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Impact of Windfarm OWEZ on the Local Macrobenthos Communiy
Impact of windfarm OWEZ on the local macrobenthos community report OWEZ_R_261_T1_20090305 R. Daan, M. Mulder, M.J.N. Bergman Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Zeeonderzoek (NIOZ) This project is carried out on behalf of NoordzeeWind, through a sub contract with Wageningen-Imares Contents Summary and conclusions 3 Introduction 5 Methods 6 Results boxcore 11 Results Triple-D dredge 13 Discussion 16 References 19 Tables 21 Figures 33 Appendix 1 44 Appendix 2 69 Appendix 3 72 Photo’s by Hendricus Kooi 2 Summary and conclusions In this report the results are presented of a study on possible short‐term effects of the construction of Offshore Windfarm Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) on the composition of the local benthic fauna living in or on top of the sediment. The study is based on a benthic survey carried out in spring 2007, a few months after completion of the wind farm. During this survey the benthic fauna was sampled within the wind farm itself and in 6 reference areas lying north and south of it. Sampling took place mainly with a boxcorer, but there was also a limited programme with a Triple‐D dredge. The occurrence of possible effects was analyzed by comparing characteristics of the macrobenthos within the wind farm with those in the reference areas. A quantitative comparison of these characteristics with those observed during a baseline survey carried out 4 years before was hampered by a difference in sampling design and methodological differences. The conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Based on the Bray‐Curtis index for percentage similarity there appeared to be great to very great similarity in the fauna composition of OWEZ and the majority of the reference areas. -
Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, M Assachusetts
Project Number: IQP JRK-WND1 Wind Power Suitability in Worcester, M assachusetts An Interactive Qualifying Project Report: submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science by ______________________________ Christopher Kalisz chkalisz@ wpi.edu ______________________________ Calixte M onast cmonast@ wpi.edu ______________________________ M ichael Santoro santron@ wpi.edu ______________________________ Benjamin Trow btrow@ wpi.edu Date: March 14, 2005 Faculty Advisors: _________________________ Professor Scott Jiusto _________________________ Professor Robert Krueger ABSTRACT The goal of this project was to identify criteria needed to determine the suitability of potential wind turbine sites in Worcester, Massachusetts. The report first discusses physical, environmental, economic, and social factors that affect the suitability of potential wind power sites. We then completed a case study for a site in downtown Worcester, directly applying the criteria. Our hope is the project will raise local awareness of renewable energy and illustrate the practicality of a clean energy project. - 1 - TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................... 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................ 2 TABLE OF FIGURES............................................................................................................... -
New & Renewable Energy
Seoul - December 6, 2010 Wind Energy in the Netherlands . History . Overview . Offshore . Examples . Conclusions 2 History of wind energy in the Netherlands A windmill is a machine which converts the energy of the wind into rotational motion by means of adjustable vanes called sails Autonomous development in Europe that started in the 11th century Development in the Netherlands leading to a large variety of mills First wind mills for drainage in 1414 Windmills for energy to saw mills, to mills used for crushing seeds, grains, etc. Cheap energy was a major contributing factor to the Golden Age (17th century) of the Netherlands Invention of steam engine (1775) signaled the end of wind mills 1,000 wind mills left out of a total of more than 10,000 3 Kinderdijk 4 Recent history of wind energy in the Netherlands A windmill is a machine which converts the energy of the wind into rotational motion by means of adjustable blades made of synthetic material Renewed interest in wind energy resulted from the oil crisis in 1973 Dutch government support from 1976 Present capacity 2,229MW Government objective to have 6GW installed by 2020 5 Overview wind energy sector in the Netherlands (1) Turbine manufacturers & developers: . Lagerwey in difficulties, restarted as Zephyros, acquired by Hara Kosan, now acquired by STX . Nedwind acquired by NEG-Micon, which in turn acquired by Vestas . Windmaster discontinued . Darwind acquired by XEMC (China) . EWT originally using Lagerwey technology, now developing its own technology . 2B Energy proto type for +6MW offshore turbine 6 Overview wind energy sector in the Netherlands (2) Marine engineering Construction & dredging Electrical design & consulting Building of specialized vessels 7 Overview wind energy sector in the Netherlands (3) Blade manufacturing & testing . -
The German Wind Energy Lobby: How to Successfully Promote Costly Technological Change
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Michaelowa, Axel Working Paper The German Wind Energy Lobby: How to successfully promote costly technological change HWWA Discussion Paper, No. 296 Provided in Cooperation with: Hamburgisches Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv (HWWA) Suggested Citation: Michaelowa, Axel (2004) : The German Wind Energy Lobby: How to successfully promote costly technological change, HWWA Discussion Paper, No. 296, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA), Hamburg This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/19268 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence -
Interim Financial Report, Second Quarter 2021
Company announcement No. 16/2021 Interim Financial Report Second Quarter 2021 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Hedeager 42,8200 Aarhus N, Denmark Company Reg. No.: 10403782 Wind. It means the world to us.TM Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Financial and operational key figures ......................................................................................... 4 Sustainability key figures ............................................................................................................. 5 Group financial performance ....................................................................................................... 6 Power Solutions ............................................................................................................................ 9 Service ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Sustainability ............................................................................................................................... 13 Strategy and financial and capital structure targets ................................................................ 14 Outlook 2021 ................................................................................................................................ 17 Consolidated financial statements 1 January - 30 June ......................................................... -
Wind Turbine Foundations
IFC - ESMAP - RENEWABLE ENERGY TRAINING PROGRAM Wind Module I. Technology Overview, Market Analysis and Economics Washington DC, June 16th 2014 1 Index Wind Technology Overview, Market Analysis and Economics • Introduction and Technology Overview • Market Analysis and Perspectives • Support Schemes and Price Forecasting • Grid Integration and System Flexibility • Challenges and Competitiveness 22 Wind Power Generation Wind power generation: Conversion of wind energy into electricity using wind turbines Max Power output for a wind speed: 1 W····(,) UOE A3 v C m 2 p ͻ U= 1,225 kg/m3 ї density of the air ͻ A= swept Area ͻ V= wind Speed ͻ Cp= Power Coefficient 33 Wind - Power Coefficient Power Coefficient: Efficiency of a wind turbine transforming wind power into electricity Betz Limit: Maximum Power Coefficient of an ideal wind turbine For commercial turbines, Cp is typically between 40-50% 44 Wind - Weibull Distribution Wind speeds can be modeled using the Weibull Distribution. This function represents how often winds of different speeds will be observed at a location with a certain average wind speed. The shape of the Weibull Distribution depends on a parameter called Shape. In Northern Europe and most other locations around the world the value of Shape is approximately 2, then the distribution is named Rayleigh Distribution. 55 Wind - Capacity factor Weibull Distribution of Wind Speeds for a site with an average wind speed of 7m/s. It demonstrates visually how low and moderate winds are very common, and that strong gales are relatively rare. It is used to work out the number of hours that a certain wind speeds are likely to be recorded and the likely total energy output of a WT a year. -
Offshore Technology Yearbook
Offshore Technology Yearbook 2 O19 Generation V: power for generations Since we released our fi rst offshore direct drive turbines, we have been driven to offer our customers the best possible offshore solutions while maintaining low risk. Our SG 10.0-193 DD offshore wind turbine does this by integrating the combined knowledge of almost 30 years of industry experience. With 94 m long blades and a 10 MW capacity, it generates ~30 % more energy per year compared to its predecessor. So that together, we can provide power for generations. www.siemensgamesa.com 2 O19 20 June 2019 03 elcome to reNEWS Offshore Technology are also becoming more capable and the scope of Yearbook 2019, the fourth edition of contracts more advanced as the industry seeks to Wour comprehensive reference for the drive down costs ever further. hardware and assets required to deliver an As the growth of the offshore wind industry offshore wind farm. continues apace, so does OTY. Building on previous The offshore wind industry is undergoing growth OTYs, this 100-page edition includes a section on in every aspect of the sector and that is reflected in crew transfer vessel operators, which play a vital this latest edition of OTY. Turbines and foundations role in servicing the industry. are getting physically larger and so are the vessels As these pages document, CTVs and their used to install and service them. operators are evolving to meet the changing needs The growing geographical spread of the sector of the offshore wind development community. So is leading to new players in the fabrication space too are suppliers of installation vessels, cable-lay springing up and players in other markets entering vessels, turbines and other components. -
Wind Energy the Competitive Choice
IN FOCUS Canada Offshore WIND ENERGY THE COMPETITIVE CHOICE PROFILE Hydrogenics SEPTEMBER 2019 windsystemsmag.com The Leader in the field of Friction and Drag Reduction DSX Extra • Reduces wear while delivering faster reaction, cooler running and more power. • Provides shielded protection against wear, corrosion, carbonization and oxidation. DSX Defender II • Supports universal viscosity with all synthetic and • Repels debris, salt, mildew, tar conventional petroleum oils and and insects greases. • Provides ultraviolet screen • Embeds permanently in the metal surface asperities without Long-lasting protection • changing tolerances of bearings, DSX Defender II provides rings or pistons. a measurable reduction in • Contains no hazardous aerodynamic and hydrodynamic hydrocarbons or drag. chlorofluorocarbons (cfc’s). • Environmentally safe to DSX Defender III handle, ship, store and Includes a higher level of dispose of. fluoropolymers for greater protection and longer life. Recommended for the leading DSX Products are based on embedded particle edge of turbine blades and other technology. All DSX Products modify friction. critical areas. Basically, the fluoropolymer particles fill the voids in the surface of the materials creating a better fit and finish. +1-904-744-3400 www.dsxproducts.com CONTENTS 12 PROFILE IN FOCUS Hydrogenics, a leading producer of water electrolyzers and hydrogen fuel cells, has taken its innovative technology to the WIND ENERGY: next level. 22 THE COMPETITIVE CHOICE Affordable, flexible, and clean, wind energy is key to a modernized grid in Canada. OFFSHORE WIND’S WESTWARD EXPANSION As offshore wind eyes the West Coast, project sponsors will need to carefully consider issues that will develop. 16 OFFSHORE WIND IS READY FOR ITS AMERICAN MOMENT CONVERSATION The offshore oil and gas supply chain stands Laura Smith Morton, AWEA’s senior director, Policy & Regulatory Affairs, to benefit in a big way from the coming Offshore Wind, says the U.S. -
Wind Energy Overview
An overview of Wind Power development in the Midwest Douglas J. Reinemann, Ph.D. Professor of Biological Systems Engineering University of Wisconsin – Madison Wind is one of the fastest growing Renewable energy sources in the world Annual Wind Turbine Installations Worldwide (MW) 6,000 6,000 Worldwide installed capacity (2001): 24,000 MW (~ 12.6 million homes @ 5,000 kWh/home and 30% wind capacity factor) 5,000 5,000 8,100 MW Germany 3,175 MW Spain 4,240 MW U.S. 2,417 MW Denmark 4,000 4,000 MW 45,000 MW predicted by 2005 3,000 3,000 2,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 0 0 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Source: Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association & BTM Consult 1 Windmills? Early application of wind was for grinding grain (Wind-Mill) and pumping water (Windmill?) Making Electricity Wind Turbine Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) Components of a WECS Gearbox Tower Rotor Foundation Controls Generator Illustration Source: RETScreen International www.retscreen.net 2 Where does the wind come from? Solar heating of the earth’s surface High pressure Vs. Low pressure systems Circulation Cell patterns •Hadley Cell (trade winds) •Ferrel Cell •Polar Cell Illustration source: Renewable Energy And where does it go? Power for a Sustainable Future, G. Boyle, 2004, Oxford Press Local Winds Sea Breezes Result of the seas ability to maintain temperature Daytime land heats, sea is cool Nighttime land cools faster than sea Illustration source: Renewable Energy Power for a Sustainable Future, G. -
Offshore Wind: Can the United States Catch up with Europe? January 2016
Offshore Wind: Can the United States Catch up with Europe? January 2016 Wind energy power generation is on the rise around the world, due to its low fixed prices and lack of greenhouse gas emissions. A cumulative total of 369,553 megawatts (MW) of wind energy capacity was installed globally by the end of 2014.1 Of that total, only two percent came from offshore wind farms, which are able to capture stronger and more reliable ocean winds to generate electricity.2 Most offshore wind capacity is in Europe, where there are 3,072 grid-connected offshore wind turbines at 82 farms spanning 11 countries, for a total of 10,393.6 MW of wind energy capacity as of June 30, 2015.3 China, the leader in offshore wind in Asia, had 718.9 MW of installed capacity; Japan, 52 MW; and South Korea, 5 MW as of October 2015.4, 5, 6 In comparison, the United States is just beginning to invest in offshore wind energy, and is rapidly approaching the operational launch of its first commercial offshore wind farm. There is incredible potential for offshore wind development in the United States – the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has estimated the United States has over 4,000 gigawatts (GW) of offshore wind potential, enough to power the country four times over.7 Installed Capacity European Union Offshore Wind Installed Capacity Offshore Wind (as of first quarter 2015) (as of first quarter 2015) Netherlands, 361 MW, 3% Sweden, 212 MW, 2% 10,393.60 Other, 60 MW, 1% Belgium, 712 MW, 7% United Kingdom, Germany, 5,017.00 2,760 MW, MW, 48% 27% 0.02 776 UNITED STATES E U R O P E A N CHINA, JAPAN, Denmark, 1,271 MW, 12% UNION SOUTH KOREA Figure 1: Megawatts of offshore wind in the world8 Figure 2: E.U. -
Gwec-2006 Final 01.Pdf
TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword. 1 Introduction: Booming wind markets put temporary strain on supply chains. 2 Global summary: The Status of the Global Wind Energy Markets . 7 Market forecast for 2007-2010. 12 COUNTRY REPORTS Europe . .16 European Union . 16 Germany. 20 Italy . 22 Poland. 24 Spain . 26 United Kingdom . 28 Americas . .30 United States . 30 Canada. 32 Brazil . 34 Mexico . 36 Asia . .38 India. 38 China. 40 Japan . 42 Korea. 44 Pacifi c. .46 Australia . 46 Africa. .48 Egypt. 48 Iran. 50 Morroco. 52 Conclusions: The need for solid political frameworks. 54 About GWEC . 56 Foreword 2006 was another booming year for the wind industry, The Global Wind Report 2006 is the second annual report with growth in annual installed capacity of 32 % globally, by GWEC on the status of global wind energy markets, and well ahead of our own projections. The market continued it clearly shows that wind energy today is a global business, to broaden, further establishing wind power as the leading with installations in over 70 countries. renewable energy technology – in the vanguard of the 21st century energy industry transformation. Globally, the value While Europe continues to lead the way, with 65 % of the of new generating plant installed in 2006 reached global market, the United States was the leader in new €18 billion, or US$24 billion. installed capacity for the second year running, bringing about 2,500 MW capacity of new plant on line in 2006. Against the backdrop of a growing acknowledgement of the twin crises of global climate change and energy security, The Asian market is also growing at a breathtaking rate, by wind power is the most effective means available now to 53 % in 2006. -
GWEC – Global Wind Report | Annual Market Update 2014
GLOBAL WIND REPORT ANNUAL MARKET UPDATE 2014 Navigating the global wind power market The Global Wind Energy Council is the international trade association for the wind power industry – communicating the benefits of wind power to national governments, policy makers and international institutions. GWEC provides authoritative research and analysis on the wind power industry in more than 80 countries around the world. Keep up to date with the most recent market insights: Global Wind Statistics 2014 February 2015 Global Wind Report 2014 March 2015 Global Wind Energy Outlook 2014 October 2014 Offshore Wind Policy and Market Assessment – A Global Outlook February 2015 Our mission is to ensure that wind power establishes itself as the answer to today‘s energy challenges, providing substantial venvironmental and economic benefits. GWEC represents the industry with or at the UNFCCC, the IEA, international financial institutions, the IPCC and IRENA. GWEC – opening up the frontiers follow us on TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword. 4 Making the Commitment to Renewable Energy. 5 Global Status of Wind Power in 2014 . 6 Market Forecast for 2015 – 2019. 16 Green bonds offer exciting opportunities for the wind sector . .22 Emerging Africa . .26 Australia . .30 Brazil . 32 Canada. .34 Chile . .36 PR China . .38 Denmark . .42 The European Union . .44 France . .46 Germany. .48 Global offshore . 52 India . .58 Italy . .60 Japan . .62 Mexico . .64 Poland . .66 South Africa . .68 Sweden . 70 Turkey . 72 United Kingdom. 74 United States . 76 About GWEC . 78 GWEC – Global Wind 2014 Report 3 FOREWORD 014 was a great year for the wind industry, setting a The two big stories in 2014 and going forward continue 2new record of more than 51 GW installed in a single to be the precipitous drop in the price of oil, and growing year, bringing the global total close to 370 GW.