had the whole expedition been a fiasco? Certainly it had ren­ dered some aid to those in Clay County and indicated to them that the church was still concerned about their welfare. It also did much to heal an earlier breach between the elders in Zion and the leaders in Kirtland. In addition it gave Smith an oppor-

90 Edward W. Tullidge, The Women of Mormondom (New York, 1877) , 168. 91 "H. J. S.," Nauvoo Times and Seasons, February 1, 1846. 92 Smith and Smith, History of the Church, I, 486. 93 Quoted in Washington National Intelligencer, August 9, 1834. 94 Quoted in Mulder and Mortensen, Among the Mormons, 86. The Army of Israel Marches Into Missouri 135 tunity to observe a number of new men, including Brigham Young and Wilford Woodruff, future presidents of the church which established itself in Utah. When the first Quorum of Twelve Apos­ tles was being chosen in February, 1835, Smith stipulated that only members of Zion's Camp would be considered. Young used his position in that body to assume leadership in 1844 after Smith's assassination. Woodruff, who as President in 1890 was to issue the manifesto abolishing polygamy, stated in a sermon in 1869: We accomplished a great deal, though apostates and unbelievers many times asked the question, "What have you done?" We gained an experience that we never could have gained in any other way. . . . Had I not gone up with Zion's Camp I should not have been here today, and I presume that would have been the case with many others in this Territory.95 All this may have been true, but Zion's Camp left a legacy of ill-will. Many Missourians, who otherwise had been friendly to the Mormons, were antagonized by the intrusion of a large force of armed men from outside the state.96 The expedition seemed to give credence to the allegation by the Jackson Countians that the Mormons contemplated utilizing military force to gain possession of land upon which to build their religious community of Zion. This legacy would pay bitter dividends in the winter of 1838-1839 when the State of Missouri would emulate Jackson County and drive the Mormons beyond her borders.

95 Journal of Discourses, (Liverpool, England, 1854-1886), December 12, 1869. 96 "The marching of so large a body of armed men into the state, had caused much excitement among the people," Baltimore Niles' Weekly Register, July 26, 1834.

To Dye Yarn Green Diary of Sarah Ann Dupuy. State Historical Society Collections. Take one ounce of best Spanish Indigo, finely powdered and half a pound of oil of vitriol put them in a Bottle and let them stand in the Sun a week Shake it often but do not cork it tight lest it should Burst the Bottle take four pounds of Black oak bark and the same of hickory bark shave them fine and soak them until wet through then Boil them in ten gallons of water till all the color is extracted when take out the chips and put in a pound of alum Shake the bottle of Indigo and Vitriol and pour it in let them Boil to­ gether a few minutes and put in the yarn turn it over several times and let it boil half an hour and wash it well in strong Soap Suds through two waters to keep from becoming tender. This will color ten pounds of yarn. You may have a fine blue by omitting the bark. ANEW VIEW OF THE BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE

BY ALBERT CASTEL*

Because it was important, dramatic, and one of the few major engagements of the Civil War west of the Mississippi, the Battle of Pea Ridge (otherwise known as Elkhorn Tavern) has been de­ scribed numerous times, both in general works and special articles.1 Thus to offer yet another account of it would at first glance seem superfluous, even presumptious. The only valid scholarly excuse for doing so is the presentation of new facts and fresh interpreta­ tions. Active military operations in the Trans-Mississippi began in June, 1861, when Union forces under General Nathaniel Lyon oc-

*Dr. Castel received his B.A. and M.A. degrees from Wichita University and his Ph.D. degree from the University of Chicago. He is now professor of History at Western Michigan University. The author of two books and numerous articles on Civil War subjects, his writings have appeared previously in the REVIEW. i Some of the general histories containing accounts of the Battle of Pea Ridge are Wiley Britton, The Civil War on the Border (New York, 1899), I, 210-280; Kenneth P. Williams, Lincoln Finds A General (New York, 1952) , III, 287-293; and Jay Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border (New York, 1955) , 228-25L No less than five articles on the battle have been published since 1956 in the Arkansas Historical Quarterly, the most detailed of which is Edwin C. Bearss, "The First Day at Pea Ridge, March 7, 1862," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, XVII (Summer, 1958), 132-154, and the best of which is Walter Lee Brown, "Pea Ridge, Gettysburg of the West," ibid., XV (Spring, 1956), 3-16.

136 A New View of the Battle of Pea Ridge 137

cupied northern and central Missouri and drove the pro-Confederate Missouri State Guard commanded by Major General Sterling Price into the southwest corner of the State. Two months later Price, in conjunction with a Confederate army under Brigadier General Ben McCulloch, defeated and killed Lyon at the Battle of Wilson's Creek near Springfield. Following this success, Price marched to the Missouri River, hoping to spark a popular uprising against Federal rule. He besieged and captured a Union garrison at Lex­ ington, but soon had to retreat again to southern Missouri in the face of a much superior force under Major General John C. Fre­ mont. Fremont pursued Price almost to the Arkansas border and was set to engage him in battle when relieved of command by Lincoln, who ordered his successor to withdraw to central Mis­ souri. Price, thereupon, marched northward once more, then fell back to Springfield where he went into winter quarters. Early in February a Federal army of 12,000, commanded by Brigadier Gen­ eral Samuel R. Curtis, advanced on Springfield with the object of driving Price out of Missouri and occupying northwest Arkansas. Too weak to stand, Price evacuated Springfield on February 12, and fled into Arkansas, followed closely by Curtis. The top Confederate commander in the Trans-Mississippi was Major General Earl Van Dorn. Forty-one, a Mississippian, and a West Pointer, he was brave, determined, and enterprising, but tended to be overambitious in his plans and unlucky in their execution. On assuming his command he had been instructed by General Albert Sidney Johnston, head of all Confederate armies west of the Appalachians, to invade Missouri as a means of re­ lieving Union pressure in Kentucky and Tennessee. He was at Pocahontas, Arkansas, preparing for a movement against St. Louis when, on February 22, news reached him that Curtis had pushed Price out of Missouri. He at once sent orders to McCulloch, whose army was at Fort Smith, and to Brigadier General Albert Pike, com­ manding Confederate forces in the Indian Territory, to join Price. Then, accompanied by a small staff, he set out on horseback to take personal charge of operations. He was confident that he would defeat Curtis, after which he would "push on" into Missouri.2 Meanwhile Price continued to retreat until he reached Cove

2 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (128 vols., Washington, D. C., 1881-1901), Series I, Volume VIII, 283, 755, 763. Hereinafter this work will be cited as OR, with all references to Series I. 138 Missouri Historical Review

Creek, where he linked up with McCulloch. Curtis, on orders from Major General Henry W. Halleck, Union commander in the West, halted his pursuit at Fayetteville. On the night of March 1, Van Dorn arrived at Price's headquarters after an arduous journey dur­ ing which he had become stricken with chills and fever as a result of falling into an icy stream. The next day he took command of "The Army of the West," as he dubbed the combined forces of McCulloch and Price. To Van Dorn the Union invasion of Arkansas represented an opportunity rather than a danger. Curtis had moved far from his base into thinly populated, mountainous country, and in order to obtain food and forage had dispersed his forces widely. If he could be attacked before he regrouped, he would not merely be defeated but destroyed, and the way opened to St. Louis. Accordingly Van Dorn's first order to the Army of the West was to prepare three days rations and make ready to march.3 On March 4, the Confederates traveled northward on the Tele­ graph Road, the main highway of the region, connecting Fort Smith, Van Buren, Fayetteville, Bentonville, and Springfield. At Elm Springs, on the afternoon of the following day, they were joined by Pike's Indian Brigade. This brought Van Dorn's total strength to about 16,000 men, supported by 60 cannons. Nearly 7,000 of this number consisted of Price's Missourians, organized into two regu­ lar Confederate brigades and several so-called divisions of State Guards. The brigades were commanded by Colonel Henry Little and Brigadier General W. Y. Slack and were the best drilled and equipped of Price's units. The State Guard contingents, on the other hand, were indifferently armed and poorly disciplined, but like most of the Missourians they had acquired some battle ex­ perience.4 Price himself was a man of magnificent physical presence and outstanding courage whose soldiers affectionately called him "OF Pap." Despite his victories he possessed at most only mediocre military ability, but was shrewd and cool in combat. McCulloch's division contained slightly over 8,000 Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas troops organized into an infantry brigade under Colonel Louis Hebert and a cavalry brigade under Brigadier

3 Ibid., 283; Dabney H. Maury, "Recollections of the Elkhorn Campaign," Southern Historical Society Papers, II (October, 1876) , 181-185. 4 OR, VIII, 283, 305. Price's command at this time was in the process of being transferred into regular Confederate service, thus accounting for its ir­ regular organization. Price himself at the time was technically a general in the Missouri State Guard. A New View of the Battle of Pea Ridge 139

General James Mcintosh. McCulloch was a professional soldier who had gained fame as leader of the Texas Rangers in the Mexican War, and he shared with Price the honors of Wilson s Creek. Un­ fortunately, however, he and Price had quarreled over the conduct of operations in Missouri and were barely on speaking terms. The Indian Brigade, 1,000 strong, was attached to McCulloch's division. Aside from a squadron of Texas cavalry it consisted of semi-civilized Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Semi- noles, their faces daubed with warpaint. The Indians totally lacked discipline, and were in large part armed only with tomahawks and warclubs. Their commander, long-haired and bewhiskered Pike, was a prominent Arkansas politician and an accomplished poet, but by no stretch of the imagination a soldier.5 In the meantime Curtis had retired to Bentonville and then, after learning of Van Dorn's advance, to the north bank of Sugar Creek, an excellent defensive position at the southern base of Pea Ridge Mountain near the now extinct hamlet of Leetown. Here he began concentrating his scattered units behind a line of log and dirt breastworks running across the Telegraph Road, up which he expected the Confederates to deliver their attack. He chose to stand on the defensive, as his army had been reduced by the attrition of campaigning to less than 10,500 effectives and he be­ lieved that Van Dorn greatly outnumbered him. However the Fed­ erals possessed a large, well-served artillery train and the infantry— mainly Indiana, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri Unionist troops—were better drilled and equipped than the majority of the Southern foot soldiers. As a general, Curtis was slow and unimaginative, but at the same time steady and tenacious. His army was organized into four divisions of two brigades each, commanded by Brigadier Gen­ eral Alexander Asboth, Colonel Eugene A. Carr, Colonel Jefferson C. Davis, and Colonel Peter J. Osterhaus. Two of these divisions, Asboth's and Osterhaus', were under Brigadier General Franz Sigel, who was second-in-command to Curtis.6 Sigel's two divisions still lingered at Bentonville on March 5. In­ formed of this by scouts, Van Dorn pushed forward on the morn-

5 Wiley Britton, "Union and Confederate Indians in the Civil War," in Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1887), I, 335-336; Ephraim M. Anderson, Memoirs: Historical and Personal, Including Campaigns of the First Missouri Confederate Brigade (St. Louis, 1868), 159-160. 6 OR, VIII, 196-198, 209-210; Franz Sigel, "The Pea Ridge Campaign," Battles and Leaders, I, 317, 337. 140 Missouri Historical Review

ing of March 6 with the intention of gobbling them up before they fell back to Sugar Creek. But, according to his own report, the Confederate troops "marched so very slowly" and their officers handled them so ineptly that the attempt failed.7 On the other hand one of the Missouri soldiers recalled doing the last ten miles to Bentonville "at double quick,"8 and Sigel declared that he was never in any danger of being cut off, having received ample warn­ ing of Van Dorn's approach.9 In any case, as the Confederates en­ tered Bentonville from the south, Sigel's rear guard left it on the north. Mcintosh's cavalry pursued vigorously, but Sigel (who specialized in retreating) made good his escape with little diffi­ culty. Dusk found the Army of the West strung out along the road between Bentonville and Sugar Creek. On the other side of that stream the Union forces waited tensely but confidently for the Confederates to attack on the morrow.10 Van Dorn had failed to catch Curtis' army in a dispersed con­ dition. Moreover his troops were tired, hungry, and cold, and he himself suffering so severely from his illness that he was obliged to

7 OR, VIII, 283; Maury, "Elkhorn Campaign," 189, asserts the same. 8 R. S. Bevier, History of the First and Second Missouri Confederate Bri­ gades, 1861-1865 (St. Louis, 1879) , 317. 9 Sigel, "Pea Ridge Campaign," 320. io OR, VIII, 196-198, 209-210, 283, 305.

Frank Leslie's Illustrated. Famous Leaders and Battle Scenes of the Civil War. Indians and soldiers of General Asboth's division. A New View of the Battle of Pea Ridge 141 ride in an ambulance. Nevertheless he remained determined to strike the invaders a crushing blow. Indeed, the only alternative to battle was ignominious retreat. Late in the afternoon he conferred with Price, McCulloch, and Mcintosh. Price favored attacking Curtis from the south and west on his right flank, driving him from his position and finishing him off with cavalry as he retreated into Missouri.11 McCulloch and Mc­ intosh, on the other hand, proposed a much more ambitious plan: Swinging the army around Curtis' right flank by way of the Benton­ ville Detour, a rough dirt trail which branched off from the Tele­ graph Road to the west then rejoined it northeast of Pea Ridge about two miles above the Elkhorn Tavern—a distance in all of some eight miles. In this fashion the Confederates would not only be able to surprise Curtis and attack him from the rear, but would cut his line of retreat to the north and force him to fight under circum­ stances in which defeat meant destruction. Van Dorn adopted this second plan, which, if successful, would be a maneuver worthy of Napoleon.12 The Confederates masked their flanking march by throwing out pickets, lighting camp fires, and pretending to bivouac for the night south of Sugar Creek. Then, as soon as it was dark, they re­ formed in line of march and moved off on the Bentonville Detour. Price's division, accompanied by Van Dorn, took the lead, followed by McCulloch and Pike. Five hundred of McCulloch's troops and 1,500 Missouri State Guards, all under Brigadier General Martin Green, remained behind to protect the wagon train. Consequently Van Dorn took with him approximately 14,000 men. Van Dorn calculated that Price's division would reach the Telegraph Road by sunrise—certainly it should not take more than eight hours to march eight miles, even at night. But Curtis had foreseen the possibility of an enemy turning movement along the Bentonville detour and had ordered it obstructed with fallen trees. The necessity of removing these obstructions greatly slowed the Confederate march. In addition, Van Dorn had neglected to make any provision for crossing Sugar Creek, with the result that his soldiers had to pass over a hastily constructed bridge of rails and poles, causing further delay. Thus it was that when the sun

ii John Wilson to Francis M. Wilson, September, 1926, Francis M. Wilson Papers, 1853-1946, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Mis­ souri, Columbia. 12 OR, VIII, 283; Maury, "Elkhorn Campaign," 182-183. 142 Missouri Historical Review began to rise Price was still several miles from the Telegraph Road, and McCulloch and Pike had not even gotten all their troops across Sugar Creek.13 Curtis, meanwhile, was deceived by the Confederate camp- fires into believing that Van Dorn would oblige him with a frontal assault. Also, despite his precaution against a flanking movement, he failed to station pickets on the Bentonville detour. Consequently not until about 8 A.M. did he discover that the Confederates had given him the slip and were in the act of turning his right flank. But fortunately for him, Price did not reach the Telegraph Road until nearly 10 A.M., thus giving him ample time in which to re­ deploy his forces. Three of the Union divisions—Asboth's, Oster­ haus', and Davis—formed a line west and north of Leetown facing the Bentonville detour, and the fourth division, Carr's, moved up the Telegraph Road to the Elkhorn Tavern.14 These dispositions meant that Pea Ridge would be a battle in which the Southerners attacked from the north and the Northerners from the south—an untypical yet not unique situation in the Civil War. Van Dorn had intended to strike down the Telegraph Road with his entire army. But when McCulloch saw that it would take several more hours to get his division into position he obtained permission from Van Dorn to turn off the Bentonville detour and attack west of Pea Ridge.15 As a consequence the Confederates went into battle in two widely separated wings which, because of the intervening bulk of Pea Ridge, were unable to see each other or communicate readily. The right wing, under McCulloch, ad­ vanced against what was now Curtis' left (Osterhaus, Davis, and Asboth). The other wing, headed by Price, marched down the Telegraph Road through a deep valley until it came in view of the Union right (Carr) stationed on a plateau north of the Elkhorn Tavern. As the Missourians advanced, Van Dorn told Price that Mc­ Culloch would attack on the other side of Pea Ridge. Price, sur­ prised and disturbed, declared that this would enable the enemy to concentrate against each wing separately. Van Dorn replied

13 OR, VIII, 198, 283, 287, 305, 316-317; Maury, "Elkhorn Campaign," 187; Anderson, Memoirs, 163-164. 14 OR, VIII, 198-199, 283-284, 287; Sigel, "Pea Ridge Campaign," 320-321; Maury, "Elkhorn Campaign," 187-188; Bevier, Missouri Brigades, 98. 15 OR, VIII, 305-306, 308; Maury, "Elkhorn Campaign," 187-189. that Price was right, but that it was now too late to do anything about it.16 Price deployed his troops, which to­ taled about 5,500, with eight batteries of light artillery, into the line of battle. Slack's and Little's brigades moved to the right and two State Guard divisions under Brigadier Generals James R. Rains and Daniel M. Frost debouched to the left. All moved forward and occupied some heights on either side of the road, gaining thereby commanding positions from which to as­ STERLING PRICE sault the Union line. Price enjoyed a two- to-one superiority in numbers over Carr, and his soldiers drove for­ ward vigorously, slowly pushing the stubborn Northern infantry back. Little's brigade spearheaded the attack, while Colonel Gren- ville M. Dodge's Iowans were the mainstay of the defense. Slack fell mortally wounded and Price suffered painful flesh wounds but re­ mained on the field. In a final charge just before sundown Little's

16 Account of Col. R. H. Musser, St. Louis Missouri Republican, November 21, 1885. Clipping in Daniel Marsh Frost Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis.

Sterling Price leading his Confederate troops at the Battle of Pea Ridge as shown in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, I.

MMMi 144 Missouri Historical Review brigade drove the Federals beyond Elkhorn Tavern and seized two cannons.17 At this juncture, according to the testimony of Colonel Dabney H. Maury, Van Dorn's chief of staff, the Union forces fled in dis­ organized rout, but Price "stopped the pursuit and ordered his troops to fall back to take up a position for the night," thus throw­ ing away a golden opportunity to crush the Union right and win the battle.18 Maury was in a position to know whereof he wrote, and Union sources admit that Carr's ranks were wavering. But Price did not suspend the battle until darkness fell; Carr by then had been reinforced by Asboth's division, and other Federal units were within supporting distance. Hence if Price had continued to attack, chances are he would not have achieved anything decisive, and he might well have suffered a bloody repulse. As it was his weary but exultant Missourians felt that they had done a good day's work, and they were confident of completing their victory in the morning. Unknown to them, however, the right wing had met with disaster. McCulloch encountered Osterhaus' division in some open fields north of Leetown. Apparently hoping to catch the Federals off balance, he attacked at once, throwing in his regiments one by one as they came up. The Indians, in a wild rush, captured a Union battery and caused some of Osterhaus' advance units to flee in confusion. However the Indians stopped fighting and began plundering and—at least in a few instances—scalping the enemy dead. Suddenly they came under artillery fire. Panic-stricken, they scurried into the woods, from which they refused to budge. Con­ currently the white troops, although putting great pressure on Os­ terhaus, never attacked with sufficient strength and coordination to gain a decision. Early in the afternoon Davis' division reinforced Osterhaus. Soon the Confederates began to waver under the murderous Union volleys. Recklessly exposing himself, McCulloch rallied his men for another charge. Then, a perfect target in his dove-colored coat, he tumbled from his horse, a bullet through his heart. Mcintosh also was killed and Colonel Hebert taken prisoner. The loss of their

17 OR, VIII, 305-306, 308; Anderson, Memoirs, 163-173; Sigel, "Pea Ridge Campaign," 334, puts Price's strength at 6,500, the Union forces opposing him at 4,500. However he did not allow for the detachment from Price's division left at Sugar Creek, and the Union figure includes reinforcements which did not arrive until the end of the day. 18 Maury, "Elkhorn Campaign," 187-188. A New View of the Battle of Pea Ridge 145 leaders dismayed the Southerners, and a strong Union counter­ attack on the left flank routed them. Pike and Colonel Ellsworth Greer of the Third Texas Cavalry, on whom command now de­ volved, managed to collect the fleeing fragments and lead them by way of the Bentonville detour to Van Dorn during the night. Fortunately for the defeated and demoralized Confederates, the immediate necessity of reinforcing his hard pressed right made it impossible for Curtis to follow up this victory.19 That night Van Dorn took stock of the situation and found it far from encouraging. Half of his army had been routed, the men were famished and bone-tired, and the artillery and cavalry horses "beaten out." But worst of all, owing to the "strange and criminal mistake" of an unknown ordnance officer the reserve ammunition train had gone back to Bentonville: This meant that it would be impossible to replenish the army's nearly exhausted ammunition supply. Nevertheless he resolved to "accept the gage" of battle on the morrow and hope for the best.20 The fighting resumed at dawn. Curtis' entire army now con­ fronted Price's troops and such remnants of McCulloch's division as could be brought into action. The Federals took the offensive, advancing slowly but steadily under the cover of their powerful batteries. Then Van Dorn, deciding that in view of his rapidly dwindling ammunition supply it would be suicidal to continue the battle, ordered a retreat by way of the Huntsville Road.21 Accord­ ing to the official Confederate reports this movement was made in an orderly and deliberate fashion. However, some of the Southern artillery fled in panic across the Missouri line before returning,22 Pike's troops were not even notified of the retreat but were left to fend for themselves,23 and according to one of his soldiers Van Dorn himself became so excited that he sent word to General Green to destroy the wagon train to prevent the enemy from

19 OR, VIII, 199-200, 217-218, 287-290, 293-294, 297-299; Sigel, "Pea Ridge Campaign," 324; Britton, War on the Border, I, 224, 242-259; Washington, Arkansas, Telegraph, April 2, 1862. McCulloch fell at about 2 P.M. Pike on the Confederate right and Greer on the left both found themselves the senior of­ ficer on their respective part of the field, but neither was able to communicate with the other or had any knowledge of the other's situation. Two Confederate regiments, not receiving any orders, retreated in the direction of Bentonville. 20 OR, VIII, 284, 317-318; Maury, "Elkhorn Campaign," 188; Bevier, Mis­ souri Brigades, 103. 21 OR, VIII, 214, 284, 290, 306; Britton, War on the Border, I, 262-267. 22 ibid., 272. 23 OR, VIII, 290-292. 146 Missouri Historical Review A New View of the Battle of Pea Ridge 147 capturing it—an order that Green fortunately ignored.24 For the Federals were too battered and exhausted to follow up their vic­ tory with a vigorous pursuit—or at least so Curtis believed. Had they done so, complete destruction of the Army of the West prob­ ably would have ensued. For a week the Confederates retreated, passing through Hunts- ville, then turning toward Van Buren. Hundreds of cold, hungry, and discouraged soldiers deserted or straggled, and blood dripping from the wounded congealed into icicles. Finally, on March 16, they reached Van Buren, "weak, broken down, and exhausted."25 Here they remained for the rest of the month, reorganizing, rein­ forcing and recuperating. Casualties at Pea Ridge were reported as between 800 and 1,000 dead and wounded, plus 200-300 missing, but these figures refer mainly to Price's division, so undoubtedly the total loss was considerably higher. On the Union side slightly in excess of one-tenth of Curtis' army was killed, wounded, or missing, and it was some time before it resumed active operations. And when it did, it did not push deeper into Arkansas but instead retired to Missouri.26 The Confederate defeat at Pea Ridge was essentially the re­ sult of a failure on Van Dorns part to adjust quickly and ap­ propriately to unanticipated situations. As noted, Van Dorn in his battle plan proposed to strike the Federal rear at daylight. When it became apparent, as it soon must have, that Price's division would not reach the Telegraph Road by that time, he should have aban­ doned this portion of his plan and hurled the bulk of his army on Curtis' west flank, at the same time sending a smaller force to block the Union escape route to the north. In this way he would have achieved full tactical surprise against Curtis and avoided the fatal gap between the two wings of his army. As it was, Curtis had not had sufficient time in which to react to the Confederate maneuver, but (as Price had feared) he was able to use his interior lines to deal with McCulloch and Price separately and in se­ quence.27 Indeed it could be argued that Van Dorn would have done

24 Homer L. Calkins, ed., "Elk Horn to Vicksburg: James H. Fauntelroy's Diary for the Year 1862," Civil War History, II, (January, 1956), 14. 25 John N. Edwards, Shelby and His Men; or, The War in the West (Cincinnati, 1867), 51; Washington, Arkansas, Telegraph, April 2, 1862; Ander­ son, Memoirs 178. 26 Sigel, "Pea Ridge Campaign," 331, 337. 27 This analysis of the battle agrees essentially with the one presented in ibid., 331-334. 148 Missouri Historical Review better to have adopted Price's suggestion of simply attacking the Union right flank at Sugar Creek. By so doing he would have avoided the complications and great risks inherent in the strategy he did pursue. For in cutting off Curtis' army from its base he did precisely the same thing to his own army, thereby exposing it to potential disaster in case of defeat—a disaster which in fact it escaped only because of the inability (or failure) of Curtis to ex­ ploit the Union victory. On the other hand, had he employed a more modest strategy in quest of less ambitious goals he might well have defeated the Federals and imposed on them a retreat as ar­ duous as the one his forces made to Van Buren.28 Most of the Confederates attributed their failure to the in­ credible bad luck by which McCulloch, Mcintosh, and Hebert were all killed or captured. However' this assumes that if these leaders had remained in action Van Dorn's right wing would have been victorious; this at best is debatable. Moreover, by fighting his army in two widely separated halves Van Dorn created a situ­ ation in which the consequences of these three commanders being rendered hors de combat were more serious than otherwise would have been the case: Had Van Dorn been in close contact with the right wing he would have learned of McCulloch's death in time to restore order and prevent demoralization and rout. Van Dorn himself blamed the "disappointment" at Pea Ridge mainly on the "want of military knowledge and discipline among the higher officers" of his command. "I cannot convey to you," he wrote the Confederate War Department shortly after the battle, "a correct idea of the material with which I have to deal in organ­ izing an army out here. There is an absolute want of any degree of sound military information, and even an ignorance of the value of such information." He added that if West Point-trained officers could have been substituted at Pea Ridge for "some of the highest

28 James W. Green, Jr., in his "Address on the Hundredth Anniversary of the Battle of Pea Ridge," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, XXI (Summer, 1962) , 163, criticizes Van Dorn for not making a holding attack on Curtis' front at Sugar Creek while swinging around to the rear. In this way, he argues, Van Dorn could have tied down enough of Curtis' troops to have enabled McCul­ loch and Price to have succeeded with their attacks. This view is sound in prin­ ciple, but in actual fact the possibility of a Confederate attack on the Sugar Creek line caused Curtis to hold back a large number of his troops during the first day's battle. Anyway Van Dorn planned to make a surprise attack with overwhelming force on the Union rear and so probably saw no need for General Green's detachment, left to guard the wagon train, to engage the Fed­ erals except to block their retreat southward. Indeed he may have feared that if Green's weak and poorly armed force attacked, the Federals might counter­ attack, defeat it, and capture the wagon train. commanders, my orders would have been promptly and intelligently carried out and the enemy's army put to utter rout."29 Undoubtedly these statements contained much truth. But Van Dorn did not name the "highest commanders" whom he con­ sidered incompetent, and his strictures probably should be discounted as repre­ senting an effort to explain away a failure which in large part was the consequence of his own blunders. Thus in his report on Pea Ridge he greatly exaggerated the Union numbers and losses, minimized his Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, I. own casualties, and declared "I was not defeated, but only foiled in my inten­ EARL VAN DORN tions'—true, but scarcely the full story.30 The military consequences of the Pea Ridge campaign were as follows: By invading Arkansas when they did the Federals dis­ rupted Van Dorn's projected movement against St. Louis, and by throwing back the Confederates at Pea Ridge they ended for the time being any serious challenge to their domination over Mis­ souri. However the significance of these two results should not be exaggerated. Regarding the first, there never was much like­ lihood that Van Dorn's small and poorly equipped army could have taken St. Louis in any event. As to the second, the basic strategic decision in Missouri was rendered in June, 1861, when Lyon occupied the northern and central areas of the State and drove Price to the Arkansas border. Not only did this give the Federals control over most of the population, wealth, industry, agriculture, and transportation of Missouri, but made it virtually impossible for the South to regain control. For, as Lincoln ob­ served,31 the North could easily counter any Confederate invasion of Missouri by concentrating superior forces along the line of the Missouri River—which is precisely what occurred when Price cap­ tured Lexington in 1861 and again three years later when he once more penetrated the State. And, it should be added, whichever side dominated Missouri would tend to dominate the entire Trans- Mississippi, as the course of the war in that theater amply demon­ strated.

29 OR, VIII, 787. 30 ibid., 282. 31 Lincoln to D. M. Hunter, October 24, 1861, ibid., Ill, 554. 150 Missouri Historical Review

Some historians have termed Pea Ridge one of the decisive battles of the Civil War because, they assert, it so discouraged the Confederates that they abandoned their effort in the West and soon after the battle transferred Van Dorn's and Price's forces to the east side of the Mississippi, thereby in effect conceding Missouri to the North.32 But while it is true that the Army of the West did cross over to Tennessee in April, 1862, leaving Arkansas practically de­ fenseless, this interpretation confuses effects with causes and also overlooks the military situation of the South as a whole at that time. Despite the setback at Pea Ridge, Van Dorn and Price did not propose to quit the struggle in the West. As soon as he reached Van Buren the indefatigable Van Dorn ordered his cavalry to cut Curtis' communications and began preparing for a new campaign, this time against New Madrid in southeast Missouri. As for Price, on March 19 he wrote Secretary of War Judah P. Benjamin that "With such additions to my force as I am led to believe will shortly be made ... I do not question my ability to penetrate aggressively the heart of Missouri."33 Hence there can be little doubt that within a month after Pea Ridge the Army of the West would have marched northward again had not the Confederacy needed its services elsewhere. Late in March, Albert Sidney Johnston, fearful that the recent loss of Forts Henry and Donelson would lead to the complete col­ lapse of Confederate resistance in Tennessee, began concentrating all available units at Corinth, Mississippi, for an attack on Grant at Pittsburgh Landing on the Tennessee River—a movement which eventuated in the great Battle of Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862). As part of this concentration of forces Johnston ordered Van Dorn on March 23 to bring the Army of the West to the other side of the Missis­ sippi.34 Van Dorn responded promptly and his troops began cross­ ing the Mississippi on April 8—too late to be used at Shiloh. It was the transfer of Van Dorn's army to the east, more than the defeat at Pea Ridge, that brought an end to any major Confederate effort in the Trans-Mississippi and rendered Missouri secure from South-

32 This view is presented by Sigel, "Pea Ridge Campaign," 331; Walter Lee Brown, "Pea Ridge, Gettysburg of the West," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, XV (Spring, 1956) , 15-16; Edward Conrad Smith, The Borderland in the Civil War (New York, 1927), 260; and Bruce Catton, Terrible Swift Sword (New York, 1963) , 223. 33 OR, VIII, 282, 790, for Van Dorn's plan to launch a new offensive, and ibid., 792, for Price's statement. Catton, in Terrible Swift Sword, 223, writes that after Pea Ridge "It was no longer possible for Van Dorn to contemplate an invasion of Missouri." Obviously his researchers let him down here. 34 OR, X, Pt. 2, 354. A New View of the Battle of Pea Ridge 151 ern invasion. And even that but temporarily, for late in the fall of 1862 a new Confederate army in Arkansas, organized and led by General Thomas C. Hindman, was to advance northward with the intention of invading Missouri, only to be smashed at the Battle of Prairie Grove, not far from Pea Ridge.35 The transfer of the Army of the West to the other side of the Mississippi meant that the Confederate high command decided to treat the Trans-Mississippi as strictly a secondary theater to be subordinated and even sacrificed if need be to the requirements of Virginia and Tennessee.36 Such a policy, given the military situ­ ation that existed in the spring of 1862, was probably the only practical one open to the South. And since this situation never materially improved, but got steadily worse, the policy remained in force to the end. Hence the course of the war in the West was determined largely in the East, and what took place in the West had little or no influence on events east of the Mississippi: Pea Ridge, in the final analysis, is an illustration of this fact.

35 The Army of the West was already in the process of moving to North­ east Arkansas in preparation for a campaign in the New Madrid area when Johnston's order to cross the Mississippi arrived. Indeed Van Dorn planned, if unable to accomplish anything at New Madrid, to "march boldly and rapidly towards St. Louis. . . ." See ibid., VIII, 282, 784, 787, 790-791. 36 For a bitter denunciation of this policy, see Thomas L. Snead, "The Conquest of Arkansas," Battles and Leaders, III, 443. Grant's drive also caused Johnston to strip the defenses of New Orleans, leading to the fall of that key city—a far greater blow to the Confederacy in the Trans-Mississippi than Pea Ridge. Popcorn for the Birds Kansas City Star, November 12, 1966. Brimson, Mo. (AP) —Ben Hurst of Brimson had a party for the birds, although it was unplanned. After his field of popcorn was harvested, he had some bulldozing done and in the process corn was piled up with the uprooted trees. He set fire to the debris and the corn began to pop. The heat of the fire popped the corn in a wide area and it piled up in high, white drifts. As the corn began to pop, the birds began to arrive . . . the more popping, the more birds. Hurst estimated the birds as in the thousands. "The birds were quite a surprise," he said. "They won't eat the corn when it isn't popped." Outlaws Embark on Respectable Career Anderson Argus, February 20, 1903. Frank James and Cole Younger have bought the Buckskin Wild West show. It will require a train of 30 cars to move the show from place to place. Probably the greatest drawing feature of the show will be the two ex-bandits themselves. But it is one of the conditions of Younger's pardon that he is not to go on the stage for the purpose of exhibiting himself. Walker-Missouri Commerce This painting by Oscar E. Berninghaus in the Missouri Capitol depicts the old village of Ste. Genevieve.

MKSOURTS NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS PaH II

BY DOROTHY J. CALDWELL*

STE. GENEVIEVE

Ste. Genevieve, the only one of all the numerous Creole mis­ sionary, fur trading, farming, mining and military establishments in the Illinois Country which has retained much of its early appear­ ance, is a registered National Historic Landmark. At Ste. Genevieve, a town founded as a French post in the Illinois Country in the early 1700s, remain many tangible remind­ ers of French colonial origin. From the earlier settlements on the

* Dorothy J. Caldwell is associate editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

152 Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 153 east bank of the Mississippi River, hardy French Canadians moved to the west bank as they found salt licks, lead deposits, fur-bearing animals and rich alluvial soil in the region bordering the river. It is believed that the natural resources of the area lured the first settlers to the site. The history of Ste. Genevieve, the oldest permanent Missouri settlement, is recorded in Illinois Country archives, parish records, Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis archives, Spanish records from Archives of the Indies, Seville, and the colorful but often inaccurate reports of early visitors. Dates of the founding of the old village vary in early records from the 1730s to the 1750s. In 1732, M. Mercier, superior of the Jesuit mission of the Illinois Country, wrote to the Quebec Semi­ nary mentioning "a certain Louis Poulin of the parish of St. Joachim."1 Entries in the Ste. Genevieve church records, dating from 1759 refer to the parish as Saint Joachim Sainte Genevieve aux Illinois, or simply as Saint Joachim.2 Several other reports tend to confirm the 1730s date.3 Captain Thomas Sterling, a British officer, wrote from Fort Chartres in the Illinois Country to General Thomas Gage in December, 1765, stating that Ste. Genevieve, opposite Caskaskias [sic] had been settled thirty years ago.4 However, Captain Sterling, in his report of the previous Octo­ ber, had stated that Ste. Genevieve was settled about fourteen years ago.5 Equally confusing is a Bellin map of 1755 showing the location of Ste. Genevieve with the inscription, "Village Francaise

i J. H. Schlarman, From Quebec to New Orleans (Belleville, 111., 1929), 287. 2 Francis J. Yealy, Sainte Genevieve (Ste. Genevieve, 1935), 24. 3 Zenon Trudeau, commandant of the Illinois Country, reported in 1798 that the old village [Ste. Genevieve] had been settled for more than sixty years, in Louis Houck, A History of Missouri (Chicago, 1908), I, 338. Trudeau's Re­ port of January 15, 1798, in papers from Cuba. The papers of the St. Gem de Beauvais family, now lost, are said to have contained a reference to the found­ ing of Ste. Genevieve in 1732, in Missouri Historical Society Collections, II (July, 1906), 83-84; Captain Philip Pittman, British officer, who probably came to the Illinois Country with the first British troops, reported in 1769-1770 that Ste. Genevieve settlers had moved from Kaskaskia some twenty-eight years pre­ viously, in Heywood Hodder. ed.. Captain Philip Pittman, The Present State of the European Settlements on the Mississippi (Cleveland, 1906), 95. 4 Clarence E. Carter, "Documents Relating to the Occupation of the Illi­ nois Country by the British," Transactions of the Illinois State Historical So­ ciety for the Year 1907 (Springfield, 111., 1908), 217. zibicl., 204. 154 Missouri Historical Review etabli depuis 3. ans."% Beginning in 1750, written records of the village are extant. A manuscript from Kaskaskia, dated December 25, 1750, concerning a sale of public land, mentions Ste. Gene­ vieve.7 A census record of 1752 shows the village as a settlement of twenty whites and three Negroes.8 After the fleur de lis was lowered at Fort Chartres on October 10, 1765, as the English took possession of the Illinois Country settlements east of the Mississippi River, the tiny straggling set­ tlement on the west bank of the river received an influx of settlers. Suffering from intense disappointment over the change of rule, some of the Illinois French returned to France, some made their way to New Orleans, while others took their movable possessions across the river to Ste. Genevieve.9 From a population of one hun­ dred in 1762, Ste. Genevieve's inhabitants increased to an esti­ mated six hundred in 1769.10 The cession from France to Spain of the land on the west bank of the Mississippi River on November 3, 1762, was not generally known for many months. By some strange anomaly the French colors floated over Ste. Genevieve until the spring of 1771. It was the last post in continental North America to haul them down.11 Spanish rule brought little change to the inhabitants. French customs were perpetuated, the French language was spoken, and a Frenchman served as civil and military comman­ dant. During the French regime a small military post, known as St. Joachim, was maintained at Ste. Genevieve.12 At the time of the British occupation of settlements east of the Mississippi, all serv-

6 Villiers du Terrage, Les Dernieres Annees de La Louisiane Francaise (Paris, 1904) , 121. Jesuit Father Francois Philibert Watrin, writing from Paris in 1764 said: ". . . fifteen years ago at a league from the old village [he prob­ ably refers to Kaskaskia] on the other bank of the Mississipi [sic] there was established a new village under the name of Ste. Genevieve. . . ," in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: All Missions, 1747- 1764 (Cleveland, 1900), LXX, 233-234. 7 This information from Kaskaskia Mss., Public Papers III: Un Terrin Sise et Situe a Ste. Genevieve De le autre bord de fleuve du Missipy, is included in Charles E. Peterson, "Early Ste. Genevieve and Its Architecture," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXV (January, 1941) , 209. 8 This information from Vaudreuil Mss., Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif., is included in ibid., 210. 9 George Alexander Dupuy, "The Earliest Courts of the Illinois Country," Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the Year 1906 (Spring­ field, 111., 1906), 36. 10 Villiers du Terrage, Les Dernieres Annees, 175; Houck, The Spanish Regime in Missouri (Chicago, 1909) , I, 70. n Villiers du Terrage, Les Dernieres Annees, 320. 12 Houck, History, I, 339; information from Ste. Genevieve parish records. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 155 iceable artillery from Fort Massac, on the east bank, was moved to Ste. Genevieve by the French commandant. Transferred were five cannons, twenty-four boulets (cannonballs) and nineteen grenades.13 Charles Aubry, the last French governor of Louisiana, advised the Spanish to maintain a "considerable and well-armed defense at Ste. Genevieve."14 But the military establishment was never imposing. During the Spanish regime the Ste. Genevieve fort was described as square and surrounded with a palisadoed fence. A corporal and two soldiers constituted the sole defense.15 Philip Francois Rastel de Rocheblave served as military com­ mandant of Ste. Genevieve from 1766 to 1769. Rocheblave was an intelligent, vigorous and quarrelsome man. When he learned that Jesuit Father Sebastian Louis Meurin, who had lingered on in the Illinois Country after other members of his order were recalled in 1763, had been appointed a vicar general by the Bishop of Quebec, Rocheblave proclaimed the old Jesuit missionary a state criminal and issued orders for his arrest. Father Meurin, warned of his danger, fled by night to Kaskaskia.16 Francois Valle, I, appointed the first civil and military com­ mandant under Spanish authority in 1769, served in both posts until 1778 and continued as civil commandant until his death in 1783.17 Captain Philip Pittman said Valle was the richest inhabi­ tant of the Illinois Country. He raised great quantities of corn and other provisions, operated a mill for "corn and plank," and kept his one hundred Negroes and other hired white workers busy.18 Don Pedro Piernas, lieutenant governor of Upper Louisiana, said that Valle was "an habitant who abandoned his possessions in the English District when it was ceded and principally furnished all the provisions for the troops and Spanish employees during all the time they have remained there."19 Sylvio Francesco Cartabono de Oro became military comman­ dant in 1778. In 1780 he aided St. Louis in defense against Indian attack. After the death of Ferdinand de Leyba, in command at St.

13 Villiers du Terrage, Les Dernieres Annees, 179. 14 Ibid., 219. 15 George H. Victor Collot, A Journey in North America (Paris, 1826), I, 253. General Collot visited the West in 1796 at the request of the French min­ ister to the United States. i6Yealy, Sainte Genevieve, 43-44. 17 Houck, History, I, 345. 18 Pittman, Mississippi Settlements, 95-96. 19 Houck, History, I, 345. 156 Missouri Historical Review

Louis, Cartabona acted as commandant of St. Louis ad interim.20 In 1787 Cartabona was succeeded by Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere, a man interested in scientific matters and the author of several publications, chiefly of geographical nature.21 Francois Valle, II, served as both civil and military comman­ dant in 1796. Zenon Trudeau, in 1798, reported to the Spanish offi­ cials that "the personal qualities which this man possesses make him one of the most to be commended of that country, for not only is he esteemed by these habitants, but he is their true friend and protector."22 Both Valle and his wife were humane, generous and compassionate and regarded in the whole village as the mother and father of the poor.23 After Valle's death, March 6, 1804, he was succeeded by his brother Jean Baptiste Valle, appointed by Governor William H. Harrison on the transfer of the territory to the United States.24 Jean Baptiste Valle was remembered by the inhabitants as a gen­ tleman of cultured and courteous manners who wore a cocked hat and an old-fashioned coat with broad cuffs.25 In the 1750s a wooden church was built in the village. Father Francois Philibert Watrin, writing of his experiences as a Jesuit missionary in the Illinois Country from 1744 to 1763, said; ... in order to go to this new church [at Ste. Gene­ vieve] he [the cure] must cross the Missisippi [sic] which, in this place, is three eighths of a league wide; it was necessary, in fine, to expose himself to the danger of per­ ishing, if in the middle of the river they were overtaken by a violent storm. None of these inconveniences ever pre­ vented the cure of Caskaskias [sic] from going to Ste. Genevieve when charity called him hither and he was always charged with this care until means were found to place at Ste. Genevieve a special cure—which occurred only a few years ago when the inhabitants of the place built a home for the pastor.26 For many years most of the travel to Ste. Genevieve was by water. The passage of the river was made with canoes of different sizes. These boats were not large enough to carry either horses

20 ibid., 346. 21 Henry Marie Brackenridge, Recollections of Persons and Places in the West (Philadelphia, 1808), 241. 22 Houck, Spanish Regime, II, 248. 23 Yealy, Sainte Genevieve, 70. 24 Houck, History, I, 349. 25 Yealy, Sainte Genevieve, 91. 26 Thwaites, ed., Jesuit Relations, LXX, 233-234. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 157

or carriages and the horses were made to swim across the stream.27 An early road, known as the Three-Notch Road, led from Mine La Motte to Ste. Genevieve. Lead, moulded in the shape of col­ lars was hung on the necks of horses and transported over a trail blazed by three notches on the trees to Ste. Genevieve for ship­ ment to New Orleans. In 1789 a road known as El Camino Real, or Kings Highway, led from St. Louis to New Madrid.28 But in 1806, the roads were described as "only practicable for horse­ men and foot passengers."29 The village of Ste. Genevieve, located in the bottom lands, was subject to frequent floods. Because of its unhealthy location it was often called Misere.30 In 1785 (known later as Vannee des eaux, or year of the waters) the inhabitants were forced to leave their homes. On June 6, 1785, Don Francisco Cruzat, lieutenant governor of the Illinois posts, reported on the great overflow of the Mississippi. He said: The waters have risen so greatly from their source that they have entirely submerged the village of Santo Genoveva. All of its inhabitants having been forced to retire with great haste to the mountains which are one

27 Collott, Journey in North America, I, 254-255. 28 Ida M. Schaaf, "The First Roads West of the Mississippi," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXIX (January, 1935), 92-95; N. M. Surrey, The Com­ merce of Louisiana During the French Regime (New York, 1916) , 49. 29 Collott, Journey in North America, I, 254-255. 30 Villiers du Terrage, Les Dernieres Annees, 320.

Charles A. Lesueur sketched Ste. Genevieve as he made a trip up the Mississippi River in 1826.

3 y ,1.1 -h

9 '-\z_ .^^asg^lj 158 Missouri Historical Review

league away from the said village. They abandoned their houses which were inundated and their furniture and other possessions which they had in them. Although the waters have now fallen, those inhabitants remain along the said coast without yet knowing where they can settle, so that they may be sheltered from such accidents, and conse­ quently find a place where they can make their fields with some security, for fields of wheat which they have planted this year have been completely lost. . . .31 Gradually the inhabitants of what became known as le vieux village (the old village) moved to higher ground. Two years after the great flood the new village was well established, although the old site, situated some three miles southeast of present Ste. Gene­ vieve, was not completely abandoned until 1791.32 Henry Marie Brackenridge, who as a youth lived for three years in Ste. Gene­ vieve in the 1790s and revisited it in the early 1800s, described the location of the new village as about one mile from the Mis­ sissippi between the two branches of a stream called the Gabourie on a bank of some one hundred acres.33 He gave this vivid descrip­ tion of a French village: Although there is a regularity of streets and the houses are built in front of them, they do not adjoin, while the gardens, orchards and stables occupy a considerable ex­ tent of ground. Each house with its appurtenances has the appearance of one of our farm yards. All kinds of cattle, cows, sheep, mingle with the passengers in the streets. These tenements are generally closed with cedar pickets, placed in the manner of stockade and sometimes with stone walls. The houses are built in very singular form, which is in some measure copied after the fashion of the West Indies. They do not exceed one story in height and those of the more wealthy are surrounded with spacious galleries; those of the less rich, have these galleries only on one, or two sides, while the poorer class are obliged to put up with naked walls and a small habitation. I ap­ prove much of these galleries; they render the house cool and agreeable in summer, and afford a good promenade; for children, also, in bad weather (and few people are more attentive to the comfort and happiness of their chil­ dren than the French inhabitants), a place is afforded, where they can pursue their sports without interruption.

31 In a report of Governor Estavan Miro, to Conde de Galvez, Miro quoted Don Francisco Cruzat's report of the overflow, reprinted in Houck, Spanish Regime, I, 235. 32 Yealy, Sainte Genevieve, 61. 33 St. Louis Louisiana Gazette, March 21, 1811. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 159

In building their houses, the logs instead of being laid horizontally as ours, are placed in a perpendicular posi­ tion, the interstices closed with earth or stone, as with us. This makes a more durable dwelling and it retains its shape much longer. The roof is extremely broad, extend­ ing out with a gradual slope, for the purpose of affording a covering to the gallery.34 The yard in front was narrow, but in the rear quite srjacious, containing the outbuildings. Beyond was an enclosed garden, in which a variety of flowers and vegetables were cultivated. On one side was an orchard.35 Near the village was the common field (le grand champ) which originally contained 4,000 arpents of land. One fence, kept up at village expense, enclosed the entire field.36 The side facing the river was open, the steepness of the bank making a fence unneces­ sary. Lots were of equal size and almost every inhabitant owned and grew a crop on a lot. The more wealthy commonly owned sev­ eral lots. Each lot was separated by a furrow and in the 1800s there were roads throughout the field for traveling with wagons.37 The men of the village wore heavy cotton or gingham trousers with a belt, a blue or white shirt, a white mackinaw blanket with a capuchon (hood) and moccasins. Their hair was worn in long queues, held by an eelskin. The women wore cotton or calico dresses, their shoulders and breast ornamented with a mantelet and their neck adorned with a rich Madras handkerchief. Those of advanced age of both sexes wore a blue Madras handkerchief which encircled their heads.38 It is believed that the church and some of the houses of the old village were moved to the new site. Thomas Ashe, in 1806, described the altar of the wooden church in this manner: The fronton [of the church altar] is brass, gilt ... in the middle ... is a crucifix of brass gilt and underneath a picture, well copied from Raphael, representing the Madona [sic] and Child, St. Elizabeth and St. John. In a second group there is a St. Joseph; all perfectly well drawn

34 ibid., March 14, 1811. 35 Brackenridge, Recollections, 21. 36 Firmin A. Rozier, Roller's History of the Early Settlement of the Mis­ sissippi Valley (St. Louis, 1890), 95; Houck, History, I, 360. A Spanish arpent measured approximately five-sixths of an acre. 37 Louisiana Gazette, March 21, 1811. 38 Rozier, History of Mississippi Valley Settlement, 95. 160 Missouri Historical Review

and coloured. The action, beauty and grace of the Virgin are beyond expression. . . .39 On Christmas eve it was customary to keep the church open all night and at midnight to say mass.40 Timothy Flint noted that the inhabitants were very religious. He said wooden crosses were to be seen on the ridges of the houses and over the gates.41 Dur­ ing the Spanish regime the government provided the pastor with a servant.42 In 1831 the old church was replaced by a stone church, consecrated by Bishop Joseph Rosati.43 According to local tradi­ tion, when Monsieur Girard, sexton of the stone church, passed the contribution box he always rewarded a generous giver with an offer of a pinch of snuff. If any parishoner was lost in slumber at the time the box was passed, Girard vigorously shoved the box in his ribs and stood sternly by until the contribution was pro­ duced.44 The present church, erected between 1876 and 1880, was principally designed by Father Francis Xavier Weiss, pastor of the Ste. Genevieve parish from 1865 to 1900. Three-fourths of the cost of the church was donated by Odile Pratte Valle, widow of Felix Valle, a grandson of Francois Valle, I.45 Built on the site of the former church, a plaque marks the grave of Francois Valle, II, his wife, and several early priests, buried beneath the nave of the church.46 The principal business of the early French inhabitants was agriculture, but Brackenridge said there were few citizens who had not also engaged in mining. A number were voyageurs and still others were fur traders. Ste. Genevieve was the principal de­ pository for surrounding lead mines and lead served as the medium of exchange.47 An idea about the amount of this trade in the early 1800s may be gained from a letter written by P. Falconer and J. G. Comegys, St. Louis merchants, to the Secretary of War in 1808. At this time they had 175,000 pounds of lead in "Bars

39 Thomas Ashe, Travels in America Performed in 1806 (London, 1808), 289. 40 Brackenridge, Recollections, 26. 41 Timothy Flint, Recollections of the Last Ten Years (Boston, 1826), 99-100. 42 Letter from Pedro Piernas to Don Louis de Unzaga, November 16, 1774, and Unzaga's reply, February 20, 1775, in Houck, Spanish Regime, I, 124-125. 43 Rozier, History of Mississippi Valley Settlement, 117. 44 Ste. Genevieve Fair Play, August 17, 1935. 45 Gregory M. Franzwa, The Story of Old Ste. Genevieve (St. Louis, 1967), 44. iGIbid., 135-136. 47 Louisiana Gazette, March 21, 1811. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 161 and Pigs" at Ste. Genevieve which they wished to sell to the gov­ ernment. If the government did not purchase it, they planned to ship it to New Orleans.48 Brackenridge noted that Ste. Genevieve, during this period, supplied the miners with a variety of articles. Six stores in the vicinity, he reported in 1811, had brought in $150,000 worth of merchandise.49 The manufacture of salt was another early industry. In 1766 Captain Pittman noted that a salt spring was located within one league of Ste. Genevieve. He said that several from Ste. Gene­ vieve had salt works there and made great quantities of salt for the supply of Indians, hunters and inhabitants of other settle­ ments.50 By the primitive method of evaporating the saline water with artificial heat, the Ste. Genevieve springs and two salt springs located on the east side of the Mississippi River furnished about all the salt needed in Missouri and Illinois territories in the early 1800s.51 In 1796 it was reported that Ste. Genevieve produced 5,400 minots of salt and 327,300 pounds of lead.52 Wheat was the chief crop of the early French. In 1775 St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve produced 9,097 quintals of wheat.53 The French were not primarily an agricultural people and con­ tinued to till the land in the same way as their forefathers, using the old wooden plow and the A-shaped wooden harrow.54 The French inhabitants of Ste. Genevieve presented strange contrasts. Some could not read or write as is evidenced by the cross-mark signatures on old parish and notarial records. Others had an excellent education, a retinue of slaves and an element of refinement. Most were religious, but they also liked to dance, sing and play cards. Reports of early visitors in Ste. Genevieve vary. Timothy Flint saw a town "evidencing a degree of considerable refinement," while Perrin de Lac concluded that the inhabitants had no desire for learning, but spent their time in dancing, hunting

48 Edwin C. Carter, Territorial Papers of the United States (Washington, D. C, 1949), XIV, 167. Letter is dated March 2, 1808. 49 Louisiana Gazette, March 21, 1811. 50 Pittman, Mississippi Settlements, 95. 51 John F. Snyder, "Forgotten Statesmen of Illinois [Hon. Conrad Will]," Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the Year 1905 (Spring­ field, 111., 1906), 354. 52 Houck, Spanish Regime, I, 326. A minot equaled 1.11 bushels. 53 Houck, History, II, 237. A quintal was approximately a hundred-weight. 54 Norman Ward Caldwell, The French in the Mississippi Valley (Urbana, 111., 1941), 41. 162 Missouri Historical Review and riding.55 Don Pedro Piernas, who spent seven weeks in Ste. Genevieve in 1769, reported that the voyageurs lived in idleness and corrupted the youth.56 Christian Schultze said life moved at a rapid pace and that balls lasted from candlelight until dawn.57 Brackenridge wrote of the balls attended by children. He said, After the afternoon mass, I sometimes went with the other children to the ball, which was by no means a place of frivolity, but rather a school of manners. . . . The children were required to be seated, and no confusion or disorder was permitted. The minuet was the principal dance. . . . Here he [the child] was taught to restrain his temper, reverence his parents, respect the aged, be polite to his equals, and to speak the truth to everyone.58 Thomas Ashe described village amusements in this manner: In the evening the inhabitants were in groups outside their doors. The women were at work, the children at play, and the men performing music, singing songs or telling stories. Nearly every house had its group and every group its guitar, fiddler, storyteller or singer. . . . towards midnight the music of the village united, the little world crowded to the spot and danced with infinite mirth and gaiety until past one in the morning. . . ,59 French customs were perpetuated for many years. On New Year's Eve strolling groups of young men, masked and in cos­ tume, sang La Guignolee, or La Gui-annee, a song in which the medieval cuckoo and nightingale motifs were intermingled with frontier folklore.60 A candle in the window of a home was the signal that the singers were expected. The group would enter sing­ ing and marching in a circle around the leader and the fiddler. In the song they asked for food and for the eldest daughter of the house to appear. They would dance with her and sing a love song to her. Afterward, the leader, in a solo, thanked the master of the house. Refreshments were then served. A dance for the entire village topped off the evening.61 At the King's Ball, held

55 Flint, Recollections, 99; M. Perrin du Lac, Travels Through the Two Louisianas and Among the Savage Nations of the Missouri . . . in 1801, 1802 & 1803 (London, 1807) , 44. 56 Report of Piernas, October 31, 1769, in Houck, Spanish Regime, I, 76. 57 Christian Schultze, Travels on an Inland Voyage (New York, 1810), II, 397. 58 Brackenridge, Recollections, 25. 59 Ashe, Travels, 288-289. 60 Yealy, Sainte Genevieve, 81. 61 Ste. Genevieve Fair Play, August 17, 1935. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 163

Howe, The Great West The French celebrated New Year's by dancing and singing La Guignolee. in celebration of the Epiphany, beans were baked in a cake and the young men who drew the beans when the cake was cut were kings of the ball with the privilege of selecting a queen. At these balls, bouillon, croquinoles, cakes and coffee were served.62 Many of the early French inhabitants were interested in edu­ cation. Brackenridge attended school there in 1792 to learn the French language. The Louisiana Academy, organized in 1807, was chartered in 1808, and the stone academy building, which still stands, was completed in 1810.63 Many inhabitants owned books. Inventories of the estates of Jean Baptiste LaFonde, Jean Datchurut and Commandant Peyroux, in the late 1700s, reveal the ownership of hundreds of volumes on both technical and serious subjects.64 A number of French homes, built in the eighteenth century, still stand in Ste. Genevieve, although numerous alterations and additions have changed their appearance. The most outstanding restoration is the Louis Bolduc Home, a house of poteau sur solle (posts on a sill) construction. Bolduc descendants lived in the house until it was purchased in 1949 and presented to the National So­ ciety of the Colonial Dames of America for the State of Missouri.

62 Rozier, History of Mississippi Valley Settlement, 141. 63 Yealy, Sainte Genevieve, 124-125. 64 ste. Genevieve Fair Play, August 17, 1935. John Francis McDermott was the author of an article based on research in the Ste. Genevieve Archives. The home was carefully restored in 1956-1957 under the supervi­ sion of Dr. Ernest Allen Connally, now chief of the office of Archae­ ology and Historic Preservation, The Bolduc Home was restored National Park Service, Washing­ as a French colonial home of ton, D. C. The first authentic the Mississippi Valley. restoration of a French colonial home in the Mississippi Valley, it is open to visitors from 10 A.M. until 4 P.M. from April to November, for a small admission fee.65 Three homes of poteaux en terre (posts in the earth) construc­ tion stand in Ste. Genevieve. The Ste. Gemme-Amoureux Home, although much altered, has been restored and is open to the public. Measured architectural drawings of this home are on file in the Library of Congress. The Beauvais Home has had many changes and is in use as a private home. The Ribault Home, now in poor condition, is not open to the public. Other private French homes not open to the public are the J. B. Valle Home, Guibourd-Valle Home, Francois Valle, II, Home, Parfait Dufour Home, Lalumandiere Home, Gabriel Boyer Home, Hubardeaux Home and the Philipson-Valle-Rozier Home. The Linden House serves as headquarters for the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America for Missouri and is not open to the public. Restoration of the 1820 Bolduc-LeMeilleur Home, which combines French and American architectural traditions, is now in process of restoration with plans prepared by Dr. Connally. The restoration is sponsored by Mr. and Mrs. Harry B. Mathews, Jr., of St. Louis and Alton.66 The Janis-Zeigler Home, known in the early days as the Green Tree Tavern, is open to the public at times during the tourist sea­ son for a small fee. The Mammy Shaw Home, much altered, is open throughout the year, for a small admission charge. The Ste. Genevieve Memorial Cemetery is the oldest west of the Mississippi. Buried there are Ferdinand Rozier, French merchant who came to Ste. Genevieve with artist John J. Audubon in 1810, Commandant J. B. Valle and his wife, Vital St. Gemme

65 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 4, 1958; Franzwa, Story of Old Ste. Gene­ vieve, 101-105. 66 News release sent to the State Historical Society of Missouri, October 18, 1967, by Miss Vera Okenfuss, Ste. Genevieve. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 165

Beauvais, John Scott and others prominent in the history of the state. The oldest grave is that of Louis Le Clere, who died in 1796. The last persons to be buried there were Colonel Felix Valle and his wife Odile Pratte Valle.67 Ste. Genevieve citizens celebrated the centennial of their re­ moval from the old village on July 21, 1885, at Maxwell's Hill. A crowd of some 7,000 persons attended, the largest, it was said, in Ste. Genevieve's history. General Firmin A. Rozier delivered the principal address and talks were presented in both the French and German languages.68 A pageant at Valle Spring, a pontifical high mass, a parade, a talk by the French Consul and an amplified telephone message from President Franklin D. Roosevelt were high­ lights of the 1935 Ste. Genevieve bicentennial celebration. The Ste. Genevieve Library and Museum was built by the Ste. Gene­ vieve Chamber of Commerce in 1933 in honor of the anniversary.69 An annual Jour de Fete at Ste. Genevieve was inaugurated in 1965. Tours of historic homes, the transformation of the city square into a village of the 1700s and the revival of old French customs are features of the celebration. Ste. Genevieve, in 1965, qualified for a study grant from the Economic Development Administration of the United States De­ partment of Commerce. The EDA commissioned the St. Louis firm of Allied Engineers and Architects to make a study of the town and to develop a master plan for its restoration, as an ex­ ample of an eighteenth-century French village of the Mississippi Valley.70 Ste. Genevieve has been designated a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, under Theme V, entitled "French Exploration and Settlement."

67 Franzwa, Story of Old Ste. Genevieve, 127-129. 68 ste. Genevieve Herald, July 27, 1885. 69 Ste. Genevieve Fair Play, August 17, 1935. 70 Allied Engineers & Architects, Investigation and Development of Master Plan for Restoration, Ste. Genevieve, Missouri (St. Louis, 1966).

No Work—No Teeth Neosho Times, April 10, 1941. One of the strangest requests of his official career was received recently by Kennett's deputy constable, Radford Raines. Replevin actions are not un­ usual in the life of a constable, but Deputy Raines was requested to replevy a set of false teeth say the Dunklin Tribune. A housekeeper's false teeth had been paid for by her employer, with the understanding that repayment would be made from the housekeeper's salary. When she was unable to work on Wednesday morning, the call to the deputy followed. VIEWS FROM MISSOURI

The first theatrical performance in St. Louis was presented in 1815 in a blacksmith shop. St. Louis Theater was built in 1837. The Theateruerein in Hermann, organized as Erholung in 1847, had a building of its own. In 1839 the Boonville Thespian Society presented plays in Thespian Hall, a log building. The present Thespian Hall was dedicated in 1857. Kansas

William Jennings Bryan spoke at the Maysville Chautauqua. The Maysville Chautauqua, founded in August, 1896, by Thomas J. Williamson, was the first locally organized chautauqua in Mis-

The Osceola band added a festive touch to local parades. THE PAST ISPK* "» ' RECREATION

City had its first theatrical season in 1858. Coates Opera House was built in 1870. Joplin's first theater was built in 1875. By the close of the century many Missouri towns had opera houses with a regular schedule of per­ formances. Chautauquas were intro­ Miles & White, Tattle Tales duced into Missouri in the late 1890s and reached their zenith in the early The Bixman Theater was the pride of 1900s. the area after it opened in 1903 in Clin­ ton.

The Sketch Book Mandolin Club of Jefferson City in 1900. Mando­ lin clubs were popular during this period.

The Candyland Cadets with the play, "Gingerbread Man," at the Park Theater, Hannibal, Missouri, in April, 1906. The Park Theater was built in 1882 and considered at the time the finest of its kind in Missouri. In 1939 it was remodeled for use as a Masonic temple.

i >. •>:*;: wm$ \lm

ill HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

NEWS IN BRIEF

State Historical Society Holds Annual Meeting

The Annual Meeting of The State ton; William R. Denslow, Trenton; Historical Society of Missouri was Alfred O. Fuerbringer, St. Louis; held September 30, 1967, in Columbia George Fuller Green, Kansas City; at the University of Missouri Memo­ George H. Scruton, Sedalia; James rial Student Union. President Leo J. Todd, Moberly; and, T. Ballard Wat- Rozier presided. ters, Marshfield. Officers elected at the Executive Resolutions were passed in appre­ Committee Meeting were Lewis E. ciation of the works of the late Bart- Atherton, Columbia, second vice lett C. Boder, W. C. Hewitt and Wil­ president; Russell V. Dye, Liberty, liam C. Tucker. All were former third vice president; Jack Staple ton, trustees of the Society. Roy Coy, St. Jr., Stanberry, fourth vice president; Joseph, Robert A. Bowling, Mont­ John A. Winkler, Hannibal, fifth vice gomery City, and Richard B. Fowler, president; and Rev. John F. Bannon, Kansas City, were appointed to fill S.J., St. Louis, sixth vice president. the unexpired terms. Reports of the Society's treasurer, The Society approved a recommen­ Auditing Committee and Finance and dation that the life membership dues Executive Committees preceded the be raised from $25.00 to $40.00; the annual report of Dr. Richard S. recommendation will be submitted for Brownlee, director and secretary of the final approval at the next annual Society. Speaking on the Society's ac­ meeting. tivities of the past year, Dr. Brown­ Some 380 members and friends of lee noted that 15,100 people used the the Society attended the luncheon newspaper, reference and manuscript held at the Memorial Student Union. libraries during that time. Dr. John C. Weaver, president of the Trustees elected to fill expired University of Missouri, spoke on some three-year terms were Elmer Ellis, important men and events in the Columbia; William Aull, III, Lexing­ early history of the University. His

168 Historical Notes and Comments 169 talk will be published in the next Mrs. Hope Scheperle, Eminence, was issue of the REVIEW. director of the project and Mrs. The Society in conjunction with Donna Hickman, Moberly, supervised the Western Historical Manuscripts the work. Collection exhibited materials per­ taining to the history of the Uni­ Artifacts acquired from the Philip­ versity of Missouri at the open house pine exhibition at the St. Louis in the Society's headquarters after World's Fair in 1904 were displayed the luncheon. Of particular interest at the St. Louis Visitors Center in the to members and friends were original Old Post Office through the month sketches and watercolor paintings by of August. The articles, including Carl Bodmer displayed in the art bags, sandals and jewelry were loaned gallery. Bodmer accompanied the to the center by Elizabeth Golterman, Maximilian Expedition up the Mis­ director of Audio-Visual Education for souri River in 1832-1833. This col­ the St. Louis Board of Education. lection from the Joslyn Art Museum of Omaha, Nebraska, was loaned to September marked the 60th anni­ the Society by the Northern Natural versary of the Ozarks' tourist busi­ Gas Company. ness. In September, 1907, Harold Bell Wright's famous book, Shepherd of Missouri's contribution to the John the Hills, was first published. This F. Kennedy Center for Performing best-selling work became a great pub­ Arts in Washington, D. C, was an licity piece for the area about which 8x8-foot mural recently painted by it was written. When visitors first two Moberly girls. One requirement came to the area they were only able for the project was that the mural be to view a few attractions—Old Matt's done by two students between the Cabin, the Powersite Dam at Forsyth ages of 9 and 15. Chosen for the and some museums—and to fish on work were Debbie Cross, 14, daugh­ White River. Now the list of tourist ter of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Cross, and sites is endless, including Rockaway Retta Ragsdale, 12, daughter of Mr. Beach on Lake Taneycomo, Table and Mrs. E. E. Ragsdale. The mural, Rock and Bull Shoals lakes and dams, entitled "The Cultural Assets of Mis­ Silver Dollar City and Shepherd of souri," is to be displayed with works the Hills Farm near Branson. from the other 49 states and many nations. It depicts the state capitol; Seven additional structures in St. state flag; official flower, tree and Louis have been designated as land­ bird; the Truman Library, Inde­ marks by the Landmarks and Urban pendence; a repertory theater; musi­ Design Commission. They are Union cians beneath the St. Louis Gateway Station, built in 1896; Anheuser- Arch; emblems of the St. Louis and Busch Brewery complex, dating from Kansas City symphony orchestras; a the late 1880s; the Carl Milles "Meet­ "Young Audience" concert; and col­ ing of the Waters" Fountain, across umns of the University of Missouri, Market Street; Henry Shaw's Country Columbia. Examples of Missouri's House at Shaw's Garden (1849); Cen­ historical heritage are shown in the tral Public Library at Olive and Old Tavern at Arrow Rock, General Locust Streets (1912); the Wainwright John J. Pershing's home at Laclede Tomb in Bellefontaine Cemetery and a portion of Tom Sawyer's fence (1892); and the Capt. Louis Bissell at Hannibal. Mansion, 4426 Randall Place, built in 170 Missouri Historical Review

1823, the first privately owned home tion, the Perry County Lutheran His­ designated as a landmark. torical Society conducted a worship service on the evening of October 1. Malta Bend celebrated its 100th The Reverend August Suelflow, di­ anniversary, September 1-3. Special rector of Concordia Historical Insti­ events included dances, parades, con­ tute, St. Louis, was the guest speaker. tests, a band concert and an ice A concert by the Trinity Choral cream social. A musical revue, "Sing Society, entitled "The Church Year Out, America!" was presented by the in Review 100 Years Ago," was direct­ Centennial Chorus, September 3, at ed by Vernon R. Meyr, October 22. Malta Bend School. It featured songs Hymn tunes of Dr. Martin Luther of settlers from many lands, pioneers, were played on a 200-year-old lute, the cowboys, Indians, prospectors, the favorite musical instrument of Luther. Civil War, the Gay Nineties, spirituals, The principal Centennial Anniver­ World Wars, the Roaring Twenties sary Service for the church building and the present day. Historical dis­ was held on the morning of October plays were viewed at the Legion Hall 29. A 15-minute organ recital by Al­ and the school agricultural shop. bert E. Meyr, Crete, Illinois, preceded An attractive historical booklet was the address given by the Reverend published for the occasion. Walter C. Loeber, Cape Girardeau. Other special events were scheduled The Canton Chamber of Commerce for October 8, 15, 29 and 31. plans to erect life-sized statues of not­ The Trinity Congregation of Alten­ able Missourians along present-day burg was founded in 1839 as one of Fourth Street, soon to be renamed. the original congregations of the Former President Harry S. Truman Saxon Lutheran settlements in Perry was selected as the first Missourian to County. The first church was the be honored in the Avenue of Great second floor of the parsonage built in Missourians project. Richard Hlad, 1839 by the first pastor of the Con­ assistant professor of Art at Culver- gregation, the Reverend G. H. Loeber. Stockton College, Canton, was com­ A second church was completed in missioned to create the statue of Tru­ 1845 and the present church building man. Truman was selected from a list was dedicated, October 31, 1867. of 12 persons compiled by the selec­ tion committee and published in bal­ Members of the 12th Engineers, lot form in the Canton Press-News. one of the first American units to go Others considered for the avenue in­ overseas in World War I, celebrated clude, Mark Twain, Walt Disney, the 50th anniversary of their organi­ Clarence Cannon, Mary Culver and zation, September 29-30, at the Gate­ Robert Stockton, George Washington way Hotel, St. Louis. Organized in St. Carver, John J. Pershing, Omar Brad­ Louis, June 20, 1917, the 12th arrived ley and Fred C. Hibbard. in England, August 12. The unit par­ ticipated in the Cambrai, St. Mihiel Members of the Trinity Lutheran and Meuse-Argonne offensives and the Church at Altenburg observed the Cambrai and Somme defensives be­ 100th anniversary of the church build­ fore returning home in April, 1919. ing and the 450th anniversary of the Reformation with special services The annual "Calamity Jane Days," throughout October. held at Princeton, October 6-7, was Opening the month-long celebra­ sponsored by the Chamber of Com- Historical Notes and Comments 171 merce. The celebration included a sion. Both the history and the pageant stagecoach robbery, parade, melo­ were written by Mrs. Muriel Eva drama performances, antique displays Akers. and a horse show. Calamity Jane, heroine of the West, is believed to A Phase I Report booklet, published have been reared in Princeton. in September, was prepared for the city of Florissant by Leo A. Daly A discussion guide, Challenge for Comprehensive Services, architects, Today's Woman, published by the engineers, and planners; Hallauer & University of Missouri Extension Di­ McReynolds, economists; John Albury vision, Columbia, contained a special Bryan, historian-architect; and Greg­ section on "Distinguished Women in ory M. Franzwa, historian. The study Missouri History." Included in this outlined the history of Florissant, the topic were Hannah Cole, Ann Haw­ possibilities for historic restoration; kins Gentry, Mother Rose Philippine and feasible plans for preservation Duchesne, Mary Easton Sibley, Susan programs. Maps, drawings, tables and Elizabeth Blow, Phoebe Couzins, Rose statistics were included. The purpose O'Neill and Laura Ingalls Wilder. of the report was to imbue its readers Materials for this section were fur­ with an enthusiasm and confidence in nished by Mrs. Dorothy J. Caldwell, historic preservation and restoration associate editor of the MISSOURI HIS­ of the area. TORICAL REVIEW. The publication, a guide to provide women's organiza­ Miss Jacqueline Grennan, president tions and other groups with program of Webster College, Webster Groves, materials, was prepared under the spoke at an October 10 convocation in direction of Dr. Mary Nell Green­ Jesse Hall, Columbia, officially initiat­ wood, director of Continuing Educa­ ing a year-long celebration commemo­ tion for Women. rating the 100th anniversary of coedu­ cation at the University of Missouri. The Caledonia Methodist Church Music and a dramatic prologue, marked the 157th anniversary of its with students in costumes of 1867, set founding, September 24-25. High­ the stage for a proclamation of the lighting the observance was the dedi­ centennial year by Chancellor John cation of a historical marker at the W. Schwada, who named this the site of the first building, the Shiloh "Year of the Tigress." Special events Meeting House, built in 1810. Shiloh planned throughout the school year is reported to have been the first include the honoring of alumnae by Methodist church building west of University women and special foot­ the Mississippi River, and the deed ball half-time activities at the home­ to the property, recorded in 1819, is coming, November 11; a series of the oldest known deed to Methodist seminars under the direction of Dr. property in Missouri. Special Sunday Sara Feder, assistant professor of services and a basket dinner concluded Sociology; scholarships and awards to the first day's events. recognize outstanding women students A historical pageant, "Methodist at the University; and a spring con­ Heritage," presented on Monday eve­ vocation honoring alumnae who have ning, depicted the early years of the achieved distinction in their profes­ historic congregation. A new History sions and outstanding women stu­ of the Caledonia Methodist Church, dents. 1810-1967, was published for the occa- Dr. Lois Knowles, professor of Edu- 172 Missouri Historical Review cation, is chairman of the "Year of Miller," from the State Historical the Tigress" centennial committee. Society's art collection, were loaned to the Smithsonian Institution as part of A Russell, Majors, Waddell Na­ its National Collection of Fine Arts tional Memorial is planned at the site exhibit. The Bingham display opened of the Alexander Majors' house in to the public, October 18, in the Art Kansas City. This house became the Hall of the Museum of Natural His­ Santa Fe headquarters for the south­ tory, Washington, D. C. Thirty-four west trade established by the Russell, original oil paintings and 51 related Majors and Waddell firm in January, drawings comprised the Bingham 1855. The famous freighting company showing. Many of the works came owned the nearby land where the from Missouri institutions. Dr. David wagon trains were formed and where W. Scott, director of the National Col­ the corrals were located. lection of Fine Arts, noted that the The purpose of the memorial is to exhibit would be a "once-in-a-life- give recognition for the service per­ time chance for easterners to see" the formed by William H. Russell, Alex­ works of this Missouri artist "exten­ ander Majors and William B. Waddell sively and at first hand." The exhibit in the freighting, overland stage and remained on view through January 1, Pony Express business. It would also 1968. recognize the contribution made by Independence, Kansas City, Westport Chosen as a historical landmark in and eastern Kansas in the settlement Boone County, the Sturgeon Christian of the West. Church was presented a historical marker, October 14, by the Columbia The Antioch Community Church Chapter of the United Daughters of in Kansas City celebrated its 114th an­ the Confederacy. The church, used niversary, October 1. Randall S. Jes- during the Civil War as a stable by see, assistant director of the United the Confederates, still serves the con­ States Information Agency in Wash­ gregation, although it has been ex­ ington, D. C, spoke on "The Opera­ tensively remodeled. Sturgeon Mayor tions of the U.S.I.A." The original H. M. Beatty gave a history of the worship room of the church was open town and church at the dedication. for special display prior to the eve­ The Reverend James Jones, pastor of ning program. The church building the church, received the marker. is one of the oldest in Clay County still serving a congregation. The one- The works of Thomas Hart Benton room "meeting house" was erected in and George Caleb Bingham, on loan 1859 and used continuously for wor­ from the State Historical Society, was ship until 1957 when a new sanctuary part of an art and photographic dis­ was first used. Sunday School classes play, one of many attractions at the now meet in the old room. Carthage Quasqui-centennial, October The Antioch Community Church 14-21. A reception for Governor War­ Historical Society was organized, May, ren E. Hearnes opened the week-long 1964, to preserve and restore the celebration. Other events included the original sanctuary. dedication of a plaque at the Old Carthage Hotel, childhood home of Three works of George Caleb Bing­ Belle Starr, on the north side of the ham, "Vinnie Ream," "James S. Rol­ square, and the dedication of Cave lins," and a miniature of "Thomas Springs School as a historical site. Dr. Historical Notes and Comments 173

Richard S. Brownlee, director of the French of the early 18th century to State Historical Society, spoke on the present. October 18, "Historical Day," at a luncheon at Broadview Country Club, A two-day celebration, November sponsored by Rhoda Fairchild Chap­ 4-5, marked the sesquicentennial an­ ter, Daughters of the American Revo­ niversary of the Midway Locust Grove lution and the Eastern Jasper County Methodist Church. The church had Historical Sites Association. Outstand­ its beginning with prayer meetings ing musical entertainment, dancing led by the Reverend Joseph Piggott, and contests were also featured activi­ the first Boonslick Circuit Rider of ties. 1816. The congregation was organized An attractive, 24-page souvenir as a Methodist Society under the booklet, on the city's 125-year history, ministry of the Reverend John compiled by Mrs. Bruce Robertson, Scripps, Circuit Rider of 1817-1818. was published for the occasion. Members met at individuals' homes until 1830 when the first Brick Chapel A six-week course on St. Louis land­ was constructed. marks was concluded, November 27. Mrs. Dorothy J. Caldwell, associate Offered by the University of Missouri editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL at St. Louis Extension Division, the REVIEW, spoke at the Saturday evening classes met at Mansion House in St. program on "Early Pioneers of Central Louis. Gerhardt Kramer, noted archi­ Missouri." The Reverend Monk Bryan, tect and past president of the St. Louis minister of the Missouri Methodist Landmarks Society, was the instructor. Church, Columbia, addressed the The lessons covered the history of group on "Wesleyan Heritage," at a architectural influences which have special Sunday afternoon service, pre­ shaped the buildings, monuments and ceded by the regular morning wor­ famous homes in St. Louis, from the ship and a basket dinner.

Don't Sneeze on Sunday Vance Randolph, Ozark Superstitions (New York, 1947) , 55. Sneeze on Monday, sneeze for fun, Sneeze on Tuesday, see someone, Sneeze on Wednesday, get a letter, Sneeze on Thursday, something better, Sneeze on Friday, sneeze for sorrow, Sneeze on Saturday, see your beau tomorrow, Sneeze on Sunday, the Devil will control you all week.

A Wife's Reply Essex Leader, February 7, 1913. A Pettis county man went fishing down near Warsaw recently and after a few days' stay down on the Osage he rushed to a telegraph office and sent the following message to his wife: "I've got one. Weighs seven pounds and its a beauty." In reply came the following signed by his wife: "So have I. Weighs 10 pounds. He isn't a beauty; looks like you."—Warrensburg Journal-Democrat. 174 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Saline County Society Prepares New History

In order to provide enthusiasm for the development of the county pre­ local historical society meetings, pro­ pared their histories. Churches were mote local interest and, at the same divided into denominations, each as­ time, preserve and add to the growing suming the responsibility for its own storehouse of historical information, story. Cemetery histories were written local societies have attempted a variety by responsible people in each town­ of unusual and successful projects. ship and the histories of the forty The details of one ambitious enter­ most prominent communities were prise are related here for the benefit prepared by qualified residents. of other societies wishing to under­ Approximately 150 writers were en­ take a similar activity. gaged in the work. Each was given a When A. H. Orr, Malta Bend, be­ suggested guide form, but the writer came president of the Saline County could expand as he desired. Some Historical Society in August, 1961, he sketches were biographical; some in­ hoped to accomplish some worthwhile cluded the early period already cov­ activities for his group. Members had ered by historians, but added new observed that a few local historical information and human interest sto­ articles, published in their local news­ ries never before published. A byline paper, had created considerable inter­ was published with each article in est in local history. Mr. Orr suggested order to give credit to the author. the idea of asking several prominent As there were no resources for finan­ communities to write their histories. cial compensation, this was the only The response from these requests was reward for the writer's service. unanimous and soon public enthusi­ The local newspaper printed each asm was aroused to the point where article soon after it was written. This the need for a new county history helped to maintain interest in the was obvious. Although two histories project and to defray expenses of the had been written—one in 1881 and an­ published volume. In exchange for other in 1910—death continually being allowed to use the stories in his claimed elderly residents who could newspaper, the editor printed the arti­ give valuable firsthand information cles on special enameled paper which for the writing of another volume. It was delivered to the book publisher. seemed a good time to bring up-to- The publisher was then able to print date the unwritten 50-year period. the book by offset method, eliminat­ Since the Society was not financially ing many hours of typesetting and able to hire professional writers for additional costs. the task, the only possibility for the To carry the project to completion project lay in the "do it yourself required a great deal of patience and plan." The Society endorsed the idea perseverance. Initial enthusiasm sub­ and Mr. Orr proceeded with the ar­ sided somewhat, some writers were rangements. slow in completing their assigned Many society members, county resi­ project and the research and writing dents and interested persons were on some topics were difficult. After asked to help with the work. All or­ five years of preparation, the copy was ganizations which had contributed to delivered to the publisher the first Historical Notes and Comments 175 week in October for publication in ties for the celebration included mu­ early December, 1967. sical entertainment, a barbecue, ham Literary critics and detailed his­ and bean supper, and special religious torians may not approve of the "do services. James Skeens demonstrated it yourself" method of writing his­ the cradling of grain with an 1844 tory. The method necessitates numer­ V-type cradle. A stand provided sou­ ous styles of writing, and some over­ venirs for the 2-day event. lapping and duplication are to be expected. Audrain County Historical Society Despite the handicaps, the finished At the November 7 annual dinner product should be a valuable work meeting at the Mexico Country Club, and a treasured item for those inter­ Mrs. LaReine Warden Clayton, Knox- ested in its subject. The new Saline ville, Tennessee, was the guest speaker. County History will be a lasting me­ Mrs. Clayton is the author of a re­ morial to 92-year-old A. H. Orr and cently published book, Now Be a all those who worked diligently to Little Lady. This is a story of the make the enterprise a success. The author's childhood in Mexico, Mis­ project, throughout its duration, souri, during 1900-1910. Mrs. Clayton stimulated an interest in the county's autographed copies of her new book. history and increased membership in Boone County Historical Society the Society. Members and guests attended the November 2 meeting at the First Bank Atchison County Historical Society Some 60 persons attended the July 9 of Commerce, Columbia. In com­ annual picnic held at the English- memorating the centennial of the ad­ mission of women students to the background Episcopal Church (St. University of Missouri, Frances Mc- Oswald's in the Field) , located in Curdy spoke on "The Year of the southeast Atchison County. An eve­ Tigress." She discussed the role of ning prayer service was conducted in Boone County women who figured the church by the Reverend Canon prominently in the movement leading Charles E. Sanders, Jr., Maryville. The up to the admission of women stu­ program for the evening emphasized dents. the role of the rural church in the life and culture of the county. Edwin Boonslick Historical Society Tyson presented a review of the early New officers elected at the annual Dale Township history. Mrs. John banquet, October 23, at Frederick Bowness, organist of the church, gave Hotel, Boonville, were Professor Ho- a history of the congregation. bart Morris, president; J. W. Farris, vice president; and Mrs. Farris Woods, Athens Park Development secretary-treasurer. Lane Harlan spoke Association on "The American Odyssey," a review Organized for the purpose of pre­ of western migration through the serving the Athens Civil War Battle­ Boonslick country with emphasis on field and historic sites in the area, the the strategic location of the area. Association is seeking to develop the region for educational, historical and Brush and Palette Club recreational purposes. The Club sponsored its annual art One major event of the past sum­ fair in Hermann, October 1. The mer was the annual observance of the day's festivities also included a tour Battle of Athens, July 29-30. Activi­ of the Gentner and Strehly houses. 176 Missouri Historical Review the Hermann Museum and the River gional history. Nationally known his­ Room; and an excursion on the Mis­ torian, speaker, and radio and TV souri River steamboat, River Queen. personality, Father Faherty is the author of the novel, A Wall for San Butler County Historical Society Sebastian. Officers elected at the October 26 The Society sponsored a tour of the meeting in the Poplar Bluff Loan and 129-year-old Chatillon-DeMenil Man­ Building Association were G. R. Loug- sion, October 28. Mrs. James L. head, president; Paul Hays, vice O'Leary, who did extensive research president; Robert Seifert, treasurer; for a book on the mansion, presented and Glenda Wright, secretary. a 30-minute lecture. Camden County Historical Society Miss Zilpha Traw gave the "History Cass County Historical Society of the Freedom Church of Christ," at Members of the Sycamore Grove the September 14 meeting in St. Mennonite Church, near East Lynne, George's Episcopal Church, Camden- presented the program at the October ton. The following officers were 29 annual meeting held in the his­ elected for the coming year: Paul toric church. A business meeting in­ Gerhardt, Roach, president; H. Dwight cluded reports and the election of six directors. Weaver, Lake Ozark, first vice presi­ dent; Theodore Fessler, Camdenton, second vice president; Mrs. Maysia J. Chariton County Historical Society Morgan, Camdenton, secretary; Mrs. The Society sponsored a room and Rosie Weaver, Lake Ozark, treasurer; hobby display at the old Temple and Mrs. Clyde Moreland, Camdenton, Stephens Building in Salisbury com­ publicity and program chairman. memorating the city's 100th anniver­ Mrs. Esther Barclay, editor of the Bul­ sary. The exhibit was held during the letin and Newsletter, is assisted by final weeks of the centennial celebra­ Mrs. Jack Shoemaker. tion which ended, August 26. Members discussed a variety of his­ New brochures telling about the torical questions at the regular Octo­ Society's museum were printed and distributed to visitors beginning in ber 12 meeting. Among the topics early August. Numerous items were were questions regarding the suspen­ added to the museum collection dur­ sion bridges of the county. H. B. ing the summer and its holdings of Hart of Decaturville reported on min­ pioneer farm and household imple­ eral and scientific developments in ments are most outstanding. Four the region. directional signs to the museum were The Society is to be commended for recently erected. publication of its bimonthly "Bulle­ tin," beginning the past fall. The Society is to be commended for publication of its first "News Letter," Carondelet Historical Society in September. Plans are to publish it One of the highlights of "Old prior to each quarterly society meet­ Carondelet Week," beginning Septem­ ing. ber 24, was the Society's first general At the October 15 annual meeting, membership meeting, September 29, at held at the Dulany Library, Salisbury, the Carondelet Branch Library. Father President Jordan R. Bentley reported William Barnaby Faherty, S.J., of the on his recent trip to the National history department of St. Louis Uni­ Agricultural Hall of Fame in Bonner versity, led a discussion on early re­ Springs, Kansas. Historical Notes and Comments 177

Civil War Round Table of related the story of Dr. John M. Kansas City Garner, a Southern Methodist circuit Dr. John Y. Simon, executive di­ rider, physician and militant Union­ rector of the Ulysses S. Grant Associa­ ist, who lived in Springfield after the tion and associate professor of History Civil War and is buried in a Spring­ at Southern Illinois University, Car- field cemetery. Dr. Anders is the bondale, spoke on "Ulysses S. Grant," author of numerous articles and two at the September 26 meeting at Hotel books, The Ledo Road (1965), and Bellerive, Kansas City. Dr. Simon has The Eighteenth Missouri, to be pub­ published numerous articles in his­ lished in the near future. torical journals and is the editor of Dr. Warren A. Jennings, associate the recently published, first-volume professor of History at Southwest Mis­ work, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. souri State College, Springfield, ad­ Elmer Gertz, Chicago lawyer, author, dressed the Round Table, November lecturer and teacher, spoke at the 8, on "Alexander W. Doniphan: October 24 meeting on "The Assas­ Lawyer, Politician and Military Lead­ sination of Presidents Lincoln and er." With a special interest in United Kennedy As Seen By Jack Ruby's Law­ States History, Dr. Jennings has done yer." Mr. Gertz was an attorney for extensive research and writing on Jack Ruby, slayer of Lee Harvey Os­ Mormons in Missouri. wald, and is writing a book on the Ruby case. He has also made a spe­ Civil War Round Table of cial study of Lincoln as a lawyer. In St. Louis the talk he presented several unre­ Members of the Round Table heard solved mysteries of Lincoln's assassina­ Dr. John Y. Simon, Southern Illinois tion which have persisted for a cen­ University, Carbondale, speak on tury. "Grant and His Staff," at the Sep­ tember 27 meeting at Le Chateau, Civil War Round Table of Frontenac. The Ozarks Colonel Allen P. Julian (ret.) spoke At the September 13 meeting, Ed­ at the October 25 meeting on "Why win C. Bearss spoke on "Hard Luck So Many Northern Officers Joined the Ironclad, Saga of the Gunboat Cairo." Confederacy." A well-known Civil War historian, Mr. Bearss is research historian for the Clay County Museum Association National Park Service, Washington, Mr. and Mrs. Carroll Barrett pre­ D. C. He and National Park Service sented the program on "Landmarks Architect Charles Pope arrived in of Gladstone and Gallatin Township" Springfield, September 11, to do re­ at the September 28 meeting at the search on the Ray House, the only Gladstone Community Hall. Show building on Wilson's Creek Battle­ windows for the Historical Museum field still standing from the time of in Liberty were furnished for Sep­ battle in 1861. tember by interested persons from the A special ladies night was held, western part of the county, with the October 11, at Ramada Inn, Spring­ display complementing the month's field. Dr. Leslie Anders, professor of program. History at Central Missouri State Beginning with the August issue of College, Warrensburg, addressed the the monthly newsletter, biographical group on "A Missouri Chaplain Sees sketches of a pioneer Clay County the War." In the talk, Dr. Anders family are featured. Appearing in the 178 Missouri Historical Review past issues were the Thomason family, Lutherans in America dealing with furnished by Robert Thomason, in archives and history. It was sponsored August; the Petty family, furnished by Concordia Historical Institute, De­ by Evelyn Petty, in September; the partment of Archives and History of Marsh and Riley families, furnished The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. by H. R. Simrall, in October; and One of the speakers, Dr. Walter F. the Withers family, by Conn Withers, Wolbrecht, executive director of The in November. Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, dis­ Members of the Association visited cussed "Popular Myths About Church the Kansas City Museum, October 26. Histories." Dr. Carl S. Meyer, of Con­ J. Mett Shippee, a well-known arche- cordia Seminary, also spoke on "Great ologist of the area, explained an ex­ Historians of American Lutheranism." hibit he had made of an Osage Indian All presentations carried out the con­ hut on view in the Museum. Museum ference's aims of sharing and discuss­ Director Robert D. Johnson conducted ing methods and techniques for the the tour. preservation and use of historical rec­ At the November 3 meeting in the ords, and of emphasizing historical Clay County Historical Museum, Lib­ research in the history of the church. erty, Mrs. Ross Taggart presented the A highlight of the conference was program on the restoration of the the Anniversary Recognition Dinner, John B. Wornall House in Kansas November 15, at Bel Air East. The City. She was director of research event commemorated a threefold mile­ for this Jackson County Historical stone: the 120th anniversary of the Society project. A dinner preceded the founding of the Archives of The program at the "Snack House" res­ Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod; the taurant. 40th anniversary of the incorporation of the Institute; and the 15th anni­ Cole County Historical Society versary of the dedication of the pres­ Dr. John Lankford, associate pro­ ent Institute building. Dr. William T. fessor of History at the University Alderson, executive director of the of Missouri, Columbia, spoke at the American Association for State and Society's 25th annual dinner meeting, Local History, Nashville, Tennessee, November 1, in the First Methodist was the featured speaker. The Insti­ Church, Jefferson City. His paper, tute gave special recognition to its "The Pioneer Merchant and Business­ 40th, 35th and 25th anniversary man in Cole County," was prepared members as well as its "Eminent Pat­ by Dr. Lewis E. Atherton, professor rons" who had over the years made of History at the University of Mis­ significant contributions to the Insti­ souri, Columbia. tute and to archival historical work. New officers of the Society are Mrs. Officers of the Institute recently re­ George A. Rozier, president; Mrs. elected were Dr. Arthur C. Repp, John H. Hendren, first vice president; president; Gerhardt Kramer, vice Mrs. Gerald Massie, second vice presi­ president; Fred Nohl, secretary; and dent; Mrs. Hugh H. Waggoner, sec­ Harry L. Smith, treasurer. retary; and Ellis Meyer, treasurer. Dade County Historical Society Concordia Historical Institute At the October 17 meeting in the November 14-16, marked the date Greenfield Public Library, Ruth of the ninth regular conference held Rubenstein presented a program of at Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, for color slides depicting her recent trip Historical Notes and Comments 179 to the Far East. In the business meet­ ginning with their purchase of the ing, members discussed the removal land that later became the town of and relocation of the Hulston Water Salem. The trail that the Richards Mill, from the Stockton Dam area. family traveled on their way to the Plans are to preserve the mill in a promised land was traced by Julia future park, which will include a re­ Ogle and happenings in the old City stored frontier settlement. Two log Hotel were related by Mae Woodside, buildings have been purchased and a a daughter of the Pence family that third offered as a gift for the project. once operated the establishment. To aid in financing the mill reloca­ Members presented a birthday gift to tion, interested persons, contributing President Charles Jeffries. a $100,00 donation, may honor or memorialize a loved one by having his Florissant Valley Historical Society name inscribed on a plaque, to be The Society sponsored its third placed on the mill. "Treasure and Trinket Table Sale," October 14, at January-Wabash Park Clubhouse in Ferguson. Sale items Daughters of Old Westport Twenty-one persons attended the included antiques, toys, clothing, art September 19 meeting at the home of objects, flea market items, books and the president, Mrs. Richard Graff, homemade bakery goods and gifts. Kansas City. Plans were made for the Lunch was served by the Special members' participation in the pro­ Events Group. gram at the Westport Historical So­ The program for the October 19 ciety meeting, September 22. Mrs. Ada meeting at Taille de Noyer, a slide Campbell Owen displayed a handwrit­ presentation entitled, "There've Been ten journal containing an early his­ So Many Changes Made," was given tory of Kansas City, written by Mat- by the Southwestern Bell Telephone tie Livingston Lykins, a wife of George Company. Caleb Bingham. Mrs. Livingston Ly­ Friends of Arrow Rock kins displayed an original painting of The John P. Sites Gun Shop in George Caleb Bingham and Mattie Arrow Rock was dedicated, September Livingston Lykins. 24, following the annual business For the October 17 meeting, the meeting of the Friends. James W. Daughters visited the farm home of Goodrich, associate editor of the MIS­ Adele Littrell McCanless, near Clin­ SOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Columbia, ton. was guest speaker at the ceremony. The group sold handwork items at He spoke on John P. Sites and the art the Westport Shopping Center Fall of the gunsmith in the 19th century. Festival, October 7. The money was A reception at the Old Chapel fol­ used to adopt a needy person or fam­ lowed the dedication. ily at Christmas. Gentry County Historical Society Dent County Historical Society Some 50 members and guests at­ A number of papers on Dent County tended the October 8 meeting at the history were given at the September Gentryville Community Center. Mr. 22 meeting in the First Baptist and Mrs. Verno C. Humphrey had Church, Salem. Anna Callahan pre­ charge of the program on "Man's sented the history of the First Bap­ Work." Demonstrations were given on tist Church and Irene Langworthy making butter with the "dash churn," traced the Millsap family history be­ and on carding and spinning wool 180 Missouri Historical Review into yarn. Wilmer Kendrick read a Henry County Historical Society history of the old "Wheel Store," in The program for the July 20 meet­ Gentry County, written by Jay Seat. ing at the First National Bank, Clin­ ton, featured old railroads of Henry Grand River Historical Society County. Fred Long, a retired engi­ Judge R. B. Taylor spoke on many neer, was the speaker. phases of early Missouri history at Many unusual items were displayed the October 12 meeting in the Liv­ at a "Show and Tell" program, Au­ ingston County Memorial Library, gust 17. Chillicothe. Officers elected for the Mildred Church presented a study coming year were Earle E. Teegarden, on old county cemeteries at the Sep­ Sr., president; Harry Cole, first vice tember 21 meeting. The talk was illus­ president; Lester Baldwin, second vice trated with color slides by Mrs. president; and Leo Hopper, secretary- Gretchen Pennock. treasurer. Hickory County Historical Society Greene County Historical Society At the September 18 meeting in the At the September 28 meeting, Dr. courthouse at Hermitage, members Robert K. Gilmore, professor of displayed a variety of historic items Speech and director of the Division and old photographs. The group re­ of Arts and Humanities at Southwest viewed the history of the Butterfield Missouri State College, reviewed the Overland Mail in Hickory County in history of the early theater in the 1858, and listed unusual place names Missouri Ozarks. in the County. A proposed project of Officers for 1967-1968 are O. H. repainting the Society's Butterfield Tucker, president; H. Lee Hoover, signs was discussed. vice president and editor of the Bul­ letin; and Helen Johnson, secretary. Historical Association of Louis W. Reps, retired Springfield Greater St. Louis businessman, presented a reminiscent At the November 10 meeting in the talk on "Observations on Springfield," Women's Building, Washington Uni­ at the October 26 meeting in the versity, St. Louis, Nyle H. Miller, Springfield Art Museum. executive secretary of the Kansas State The Society held its annual used Historical Society, Topeka, spoke on book sale, November 6-7, at the the topic "Is Fakelore Supplanting Springfield Public Library. Funds History?" Mr. Miller is the author of will be used for Society and library a number of books including Why projects and books. the West Was Wild and Great Gun- fighters of Kansas Cowtowns. Phoebe Apperson Hearst Memorial Association Jackson County Historical Society The Association sponsored its fourth Records dating back to the 1850s annual historical tour, October 1. Led were found by a wrecking crew clear­ by Mr. and Mrs. Sam McMullin of ing away rubble after a recent fire at St. Clair, the group visited the Whit- the Waggoner Gates Milling Company mire campgrounds and cemetery, on in Independence. Eugene L. Selders, Meramec River, near Anaconda. Prior owner of the mill, turned the records to the tour, a planning meeting was over to the Jackson County Historical held at Memorial Park, also near Society. The collection eventually will Anaconda. be placed in the Society's archives Historical Notes and Comments 181 located in the Harry S. Truman Li­ 36'x36', with a new shingle shake brary, Independence. roof and painted ogee cornice. Win­ W. Howard Adams, a former presi­ dows were installed. The entire first dent of the Society, spoke at the an­ floor is now a courtroom with floor­ nual dinner meeting, November 9, at ing, judge's bench and walnut ceil­ the William Rockhill Nelson Gallery ing appearing for the first time since of Art, Kansas City. Mr. Adams, a 1875. In order to view the progress, native of Jackson County, is associate open house was held, October 21-22. director of Associated Councils of Every resident of the county will Arts, New York. soon be asked to fill out a family his­ The Society was selected for an tory chart to be kept in a permanent Award of Merit given by the Ameri­ file in the Old Courthouse Library. can Association for State and Local History. Nyle H. Miller, executive sec­ Joplin Historical Society retary of the Kansas State Historical The Society sponsored a historical Society and regional vice president of homes tour, September 17, in the the AASLH, made official presenta­ Joplin area. Included on the tour were tion of the award at the Society's an­ the Charles Schifferdecker Home and nual meeting. Recognition was given Gardens; the Henry Blackwell Home the Society for "skills and high stand­ and Lot; and the homes of John C. ards, successfully applied to a broad Cox, James M. Leonard, Edward Zel- county historical program." The So­ leken, Levi Riseling and Ed Scher- ciety is to be congratulated for its merhorn. An attractive booklet, with outstanding achievements. a brief history of each home, was published for the occasion. Jewish Historical Association of A recent gift to the Society was the Greater St. Louis reproduction of the coat of arms of Gilbert Harris, former executive of the Joplin family, from some of the the Jewish Community Centers Asso­ family descendants. The reproduction ciation, was honored at the October was mounted, framed and displayed 17 meeting in the Association's build­ for the Historical Homes Tour at the ing, St. Louis. He was cited for his brick Zelleken home, formerly the contributions in arousing interest in Spiva Art Center. St. Louis Jewish history. The principal The program for the regular speaker was Bernard Wax of Wal- November 16 meeting in Connor tham, Massachusetts, executive direc­ Hotel, Joplin, featured "A History of tor of the American Jewish Historical Education in the Joplin Area." Fred Society. Jerome W. Sandweiss, St. G. Hughes, president of the Board of Louis attorney, discussed St. Louis Trustees, spoke on "Missouri Southern Jewish History. College History," and Evelyn Milligan Jones, author and reviewer, presented Johnson County Historical Society a "History of Joplin's Earliest Schools," A guided tour of the Old Court­ and "Joplin College of Physicians and house, Warrensburg, followed the Surgeons, 1880-1884." "The Ozark October 1 annual business meeting Bible College History" was given by held in the building. the college president, Don Earl Boat­ Work on the Old Courthouse Mu­ man. Members paid special tribute to seum and Library progressed rapidly early teachers and deans of local the past summer. The building now schools and colleges and to the super­ stands as the original foursquare intendents of Joplin Public Schools. 182 Missouri Historical Review

Guest book signers at Schiffer- county's past history and prospects decker Park Mineral Museum, from for the future at the October 15 meet­ March 8, through October 31, totaled ing in the Lawrence County Library, 12,822. Mount Vernon. Members displayed Society membership, as of October historical items. 31, was 417. Lewis County Historical Society Kansas City Westerners More than 300 persons registered At the August 8 meeting in Hotel to view the Society's 3rd annual his­ Bellerive, Kansas City, Ed Knowles, torical exhibit at the Canton School of the Topeka Capital-Journal, ad­ building, September 24. dressed the group on "The James Paul Sellers gave a history of barbed Clan: A Story of the Forebears of wire at the October 12 meeting in Frank and Jesse James." LaGrange. Many types of wire were The program for the September 12 displayed. Officers elected for the dinner meeting, "By Sea to the Cali­ coming year were Pearl Plank, Can­ fornia Gold Fields in 1850," was pre­ ton, president; Dr. John Wills, Lewis- sented by Dr. George Anderson, chair­ town, first vice president; Delmar man of the Department of History at Lake, Lewistown, second vice presi­ the University of Kansas, Lawrence. dent; Mrs. Thelma Brinkley, La- Calvin Manon, an active member Grange, secretary; and Elizabeth of the Westerners, has over the years Pollock, LaGrange, treasurer. collected stories and old photographs Macon County Historical Society of "Early Day Transportation." He Some 65 members and guests at­ shared these with other members of tended the October 25 dinner meeting the group at the October 10 meeting. at the United Church in New Cam­ Kingdom of Callaway bria. President Clark Hargus spoke Historical Society on "The Early Country Doctor," cen­ A large number of members and tering his attention on the life of the guests attended the August 28 meet­ late Dr. C. O. West, a New Cambria ing at the Millersburg School. Dr. physician who served the community William E. Parrish presented a short for over 50 years. The group visited sketch on the origin and history of the West Memorial Museum at New Millersburg, written by a pioneer Cambria, a large archeological mu­ citizen. A "show and tell" program seum accumulated by Dr. West and followed with items from Callaway's his family. history displayed and described. McDonald County Historical Society Kirkwood Historical Society At the August 6 meeting in the The program for the September 19 Rocky Comfort Methodist Church, a meeting in the City Hall featured a program on "Indian War Paint" was double quartet of the area, under the presented by Larry Bradley and Doris direction of Mrs. Roger B. Oliver. B. Dorothy. Prepared by Wayne Members present, from the 1916-1917 Walker, the program was concerned graduating classes of Kirkwood High with Civil War General Stand Waitie School, were recognized and honored. and his Confederate Indians. At the November 5 meeting in the Lawrence County Historical Society Community Church building, Tiff Lee Collier, Marionville, well-known City, a group of persons from the historian and writer, spoke on the area presented a round table program Historical Notes and Comments 183 on the history of the town and some of remodeling and redecorating the of its early families. Society's museum in Versailles. Mrs. Preston Hutchison, chairman of gene­ Mercer County Historical Society alogy, reported on the census of coun­ The society designated three loca­ ty cemeteries taken by members of tions in the county as historic sites the committee. She displayed com­ and erected descriptive markers at plete records of their work. Walter each in September and early October. Eichholz, Syracuse, prepared a paper The sites selected were Goshen Chris­ on "The Butterfield Overland Mail" tian Church, Providence Baptist which was read by his daughter, Mrs. Church at Half Rock and the birth­ Leonard Siegel, also of Syracuse. place of Delilah Ann Wolf, the coun­ Some 125 members and guests at­ ty's first native white child, near Lake tended the third annual dinner meet­ Paho. ing, September 22, at the Women's In connection with "Calamity Jane Civic Club Hall, Versailles. Tables Days," celebrated in Princeton, Octo­ were decorated in the theme of "ye ber 6-7, the Society edited a special olde telephone service." Several old newspaper, Pioneer Press. Sponsored model telephones were displayed. by the Princeton Chamber of Com­ Johanna McDonald, program chair­ merce and published by the Post- man, presented the program including Telegraph, the issue contained old musical entertainment; "Party Line photographs and historical articles. Patter," by Mrs. Orlyn White; "His­ Missouri Historical Society tory of Telephone Service in Morgan The Women's Association of the County in the Early Days," by Mrs. Society sponsored its first Operating Ladean Drissen; and human interest Scale Model Railroad Tour, September stories by former telephone operators. 30. Participants visited numerous in­ Native Sons of Kansas City stallations in the private homes of Members and their wives attended St. Louis railroad hobbyists. the annual dinner meeting, October The Association also sponsored a 24, at Plaza Inn, Kansas City. Robert field trip to Pike County, October T. Sloan, a member of the Native 13-14. Groups were able to see coun­ Sons Board of Directors, presented try and town homes, historic churches the address. and businesses in Louisiana, Clarks- ville, Paynesville, Eolia and surround­ Nodaway County Historical Society ing areas. In addition to attending regular Society meetings, members have re­ Missouri "Show Me" Club cently visited older towns of the At the September 17 meeting in the county. Well-informed residents of First Methodist Church, Los Angeles, each town acted as guides to point Francis C. Gerbig, attorney and native out historic sites and relate some of of Missouri, spoke about a recent visit the community's history. Tours have to St. Louis and told of the interesting been made to LaMar Station, Dawson- changes in that city over the past ville, Quitman, Elmo and Parnell. years. Officers of the Society are Stephen G. LaMar, Burlington Junction, chair­ Morgan County Historical Society man; Mrs. Bernard Cowden, Clear- Some 32 members attended the July mont, secretary-treasurer; and Dr. 24 meeting in the Bank of Versailles. James Lowe, Maryville, program chair­ Reports were given on the progress man. 184 Missouri Historical Review

Old Trails Historical Society at the County Library in Unionville. Organized April 19, 1967, this new The new society was created through Society now has 52 members. Meet­ the sponsorship of the Business and ings are held on the third Wednesday Professional Women's Club of Union­ of January7, April, July and October ville. Temporary officers elected were at the Daniel Boone Branch of the Mrs. Raymond Watson, Lucerne, St. Louis County Library. president; A. B. Shelton, Unionville, Officers are Mrs. Robert J. Hiatt, vice president; and Mrs. Sam Hurli- Jr., president, and Mrs. William L. man, Coatsville, secretary-treasurer. Broderick, first vice president, both of Manchester; Mrs. William Hazer, Ellis- Ray County Historical Society ville, second vice president; Dorothy Forty members attended the Socie­ Helen Spiegel, Ballwin, secretary; the ty's annual historical tour, September Reverend Paul Wobus, treasurer, and 17. The group visited the area homes Mrs. Lloyd Edmondson, historian, of Mr. and Mrs. W. N. Baucus, Mr. both of Manchester. and Mrs. Clarence Ogg, the old Schooler home now occupied by Mr. Platte County Historical Society and Mrs. R. V. Walker, and the Billy A covered-dish dinner preceded the Buchanan home, occupied by Mr. and annual fall business meeting, Novem­ Mrs. Cecil Hogan. Stops were also ber 7, at the Parkville Presbyterian made at the Dockery Church, where Church. Kansas City attorney Charles Mrs. Hugh Meadows gave a history Hoffhaus, a student of French Forts of the congregation, and at Hardin on the Missouri River prior to 1804, Methodist Church, where its history related some of his findings to the was presented by Mrs. Forrest Frazier group. He spoke with special empha­ and Mrs. Virgil Shirley. sis on Fort Cavagnial, once located near the site of Fort Leavenworth, Raytown Historical Society Kansas. In connection with the Raytown The Society announced that Volume Roundup Days, September 28-30, the II of the Platte County Cemetery Rec­ Society held a three-day fair, as a ords would go to the printer in ways and means project, with proceeds November. going toward a museum. Featured at­ tractions included demonstrations in Pony Express Historical Association chair caning, rug weaving and quilt­ The Association sponsored its An­ ing, and an antique display. Members nual Fall Gun Show and Antique and Collectors' Exhibition, November 11- also operated a country store contain­ 12, at Patee House, St. Joseph. In ad­ ing home baked products and handi­ dition to the special show, the regu­ work items. Girl Scouts dressed dolls lar historical exhibits were on display representing Miss Raytown of 1850. including the reconstructed head­ Samuel A. Montague, director of quarter offices of the Pony Express, tourism and public relations of the and Hannibal and St. Joseph Rail­ Convention and Tourist Council of road. All proceeds were for further Greater Kansas City, spoke at the development of Patee House as a his­ October 25 meeting in the St. Mat­ torical museum. thew's Episcopal Church. New offi­ cers elected were Jack L. Hensley, Putnam County Historical Society president; Bob Mathison, first vice Twenty-eight interested persons met president; Joe Cannon, second vice at a founders' meeting, October 17, president; Mrs. Roma Whitaker, re- Historical Notes and Comments 185 cording secretary; Mrs. Lois Allen, October 12- A native of England and corresponding secretary; and Lloyd former Nevadan, Mr. Hall spoke on Campbell, treasurer. "An Author's Life in England and America." Proceeds from the lecture St. Louis Westerners went toward retirement of the debt The October 20 meeting at Gara- for the purchase of the Society's mu­ velli's Restaurant, St. Louis, featured seum building. guest speaker, John W. Huntman, Mr. Hall presented to the Bush­ who addressed the group on the "De­ whacker Museum, two prize etchings velopment of the Cattle Industry in of Navajo Indians by American artist the West." Albert Lorey Groll. The Reverend William B. Faherty, S.J., associate professor of History at Weston Historical Museum St. Louis University, spoke on "Bish­ More than 30 persons attended the ops Du Bourg and Rosati in the Amer­ annual dinner meeting, October 23, ican West," at the November 17 at the Central Elementary School meeting. cafeteria, Weston. Mrs. M. M. Ohl- hausen read a magazine article on Shelby County Historical Society Ben Holladay. Some 75 persons attended the Octo­ Recent gifts to the Museum have ber 30 annual dinner meeting at been a glass case given in memory of North Shelby High School, near Josephine Brady Bonnell and two Shelbyville. Mrs. Kate Ray Kuhn, brass gas lamp fixtures used on the Hannibal, spoke on highlights of front of the old County Courthouse Missouri history. She closed her pro­ at Platte City. Historical articles, not­ gram with a biography of the "Un- ing these gifts, appeared in the Wes­ sinkable Molly Brown." ton Chronicle, October 13 and 27 re­ Officers re-elected for the coming spectively. year were Mrs. Ola B. Wilson, presi­ dent; Mrs. Helen Nicely, first vice Westport Historical Society president; Ronald Spilker, second Some 100 persons attended the Sep­ vice president; Mrs. Pearl Caldwell, tember 22 dinner meeting at the recording secretary; William Tarbet, Westport Presbyterian Church. The treasurer; and Gladys Powers, histo­ program, arranged by Mrs. Peggy rian. Smith and Mrs. Adrienne Christopher, honored members of the Daughters of Smithville Historical Society Old Westport, all descendants of Members viewed a film on Lewis Westport founders. A stage depicting and Clark at the October 10 meeting an old-fashioned living room had been in the Smithville Christian Church. arranged and a thumbnail sketch of A basket dinner and old-fashioned each daughter was presented before music were highlights of the Novem­ she was introduced. Each guest of ber 14 meeting. honor brought photographs or me­ mentoes of ancestors for display after Vernon County Historical Society the program. Gordon Langley Hall, Charleston, Society members displayed a special South Carolina, author and lecturer, booth of Westport historical publica­ presented a benefit program at the tions in the Fall Festival at the West- Nevada High School auditorium, port Shopping Center, October 7. 186 Missouri Historical Review HONORS AND TRIBUTES

Dr. R. S. Brownlee Elected municipal matters during his 12 years To Mo. Academy of Squires as St. Louis mayor. Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Colum­ Governor and Mrs. Warren E. bia, director of the State Historical Hearnes welcomed the 8th annual Society of Missouri, was recently class of Squires at a luncheon in the elected to the Academy of Squires. Executive Mansion, Jefferson City, He was cited for his dedication to October 27. The new Squires elected Missouri history and the State His­ by a vote of the Academy, brought torical Society and for the sharp the membership to 77. Membership in focus of his writings on interesting the organization, designed to provide segments of Missouri's past. recognition to Missourians who have done service for their community, Other new Squires and their cita­ state, or nation, is limited to 100. It tions were Henry D. Bradley, St. was founded by the late Governor Joseph, for being an outstanding James T. Blair, Jr. newspaperman, for his service on the State Highway Commission and con­ Lucile M. Upton Receives cern for highway betterment and for Woman of Achievement Award civic leadership in St. Joseph; Ernest R. Breech, Detroit, for his career in Mrs. Lucile Morris Upton, widely American industry and for maintain­ known newspaperwoman, member of ing interest in his home state and his the Springfield City Council and a home town of Lebanon; Stanley R. former schoolteacher, received the Fike, Independence, for his interest 1967 Woman of Achievement award and work in Missouri journalism and at the annual award dinner, October for talent as an aide on Capitol Hill; 9, at the Lamplighter Motor Hotel, Leonard Hall, Caledonia, for his de­ Springfield. The event was sponsored votion to conservation and his writ­ by the women's division of the Spring­ ings on Missouri topics; Colonel E. I. field Chamber of Commerce. The pre­ Hockaday, Jefferson City, for his con­ sentation was made by Dr. Arthur L. tributions to law enforcement and Mallory, president of Southwest Mis­ highway safety as commanding officer souri State College, who, as banquet of the Missouri State Highway Patrol; speaker, discussed the basic attributes Paul C. Jones, Kennett, for his duty which make a person great and a citi­ as congressman, earlier public service zen of achievement. as state senator and chairman of the Mrs. Upton joined the newspaper State Highway Commission; Arthur staff of the Springfield Leader in 1926. Clay Magill, Cape Girardeau, for his Her writing included a "50 year ago" work on behalf of pure water supplies column published every Sunday, and in the Mississippi Valley, and for his a column, "Over the Ozarks," plus life as a college professor, county of­ feature stories and research for ma­ ficial, state legislator and civic club terial on the history of Springfield leader; Senator Theodore D. McNeal, streets, also published in the Spring­ St. Louis, for his qualities as a state field Leader and Press. In 1939 her senator and as a national leader in book, Bald Knobbers, was published. the labor movement; and Raymond R. With a special interest in history, Tucker, St. Louis, for his skill in Mrs. Upton has been prominent in Historical Notes and Comments 187 the Greene County Historical Society trustee of the State Historical Society and has played a major role in bring- Gf Missouri, was recently elected ing to fruition the Wilson's Creek Grand Master of Missouri Masons. Battlefield National Park. Re assumed his position> September

W. R. Denslow"Elected~ 25' at the Grand LodSe of Missouri Grand Master of Mo. Masons annual meeting in the Scottish Rite William R. Denslow, Trenton, a Cathedral, St. Louis.

Heroes, Hogs and Bushwhackers Columbia Missouri Statesman, June 2, 1865. A few nights since a man, a hero, who lives about three miles west of town heard a rattling of shucks in his corn crib, and supposing it to be bush­ whackers stealing his corn, he marshalled a few of his neighbors, who happened to be near at hand, and who were armed to make a charge into the crib and capture the thieves. Our hero's bosom swelled with a patriotic enthusiasm as he raptuously [sic] contemplated this opportunity for fame by the annihila­ tion of a whole gang of bushwhackers, enemies alike to God and man. Each rattle of the shucks stirred his impetuosity higher and higher, and like grim Moloch his voice was for "open war." He arrayed his spartan band for the contest, and like Henry V in Shakespeare on the eve of a desperate charge he bade them "stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood, lend the eye a terrible aspect, set the teeth, stretch the nostril wide, hold hard the breath, &c, to make this valorous stroke." All was soon made ready and in a few minutes the little band was at the door of the crib, which was open. Our hero, notwith­ standing what he deemed to be the clicking of pistols inside the corn crib, drew his men up in breathless haste, in line of battle, giving each a word of encouragement as he passed along the line. He was just about to give the fatal word to "charge," but just here the sullen foe commenced pouring out of the corn crib in overwhelming numbers. The shock was like that of an earth­ quake, and out they came like a wild tornado or an avalanche. At this momen­ tous juncture, without the firing of a gun, our hero's legs were seized with con­ vulsions and they commenced making "runnin" motions, and despite all his efforts to the contrary, his demoralized legs bore his body swiftly from the bloodless battlefield. . . . The contagion soon got in the "runners" of the other heroes, and they, too, did "git up and git" to parts yet unknown. The bushwhackers were a gang of hogs, that's all. Out of this mixture of heroes hogs and bushwhackers there cometh a moral to all military men, viz: cultivate valor in your legs as well as on your tongues.

The Farmer's Fate Fayette Boon's Lick Times, June 20, 1846. An old picture represents a king sitting in state with a label, "I govern all," a bishop with a legend, "I Pray for all," and a soldier with a motto, "I fight for all," and a farmer drawing forth reluctantly a purse with the inscription, "I Pay for all." 188 Missouri Historical Review

GIFTS Mrs. E. Lorene Westerhold, Walker, has presented to the Society a collec­ tion of rare newspapers. The gift included the following issues from the Walker Herald: January 22, February 26, March 4, June 17 & 24, July 1 & 22, and August 5, 12 & 26, 1920; January 13 and December 22, 1921; January 11 and December 20, 1923; January 3 & 10, 1924; February 4, 1926; and February 23 and March 1, 1928. The gift constitutes the Society's only holdings for this Vernon County newspaper. Mrs. Westerhold is the daughter of S. J. Preston, publisher of the Walker Herald from 1882 to 1932.

FRANZ R. BEINKE, Union, donor: Stereoptican views of Washington, Missouri, 1870s.

BETHEL MENNONITE CHURCH, Fortuna, donor: Bethel Mennonite Church, 1867-1967. MR. AND MRS. CHARLES A. BLESS, Weston, donors: Newspapers: Dearborn Democrat, first six issues, November 21-December 26, 1890. MRS. ROBERT F. BROOKS, Columbia, donor: Sheet Music: Last Dream. Waltzes, by Blind Boone. MRS. DANIEL BYRNE, Mill Valley, California, donor: Notes on Faure Family (Fore, Foree, Ford), by Ellen Byrne. CHARLES B. CARTER, Little Rock, Arkansas, donor: Xerox copy: A loyalty oath taken by Thomas Jefferson Carter in Howard County, Missouri, February 21, 1862, and signed by the provost marshal. MRS. FRANK CARTER, McFarland, California, donor: Newspaper clipping: Mexico Ledger, February, 1898. Copy: "Taken From the Diary of Robert Joseph Offutt," of Callaway County. RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly, donor: Documents of John A. Jones concerning property of Chariton County, 1876-1904. WILLIAM WINSHIP CHICK, Kansas City, donor: As I Remember, recollections of Washington Henry Chick. E. L. CHRISTESON, Mankato, Minnesota, donor: Newspaper: Waynesville Pulaski County Democrat, July 22, 1898. HELEN CLARK, Columbia, donor: Scrapbook: Margaret Elwang Circle of King's Daughters. TOM CLATWORTHY, Fayette, donor: Tombstone Inscriptions: Pleasant Green Cemetery, Howard County, near Glasgow; and Hackley Cemetery, Fayette. Miscellaneous telephone directories of Missouri towns. MRS. WAHNETA CORSE, Wellington, donor: Writings of Charles M. Bowring including "A Chronicle of Wellington, Lafayette Co., Mo., 1819-1898," written as a diary, and a book of poems (c. 1874). Historical Notes and Comments 189

BUELL B. CRAMER, Columbia, donor: Pictorial History of the 35th Division in the World War. Typescript: "History of the 138 Field Hospital," by Buell B. Cramer. WALLACE CRANE, Columbia, donor: Crane Family Records, seven volumes, compiled by Wallace Crane. ROBERT L. DYER, Columbia, donor: Ravenswood, Bunceton, Missouri, compiled by Robert L. Dyer. MARY EDELMAN, Bonne Terre, donor: Miscellaneous material on the 157th anniversary of the Caledonia Meth­ odist Church. MRS. JACK EIDELMAN, Desloge, donor: History of the Caledonia Methodist Church, 1810-1967, by Mrs. Muriel Furry Akers.

DR. WILLIAM F. FRATCHER, Columbia, donor: Report of His Majesty's Commissioners for the International Exhibition, St. Louis, 1904. HUBERT FULLER, Princeton, donor: Laurels of Heroism, Mercer County, Missouri, in the World War. TONY FUSCO, St. Louis, donor: Historic Jefferson Barracks, Vol. I, compiled by Tony Fusco from articles in the Naborhood Link News. FRANCES GRINDSTEAD, Sarasota, Florida, donor: Biographical Sketch: "Hugh Fox Grinstead," by Frances Grinstead. FLORENCE FULLER HYDE, Jefferson City, donor: The Hyde Family in England and America, The Fuller Family in England and America, by Florence Fuller Hyde.

CHARLES B. JEFFRIES, Salem, donor: Cemetery records: Akers Cemetery on Current River, near south Dent County line; Stagner Cemetery, south of Salem; Family Cemetery, Bass Farm, Jadwin; R. M. Mitchell Family Cemetery, west of Salem; Union Cemetery, east of Salem; Lake Spring Cemetery, Dent-Phelps Counties; Tune Cemetery, at former town of Craddock; and Stone Hill Cemetery.

HOWARD KERRICK, Palmyra, donor: Microfilm reproduction of Marion City Account Book, 1836.

MRS. KENNETH KNIFONG, Brookfield, donor: Our Family History, Knifong-Wallace.

MRS. SIDNEY LEMMON, Kansas City, donor; through HUGH WAMBLE, Kansas City: Copies of the travel diary of Reuben Ellis McDaniel, who migrated from Batton, Va., to Boonville, Missouri (1836); and diary of Delia N. Richer- son's return journey from Boonville to Virginia (1843) .

MRS. ELLSWORTH MACLEOD, Columbia, donor; through MRS. RUTH ROLLINS WESTFALL, Columbia: Papers of Mary Eliza Rollins Bennet (Mrs. James): Letters (1838-1848) 190 Missouri Historical Review

to Eliza from her brother, J. S. Rollins; Mr. and Mrs. Stephens; Eliza Wright; and Lucy Ann Wales. One letter from Wm. Christy to J. S. Rollins. MRS. BERNARD W. MERRIAM, Fairfield, Iowa, donor: Xerox Copies: Election Returns, 1842, and Missouri Militia Orders, 1849.

CAROLINE AND CHARLOTTE MEYER, MOSCOW Mills, donors: Papers of Charles Golterman & Sons, Mill and Machinery Company, Foris- tell, including ledgers of 1871-1928, and day books of 1890-1917. Business records of Theodore Bross, general blacksmith, Flint Hill, Mis­ souri. 4 vol.

WILLIAM L. MILLER, St. Joseph, donor; through BUELL B. CRAMER, Columbia: The Sanitary Swab, a military paper published in France concerning many Missouri men.

CHARLES R. MINK, Columbia, donor: Thesis: "General Orders, No. 11: An Effort to Curtail Guerrilla Warfare On The Kansas Missouri Border, 1863," by Charles R. Mink. GRACE D. PHILLIPS, LOS Angeles, California, donor: Photographs: William L. Parker, donor of Parker Memorial Hospital, Colum­ bia; Mary Parker Coulter, Columbia, William Parker's sister; Sarah Gentry, second woman graduate of the University of Missouri and for whom Gentry Hall is named. Program: Presentation of Gentry portrait to Gentry Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, December 18, 1955.

CHARLES H. PHILPOTT, Durham, North Carolina, donor: Alexander Martin Philpott, A Virginia-born Missourian who died in the Gold Rush, by Charles H. Philpott.

JOHN DEACON RANDALL, Edwardsville, Illinois, donor: The Wainwright Building, A Public Appeal For Preservation, by John D. Randall.

ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY, St. Louis, donor; through MRS. MARIE W. ROBERTS, Reference Librarian, St. Louis: Genealogical Materials and Local Histories in the St. Louis Public Library, by Georgia Gambrill.

EVERETT O. SCOTT, Chilhowee, donor: Typescript: "In Tribute to the Union and Confederate Soldiers of 1861- 1864," by Everett O. Scott.

MR. AND MRS. WILLIAM D. SHIELDS, Carthage, donors: The Families of Thomas Carrol Chandler, compiled by Benita Ruth Shields. MRS. REBECCA M. SIEVERS, Webster Groves, donor: Steamboat Days on the Tennessee River, A History of the St. Louis & Ten­ nessee River Packet Company, by Frank L. Teuton. MRS. A. LEE SMISER, Warrensburg, donor: Proceedings of the Annual Council and 35 th Anniversary Number, of the National Society United States Daughters of 1812, State of Missouri. Historical Notes and Comments 191

FELIX E. SNIDER, Cape Girardeau, donor: Otahki—Trail of Tears Princess, by Aileen Lorberg. DR. L. J. SNOW, Petaluma, California, donor; through MISSOURI STATE LIBRARY, Jefferson City: "Battle of Athens," a historical account of the battle which took place at Athens, Clark County, Missouri, August 5, 1861, written by Ben F. Dixon, 1951. MRS. JOHN STAPEL, Columbia, donor: The Whitener Family, Historical Background, Genealogical Chart, 1717- 1965, Vol. II, by Virginia Whitener Crowe and Fletcher Standefer Crowe. DAN STEARNS, Mount Vernon, donor: Copy of the Minutes of Session and Church Register of Ozark Prairie Pres­ byterian Church, May, 1879-January, 1954. JOHN L. SULLIVAN, Flat River, donor: A Comprehensive Report on St. Francois County, prepared by Union Elec­ tric Company, Industrial Development Division. Handwritten manuscript: "History of Flat River in St. Francois County, Missouri," Book No. 3. A. CAL THOMSON, Salem, donor: Newspaper: Hancock Ozark Commoner, October 24, 1913. MRS. HENRY K. THOMAS, Waverly, donor: Cemetery Records of Lafayette County, Missouri. WILLIAM F. TOFFLEMIRE, Cameron, donor; through MRS. CHARLES D. TOFFLE- MIRE, Marshall: Centennial, 1867-1967, St. Munchin's Catholic Church, Cameron, Missouri. MRS. PAUL WASSON, Nixa, donor; through MRS. BLANCHE DORAN, Springfield: A Genealogy of the McCullah-Wasson Families, 1700-1967.

I. STANLEY WILLIAMS, Rocky Ford, Colorado, donor: Graduate Paper: "An Annotated History, The Christian Churches of Calla­ way County, Missouri," by I. Stanley Williams.

MILBOURNE O. WILSON, Dallas, Texas, donor: The Wilsons, Arnetts, Coles and Kindles of Reynolds County, Missouri, by Milbourne O. Wilson.

MRS. ILENE SIMS YARNELL, Versailles, donor: Copy of Merchants Tax Book, Morgan County, Versailles, 1874, 1886 & 1889. Cemetery information for rural Morgan County, Osage Township.

MRS. WARREN W. YOCUM, Lubbock, Texas, donor: Toombs, Stringer, Bain, Sanders and Allied Families, by Nora Toombs Yocum.

MRS. GROVER YOUNG, Rocheport, donor: Thirteen photographs of Rocheport, early 1900s.

MRS. RUFUS F. ZOGBAUM, New York, N. Y., donor: Manuscript: "Life of Mary Phelps Montgomery." 192 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Buffalo Reflex October 26, 1967—Included in this issue was a group photograph of a Sunday School Class at New Garden School House, Dallas County, 1889; "Roster of Company of Dallas County Volunteers," including officers and members of Company I, 16th Missouri, Cavalry Volunteers, raised, June 20, 1864; and "Indian Massacre at Atteberry Shed," reprinted from a talk given by Albert Potter at the October 20 meeting of the Dallas County Historical Society.

Columbia Missourian August 6, 1967—"How it Was at the University [of Missouri] in 1867 When Coeds Came," by Helen Smith. September 10—"School of Journalism and The Missourian, Born 59 Years Ago." October 8 & 15—A series on Missouri courthouses by Kathleen Kettering.

Hannibal Courier-Post October 25, 1967—"Forgotten Resident [Absalom Carlisle Grimes] Foxy Civil War Spy," by John Lyng. Jackson Journal August 2-October 25, 1967—A weekly series of old photographs included schools, homecomers and ball teams of the area. August 2-23—"Swamp Gold," a weekly series on the Delta, Missouri, area, written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. August 9—"Began in 1908, History of the First Jackson Homecomers." August 30-September 6—"The Grass Grows Greener," the story of stone houses on Cane and Byrd Creeks, in two parts. This, and all the articles below, written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. September 13—"The H. H. Mueller Packing Company, A Jackson Landmark Soon to Be Demolished." September 20 & 27—A two-part series on Jackson bands. October 4—"History of Scopus, Missouri." October 11 & 18—"The History of Marquand." October 25—"he Vieux Village de Ste. Genevieve," Part I.

Jefferson City Sunday News and Tribune August 6, 1967—A short history of Stringtown, once a stagecoach stopover near Jefferson City, was written by Donald Norfleet.

Joplin Globe September 10, 1967—An announcement of a Historical Homes Tour in the area published brief histories of eight of the houses.

Kansas City Star August 5, 12, 19, 26, September 2, 16, October 21 & 28, 1967-"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively, the Civil War Battle of Wil­ son's Creek; David Rice Atchison; Mother Rose Philippine Duchesne; Colonel Richard Gentry; Fort Osage; Kersey Coates; James B. Eads; and Bloody Bill Anderson. Historical Notes and Comments 193

August 20—The biography of a well-known Kansas City horsewoman, Mrs. Loula Long Combs, was related by Laura Rollins Hockaday in "Great Lady of a Grand Era." August 30—"[Harvey Logan] Kid Curry—a Badman All the Way," by Paul Fisher. September 5—"M[issouri] U[niversity]'s Welcome to Women Was Hesi­ tant," by Frank W. Rucker. October 1— In an article entitled, "Links M.[issouri] U.[niversity] To His­ tory," Lew Larkin reported the September 30 annual meeting of the State Historical Society of Missouri and presented excerpts from the address given by University of Missouri President Dr. John C. Weaver. October 21— "Volunteers Reclaim Historic [Johnson County] Courthouse." Kansas City Times August 3, 1967—An article by Margaret Olwine told of the work of Mrs. Ross E. Taggart in "Researches Past of Wornall Home." August 10—An article by H. Jay Sharp, "Golden Stage Era Comes to Life in Old Ledger [of Martin Lehman]." August 12—An article by Dwight Pennington about the re-enactment of the Pony Express, August 12, was entitled "Where the Mail Will Be Passed Once More." August 17—"[Glasgow] Library on Schedule Since 1866," by Jean Wuellner. August 19—A history of the Newman or Paramount Theater in Kansas City was written by Rosalind K. Ellingsworth. August 31— "Time Blots Out Mormon Capital [Far West, Missouri]," by Rosalind K. Ellingsworth. September 5—"[Kansas] City's First Draftees Went to War 50 Years Ago," by Charles S. Stevenson, and "[Carrollton] Home-Town Boys Fought Side by Side," by Harold Calvert. September 9, 23, 30, October 13—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, fea­ tured respectively, Phoebe Couzins; Civil War General James Henry Lane; the presidential nomination of Abraham Lincoln; and the Cherokee Indian "Trail of Tears" through the state. September 21— "First Missouri Roads Were Indian Trails," by Lew Larkin. September 22—"When One-Man Street Cars Riled Kansas Citians," by Calvin Manon. September 29—"Sorting in Transit [on Railway Mail Car] Had First Test in Missouri," by Ralph William Bing. October 20—"Passengers Were Pampered in Day of Proud Trains [1890s]," by Warren H. Griffith. October 26—"True Story of Quantrill's Raiders Is Too Close to Home to Be Revealed," by Margaret Olwine. October 26—An article about an art sale at Oak Hall, the home of William Rockhill Nelson, was written by Mrs. Sam B. Sebree. October 27—"Old U.S. 40 in Missouri a Rural Road Now," by Fritz Kreisler. October 30—A history of the Kansas City major league baseball teams, " 'Play Ball' Has Rung Out Here for 84 Years," by John J. Doohan.

Knob Noster Item September 14, 21 & 28, 1967—A history of the Knob Noster Presbyterian Church, organized September 21, 1867. 194 Missouri Historical Review

Linn Osage County Observer August 3, 10, 17, 31, September 7, 14, 21, October 5, 12, 19 6- 26, 1967- "History of Osage County," by Hallie Mantle.

Marshall Daily Democrat-News August 4, 1967—"Biographies of Goodin and Warren Families for Saline County History," by Helen Brownfield Ruffin and Cameron W. Brownfield.

Pacific Meramec Valley Transcript March 29, April 19, July 26 & August 16, 1967—A picture story series, "Local History in Review."

Paris Monroe County Appeal August 10, 1967—A historical article, "[M. A. Violette] Father of Mark Twain State Park," by Ralph Gregory. August 24—"History of the Last Covered Bridge in Monroe County," by Ralph Gregory.

Perry Enterprise August 24, 1967—A history of Ariel Christian Church near Monroe City was compiled by Mrs. James Floyd. August 31—"The Last Covered Bridge in Monroe County," by Ralph Greg­ ory.

Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic December 27, 1966, January 16 & March 15, 1967—A series "Butler County During the Civil War." April 15, June 28 & August 30—A series on "Butler County Place Names." June 2—"The Second Butler County Courthouse." July 29—An article on Butler County history. All of the articles above written by G. R. Loughead.

Princeton Post-Telegraph September 7, 1967—A history of Goshen Christian Church in Mercer County, by Mary Casteel Linn. September 14—A history of Providence Baptist Church at Half Rock was written by Mary Casteel Linn. St. Charles Journal March 2, 1967—"American Red Cross." May

September 7—"Growth of Our Telephone." September 28—" [Bernard] Feuerstein Livery Stables." October 5—"A French Home." October 12—"St. Charles Boating Association." All articles above written by Edna McElhiney Olson.

Ste. Genevieve Fair Play August 4, September 1, 8, 15, 29, October 6, 13, 20, 27, 1967—A series, "His­ tory of Our Town," by Mrs. Jack Basler. August 11, 18, September 8 if October 6—A series of old photographs of World War I recruits and of the Ste. Genevieve town square. October 6—A brief account of World War I recruits of Ste. Genevieve was included in the "Looking Back" section.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat August 5-6, 1967—In the article, "The Battle That Saved Australia," by John Auble, Jr., St. Louisans recalled their roles in the struggle for Guadalcanal 25 years ago. August 6, 13, 20, 27, September 10, 17, 24, October 1, 8, 15, 22, 29-A picture series, "Looking Backward," featured respectively, balloon racing; old grocery markets; horse-drawn vehicles; great fire of 1849; 1926 World Series; past fash­ ions; Third Street and Washington Avenue scene; Lambert Field parking facili­ ties, 1930s; former St. Louis Cardinal Baseball champions; Columbus Day cele­ bration; dedication of Most Holy Trinity (Slovak) Catholic Church; and World War I rally. August 12-13—"[Carl] Sandburg's Visits to St. Louis," by David Brown. August 16—A history of St. Peter's Evangelical Church—United Church of Christ, St. Louis, by John Brod Peters. August 20—An article by Shirley Althoff, "The Village Smithy Stands," related the career of W. C. Holt of Augusta, Missouri. September 3—"Missouri Remembers the Iron Curtain/ " by E. F. Van Zandt. September 20—"Gen. [Sterling] Price—Giant of Confederacy Was Buried Here Century Ago," by John Brod Peters. September 30-October 1—A brief history of the First Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, claimed to be the "first Protestant Church west of the Mississippi serving continuously since its founding in 1817." October 22—"The Antique Shops of Olive Street [St. Louis]," by Nell Gross and Roy Cook. October 27—"Wide-Awake Hamlet . . . Caledonia, Mo.," a picture story, by Walter E. Orthwein.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch August 9, 1967—"Pioneer Flight [of Harry N. Atwood] Began Here," by Theodore P. Wagner. August 13—An article by William J. Nazzaro and Arthur Witman, "Build­ ings For The Books," reported the work of a team of students in the area. Em­ ployed by the Historic American Buildings Survey of the National Park Service, the group prepared for the Library of Congress photographs and measured drawings of several historic buildings. August 20—"The Making Of a [Missouri State] Fair," by Dickson Terry. September 3 & 10—A former glassblower, Edward Graves Crawford, recalled 196 Missouri Historical Review life in St. Louis at the turn of the century in a two-part article written by his daughter, Ruth Crawford France. October 1— "Cash Memory for [Baseball] Series 'Forgotten Men'," by Bob Broeg. October 1—A special section featured St. Louis Cardinals and baseball world series of past years. October 3—A report of the September 30 annual meeting of the State His­ torical Society of Missouri by Wayne Leeman. October 5—"President [Grover Cleveland] and Veiled Prophet: 1887," by C. Joseph Pusateri, reprinted from the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Fall, 1967. October 6—Recollections of gang wars, accidents and fight victims were told by Theodore P. Wagner in "Old City Hospital [St. Louis] Was a Gory Arena." October 5—"Mr. and Mrs. James Symington: They Entertain the World's Most Important People," by Jack Anderson. October 5—"St. Louis's Fleritage Houses," written by Sam Lambert with photos by Jack Zehrt. October 12—"Bushnell Museum [near St. Charles]: Storehouse of Treasures for the Nostalgic," by Dickson Terry. October 15—"An Era Ends in [Railway] Postal Service," by Wayne Leeman. October 29—"[Henry and William Robyn] A Pioneer in St. Louis Music," by Edgar R. Robyn and Eleanor Robyn Lovett.

Salem News August 7, 14, 21, 28, September 11, 18, 25, October 2, 9, 16 & 30, 1967—A series on the history of Dent County.

Sedalia Democrat October 6, 1967—"History of Sedalia Newspapers," by George H. Scruton.

Shelbyville Shelby County Herald August 2, 9, 16, 23, September 20, 27, October 11, 18 6- 25, 1967—A series of old photographs featured Shelby County schools.

Springfield News and Leader June 11, 1967—"Boy Scouts and Horns," by Don Burns, a history of the Springfield Boy Scout Band which was once the "largest such band in the world."

Tuscumbia Miller County Autogram-Sentinel August 10 & October 12, 1967—A series on Miller County history by Clyde Lee Jenkins. October 12, 19 & 26—A weekly series on Bagnell, Missouri.

Did the Horse Run Away? Lancaster Schuyler County Republic, November 6, 1908. Plenty of women are good drivers but few of them know how to hitch a horse to a post. A woman drove up to the south side of the postoffice the other day, says the Howard Courant, got out of her buggy and hitched her horse to a telephone pole. She tried to tie her hitch strap in a double bow-knot. Historical Notes and Comments 197

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES American Archivist, October, 1967: "Research, Anyone? A Look at the Federal Records Centers," by William R. Petrowski.

American Scene [Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art], 1967: "Rudolph Friedrich Kurz, A Swiss Artist on the American Frontier," by John Francis McDermott.

Bulletin, Camden County Historical Society, November, 1967: "The Importance of the Work of the Local Historical Societies," Part I, by Clifford Lord, reprinted from the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LIV (January, 1960).

Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, October, 1967: "Pierre Menard, Reluctant Mountain Man," by Richard E. Oglesby; "Lewis and Clark Begin a Journey," by Paul Russell Cutright; "The White Man's Strongest Medi­ cine," by John C. Ewers; "Who Was Eugene Chouteau " by John Francis McDermott; "Some Advice for the Next Editor of Lewis and Clark," by Donald Jackson; and "Co-Workers in That Great Cause [achievements of the Missouri Historical Society]," by Charles Van Ravenswaay.

Civil War Times Illustrated, October, 1967: "Pea Ridge," by D. Alexander Brown.

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, October, 1967: "The Stance of Mis­ souri in 1917," by Erwin L. Lueker.

Heartbeat [Lutheran Standard, Denver, Colorado], November 15, 1966: "Cen­ tral District [American Lutheran Church] Traces Beginnings To Missouri Hills." Jackson County Historical Society Journal, Fall, 1967: "Wornall Home Restora­ tion Professional Job," by Kathleen N. Taggart; "A Brief History 'Town of Kansas' Named at Town Meeting," by Fred L. Lee; and "Nancy Tyler Holmes' Motto Fitting," by Mary Ethel Noland.

Kansas Historical Quarterly, Autumn, 1967: "Letters of Allen T. Ward, 1842- 1851, From the Shawnee and Kaw (Methodist) Missions," edited by Lela Barnes. Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society Bulletin, September, 1967: "A Short History of Missouri Hybrid Corn Co. of Fulton, Missouri," reprint of Society program given by Ernest M. Wagner. Kirkwood Historical Review, September, 1967: "The Diaries of Miss Mary Eliza­ beth Hunt," Part I. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, October, 1967: "A Tale of Elm Springs," by Mrs. Jessie C. Miller; "History of the Colliers of Lawrence County, Missouri," by Lee Collier; "Notes on Alfred Moore"; "Notes About Old Times from the Diary of J. D. Hillhouse," by Mrs. Knox Hight; and "The Wreck of the Red Ball at LaRussell," by Mrs. Jessie Cox. Louisiana History, Summer, 1967: "Antonio de Ulloa: A Profile of the First Spanish Governor of Louisiana," by John Preston Moore. 198 Missouri Historical Review

Mark Twain Journal, Summer, 1967: "Huckleberry Finn and the Art of Ernest Hemingway," by Bryant N. Wyatt; "The Failure of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn on Film," by Robert Irwin; "Mark Twain in Fairhaven," by Earl J. Dias; "Mark Twain Revisits the Tailor," by D. S. Bertolotti, Jr.; "Roger Butterfield and the Earliest Mark Twain," by William White; and "Mark Twain at Whitefriars: London, 1873," by Frank Ankenbrand, Jr.

Missouri Farmer, August, 1967: "First Methodist Church Building In Missouri," and "At Glasgow, They're Restoring Missouri's Oldest Library," by Michael Graznak.

, October, 1967: "Daniel Boone's Missouri Home," by Michael Graznak.

Montana Magazine of Western History, October, 1967: "Jesse James: Outlaw with a Halo," by Albert Hilliard Hughes.

Museum Graphic, Fall, 1967: "When Mr. [William H.] Seward Came to Saint Joseph," by Sheridan A. Logan.

New Mexico Historical Review, July, and October, 1967: "Diary of the Mormon Battalion Mission," by John D. Lee, edited by Juanita Brooks.

Ozarks Mountaineer, September, 1967: "Strange Scenes in The Ozarks," by Dor­ othy Mitchell; " 'The Apple Dryers'," by Harold Hatzfeld; and "Village [of St. Francois] of Yesterday," by Clay Anderson.

, October, 1967: "Unusual Names in the Ozarks, Topaz," by Ruth Bowler; and "Ozark Water Mill Trail."

Pacific Northwest Quarterly, July, 1967: "Mark Twain and Frontier Folklore," by Leah A. Strong.

Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, June, 1966: "The St. Louis Episcopacy of L. William Du Bourg," by Peter J. Rahill.

Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, October, 1967: "Joseph Nash McDowell, M.D.," by James Walter Wilson.

Sou'wester [Pacific County Historical Society, State of Washington], Summer, 1967: "Willapa Valley Has Willie [Dr. William Keil]-and This:" by Clark Moor Will.

Southwestern Historical Quarterly, October, 1967: "The Round Bale Cotton Controversy," by L. Tuffly Ellis.

Trail Guide [Kansas City Posse, Westerners], September, 1967: "Sha Ha Ka: Lewis and Clark's Mandan Indian Friend," by Fred L. Lee.

True West, October, 1967: "The Bartered Bones of William Quantrill," by Edward Knowles.

Western American Literature, Spring, 1966: "Two Primitives: Huck Finn and Tom Outland," by Maynard Fox. Historical Notes and Comments 199

Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, October, 1967: "Pittsburgh: Gateway To The Far West in 1803 [as it was known to Lewis and Clark]" by James C. King.

Westport Historical Quarterly, August, 1967: "Seth E. Ward," by Merrill J. Mattes.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Spring, 1967: "Piland Cemetery [Ozark County] Gravestone Records," by Dean Wallace; "An Old Time Physician," by E. J. and L. S. Hoenshel; "Weaver Gravestones, Weaver Cemetery, Ozark, Missouri," by Gene Greer; "Ozark Notes," Final Installment, by Charles Rogers; "Ozark and Vicinity in the Nineteenth Century," by William Neville Collier; and "Life in the Ozarks—Then and Now," by Margaret Gerten Hoten.

Grandma Didn't Waste Words Lexington Intelligencer, November 20, 1875. "You see, grandmamma, we perforate an aperture in the apex, and a cor­ responding aperture in the base; and by applying the egg to the lips and forcibly inhaling the breath, the shell is entirely discharged of its contents." "Bless my soul," cried the old lady, "what wonderful improvements they do make! Now in my younger days we just made a hole in both ends and sucked."

In Memory of Her Pet Dog Joplin Daily News, June 15, 1879. Among the novelties that will make their appearance on the summer girl are dog collar belts. They are an exact reproduction of the dog collars in gen­ eral use and fasten by a small padlock and chain. This gives the belt a very striking appearance. The death of a very large pet dog gave its owner the idea of wearing its handsome collar as a memento of her affection for him, and so this fashion came about.

Porcine Poll Fulton Telegraph, May 2, 1873. On Friday, May 9, an important, nay ponderous question, will be sub­ mitted to the legal voters of the city. It is a heavy question, carrying with it the combined weight of all the hogs in Fulton. On that day the future liberty or slavery of the porcine family of the village will be decided. On that day it will be determined at the ballot box whether the noble, living, moving, breathing sausages shall be forever imprisoned in eight by ten pens, or whether they shall grunt out notes of satisfaction and liberty on our streets, with "none to molest or make them afraid." Make up your minds, hog or no hog. 200 Missouri Historical Review GRADUATE THESES RELATING TO MISSOURI HISTORY

CENTRAL MISSOURI STATE COLLEGE, 1967 MASTERS THESES Broker, Michael John, Jr., "The Speech Machine: A Descriptive Study of Speech Preparation Under The Administration of Harry S. Truman." Curtis, Dan B., "A Rhetorical Analysis of Harry S. Truman's Use of People from Selected Speeches in the 1948 Presidential Campaign." Trew, Marsha Ann, "A Rhetorical Analysis of Harry S. Truman's Steel Seizure Speech of 1952."

NORTHEAST MISSOURI STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE, 1967 MASTER'S THESES Evans, Larry Conner, "Harry S. Truman's 1940 Senatorial Primary Campaign." Mitch, Bonnie Skinner, "The County Unit Battle in Missouri, 1921-1922." Watkins, Elizabeth Maureen, "Mark Twain's Religion."

SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY, 1967 MASTERS THESES Brown, Gerald, "The History of the Missouri Botanical Garden." Molitor, Reverend Donald Francis. "The History of Glennonville and Adjacent Catholic Colonization Ventures in Southeast Missouri: A Study in Changing Rural-urban Patterns, 1905-1947."

DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Boxerman, Burton Alan, "Reaction of the St. Louis Jewish Community to Anti- Semitism, 1933-1945." Marty, Myron August, "Missouri Synod Lutherans and Roman Catholicism: Opposition and Reappraisal, 1917-1963." Meyer, Delores Jane, "Excursion Steamboating on the Mississippi with Streckfus Steamers, Inc."

WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, 1967 MASTER'S THESIS Abrams, Rochonne W., "The Lewis and Clark Journals: Their Contribution to American Literature."

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT KANSAS CITY, 1967 DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Crabb, James Milford, "A History of Music in Kansas City, 1900-1965." Fly, Fenton, "A History of Secondary Instrumental Music in the Public Schools of Kansas City, Missouri." Historical Notes and Comments 201

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, COLUMBIA, 1967 DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Fanes, Rachel Bernice, "A Word Geography of Missouri." Foley, William Edward, "Territorial Politics in Frontier Missouri: 1804-1820." Houf, Walter Ralph, "The Protestant Church in the Rural Midwestern Com­ munity, 1820-1870." Ketcham, George Austin, "Municipal Police Reform, a Comparative Study of Law Enforcement in Cincinnati, Chicago, New Orleans, New York and St. Louis, 1844-1877." Ogilvie, Leon Parker, "The Development of the Southeast Missouri Lowlands." Poen, Monte Mac, "The Truman Administration and National Health Insur­ ance." Ramsey, John Warren, "The Director of The Bureau of the Budget as a Presi­ dential Aide, 1921-1952; With Emphasis on the Truman Years." Saalberg, Harvey, "The Westliche Post of St. Louis: A Daily Newspaper for German-Americans, 1857-1938." Shalhope, Robert E., "Sterling Price: Portrait of a Southerner."

A "Fish-Fry" Knox City Bee, August 4, 1904. Up in Andrew county the other day a man named Fish married a girl named Fry and the paper in their home town wrote the wedding up under the head of "Fish-Fry."

"Boy Wanted" LaGrange Weekly Indicator, May 4, 1899. A bad naughty boy at Columbia got hold of an advertising placard of a theatrical company, "A Boy Wanted" and hung it up conspicuously in the front yard of Stephen's Female College. The [Columbia] Herald says "Every girl read the sign and sighed, every passerby read it and laughed."

The Long Journey Westward Kansas City Daily Journal of Commerce, January 29, 1860. US MAIL COACHES From: Independence, Missouri To: Santa Fe, New Mexico Hall and Porter Proprietors These Coaches leave Independence and Santa Fe every Monday morning running through each way in 20 days. Passage—From May 1st, to Nov. 1st $115. Do From Nov. 1st to May 1st $140. Forty lbs. baggage allowed each passenger. Packages will be taken when possible to do so, at 50cts. per lb. in winter, and 40cts in summer. The pro­ prietors will not be responsible for packages worth over $50, unless contents given and especially contracted for. 202 Missouri Historical Review

IN MEMORIAM AM BERG, RICHARD H., St. Louis: June KNOX, MRS. ROBERT, I University City: 5, 1912-September 3, 1967. Publisher January 7, 1890-June 9, 1965.

of S7. Louis Globe-Democrat since Sep- KOBER, CHARLES A., JR., St. Louis: tember, 1955. February 20, 1909-September 25, 1966. BAKGI R, MRS. R. L., Ironton: Octo­ LAMPE, JOHN W., Denver, Colorado: ber 20, 1883-October 11, 1967. October 1, 1882-September 8, 1967. BKAR. WILLIAM M., Lebanon: June LORTON. BYRON, Kansas City, Kan­ 10, 1884-August 24, 1967. sas: October 1, 1909-April 10, 1967. BERTHOLD, ERNEST C, Houston, Texas: November 11, 1888-September MANN, ROBERT H., Kansas City: May 17, 1895-March 31, 1967. 25, 1964. MCCLEARY, GLENN A., Columbia: BOATWRIGHT, WILLIAM E., Cabool: January 5, 1909-July 3, 1967. November 1, 1895-Ocrober 15, 1967. BRIESACHER, L. J., St. Louis: Octo­ MILLER, ALBERT DANIEL, La Junta, ber 10, 1894-November 1, 1966. Colorado: January 15, 1899-February 19, 1967. BROWN, MRS. ETHEL, St. Louis: Jan­ uary 28, 1888-July 17, 1967. NORBURY, ALFRED S., Kansas City: June 8, 1905-August 12, 1967. CALLAHAN, S. J., Kansas City: De­ cember 20, 1892-May 25, 1967. O'NEIL, WILLIAM JAMES, Columbia: March 5, 1894-May 9, 1967. CRISWELL, DEAN E. H., Everton: December 12, 1888-February 18, 1967. PAPIN, LEWIS BERNARD, Chaffee: DORSETT, DR. E. LEE, Indianola, August 28, 1917-March 29, 1967. Mississippi: August 15, 1884-January PATE, SHARON J., Caruthersville: 27, 1967. August 13, 1899-May 10, 1967. FALBION, MRS. R. P., North Holly­ REIS, DAVID F., Harrison, Arkansas: wood, California: October 17, 1884- January 20, 1898-April 3, 1967. February 18, 1967. SANDMAN, MRS. JACK C, Portland, GARVIN, MRS. WILMA PEERY, St. Oregon: January 1, 1901 -March 15, Joseph: February 14, 1893-November 1967. 14, 1966. SKELLY, JAMES WILLIAM, Webster HALBERT, E. J., Steelville: August Groves: Born 1873-August 15, 1967. 22, 1901-April 6, 1965. SONNENSCHEIN, MRS. VIDA, Seal HALL, MRS. MARY A., Kearney: Beach, California: May 18, 1903-May October 12, 1891-November 30, 1966. 11, 1967. HART, MRS. CORNELIA, Granby: STUART, JAMES, Granite City, Illi­ February 24, 1894-June 10, 1967. nois: March 11, 1903-October 3, 1965. HOBART, MRS. O. E., Columbia: March 26, 1913-June 3, 1967. SURSA, MRS. HENRI, Fredericktown: August 21, 1911-February 12, 1967. HOGUE, ADDA, Jenkins: June 10, 1896-August 16, 1966. VOLLE, HERBERT S., Harrisonville: January 11, 1884-September 6, 1967. KERDOLFF, MRS. G. W., Kansas City: November 27, 1887-May 11, WILLIAMS, JAMES A., Carrollton: 1967. December 16, 1877-October 2, 1967. Historical Notes and Comments 203

BOOK REVIEWS

The History of Missouri. By David D. March (New York and West Palm Beach: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1967). 4 vols. 1670 pp. Appendix, bibliography and index. $85.00.

The first two volumes of this four-volume set contain the history of Missouri from the advent of the French in the eighteenth century to the conditions in Missouri in the mid-twentieth century. The last two volumes present biographies of nearly 650 prominent Missourians of this decade who made the publication possible by underwriting it. This review will be concerned with Volumes I and II. David D. March, the author, is professor of American History at Northeast Missouri State Teachers College. This work is a most satisfactory one both for the general reader and for the scholar. It is thorough, well-balanced and scholarly. March has drawn on original sources as well as on monographs, journal articles and unpublished dissertations. He has combed the standard works as well as the new monographs that have been published by uni­ versity presses in the last fifteen years. The bibliography is criti­ cally selected and is complete. Where no scholarly work is avail­ able he cites original sources. His research has been exhaustive and he makes it available to the reader in the footnotes at the end of each chapter. The organization is an improvement on earlier publications. March relates the story of the State in thirty-seven carefully uni­ fied chapters. Twenty cover the period from the French occupa- 204 Missouri Historical Review tion to the mid-nineteenth century. Six are devoted to the Civil War, its antecedents and its consequences. He tells the story of the late nineteenth century and first two decades of the twentieth in six chapters and encompasses the period since 1920 in five more. A concluding chapter on modern Missouri completes the story. Each chapter covers a period or a significant topic such as the development of business, the struggle to support education, the taking up of the land or guerrilla warfare. The result is a more tightly organized and intergrated story than is usually found in extensive treatises of this kind. March uses an abundance of facts but he arranges them so that the reader understands the evolving story of the State's development. He writes to make Missouri understandable; thus he is the teacher at work. In those instances where the national setting is significant for an understanding of the local scene, he includes a page or two that succinctly summarizes the national background. March makes good use of original sources, the writings of trav­ elers, the statements of public officials and commentators by quot­ ing them in his narrative. He is successful in blending narrative and original materials into a coherent unit so that he shares with the reader the rich resources he tapped in preparing his manu­ script. The style of the text is satisfying; sometimes it is colorful i.e., "Cotton farming in the bootheel was almost as risky as drawing to an inside straight." His comment on Missouri's conservatism is summarized ". . . the Show Me State has frequently waited too long to be shown." Equally as good is his summary of Thomas J. Pender gast's control of Kansas City in the 1930s ". . . Pendergast was busy wrapping Kansas City in a neat package labeled 'Goat property—Rabbits keep out.'" To use an overworked cliche, March sometimes writes with a facile pen. Some things of importance are lightly touched or ignored. Higher education, especially private education, is inadequately covered. Cultural institutions, other than public schools and the churches, are briefly treated. Mark Twain gets one sentence and his father another—a railroad promotion meeting was held in the father's office. Although March's bibliography and footnotes are im­ pressive, he forgot to cite Atherton's Pioneer Merchant and his own unpublished doctoral study on Charles D. Drake. It is doubtful if the space given in the appendix to a large marketing cooperative Historical Notes and Comments 205 and a cooperative health insurance plan is justified. Otherwise, the materials in the appendix are excellent. However, he balances whatever shortcomings with which one may charge him by doing a superb chapter on the Constitution of 1945 and one equally as good on the social and economic development of the territorial period. This work, unfortunately, will not receive the readership that it deserves because it is incorporated into an expensive set. One can hope it will be available in every public library. It should be made available in a cheaper edition because of its sound scholar­ ship, extensive coverage and balanced treatment.

University of Missouri W. Francis English

From West to East: Studies in the Literature of the Ameri­ can West. By Robert Edson Lee (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966). 172 pp. Indexed. $5.00.

This book considers a succession of writers on the American West: Lewis and Clark (and Nicholas Biddle's redaction of their journals), Timothy Flint and James Hall, Irving and Parkman, Mark Twain, Willa Cather and Bernard DeVoto. All of them treated the West, but all of them failed. They failed, we are told, because they sold out. Somehow they betrayed the Great West by deferring to the East. And now that the real West is gone, it must go unsung forever. This is the thesis of the book. The evidence is that the writers polished their work, left the region, and never really understood the West anyway. It is a grossly simple view of writing about the West. Appar­ ently the author likes the big, sweeping thought, the all-encompass­ ing generalization, possibly because he regards them as appropriate to the region he writes about. His terms are simple: there is the corrupt, decadent East, and then there is the West. The former is over-refined, effete, genteel; the latter is—what? The fact is we do not learn, beyond such time-worn features as scope, nature and freedom. Even these features receive little attention, for the author prefers to use East and West emotively. The East is detestable, the West admirable. It is hard to take seriously such broad statements. Breadth of 206 Missouri Historical Review view is often commendable, but one loses all confidence in the view if the expression of it is cast in terms so broad and so care­ lessly used as to be virtually meaningless. One writer fails, we are told, because he is too romantic, and romanticism is "another Eastern invention"; another has a "folderol approach"; followers of Cooper were "genteel asses." Such expression is matched by factual inaccuracies. De Tocque- ville was first published in 1835, not 1840. Whitman got farther West than New Orleans; in 1879 he traveled to Colorado, where, as a matter of fact, he was disappointed in Pikes Peak. Tall tales of the Southwest are stories from the Old Southwest—no farther West than Arkansas and Missouri. The proper title of Mark Twain's early sketch is "The Dandy Frightening the Squatter." And so on. Studies of literature and the West by Henry Nash Smith, Edwin Fussell and Wilson O. Clough have enlarged our thinking and provoked new interpretations. This volume aims at doing so, too, but it cannot be said to succeed. The author is becomingly modest about his work; he regards it as an essay, rather than an exhaustive account of his subject. But surely, even so, he would have profited, as would his readers, if he had thought longer about his subject and had presented it with greater care. His publisher should have insisted he do so. Factual accuracy and clarity of ex­ pression are desirable even if one's subject seems so grand as to be above such concerns. Emerson, says the author, knew next to nothing about the West, presumably because he did not live in it. Yet Emerson, viewing Salt Lake, asked a crucial question: "Well, what are you going to do about this—all this beauty?" What, indeed? A great literature emerges, the author quotes Professor Wilson Clough as saying, not from landscape but from the minds and hearts of a few men and women. One wishes the author would ponder statements like these, rethink his material, and try again. He has an interest­ ing idea to start with. It is worth more careful attention that it has here received. University of Missouri, Columbia Leon T. Dickinson

The Thrifty Butcher Knob Noster Gem, September 13, 1878. The butcher who sells ox-tails for soup, and calves-heads for dinner, undoubtedly makes both ends meat. Historical Notes and Comments 207

BOOK NOTES

The Story of Old Ste. Genevieve. By Gregory M. Franzwa (St. Louis: 9528 Old Bonhomme Road, 1967). 169 pp. Indexed. $1.45. Gregory M. Franzwa has written a history of Ste. Genevieve which is of interest both to the historian and to others who wish to learn more about the old French town. Mr. Franzwa presents little new material on the history of Ste. Genevieve, but his work marks the first publication in a compact, readable volume of the varied facets of the history of Missouri's first permanent settle­ ment. The "Appendix" is the most outstanding part of the work. Here the author presents from first-hand observation, personal interviews, and written records, new and interesting descriptive material on historic homes and public buildings which remain in Ste. Genevieve. His photographs of these sites are excellent. Tattle-Tales: This Is The Way It Was. Compiled by Kathleen White Miles and Kathleen Kelly White (Clinton, Missouri: Demo­ crat Publishing Company, 1967). 107 pp. Not indexed. $2.95. The compilers have gathered photographs and historical in­ formation from various sources to achieve an unusual presenta­ tion of many phases of the Clinton area's past. Some of the sketches are from the files of the Clinton Daily Democrat; others have been written by local citizens. "Trials of our Women in the War," by Mrs. Ann Everett; "Post-Civil War Era," by Haysler Allen Poague; and "St. Ludger's Catholic Church—Germantown," by Mrs. Steve Cook, are included. A section on the pottery industry was reprinted from the article entitled "Developments of the Pottery Industry of Missouri, 1800-1950," by Steve N. Roberts, published in the July 1964, issue of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. A section on school history was reprinted from the 1883 History of Henry & St. Clair Counties. Brief sketches entitled "Did You Know—?" alternate with the main sections of the booklet. Missouri Museum Directory. Edited by Don Jerabek (Jeffer­ son City: Missouri Division of Commerce and Industrial Develop­ ment, 1967). 15 pp. This valuable reference guide was compiled from information received from Missouri Community Betterment Chairmen, local chambers of commerce and news media within the State. Mis- 208 Missouri Historical Review souri museums are listed alphabetically by town and by name. No attempt is made to evaluate the museums or exhibits in this booklet but information is given on name, address or location, general description, hours of operation and admission charges, if any.

Out of the Attic. Compiled by members of the Phelps County Historical Society (Rolla, 1967). 52 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $1.00. This booklet contains a series of 31 short stories about early Rolla and Phelps County, compiled primarily from old area news­ papers. Included are entries from the Maramec Iron Works waste books recorded in 1826, sketches on the organization of the county court in 1857, how the county was divided into townships, the first sheriff, the first auctioneer and the first school commissioner. Other stories describe travel by train and stagecoach, the tie-raft­ ing industry of the early 1800s and an attempted bank robbery. An attractively illustrated history, this booklet should have an appeal to all ages. Profits from its sale will go into the Phelps County Historical Society museum fund.

Important Firsts in Missouri Imprints 1808-1853. By Viola Anderson Perotti. Revised, and with additions by R. F. Perotti. Edited, and with an introduction by T. N. Luther. (R. F. Perotti, Kansas City, Missouri, 1967). 43 pp. Indexed. Bibliography. Plates. $12.50.

Viola Anderson Perotti was associated for many years with the Snyder Collection of Americana at the University of Kansas City (today, the University of Missouri at Kansas City). She originally gathered much of the information on early Missouri printing for a paper to be read at a local historical society meet­ ing in 1956. After Mrs. Perotti's untimely death in 1960, her husband, R. F. Perotti, undertook the completion of the project. While revising the manuscript, he became aware of new "firsts" and, therefore, deleted and replaced information where it was necessary. The volume includes a survey and summary of the known located copies of first editions of Missouri printing. Among the many subjects are: the first book, the first almanac, the first ser­ mon and the first city directory. Facsimilies of these and other "firsts" are included in the work. Historical Notes and Comments 209

For those interested in the many aspects of Missouri history this will be a welcome addition.

Central Methodist College One Hundred and Ten Years. By Frank C. Tucker (Fayette, Central Methodist College, 1967). 191 pp. Indexed. Illustrations. $3.75.

A number of historical works involving the universities and colleges within the United States have been published in the 1960s. The late Dr. Frank Stephens published his excellent study of the University of Missouri and recently Dr. Hubert Hester has writ­ ten an interesting account of William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri. Another addition to this field of scholarship is Dr. Frank C. Tucker's informative study of Central Methodist College in Fayette. Closely associated with Central Methodist for over fifty years, Dr. Tucker used the minutes of the Board of Curators and various Methodist conferences to help unfold his story. For the early years of the school's existence he was fortunate to have access to the unpublished manuscript of Dr. T. Berry Smith, a member of the college faculty from 1885 through 1933. The St. Louis Christian Advocate, a newspaper published from 1853 until 1931, contained a wealth of information that filled many gaps in Tucker's narra­ tive. Central Methodist evolved from the activities of two men, Nathan Scarritt and David Rice McAnally. McAnally, the first editor of the Advocate, endorsed articles written by Scarritt pro­ claiming the need of a good Methodist college within the bound­ aries of Missouri. Because of their endeavors the Methodist con­ ferences of 1852-1853 discussed the feasibility of founding such an institution and an affirmative decision was reached. Two questions that needed answering in these conferences were: Where would the school be located? What should the initial endowment be? The answers were Fayette and $100,000. It was much easier to decide on the amount than it was to col­ lect. By 1857, the total goal had not been raised. However, the de­ sires of the townspeople of Fayette gave impetus to the estab­ lishment of a "Provisional College" in the same year; this institution lasted until 1861, when the Civil War in Missouri closed its doors. The college reopened as a "Classical Seminary" in 1868, and with the endowment goal reached, the seminary was replaced by Central College. The charter for the school did not specify what 210 Missouri Historical Review the institution would be called and, not until 1961 did Central Methodist College become the official and proper name. A portion of this history naturally centers around those respon­ sible for the school's growth. Short biographies of the presidents, many of the curators and others who gave of their time and tal­ ents are interwoven with the development of the school. The historical data presented in this volume place major emphasis on growth of the physical plant, financial support and faculty expansion. Changes in educational philosophy as reflected in the curriculum receive cursory treatment.

A Double Necessity Buffalo Reflex, February 20, 1013. It keeps wives as busy providing for the inner man as it does husbands providing things for the outer woman.

The Honest Bootblack Hannibal Daily Journal, April 26, 1853. A few days ago a man stopped at one of the hotels in St. Louis, and being very careful of his money, deposited $1,000 in his boot; and being very absent minded, deposited the boots containing the money outside the door, to be blacked. In the morning he waked up and rushed into the bar room hatless and coatless, to inform the clerk that his money had been stolen from under his pillow. The clerk counted out to him $1,000 which he had received from the honest boot black.

An Editor Getting Rich Chilhowee News, July 8, 1910. A certain Missouri editor is ready to take a flyer to high finance. He got his schooling by threatening to publish the name of the young man seen with his sweetheart's head on his shoulder if he didn't come across with a dollar on subscription. Fifty seven young fellows slipped in and paid a dollar. The editor says he has letters from several others informing him they will hand him a dollar the next time they are in town.

"Apples of Gold" Jefferson City Daily Tribune, March 16, 1875. "Mrs. Sue J. Rittenhouse, assistant editor of the Maries Courier, in con­ cluding a very sensible article on the intention of the Women's Suffrage Asso­ ciation to demand of our Constitutional Convention suffrage for women, says: "We cannot at the present conceive of any good that will result to us by having the right of suffrage granted; but away through the dim vista of the future we think we see the purity, chasity and holiness of womanhood retro­ graded. We fear that sorrow, discontent and confusion will visit hundreds of now happy homes, when the "household angels" shall have been converted into politicians." Milwaukee Journal, March 20, 1959. TRANSPORTATION FERRYING ACROSS THE RIVERS Early Missouri travelers and settlers attempting to ford slippery-banked, swift-flowing rivers discovered serious handicaps to westward transportation. Sometimes Indians or local residents with primitive boats provided ferriage for passengers and their supplies. As immigration increased, ferry business be­ came more prosperous. Farmers near well-known trails and water crossings began offering ferriage as a regular service. Other enterprising businessmen established ferries and later built stores, grist mills or hotels nearby. The earliest regular ferry in Missouri, operated on the Meramec River by Jean Baptiste de Gamache, was used until 1780 by travelers between St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve. A Frenchman, Cailloux, operated another ferry be­ tween St. Genevieve and Kaskaskia, and Francois Wideman performed similar services on the Mississippi River at present-day Herculaneum in 1798. Near St. Louis, Captain James S. Piggott ran a ferry to Cahokia in 1797. Early important crossings on the Missouri River were John B. Belan's ferry at St. Charles in 1805, and Alexander McCortney's operation, the same year, at Tavern Rock opposite the Femme Osage settlement. Hannah Cole and Henry Becknell operated ferries near Boonville and Arrow Rock in 1816. Because of the uncertainty of ferry business in Missouri, pioneer operators were reluctant to invest large sums of money in their crafts. Floods often de­ stroyed the boats and people occasionally preferred to ford the river rather than pay the price of ferriage, especially if the water was low. These early ferrymen used a variety of crafts for their service—canoes enlarged with planks across the tops, rafts, mackinaws, keelboats or pirogues. When the ferry became more standard in appearance it resembled a flat-bottom barge, large enough to carry a team and wagon. Railings were added on the sides to keep animals from falling off. At each end of the boat a hinged door could be lowered to serve as an incline reaching to the bank for loading. Some of these primitive crafts were

211 212 Missouri Historical Review propelled with poles or oars. Others were connected to a rope or cable, fastened to trees on opposite sides of the river. Tugging the rope through a pulley at each end of the ferry, the operator could guide the craft across the water. One of the first horse-powered ferries was operated by John Day at St. Louis in the 1820s. Horses provided power by walking around a capstan on which wound a cable connecting the boat to the shore. In other operations, horses walking on treadmill steps, turned the stern or side wheels on the boat. In 1828, a well-known ferryman in St. Louis, Samuel Wiggins, began operating the first steam-powered ferryboat, the St. Clair. Other ferries operating in Missouri in the 1820s included the Wilson Cook ferry established at Louisiana in 1820, and the Warren Swayne ferry, operated at Clarksville, six years later. John G. Heath, in 1821, owned the first licensed ferry on the Gasconade River at a place called Gasconade. A Missouri River ferry near the mouth of the Kansas River was established in 1825 by Joseph Boggs; Calisse Montarges' ferry operated the following year in the area; and the Joseph Robidoux ferry was established at St. Joseph in 1826. Colonel Shubael Allen's ferry operated in 1830 at what later became Kansas City, and south of the Missouri River, Lewis Bledsoe operated the first Osage River ferry, about 1831, near the present town of Warsaw. Because there was no bridge over the Mississippi River, early railroads from the East found it necessary to unload their cargo on the Illinois side of the river and pack it on a ferry for transportation to Missouri. This delay often caused a great financial loss. In 1869 an Illinois ferry company intro­ duced the transfer of railroad cars by ferry. Other Mississippi River ferries soon added this service—completely revolutionizing the railroad transportation system in the Midwest. Ferry operations in Missouri presented a number of major shortcomings. They included negligent service, high tolls, drunken ferrymen, unsafe crafts, too close association with the livestock and poor ferry landings caused by the shifting water level, plus the dangers of floating ice in the winter and swol­ len flood water in the spring. Fierce competition at better-known crossings created handicaps for ferry operators. To eliminate some of the poor ferry service, local courts licensed indi­ vidual ferries. Territorial and state legislatures passed regulations, setting fees for ferrymen, requiring them to be bonded, providing for the posting of ferry rates and stipulating punishment for ferrymen who refused to make a trip without a "good excuse." Lawsuits over property destroyed in ferry acci­ dents were common and the ferrymen were often liable for furnishing poor transportation. Ferry rates varied in Missouri with the times and the amount of traffic. Pioneer ferrymen often accepted a drink or bottle of liquor in payment for their service. In 1837 the following rates were filed with the Miller County court: wagon and team of horses, $1.00; gig and horse, 50 cents; man and horse, 25 cents; single horse, 12i/2 cents; footman, 614 cents; and cattle, per head, 10 cents. In their time, ferryboats carried more passengers than any other river crafts. With an increase in the construction of railway and highway bridges, the need for ferry operations diminished. Though a few scattered ferries still ply the Mississippi River, supplementing bridge service, they are no longer a valuable item of transportation. Missouri Women In History

Vinnie Beam

Library of Congress Vinnie Ream's statue of Abraham Lincoln stands in the rotunda of the nation's Capitol. In open competition with some of the most renowned sculptors in the country, Vinnie was awarded the contract for a life-size statue of Lincoln, the first woman to be commissioned by Congress to sculpture a statue. Born in Wisconsin Territory, Vinnie moved with her family in 1854 to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Territory, where her father, Robert Ream, served as chief clerk to land surveyor John Calhoun. At this time Major James S. Rollins of Columbia, Missouri, be­ came acquainted with the Ream family. In 1857-1858 Vinnie at­ tended Christian College in Columbia where she was an outstand­ ing student in literature and art. At the beginning of the Civil War the Ream family moved to Washington, D. C. In Washington Vinnie renewed her acquaintance with Rol­ lins who was serving as representative in Congress from Missouri. He introduced her to Clark Mills, a famous sculptor, and Mills accepted her as a pupil. For two years she spent every possible minute improving her talent. Petite, vivacious Vinnie began to receive commissions for her work from persons prominent in poli­ tical life, but her dearest ambition was to model a bust of Lincoln. She asked Rollins to help her, and he, with Senator Orville H. Browning of Illinois, appealed personally to Lincoln. The Presi­ dent, intrigued by the story of the poor young girl from the West who was struggling for success as a sculptress, consented to pose. For five months before his tragic death, Lincoln sat almost daily for half-hour periods as Vinnie modeled his likeness. As she worked on the statue, her basement studio in the nation's Capitol became the rendezvous of leading conservatives of the President Andrew Johnson administration. Charges were brought against her by Reconstruction Radicals for influencing Senator Edmund G. Ross of Kansas, a family friend and a boarder in the Ream home, to cast the decisive vote for President Johnson which prevented his impeachment. Her studio was closed and for a time it seemed that the Lincoln statue was doomed. Eventually she was allowed to resume work. The statue, cast in Carrara marble, was dedicated, January 25, 1871. In 1876 George Caleb Bingham, Missouri's famous genre and portrait artist, painted Vinnie in her working costume engaged in modeling the bust of Lincoln. The painting is in the Art Gallery of the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI. Vinnie died in 1914. Over her grave and that of her husband Brigadier General Richard L. Hoxie in Arlington National Ceme­ tery, stands the replica of her own bronze statue of Sappho.