I DUE FOSCARI Giuseppe Verdi 1813-1901 Libretto: Francesco Maria Piave Efter Tekst Af Lord Byron Tragisk Opera I 3 Akter

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I DUE FOSCARI Giuseppe Verdi 1813-1901 Libretto: Francesco Maria Piave Efter Tekst Af Lord Byron Tragisk Opera I 3 Akter I DUE FOSCARI Giuseppe Verdi 1813-1901 Libretto: Francesco Maria Piave efter tekst af Lord Byron Tragisk opera i 3 akter. Uropført Teatro Argentino, Rom 1844. Optagelse fra La Scala, Milano 2016. Varighed: 129 min Første opførelse i Danmark 1846 af italiensk gæstespil. Dirigent: Michele Mariotti Instruktør: Alvis Hermanis Francesco Foscari: Plácido Domingo (tenor/bariton) Jacopo Foscari: Francesco Meli (tenor) Lucrezia Contarini: Anna Pirozzi (sopran) Plácido Domingo er den definitive Francesco Foscari i dette mørke drama i det 15. århundredes Venedig. Jacopo Loredano: Andrea Concetti (bas) Barbarino: Edoardo Milletti (tenor) Pisana: Chiara Isotten (mezzo-sopran) La Scalas kor og orkester. At kalde I due Foscari (De to Foscari, far og søn) en tragedie er mildest talt en underdrivelse. For hvordan er det at være Venedigs mægtigste mand og alligevel ikke kunne hjælpe den sidste af ens fire sønner, selvom han er falsk anklaget, og da sandheden endelig kommer frem er denne død, og man er selv afsat som Doge? Til efterårssæsonen 1844 bestilte Teatro Argentino en opera af den dengang 30-årige Verdi. Verdi havde tidligere tænkt på at skrive en opera over Lord Byrons skuespil ”The Two Foscari”. Efter succesen med Ernani havde Verdi planlagt en lang række projekter for fremtiden, og Byrons skuespil var et af disse. Foscari havde endda været i betragtning så tidligt som 1843, hvor Verdi var blevet kontaktet af operaen (La Fenice) i Venedig, men dette forslag blev afvist som uegnet, fordi historien inkluderede kritik af handlinger i republikken Venedig, som kan have været stødende for de store familier, der havde reguleret republikken, herunder den eksisterende Foscarifamilie. Verdi deltog i udformningen af librettoen sammen med Piave. Kun fire måneder senere var det Verdi selv der dirigerede ved premieren. I due Foscari blev hyppigt opført i de næste godt 30 år, hvorefter den gled i baggrunden. I dag er Foscari genoplivet lejlighedsvis, og dens fremførelse er blevet hjulpet af den interesse som Plácido Domingo har vist den. Han har allerede udført rollen som Doge i Los Angeles i 2012, i Valencia i begyndelsen af 2013, i Wien og London i 2014, Barcelona i 2015, og Milano i 2016. - I due Foscari er Verdis sjette opera og hører til den såkaldte mellemperiode i Verdis produktion. Operaen fik ikke samme succes som hans tidligere opera Ernani. Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi var italiensk romantisk komponist, der primært komponerede opera. Han var en af det 19. århundredes mest indflydelsesrige komponister. Han følger den franske og tyske indflydelse og bryder med sin tids bel-canto-klichéer og stiller sangen i musikdramaets tjeneste. Han komponerede blandt andet en række operaer med politiske budskaber. I 1850’erne opnåede hans kunst verdensry. Verdi var også en stor patriot og meget aktiv i processen for Italiens samling, der fandt sted i 1860. Han var deputeret i det første republikanske parlament i Torino 1850 og senere senator i Rom 1860. Han oplevede store kunstneriske sejre, men også kunstneriske nederlag og familiære tragedier, som han aldrig kom sig over. Verdi havde mere eller mindre trukket sig tilbage til sin farm, da hans kone Peppina, Giulio Ricordi og Arrigo Boito fik lokket Verdi til at skabe sine ypperligste og bedste operaer, ”Othello” og ”Falstaff.” En medvirkende årsag kunne være Verdis kærlighed til Shakespeare. Verdi var 80 da han skabte ”Falstaff.” Da Verdi engang blev spurgt om hvilket af hans arbejder han betragtede som sit største, svarede han ”Det kan der ikke herske tvivl om, at det er det hvilehjem for ældre musikere og sangere jeg har bygget i Milano.” – Et storslået menneske, der afviste alt pomp og pragt, når det gjaldt ham selv. Verdis værker opføres i operahuse over hele verden, ligesom temaerne fra nogle af hans værker for længst har slået rod i den folkelige kultur. Selv om hans arbejde er kritiseret for at bruge et almindeligt diatonisk tonesprog i stedet for et kromatisk og for at have en tendens til melodrama, dominerer Verdis mesterværker det almindelige operarepertoire 150 år efter at de blev komponeret. I sæsonen 2008/2009 til 2012/2013 er Verdis værker de mest opførte, 28 operaer opført 2586 gange. – I samme periode er La Traviata den mest opførte opera, derefter kommer Carmen, La boheme og Tryllefløjten. Handlingen Jacopo Foscari er fængslet for mord og venter på at blive dømt af de ti´s råd og senatet. Jacopos hustru Lucrezia, vil tale sin mands sag for hans far, der er Venedigs Doge. Inden det kommer så langt, har hun fået at vide at hendes mand skal sendes i eksil på Kreta. Jacopo har selv under tortur ikke tilstået, men er alligevel blevet kendt skyldig. Hans far sørger over at han ikke har kunnet beskytte sin søn mod beskyldningerne. Da Lucrezia kommer og beder ham omstøde dommen, erklærer han, at Venedigs love må overholdes. Jacopo plages af syner i fængslet, Lucrezia underretter ham om dommen, der betyder adskillelse, der for dem er værre end døden. Jacopos værste fjende, Loredano, kommer triumferende og fører Jacopo væk under eskorte. Da Jacopo har fået sin dom stadfæstet af rådet, kommer Lucrezia med deres to små børn og falder på knæ foran Dogen, men bortset fra Loredanos ven, Barbarigo, lader ingen sig røre. Loven må ske fyldest. Under en festlig regatta bliver Jacopo ført fra fængslet til den galej, der skal bringe ham til Kreta, men først tager han tårevædende afsked med kone og børn. Nu har den gamle Doge mistet alle sine sønner, men pludselig kommer Barbarigo med et brev, der beviser at Jacopo er uskyldig. Glæden der dog kort, for det viser sig, at Jacopo er død ombord på skibet. Men også Dogens skæbne er beseglet. Rådet beder ham om at træde tilbage fra sin post, og selv om han vægrer sig, må han følge rådets beslutning, og da klokken fra Markuskirken ringer for at hylde den nye Doge, dør han af sorg. Loredano, der har holdt Dogen ansvarlig for mordet på nogle af sine slægtninge, konstaterer at gælden er betalt. Lidt om Venedig, Rådet og Dogen. Venedig blev grundlagt i det 5. århundrede, var allerede i det 11. århundrede en stor sømagt og var i det 14. århundrede den førende italienske bystat. I år 584 betyder de facto delingen af Romerriget, at Venedig bliver en del af det byzantinske rige, men byen opnår ikke desto mindre en høj grad af selvstændighed. Byen lever af at sælge salt til fastlandet. Beboerne i Venedig bliver hurtigt et dygtigt handelsfolk, der til lands og især til vands udvider deres handelsområde, så de snart dominerer handelen med krydderier, silke mv. fra østen. Øboerne organiserer sig i et ordnet samfund med fælles love og en fælles leder, dogen. Den første doge udråbes i 697, og med kortvarige afbrydelser undervejs består dogestyret i 1100 år indtil 1797. Mange af de første doger blev myrdet pga. utilfredshed fra undersåtterne. Nogle gange "slipper de med" at blive fordrevet efter at have fået øjnene revet ud. Endelig vælger nogle doger af egen drift at træde tilbage og i stedet vælge det rolige klosterliv. Valget af dogen skifter karakter fra at have været et folkeligt anliggende til at blive et privilegium for aristokraterne. For at sikre dette privilegium besluttes det, at dogens søn under ingen omstændigheder kan efterfølge sin far, uanset kvalifikationer. Samtidig bliver stadig større dele af magten lagt i hænderne på forskellige forsamlinger som Storrådet, Timandsrådet og "De Vise", ligesom den forfatningsed, som den nykårede doge må underskrive, får karakter af en håndfæstning. Da det flere gange sker, at den person, som er valgt til doge, afslår hvervet, beslutter Storrådet, at ingen kan undslå sig, når han først er blevet valgt. Der er eksempler på, at personer er flygtet af frygt for at blive valgt, hvorefter Storrådet har bragt den pågældende tilbage med magt og påtvunget ham dogeværdigheden. Republikkens 11. doge, Giustiniano Partecipazio, som regerer fra 827-829, grundlagde den første Markuskirke og det første Dogepalads på det sted, hvor de eksisterende bygningsværker ligger i dag. Om personerne Michele Mariotti er italiensk dirigent, om hvem ”The New York Times” skrev: ”Mariotti har hurtigt udviklet sig til fremtrædende dirigent af operaer af Rossini, Bellini, og Donizetti ved hjælp af sine talenter til at opfatte, hvordan sådanne værker lever, og til at forstå, hvordan man bedst finder de nuancer, der ofte præsenteres på en forsimplet måde.” Efter sine klassiske studier har Mariotti opnået en grad i musikkomposition på Rossini Conservatoire i Pesaro. Han har dirigeret på de største operahuse i verden. Han fejrede succes med den første produktion på Metropolitan af Rossinis La donna del Lago, I Puritani på Torinos Teatro Regio og 3D produktion af Tryllefløjten i Bologna. Blandt hans seneste og kommende opgaver er La traviata på Paris Opéra, I due Foscari på La Scala. Desuden koncerter med Gewandhausorchester i Leipzig og Essener Philharmoniker, orkester National de France i Paris og åbningskoncerten af Torinos "I concerti del Lingotto" med Bologna Kor og orkester på Teatro Comunale. Alvis Hermanis er lettisk skuespiller, dramatiker, teaterdirektør og scenograf. Da et schweizisk kulturmagasin i 2012 adspurgte teatereksperter fra 20 forskellige lande, var Hermanis på listen over de ti mest indflydelsesrige europæiske teaterpersonligheder i det seneste årti. Hermanis har instrueret flere teaterstykker i Østrig, Tyskland, Rusland, Schweiz blandt andre. Han har en langvarig karriere bag sig i tysktalende teatre. I 2014 blev han ansvarlig for en produktion af Trubaduren med Anna Netrebko, Marie-Nicole Lemieux, Francesco Meli og Plácido Domingo. Her forvandlede Hermanis The Great Festival Hall til et gigantisk museum med bevægelige vægge, og sangerne optrådte som museets kustoder og personer fra malerierne. Han har vundet priser både som skuespiller og scenograf. Om sangerne Plácido Domingo er spansk-mexicansk tenor. Han slog sit navn fast i 70’erne som den førende italienske tenor, sammen med Luciano Pavarotti.
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