Rattan Und Insekten

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Rattan Und Insekten Rattan und Insekten - eine vergleichende Studie der Herbivorenfauna von Calamus manan und anderen Palmenarten auf der Halbinsel Malaysia Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Biologie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universität in Frankfurt am Main von Helmut Steiner aus München Frankfurt am Main 2001 vom Fachbereich ...................................................................................... der Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universität angenommen Dekan : .......................................................................................................... Gutachter : ..................................................................................................... Datum der Disputation : ................................................................................. Helmut Steiner Rattan und Insekten - eine vergleichende Studie der Herbivorenfauna von Calamus manan und anderen Palmenarten auf der Halbinsel Malaysia Dissertation im Fachbereich Biologie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main 2001 - gewidmet all denen, die mir dies Forscherleben ermöglicht haben - allen voran meinen Eltern Helmut Steiner: Rattan und Insekten Zusammenfassung Rattanpalmen, die kletternden Vertreter der Unterfamilie Calamoideae, sind ein Charakteristikum aller südostasiatischen Regenwälder. Etwa 600 Arten sind gegenwärtig bekannt, ihr Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von Afrika bis in den Pazifik, mit einem deutlichen Schwerpunkt in Südostasien. Neben seiner ökologischen Rolle ist Rattan das wichtigste kommerzielle Produkt der Wälder Südostasiens nach dem Holz selbst. Da bisher fast der gesamte Bedarf aus den natürlichen Beständen entnommen wurde, werden vor allem die qualitativ hochwertigsten Arten zunehmend seltener und gelten zum Teil bereits als gefährdete Arten. Bereits 1980 wurden in Malaysia die ersten Versuche gestartet, Rattan in großem Umfang in Pflanzungen anzubauen, wobei Pflanzungen in Gummiplantagen eine besonders attraktive Lösung bieten. Mit der Anlage von Pflanzungen ist aber auch mit einer geänderten Schädlingssituation zu rechnen, die früher oder später zu Schädlingsproblemen führen wird. Zur Beurteilung derartiger Entwicklungen ist aber eine möglichst umfassende Kenntnis der natürlichen Verhältnisse, der potentiellen Schadinsekten sowie natürlicher Schutzfaktoren unabdingbar. Gemessen an der Bedeutung von Rattan, ist der Kenntnisstand über seine Ökologie und speziell der mit ihm assoziierten Insektenfauna ausgesprochen gering. Ziel des vorliegenden Projektes war es, eine möglichst breite Datenbasis über die mit Rattan assoziierte herbivore Insektenfauna zu erarbeiten, wobei Calamus manan als wichtigste kommerzielle Art in Malaysia den Schwerpunkt bildet, und durch den Vergleich verschiedener Pflanzungen und des natürlichen Habitats Entwicklungstendenzen aufzuzeigen. Diese Studie wurde auf der Halbinsel Malaysia durchgeführt, Untersuchungsgebiete für Calamus manan waren eine Pflanzung unter Gummibäumen in Kg. Bongsu, Perak, eine Versuchspflanzung in Sekundärwald in Sg. Buloh, Selangor, eine Dorfpflanzung in Sekundärwuchs in Ulu Gombak, Selangor, sowie das natürliche Habitat, ebenfalls in Ulu Gombak. Pflanzungen von Calamus caesius wurden in Sg. Buloh und der Dorfpflanzung in Ulu Gombak bearbeitet, im natürlichen Habitat in Ulu Gombak wurden des weiteren die Rattanarten Calamus scipionum, C. ornatus, C. insignis und Korthalsia rigida untersucht sowie als Vergleichsart die stammbildende Palme Caryota mitis. Über zwei Untersuchungsperioden von zusammen 20 Monaten wurde die markierten Versuchspflanzen monatlich auf herbivore Insekten untersucht sowie Wachstumsdaten erhoben. Wachstum Die Wachstumsraten zeigten große Unterschiede sowohl zwischen den einzelnen Pflanzen eines Plots als auch zwischen den verschiedenen Plots. Der mittlere jährliche Blattzuwachs für Calamus manan betrug in den Pflanzungen 4,9–14,2 Blätter, im natürlichen Habitat dagegen nur 1,6. Die Wachstumsraten für Calamus caesius betrugen 10,2 und 12,0 Blätter/Jahr, die im natürlichen Habitat untersuchten Pflanzen legten im Mittel zwischen 0,8 und 2,2 Blätter pro Jahr an. Die festgestellten Blattzuwachsraten umspannen damit fast die gesamte Bandbreite der in der Literatur für Palmen berichteten Blattzuwachsraten von 0,5 bei Arenga obtusifolia bis 14,4–28,8 bei Elaeis guineensis. Gute Korrelationen zwischen Blattzuwachs und allen aufgenommenen Größenparametern sind für alle bearbeiteten Calamus manan–Pflanzungen und Calamus caesius in Sg. Buloh gegeben, Wachstumsleistung und verschiedene Größendimensionen der Pflanze zeigen sich hier eng gekoppelt. Z-1 Zusammenfassung Schäden Die festgestellten Schäden am jüngsten Blatt betrugen im Mittel der Plots zwischen 5,33 % und 12,20 % entfernte Blattfläche. Da die Schäden in 10%-Klassen abgeschätzt wurden, sind die Unterschiede zwischen den Plots als geringfügig anzusehen, sie entsprechen der allgemeinen Beobachtung, daß Schäden durch herbivore Insekten üblicherweise unter 10 % liegen. Verschiedene Schadenstypen wurden identifiziert, wobei hohe Schäden eines Typs fast immer mit einem geringen Anteil an den Gesamtaufnahmen und ein hoher Anteil mit geringen Schäden verbunden ist. Für alle Calamus manan-Pflanzungen, mit Ausnahme der Dorfpflanzung, bestehen signifikante negative Korrelationen zwischen Blattschäden und Pflanzenhöhe, teilweise auch mit dem Blattzuwachs. Ebenso bestehen signifikante negative Korrelationen für die Blattschäden an Calamus caesius mit den Wachstumsraten der zweiten Beobachtungsperiode. Da Literaturangaben zufolge das Wachstum von Palmen sehr tolerant gegenüber Blattflächenreduktionen ist und die meisten gefundenen Herbivoren eher eine Präferenz für größere Pflanzen zeigen, werden diese Korrelationen dahin gehend interpretiert, daß schneller wachsende Individuen weniger Schäden akkumulieren als langsamer wachsende. Funde Im Verlauf dieser Studie wurden etwa 106 Arten auf verschiedensten Palmen festgestellt, davon 60 Arten auf den markierten Palmen der Plots. 51 Arten wurden auf der Hauptuntersuchungsart Calamus manan nachgewiesen. Wie die Zeit-Arten-Beziehung zeigt, ist die Fauna sicher noch nicht vollständig erfaßt. Dem gegenüber stehen 16 Arten, die bisher in der Literatur für die Halbinsel Malaysia berichtet wurden. Insgesamt gefunden wurden in den Plots 5557 Individuen aller Stadien, 79,6 % davon Lepidoptera, 18,0 % Coleoptera und 2,4 % Orthoptera. Bedeutendste Gruppe waren die Hesperiiden mit 56,3 %, gefolgt von den Oecophoridae mit 18,3 % und den Hispinae (Chrysomelidae) mit 17,9 %. Eine ähnliche Faunenzusammensetzung aus Hispinae, Hesperiidae und Psychidae wurde in Pflanzungen von Metroxylon sagu festgestellt; im Gegensatz dazu steht die Ölpalmenfauna in Südostasien, deren wichtigste Vertreter den Familien Psychidae und Limacodidae angehören. Hesperiidae In den Plots wurden 11 Arten von Hesperiiden gefunden, weitere 15 Arten wurden außerhalb der Plots und an anderen Palmen gefunden. Häufigste Hesperiide und häufigster Fund überhaupt war mit 1336 Exemplaren Salanoemia sala. Sie stellt 24,0 % aller Funde bzw. 42,7 % aller Hesperiidae und war in 8 der 13 Plots, darunter alle Calamus manan-Plots, vertreten. Über die Biologie dieser Art war bisher nichts bekannt. Wie fast alle Hesperiidenlarven legen die Larven von S. sala Schutzbauten an. Exemplarisch für andere Hesperiiden wird hier die Larvenbiologie dieser Art dargestellt und diskutiert. Ein starker Populationsanstieg in allen drei Kg.-Bongsu-Plots während eines Monats markiert diese Art als potentielle Problemart. Lotongus calathus trat nur in einem einzigen Plot, in Sg. Buloh, auf, stellt mit 30,6 % aller Hesperiidenfunde aber dennoch die zweithäufigste Art. Die Larvenbiologie dieser Art ist Z-2 Helmut Steiner: Rattan und Insekten insofern einmalig, als die Larven in Symbiose mit einer häufigen Ameisenart, Dolichoderus thoracicus, leben. Die Larven stellen mit ihren Blattrollen Nistraum zur Verfügung, während die Ameisen offensichtlich Schutz gewähren. Dies erlaubt es L. calathus, eine sehr viel höhere Population aufzubauen als alle anderen Hesperiiden in diesem Plot zusammen. Das Zusammenkommen der Symbiosepartner scheint unter natürlichen Bedingungen ein relativ seltenes Ereignis zu sein, das durch die Anlage der Calamus manan-Pflanzung eine große Förderung erhielt. Als weitere regelmäßig an Calamus manan vorkommende Hesperiiden wurden Quedara monteithi, Gangara thyrsis und Erionota hiraca identifiziert. Die beiden erstgenannten sind bereits in der Literatur von Rattan beschrieben, Auflistungen der Arten E. thrax oder E. torus in der Literatur sind mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit E. hiraca zuzuschreiben. Eine noch unbeschriebene Art der Gattung Zela wurde nur wenige Male an Calamus manan gefunden, sie neigt jedoch zu Massenbefall und ist daher als weitere Problemart anzusehen. Korthalsia rigida besaß mit Acerbas martini eine eigene Hesperiidenart, ebenso Caryota mitis mit Plastingia naga. Letztere ist nahe mit Salanoemia sala verwandt und besitzt eine sehr ähnliche Larvenbiologie. Nymphalidae Die Nymphalidae stellen nur 2,6 % der Gesamtfunde, sind damit aber dritthäufigste Lepidopterenfamilie. In den Untersuchungsplots wurden sechs verschiedene Arten gefunden, zwei Satyrinae und vier Amathusiini. Wichtigste Art war Amathusia ochraceofusca, die fast die Hälfte aller Nymphaliden stellt. Sie trat an Calamus manan in Kg. Bongsu und Sg. Buloh auf, ihre Larven leben, wie die meisten Amathusiini, gesellig. Weitere wichtige Funde waren die beiden Satyrinen Elymnias
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