Caracterización Geológica De Sitios Susceptibles Ante Erosión Costera En El Tramo Carrillo-Ostional De La Ruta Nacional No

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Caracterización Geológica De Sitios Susceptibles Ante Erosión Costera En El Tramo Carrillo-Ostional De La Ruta Nacional No Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Ciencias Escuela Centroamericana de Geología Proyecto de graduación para optar por el grado de Licenciatura en Geología Caracterización geológica de sitios susceptibles ante erosión costera en el tramo Carrillo-Ostional de la Ruta Nacional No. 160 Realizado por: Erick Aragón Valle Febrero 2019 Dedicatoria Dedico este trabajo a mi familia y amigos por siempre brindarme buenos momentos, creer en mis sueños y apoyarme de todas las maneras posibles. iii Agradecimientos Este trabajo es la materialización del esfuerzo de muchas personas que me acompañaron durante su elaboración. En primera instancia quiero agradecer al director de este proyecto de graduación Paulo Ruiz Cubillo y a los codirectores Guaria Cárdenes Sandí y Ronald Naranjo Ureña, por el tiempo y dedicación brindados para discutir, corregir y darle sentido a este trabajo; además por su valiosa ayuda en el trabajo de campo, motivación a lo largo del proceso y en general por todo el apoyo brindado. Al Laboratorio Nacional de Materiales y Modelos estructurales por el tema de trabajo y por la facilidad en el uso de sus laboratorios e instalaciones para llevar a cabo este proyecto. A mi familia, que siempre ha creído en mis sueños y ha sido una sólida base en mi formación como profesional y como persona, en especial a mi madre que siempre ha confiado en mí y me ha apoyado en todo. A mis amigos que siempre se han encargado de brindarme buenos momentos. A Lucynia Moscoso, quien siempre me ha motivado a salir adelante mediante el estudio y desinteresadamente ha abierto las puertas de su casa para mí en todo momento. Agradecimiento especial a Safari Surf School por ser mi sustento económico durante la elaboración de este trabajo y por brindarme experiencias muy importantes para mi vida. Agradezco a todos los profesores, personal y compañeros de la Escuela Centroamericana de Geología por todo el conocimiento, sugerencias y ayuda brindados durante toda la carrera. Muchas gracias a mi prima Kimberly Baltodano y los colegas de topografía Randall Poveda y Ronald Víquez por la colaboración brindada para la elaboración de los escenarios de elevación del nivel del mar. En fin, a cada una de las personas de una u otra manera aportaron para que este proyecto fuese una realidad. iv Índice de contenido Dedicatoria .................................................................................................................... iii Agradecimientos............................................................................................................ iv Abreviaturas ................................................................................................................... x CAPÍTULO I ...................................................................................................................1 1. Introducción ............................................................................................................1 1.1 Problema .............................................................................................................3 1.2 Justificación ........................................................................................................3 1.3 Alcances y limitantes ..........................................................................................6 1.4 Importancia de este estudio ................................................................................8 1.5 Objetivos ........................................................................................................... 11 1.5.1 Objetivo general ............................................................................................. 11 1.5.2 Objetivos específicos ..................................................................................... 11 1.6 Ubicación de la zona de estudio ....................................................................... 11 1.7 Definición de zona de estudio y sitios de interés ............................................. 13 CAPÍTULO II ................................................................................................................ 15 2. Marco teórico............................................................................................................ 15 2.1 Elevación del nivel del mar y naturaleza de la erosión costera ........................ 15 2.2 Geología del área de estudio ............................................................................ 24 2.3 Información acerca de la RN-160 ...................................................................... 34 CAPÍTULO III ............................................................................................................... 37 3. Geomorfología .......................................................................................................... 37 3.1 Relevancia de la geomorfología para el estudio ............................................... 37 3.2 Uso de datos cartográficos y LiDAR ................................................................. 38 3.3 Aspectos generales de la geomorfología en la zona de estudio ...................... 40 3.4 Clima ................................................................................................................. 40 3.5 Hidrografía ........................................................................................................ 42 3.6 Unidades geomorfológicas ............................................................................... 43 3.7 Mapas geomorfológicos.................................................................................... 55 CAPÍTULO IV ............................................................................................................... 56 4. Metodología para la determinación de los procesos de erosión costera ...................... 56 4.1 Diagnóstico de la erosión utilizando el Índice de Erosión-Sedimentación Costera.................................................................................................................... 57 4.1.1 Aplicación del IE-SC ................................................................................... 59 4.1.2 Criterios para la definición de niveles ........................................................ 60 v 4.2 Susceptibilidad de zonas costeras ante la erosión .......................................... 62 4.2.1 Antecedentes .............................................................................................. 62 4.2.2 Procedimiento para crear los mapas de susceptibilidad ........................... 63 4.2.3 Fuentes de los datos de entrada ................................................................ 70 4.2.4 Matriz de clasificación de la susceptibilidad ante erosión costera ........... 71 4.2.5 Parámetros ................................................................................................. 72 4.2.6 Parámetro de geología: Utilización de la Máquina Los Ángeles y Ensayos de Granulometría ................................................................................................ 78 4.2.7 Ponderación de los parámetros ................................................................. 94 4.3 Escenarios ante elevación del nivel del mar..................................................... 95 4.3.1 Medición del nivel medio del mar in situ: ................................................... 96 4.3.2 Simulación del ascenso del nivel del mar mediante software: .................. 98 4.3.3 Escenarios analizados................................................................................ 99 CAPÍTULO V .............................................................................................................. 102 5. Resultados ............................................................................................................. 102 5.1 Resultados del diagnóstico utilizando el IE-SC .............................................. 102 5.1.1 Mapas IE-SC ............................................................................................. 116 5.1.2 Estado de los puentes de playa Carrillo................................................... 117 5.2 Resultados de Susceptibilidad ante la erosión costera ................................. 120 5.2.1 Resultados obtenidos a partir de los ensayos de laboratorio: ................ 120 5.2.2 Comparación de métodos de ponderación .............................................. 125 5.2.3 Mapas de susceptibilidad ante erosión costera ....................................... 127 5.2.4 Conteo estadístico de segmentos de carretera ....................................... 128 5.3 Resultados de los escenarios ante elevación del nivel del mar ..................... 130 5.3.1 Descripción de los sitios inundados ........................................................ 131 CAPÍTULO VI ............................................................................................................. 135 6.1 Discusión de resultados ........................................................................................ 135 6.1.1 Índice de erosión-sedimentación costera .................................................... 135 6.1.2 Susceptibilidad ante erosión costera .......................................................... 138 6.1.3 Escenarios ante elevación del nivel del mar ................................................ 144 6.2 Conclusiones ........................................................................................................ 150 6.3 Recomendaciones ...............................................................................................
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