DOCSLIB.ORG

Eyewitness ECOLOGY

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eyewitness ECOLOGY Eyewitness ECOLOGY (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Eyewitness Ecology (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Red seaweed Squid Apparatus to measure water quality Sun star Population of woodlice Merlin Tullgren funnel (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Eyewitness Ecology Marble Written by gall and STEVE POLLOCK oak leaf Sample of chalky soil Sample of heathland soil Black tip reef shark Foliose lichen Sample of garden soil Mandarin fish Cook’s tree boa (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Garfish LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE, and DELHI Pine cones Project Editor Ian Whitelaw Art Editor Val Cunliffe Designer Helen Diplock Production Louise Daly Picture Research Catherine O’Rourke Managing Editor Josephine Buchanan Managing Art Editor Lynne Brown Rag worm Special Photography Frank Greenaway, The Natural History Museum, London Editorial Consultant Dr David Harper, Pine seeds Sweet chestnut University of Sussex Horse seed U.S. Editor Charles A. Wills chestnut seed U.S. Consultant Professor O. Roger Anderson, Teachers College, Columbia University R E Editors Barbara Berger, Laura Buller Editorial assistant John Searcy Publishing director Beth Sutinis Senior designer Tai Blanche Designers Jessica Lasher, Diana Catherines Photo research Chrissy Mclntyre Cuckoo wrasse Art director Dirk Kaufman Yeast culture in petri dish DTP designer Milos Orlovic Production Ivor Parker This edition published in the United States in 2005 by DK Publishing, Inc. 375 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10014 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Copyright © 1993 © 2005 Dorling Kindersley Limited All rights reserved under International and Pan- American Copyright Conventions. No part of this Bomb calorimeter publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission Field digger wasp of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by capturing fly Dorling Kindersley Limited. Wolf spider A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-13: 978-0-7566-1387-7 (PLC) ISBN-13: 978-0-7566-1396-9 (ALB) Color reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore Printed in China by Toppan Printing Co., Orkney vole (Shenzhen) Ltd. Discover more at (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Contents 6 What is ecology? 8 Nature’s producers 10 Plants, fungi, and seeds of The transfer of energy the deciduous forest floor 12 Food webs 44 14 Leaves and needles Recycling to live 46 16 Riches of the reef The water cycle 48 18 Sharing the grasslands Carbon on the move 50 20 Where river meets sea Keeping the Earth fertile 52 22 Scaling the heights The life-giving soil 54 24 Fresh waters The distribution of life 56 26 Incredible diversity Ecological niche 58 28 Human ecology Studying populations 30 60 Checks on population growth Human impact 32 62 Family strategies Ecology today 34 64 Time and nature Did you know? 36 66 Ecology and evolution Zones of life 38 68 Life in the ocean Find out more 40 70 Surviving in arid lands Glossary 42 72 A world of ebb and flow Index (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley, Inc. All Rights Reserved. What is ecology? N or group of living things exists in isolation. All organisms, both plants and animals, need energy and materials from the environment in order to survive, and the lives of all kinds of living things, or species, affect the lives of others. Ecology is the study of the relationships between living things (within species and between different species), and between them and their environment. Humans have always studied living things in their natural environment in order to hunt and to gather food, but as a scientific discipline ecology is relatively new. Ecologists do study species in their natural context PROVIDING THE ESSENTIALS (“in the field”) but they also carry out laboratory studies and experiments. All organisms depend on a variety of factors in the Fieldwork involves the collection of environment. These include light, temperature, the information to see what happens to chemicals or nutrients that particular species – such as population enable plants and animals to grow and, most important, numbers, diet, form, size, and water. In an artificial context behaviour. Ecologists also study the like a garden, all these factors must be provided if the plants physical environment – such as the are to grow successfully. composition of rocks, soil, air, and water. The data can be used to identify patterns and trends, and some of these can be tested in the laboratory. STICKING TOGETHER Algae on pot Individual animals very rarely live on their own. BACKYARD ECOLOGY They are usually to be found in a population, A garden provides a small-scale model of life all over planet interacting with others of their species, as these Earth. Rocks and soil, rain and wind, animals and plants exist woodlice are doing. Members of a population together, each affecting the others directly and indirectly, compete with each other for resources, including gradually changing the landscape. A plant takes up chemicals food and shelter. They also interbreed to produce from the soil, flowers and produces seeds. A mouse eats the new generations, ensuring the continued life of seeds, and a cat preys on the mouse. The plant dies and begins the population as it copes with seasonal and to decay. A worm eats the rotting plant and returns the long-term changes in the environment. Studies of chemicals to the soil. Ecology is the particular populations are common in ecology. study of these kinds of interaction between plants, animals, and the non-living elements in the environment. Cat (predator) Flowering plant Lichen-covered rock Soil provides essential nutrients for plant growth (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bee Heather flower COINING THE TERM In 1866, German biologist and TWOWAY TRAFFIC evolutionist Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) Many relationships between used the word “oecology” to denote different species are far more the study of organisms and their complex than simply that of animal interactions with the world around and food plant, or predator and prey. This them, He based it on the Greek bee is visiting the flowers of the heather in search word “oikos”, meaning of the nectar on which it feeds, but the plant benefits “household”. This is also the from the bee’s visit too. The bee will carry away pollen origin of the word economy, from the flower on its body, and this pollen will and Haeckel clearly saw the fertilize other heather flowers as the bee continues living world as a community in its search. The nectar that attracts the bee ensures the which each species had a role survival of the plant. Such relationships are an to play in the global economy. important part of ecology. The modern spelling of ecology was first used in 1893. Biosphere A HIERARCHY OF COMPLEXITY Living things can be studied at six different Biome levels. Firstly, there is the individual, a plant or an animal belonging to a particular species. A group of individuals of the same species is called a Ecosystem population. Different populations of species exist together in a community, and several different communities may be found together in a characteristic way, creating an ecosystem. Community Different ecosystems are found together in a single geographical zone, sharing the same climatic conditions and constituting a biome (as in the map below). All the Earth’s varied biomes together make up Population the highest level of organization, the biosphere, the thin life-bearing layer that forms the outer surface of the planet. Individual EARTH’S MAJOR LIFE ZONES The planet’s land surfaces can be divided into zones, or biomes, according to the climate and other physical factors in each area. Each biome has a distinctive combination of life forms that are able to thrive in the particular conditions found there, and each has a distinctive kind of vegetation. In this book, some of the major biomes are discussed, as well as some habitats that are distributed around the globe, such as coral reefs and fresh waters, which do not form continuous zones in themselves. Although many factors influence the locations of the biomes, this map reveals that latitude – distance from the equator – has a noticeable effect. Mouse (prey) Tundra Temperate Savannah Temperate Temperate forest grassland rainforest Boreal Desert Tropical Mountain Scrubland forest rainforest 7 (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nature’s primary producers P . For this reason, they are called autotrophic (self-feeding). They use pigments such as chlorophyll, the green pigment in leaves, to capture light energy, which they then turn into stored chemical energy to fuel their life processes. This two-stage process is called photosynthesis. Ecologists refer to plants as producers because they SPRING FLOWERS All plants need light, produce new living (organic) material from non-living (inorganic) so the woodland materials. The rate at which energy is stored by plants is called bluebell must grow and flower before the the net primary productivity of the ecosystem. The Sun is the trees produce leaves and hide the sun. source of all this energy, but only a tiny fraction of the energy reaching this planet is actually used to create plant material. About half is absorbed by the atmosphere. Only one-quarter of the rest is of the right wavelength for photosynthesis, and very little of this is actually converted into plant material. In grasslands, about 0.4 per cent of the total incoming radiation ends up in net primary production. In forests this can reach 1 per cent, while in the ocean it may be as low as 0.01 per cent.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Worksheet Class 7Th ( Science ) Chapter 1St Nutrition in Plants
    Worksheet Class 7th ( science ) Chapter 1st Nutrition in plants 1. Autotrophic nutrition 2. Heterotrophic Nutrition The mode of nutrition in which organisms obtain their food from others ( plants and animals ) is called heterotrophic nutrition. Heterotrophs :- Organisms that are not capable of synthesising their own food and depend on other organisms for their food requirements are called heterotrophs. They are also called consumers. Heterotrophic Nutrition in plants Heterotrophic nutrition in non-green plants are of three types- (i) Saprotrophic (ii) Parasitic (iii) Symbiotic (I) Saprotrophic nutrition The mode of nutrition in which organisms take in nutrients from dead and decaying matter is called saprotrophic nutrition. Saprotrophs or saprophytes Saprotrophs are the organisms that feed on dead and decaying matter. Example :- Fungi, mushrooms Saprophytes are also called cleaners of the environment. (II) Parasitic Nutrition The mode of nutrition in which an organism lives on or inside the body of other living organism (host) is called parasitic nutrition. Parasitic plants are of two types • Total parasites • Partial parasites Total parasites These plants cannot make their own food and derive all of it from the host plant. E.g.- cuscuta (amarbel) is total stem parasite and Rafflesia is total root parasite plant. Partial parasites They have green leaves, therefore can make their food for themselves. However, they get water and minerals from host plant. E.g.- mistletoe is a partial stem parasite and sandalwood is a partial root parasite. (III) Symbiotic Nutrition Symbionts:- Two organisms living in close physical contact with each other and providing mutual benefits are called symbionts. Symbiosis:- Condition of living together is called symbiosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition in Plants N Class VI You Learnt That Food Is Utilisation by the Body
    1 Nutrition in Plants n Class VI you learnt that food is utilisation by the body. The mode of essential for all living organisms. nutrition in which organisms make food IYou also learnt that carbohydrates, themselves from simple substances is proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are called autotrophic (auto = self; trophos components of food. These components = nourishment) nutrition. Therefore, of food are called nutrients and are plants are called autotrophs. Animals necessary for our body. and most other organisms take in food All living organisms require food. prepared by plants. They are called Plants can synthesise food for heterotrophs (heteros = other). themselves but animals including humans cannot. They get it from plants or animals that eat plants. Thus, humans and animals are directly or Paheli wants to know why indirectly dependent on plants. our body cannot make food from carbon dioxide, water and minerals like plants do. Boojho wants to know how plants prepare Now we may ask where the food their own food. factories of plants are located: whether food is made in all parts of a plant or only in certain parts? How do plants 1.1 MODE OF NUTRITION IN PLANTS obtain the raw materials from the Plants are the only organisms that can surroundings? How do they transport prepare food for themselves by using them to the food factories of plants? water, carbon dioxide and minerals. The raw materials are present in their 1.2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS — FOOD surroundings. MAKING PROCESS IN PLANTS The nutrients enable living Leaves are the food factories of plants. organisms to build their bodies, to grow, Therefore, all the raw materials must to repair damaged parts of their bodies reach the leaf.
    [Show full text]
  • 22. Life Processes
    MODULE - 5 Life Processes-1 Nutrition, Transportation, Respiration and Excretion The Living World 22 Notes LIFE PROCESSES-1 NURTRITION, TRANSPORTATION, RESPIRATION AND EXCRETION The activities by which living organisms take in food, derive energy, remove waste from their body and respond to changes in the environment are called life processes. In this lesson, you will learn about basic life processes, namely nutrition, respiration, transportation of nutrients and fluids in the body, and excretion. OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: • emphasize the need for energy requirement for life processes; • explain the steps in photosynthesis; • appreciate the various modes of heterotrophic nutrition in living organisms; • realize the importance of the process of nutrition in humans,identify nutritional disorders and explain the concept of balanced diet; • outline the need for and steps in the process of respiration; • explain the fundamental aspects of transport of material(food, waste etc.) in plants and animals (e.g. humans); • explain the process of excretion in humans. I. NUTRITION 22.1 WHY DO WE NEED FOOD How do you feel if you do not have food for a day or two? You may feel exhausted and weak. But if you do not get food for a few days, will you survive and grow? You will probably say‘No’. We know that living beings need food to survive. Food provides 58 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Life Processes-1 Nutrition, Transportation, Respiration and Excretion MODULE - 5 The Living World the essential raw material that our body needs to grow and stay healthy. It also provides energy to carry out various life processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition • Food Is an Organic Substance. the Simplest Food Is
    Nutrition • Food is an organic substance. The simplest food is glucose also called simple sugar. • A more complex food is starch. It is made from glucose. • The general name of substances like glucose and starch is ‘carbohydrates’. Nutrient: A nutrient can be defined as a substance which an organism obtains from its surroundings and uses it as a source of energy or for the biosynthesis of its body constituents. Example: carbohydrates and fats are the nutrients which are used by the organism mainly as a source of energy. Proteins and mineral salts are nutrients used by organism for the biosynthesis of its body constituents like skin, blood, etc. Nutrition: Nutrition is the process of intake of nutrients (like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water) by an organism as well as the utilization of these nutrients by the organism. Mode of Nutrition: Mode of nutrition means method of obtaining food by an organism. There are mainly two modes of nutrition: 1. Autotrophic mode of nutrition 2. Heterotrophic mode of nutrition Autotrophic mode of nutrition: (‘auto’ means ‘self’ and ‘trophe’ means ‘nutrition’) • Autotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism makes (or synthesizes) its own food from the simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings (with the help of sunlight energy). • Those organisms which can make their own food from carbon dioxide and water are called autotrophs. • Example: all green plants, autotrophic bacteria. • Autotrophs make their food by photosynthesis. Heterotrophic mode of nutrition: (‘heteros’ means ‘others’ and ‘trophe’ means ‘nutrition’) • Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make (or synthesizes) its own food from simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water, and depends on other organisms for its food.
    [Show full text]
  • Science Answer
    Solutions To Text Questions Chapter 1: Nutrition in Plants Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 10 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 13 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) SECTION A CLASS RESPONSE A. Oral Questions. 1. The process by which green plants make their own food (like glucose) from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight in the presence of chlorophyll is called photosynthesis. 2. The leaves contain tiny, green coloured bodies called chloroplasts which contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, so, they are green in colour. 3. Non-green plants which obtain their nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter of plants and animals are called saprophytes. 4. Nutrition is the process of taking food by an organism and its digestion, absorption and utilisation by the body. 5. The mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make its own food from the simple substances but obtains ready-made food made by green plants directly or indirectly is called heterotrophic mode of nutrition. B. Science Quiz. 1. Chlorophyll 2. Xylem 3. Phloem 4. Charles Reid Barnes WORKSHEET A. Tick (3) the correct options. 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice. 1. Oxygen → It is produced during photosynthesis whereas others are required in photosynthesis. 2. Cuscuta → It is a parasite whereas others are autotrophs. 3. Lichens → It shows symbiotic association of algae and fungi whereas others are insectivorous plants. 4. Mistletoe → It is a parasitic plant whereas others are insectivorous plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Polyaluminium Chloride Coagulant in Urban River Water Treatment Influenced the Microbial Community in River Sediment
    water Article Application of Polyaluminium Chloride Coagulant in Urban River Water Treatment Influenced the Microbial Community in River Sediment Siyu Liu 1,†, Xuchao Zhuang 2,† and Chuandong Wang 1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; [email protected] 2 Hangzhou Keyun Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-532-5863-1538 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) has been widely used as a chemical coagulant in water treatment. However, little is known about the impact of PAC performance on the microbial com- munity in sediments. In this study, the archaeal, bacterial, and fungal communities in urban river sediments with and without PAC treatment were investigated. Prokaryotic diversity decreased at the PAC addition site (A2) and increased along with the river flow (from A3 to A4), while eukaryotic diversity was the opposite. The abundance of core microbiota showed a similar trend. For example, the dominant Proteobacteria presented the highest relative abundance in A1 (26.8%) and the lowest in A2 (15.3%), followed by A3 (17.5%) and A4 (23.0%). In contrast, Rozellomycota was more dominant in A2 (56.6%) and A3 (58.1%) than in A1 (6.2%) and A4 (16.3%). Salinity, total dissolved solids, and metal contents were identified as the key physicochemical factors affecting the assembly of core microorganisms. The predicted functions of archaea and fungi were mainly divided into methane Citation: Liu, S.; Zhuang, X.; Wang, cycling and saprotrophic nutrition, respectively, while bacterial function was more diversified.
    [Show full text]
  • Life Processes | Class 10 Biology Made by Eti Banerjee
    Life Processes | Class 10 Biology Made by Eti Banerjee GOOD MORNING CHILDREN AT THE VERY OUTSET I JUST WANT TO GET ASSURED OF THAT YOU ALL RARE STRICTLY FOLLOWING HOME QUARINTAINE. IN THIS PERIOD OF CRISIS ,WE HAVE TO WORK HAND IN HAND TO FIGHT AS A FIGHTER AGAINST THIS DREADLY VIRUS. AT THE SAME TIME WE HAVE TO CONTINUE OUR TEACHING- LEARNING PROCESS. TO BEGIN WITH IT AFTER A GAP OF NEARLY 10 TO 15 DAYS FIRST WE WILL DEAL WITH THE SYLLABUS OF BIOLOGY THE CHAPTERS ARE- 1.LIFE PROCESSES 2.CONTROL AND COORDINATION 3.HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE 4.HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION 5.OUR ENVIRONMENT 6. MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN BIOLOGY ALL TOGETHER WE HAVE 6 CHAPTERS WE WILL START WITH THE FIRST CHAPTER- LIFE PROCESSES BEFORE I START WITH THE CHAPTER I WILL ASK YOU TO SOLVE THIS WORK SHEET WHICH IS BASED ON YOUR PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE WORKSHEET -1. 1.Name the organs present in our digestive system. 2.Write atleast two differences between milk teeth and permanent 4.How many pairs of salivary glands present in our body. 5.Name the organ where complete digestion takes place. Life Processes All the plants and animals are alive or living things. Properties of Living Beings Compared to Non - living - 1. Movement 2. Grow 3. Need Food 4. Excrete 5. Respiration 6. Reproduce The major criterion which is used to decide whether something is alive or not alive is movement. The movement in animals is fast and can be observed easily but the movement in plants is slow and observed with difficulty.
    [Show full text]
  • Variety of Living Organisms
    Faculté des Sciences de Gabès LF SVT 3/ LF SVE3 Variety of Living Organisms Living organisms share characteristics such as the ability to move and reproduce. There are different types of living organisms including plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and protoctists. Characteristics of living organisms Living organisms have the following characteristics in common: • Movement - they can move and change their position. • Reproduction – they can make more of the same kind of organism as themselves. • Sensitivity – they can detect or sense stimuli and respond to them. • Growth - they can permanently increase their size or dry mass by increasing the number or size of their cells. • Respiration – they can create chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy. • Excretion – they can excrete toxic materials, waste products of metabolism, and excess substances (note that excretion is not the same as egestion). • Nutrition - they can take in and absorb nutrients such as organic substances and mineral ions. These nutrients contain the raw materials or energy needed for growth and tissue repair. The first letter of each of these characteristics makes up the acronym ‘MRS GREN’. This is a good way of remembering them. Living organisms can also control their internal conditions, such as their temperature or water content. Animals Animals are multicellular organisms – they consist of many cells that work together. Examples of animals include mammals (such as humans) and insects (such as houseflies and mosquitoes). Animal cell structure The main parts of an animal cell are the nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm. Animal cells: • do not have cell walls • do not contain chloroplasts, so animals cannot carry out photosynthesis • may store carbohydrate as glycogen Animals usually have nerves or nervous systems for coordination, and they are able to move from place to place.
    [Show full text]
  • Obligate Saprophytic Fungi Examples
    Obligate Saprophytic Fungi Examples Musicological and toneless Nestor often enwomb some Hesperis phonologically or dwindled chidingly. Wieldy incondensableRaleigh sometimes Alvin foresee drills quite any swimmingly Xeroxes weigh but browsehigh-mindedly. her downheartedness Herbartian Addie ingenuously. still write-up: prickliest and How does not all fungi and decaying plants cannot produce their food extracellularly, mischievous molds are sown in regard to travel, tubers and saprophytic fungi Grow on rotting fruit or old bread are examples of the reproductive portion of fungi. Parasitism and its types SlideShare. For loop did you resign that athlete's foot is caused by honey fungus. Physiology of the Facultative Type of Parasite JStor. Some celebrate these fungi are saprophytic but powerful be facultatively parasitic if. Caused by viruses and bacteria Read more Saprophytes. Arthrobotrys oligospora a predacious fungus of nematodes has our very. Saprophytic - also abuse as saprobic - fungi obtain enough nutrition from decaying. Saprotrophic nutrition Wikipedia. Examples Chlorophyta Green algae Unicellular to leafy Chlorophylls a b. Genus Huntiella for example includes exclusively sapro-. It record in reality a saprophytic fungus and has parasitic potentialities whereas the. Obligate saprophytes. Unspecialised 'non-obligate' pathogens Specialised 'obligate' pathogens. Saprophyte definition any organism that lives on dead organic matter has certain fungi and bacteria. What is obligate Saprophyte? Characterization of your novel invertase from the obligate biotroph Uromyces. To exogenously applied thiamine as do saprophytic fungi Sohn et al 2000. Whether facultative saprophytes or obligate parasites generally have host ranges limited. What are parasites with example? How do this kill parasites in their stomach? Parasitic Flowering Plants. ECOLOGICAL GROUPS OF SOIL FUNGI A SURVEY Wiley.
    [Show full text]
  • Sources of Food, Components of Food, Living Organisms and Their Surroundings)
    Class 7 Revision assignment checking previous knowledge of class 6 based on chapters (sources of food, components of food, living organisms and their surroundings) Q1. Tick the correct answer. i) The parts of plants that can be eaten are called a) Edible b) non-edible c) stem d) leaves ii) The underground stem we eat as a vegetable is a) Carrot b) cauliflower c) wheat d) potato iii) Animals that only eat plant and plants product are called a) Omnivores b) carnivores c) herbivores iv) A food item turns blue- black when iodine is added to it, it confirms the presence of a) Proteins b) fats c) starch d) water Q2. Fill in the blanks: i) ______ and _____ mainly provide energy to our body. ii) _______enable a plant or an animal to live in its surroundings. iii) Dietary fibres are also known as _________. iv) ______ makes up about 70% of our body weight. Q3. Match the following: Column I Column II a) Eating junk food Is good for health b) Lack of iron in diet goitre c) no fibre in diet obesity d) lack of iodine constipation e) drinking milk anaemia Q4. Unscramble the given words below to get the correct word using the clues given against them. a) RETECOXNI waste products are removed by this process. b) LUMISIT all living organisms respond to these. c) ROUCDPRENTOI because of this we find organisms of same kind. Q5. Which vitamin is not present in milk? Q6. All living organisms require food, why? Q7. Why do desert snakes burrow deep into the sand during the day? CLASS - VI CHAPTER -2 COMPONENTS OF FOOD INTRODUCTION:- Food is required for our good health, maintenance, growth and development.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology Department
    BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT Unit 2 - Adaptations for nutrition 1 Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of: (a) the terms autotrophic and heterotrophic and that autotrophic organisms can be photoautotrophic or chemoautotrophic (b) the terms saprotrophic/saprobiotic, holozoic, parasitic in relation to heterotrophic organisms (c) saprotrophic nutrition involving the secretion of enzymes, external digestion of food substances followed by absorption of the products of digestion into the organism, e.g. fungi (d) holozoic nutrition, the internal digestion of food substances (e) nutrition in unicellular organisms, e.g. Amoeba, food particles are absorbed and digestion is carried out intracellularly (f) the adaptation of multicellular organisms for nutrition showing increasing levels of adaptation from a simple, undifferentiated, sac-like gut with a single opening, e.g. Hydra, to a tube gut with different openings for ingestion and egestion and specialised regions for the digestion of different food substances (g) the adaptations of the human gut to a mixed, omnivorous diet that includes both plant and animal material, including examination of microscope slides of duodenum and ileum (h) the efficient digestion of different food substances requiring different enzymes and different conditions (i) the adaptations of herbivore guts and dentition, in particular ruminants to a high cellulose diet and the adaptations of carnivore guts and dentition to a high protein diet, including examination of skulls and dentition of a herbivore and a carnivore (j) parasites; highly specialised organisms that obtain their nutrition at the expense of a host organism e.g. Taenia and Pediculus, including examination of specimens and slides of tapeworm e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • 7BZOA3-Food Microbiology
    II YEAR – III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 7BZOA3 ALLIED COURSE - III – FOOD MICROBIOLOGY Unit - I Introduction and History of Microbiology – The theory of spontaneous generation, gene theory of disease, Louis pasteur’s experiment. Different terminology of Nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition, autotrophic nutrition, saprophytic, holozoic, host, culture, parasite. Bacteria – Morphology, reproduction, growth curve, nomenclature, genera of bacteria importance in food microbiology. Observation of motility of bacteria in bottle milk. Mold – Morphology, reproduction, physiology and nutrition. Demonstration of mold growth in bread. Unit - II Yeast – classification Morphology, physiology, nutrition and reproduction process of hybridization, importance of yeast in food. Observation of yeast cells Virus – Occurrence, morphology, reproduction, human viral disease caused by virus. Algae – Occurrence, morphology, reproduction, importance of algae. General principles underlying spoilage – fitness and unfitness of food for consumption, causes for spoilage, factors affecting the growth of micro organism in food. Unit - III Contamination and kinds of micro organisms causing spoilage of cereal products – grains, flour, baked products and cake. Contamination and kinds of micro organisms causing spoilage of fruits and vegetables and their products – fruit juice, pickles. Contamination and kinds of micro organisms causing spoilage of fleshy foods–meats, oultry and fish. Observation of milk spoilage. Unit - IV Contamination and kinds of micro organisms causing spoilage of eggs, milk and milk products – cream and butter. Contamination and kinds of micro organisms and spoilage of fats and oils, bottled beverages, spices and condiments. Food poisoning, food infection and food borne diseases. Micro organism in air, air borne diseases. Unit - V Micro-organisms in Water – sources, bacteriological examinations, total count, test of E.coli, purification of water, water borne diseases.
    [Show full text]