DOCSLIB.ORG

The Development of Geometric Satellite Triangulation and Field

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Development of Geometric Satellite Triangulation and Field The Development of Geometric Satellite ~riangulationand Field Operations HERE HAVE BEEN numerous papers presented at for portable camera systems to be submitted for the T the meetings of, or in the publications of, the 1961 budget. American Congress on Surveying and Mapping and Mr. Harris of the Photogrammetry Research the American Society of Photogrammetry and many Branch did the research to determine the camera other engineering and scientific organizations, most suited for photographing both flashing-light dealing with some particular aspect of satellite trian- and sun-illuminated satellites, using the chopping gulation. In 1963 there were papers dealing with technique for satellite and star imagery. He, with the accuracy, calibration, and logistics of the por- the invaluable help of Mr. Ralph E. A. Putnam, the table camera system planned and designed by the electronic system designer who designed the Bal- Coast and Geodetic Survey, now the National listic Research Laboratories' missile tracking elec- Ocean Survey of NOAA. Since then there have been tronic system, wrote the specifications for mobile papers comparing satellite and geodetic triangula- timing and synchronization units; i. e., the original tion, and on world datum and related continental electronic package for the BC-4 system. networks. The specifications for the purchase of the camera All of these papers have dealt with what was were completed in September of 1960; and the planned and anticipated; accuracies and logistical specifications for the C&GS camera modification and support, or calling attention to the effects such a shutter, capping shutter control, which would en- completed world satellite triangulation network able the synchronization of the camera shutters with might have on the conventional continental and standard radio time signals (wwv) within *300 mi- small independent geodetic nets. croseconds, were completed in May 1961. Jack Davidson thought it might be interesting to Our personnel continued to study the BC-4 op- many to give a rather short summary of what ac- erations using different satellites at the Research tually happened in making passive satellite trian- Laboratories. In October 1961 a C&GS field party gulation a going program. In 1957 geometric satel- was for the first time located at the BRL, with Com- lite triangulation was unknown. But in January of mander Eugene A. Taylor as chief. He was charged that year three of us-William D. Harris', G. C. to become the expert on the total BC-4 field oper- Tewinke12, and myself-visited Dr. Hellmut ation, i.e., he was given the responsibility of Schmid at the Ballistic Research Laboratories, Ab- training the new personnel assigned to his party and erdeen Proving Ground. We were there to make for making the field equipment operational in any the necessary arrangements for these and other em- climate, completely self-sufficient, and fully por- ployees from the Division of Geodesy to visit and table for any mode of transportation (Figure 1). work with Dr. Schmid; to learn his methods of an- Those first assigned to his party of a period of alytic aerotriangulation as he applied this photo- months were LCDR Austin Yeager and Messers. grammetric technique to ballistic tracking. This Guy Fisher, Robert Price, Dick Fallgren, Dee group included Dr. Charles Whitten2, the chief of Kimble, Larry Schenkat, and Jack Fried. However, the Computing Division, and mathematicians such he called upon assistance from such people as Dick as Messers, Wallace Blackwell and Erwin Schmidt Ross from the Electronics Branch; John Smith, and Miss Rosemary Riordin. Chief of the Photographic Lab of Div. of Photo- In December of 1957 and January of 1958 the grammetry; Charles Theurer, Chief of Photogram- Russians launched Sputnik I and 11. These satellites metry Branch; and Ray Puhl of the same branch. In were photographed at Aberdeen and also their sat- January 1962 the C~GSreceived its first modified ellite trails were chopped. This work aroused our camera and electronics timing and synchronization interest in determining geodetic positions by pho- system. tographing a passive (sun-illuminated) satellite si- Echo I was launched on 31 October 1962; and on multaneously with three cameras at different known 2 November 1962, we were fortunate to photograph positions. Discussions with Dr. Schmid led us to the the flashing lights that were triggered manually at conclusion that with extreme care in design and op- an altitude of 1,000 km. eration of the cameras, timing, and plate measuring Taylor wrote, with the assistance of some of the systems, an accuracy of 1 part in 250,000 could be above personnel, the first Satellite Triangulation expected from the application of ballistic tracking Manual. As cameras and equipment were to be techniques for geodetic triangulation through the identical, it was necessary to use the same identical use of artificial Earth satellites. procedures of operation. By September of 1959 the Director of the Coast He, with the assistance of the U.S. Naval Obser- and Geodetic Survey had approved cost estimates vatory, Washington, D.C., solved the original basic PHOTOGRAMMETRICENGINEERING AND REMOTESENSING, 0099-1 112/84/5009-1333$02.25/0 Vol. 50, No. 9, September 1984, pp. 1333-1340. O 1984 American Society of Photogralnmetry PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING, 1984 FIG.1. Setup for transporting the complete equipment for satellite tracking. problem in geometrical satellite geodesy programs, During 1962 we were refining the total camera that is, to record accurately time-correlated satellite system and assuring its mobility for all climates and and star images on photographic plates. We used a conditions. In the meantime the Photogrammetry fixed-camera approach, that is, the camera is fixed Division had been testing the accuracy of measuring in orientation during the entire observational pe- images on photographic plates with a stereocom- riod. Accurately timed shutters interrupt the star parator, an autograph, and monocomparator. After and satellite trails as they cross the camera's field of exhaustive tests it was determined by Mr. Frank view. The result is a photogrammetric record con- Lampton that the monocomparator was slightly sisting, on an average, of 700 star and 300 satellite more accurate than the regular photogrammetric images across the plate (Figure 2). The shutters that stereo instruments, and also better adapted to the produce the satellite images must be referred to a measurement of images on star and satellite plates. time standard to all the other camera systems in- At the suggestion of Mr. Harris we began improving volved in the simultaneous observation. In the be- the monocomparators by making them binocular ginning this precise transfer of epoch time was ef- viewing monocularly. We were also improving our fected by using portable crystal clocks, which were measuring and processing techniques and calibra- hand-carried, never shipped or checked as baggage. tion of the instruments. If necessary, an additional seat was paid for on The Coast and Geodetic Survey's first objective planes and the camera was strapped in a seat along- was to strengthen the North American Datum. The side the person carrying the clock. The same care original program was modest. It included the 48 was taken regardless of the mode of transportation. states and Alaska, via Canada. But the test of the This was replaced by a portable cesium clock which accuracy of a satellite triangulation was to be made was given the same care. at home first, on a 1500 km triangle with stations In 1964 or 65, Lt. George M. Cole, C&GS, was located in Maryland, Minnesota, and Mississippi. A one of several who carried these clocks from station fourth station, in Florida, was added to form a to station for synchronization reset. While transfer- second triangle. All stations were located on or tied ring time, he found there was a signal on Doppler to first-order triangulation stations. Observations that was as accurate without having to filter out data were made on the Echo I satellite, which ranged in or information. Because Johns Hopkins University altitude from 1300 to 1900 km. In processing and Laboratory was the one that worked on the devel- evaluating, the standard error of unit weight of the opment and refinement of Doppler, we went to plate measdrements after adjustment was 20.3 mi- them directly and asked if they could develop an crometres. This was a measure of precision of the instrument for us to utilize this signal. They agreed, photogrammetric process. The absolute accuracy of and an accurate and operational instrument was de- the photographic measurements was better than livered to us. We then contracted with an electrical '0.6 micrometres, or better than 1 part in 500,000. firm in the instrument business to build ten such The calibrations and comparisons we made with our instruments. These instruments were used in the 1st order network indicated that we consistently ob- Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and Antarctica for time tained accuracies of at least 1 part in 500,000 (all reset capability, utilizing polar orbit Doppler. They accuracy figures given are standard errors). proved very effective and accurate. They also solved Because of these accuracies, we were requested a problem of time we had not solved because of by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to locate Antigua and Bermuda. We readily agreed, pro- SATELLITE TRIANGULATION AND FIELD OPERATIONS background. viding they furnished the logistics and expenses in- the distances measured with the same, if not volved, as these islands were not a part of our plans greater, accuracy. to reach Alaska. The manufacturer of the Geodimeter was re- At this time it was realized we needed to start quested to make similar instruments for us, using the measurements of long accurate Baselines, such our instrument as a model. We were told that, be- as Florida to Maryland, Maryland to Minnesota, cause the C&GS was the only outfit in the world in- west from Florida to Mississippi, etc.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Space Administration
    https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19700024651 2020-03-23T18:20:34+00:00Z TO THE CONGRESSOF THE UNITEDSTATES : Transmitted herewith is the Twenty-first Semiannual Repol* of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Twen~-first SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS JANUARY 1 - JUNE 30, 1969 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20546 Editors: G. B. DeGennaro, H. H. Milton, W. E. Boardman, Office of Public Affairs; Art work: A. Jordan, T. L. Lindsey, Office of Organiza- tion and Management. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402-Price $1.25 THE PRESIDENT May 27,1970 The White House I submit this Twenty-First Semiannual Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Aldministration to you for transmitttal to Congress in accordance with section 206(a) of the National Aero- nautics and Space Act of 1958. It reports on aotivities which took place betiween January 1 and June 30, 1969. During this time, the Nation's space program moved forward on schedule. ApolIo 9 and 10 demonstrated the ability of ;the man- ned Lunar Module to operate in earth and lunar orbit and its 'eadi- ness to attempt the lunar landing. Unmanned observatory and ex- plorer class satellites carried on scientific studies of the regions surrounding the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun; a Biosatellite oarwing complex biological science experiment was orbited; and sophisticated weather satellites and advanced commercial com- munications spacecraft became operational. Advanced research projects expanded knowledge of space flighk and spacecraft engi- neering as well as of aeronautics.
    [Show full text]
  • SATELLITES at WORK Space in the Seventies
    SaLf ILMITRATBONS REPROMhdONkp N BLACK ANd WHiT? SATELLITES AT WORK Space in the Seventies 4 (SPACE IN N72-13 8 6 6 (NASA-EP-8 ) SATELLITES AT WORK THE SEVENTIES) W.R. Corliss (NASA) Jun. 1971 29 p CSCL 22B Unclas Reproduced by G3/31 11470 NATIONAL TECHNICAL u. INFORMATION SERVICE U S Department of Commerce Springfield VA 22151 J National Aeronautics and Space Administration SPACE IN THE SEVENTIES Man has walked on the Moon, made scientific observations there, and brought back to Earth samples of the lunar surface. Unmanned scientific spacecraft have probed for facts about matter, radiation and magnetism in space, and have collected data relating to the Moon, Venus, Mars, the Sun and some of the stars, and reported their findings to ground stations on Earth. Spacecraft have been put into orbit around the Earth as weather observation stations, as communications relay stations for a world-wide telephone and television network, and as aids to navigation. In addition, the space program has accelerated the advance of technology for science and industry, contributing many new ideas, processes and materials. All this took place in the decade of the Sixties. What next? What may be expected of space exploration in the Seventies? NASA has prepared a series of publications and motion pictures to provide a look forward to SPACE IN THE SEVENTIES. The topics covered in this series include: Earth orbital science; planetary exploration; practical applications of satellites; technology utilization; man in space; and aeronautics. SPACE IN THE SEVENTIES presents the planned programs of NASA for the coming decade.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Summaries
    TIROS 8 12/21/63 Delta-22 TIROS-H (A-53) 17B S National Aeronautics and TIROS 9 1/22/65 Delta-28 TIROS-I (A-54) 17A S Space Administration TIROS Operational 2TIROS 10 7/1/65 Delta-32 OT-1 17B S John F. Kennedy Space Center 2ESSA 1 2/3/66 Delta-36 OT-3 (TOS) 17A S Information Summaries 2 2 ESSA 2 2/28/66 Delta-37 OT-2 (TOS) 17B S 2ESSA 3 10/2/66 2Delta-41 TOS-A 1SLC-2E S PMS 031 (KSC) OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatories) Lunar and Planetary 2ESSA 4 1/26/67 2Delta-45 TOS-B 1SLC-2E S June 1999 OSO 1 3/7/62 Delta-8 OSO-A (S-16) 17A S 2ESSA 5 4/20/67 2Delta-48 TOS-C 1SLC-2E S OSO 2 2/3/65 Delta-29 OSO-B2 (S-17) 17B S Mission Launch Launch Payload Launch 2ESSA 6 11/10/67 2Delta-54 TOS-D 1SLC-2E S OSO 8/25/65 Delta-33 OSO-C 17B U Name Date Vehicle Code Pad Results 2ESSA 7 8/16/68 2Delta-58 TOS-E 1SLC-2E S OSO 3 3/8/67 Delta-46 OSO-E1 17A S 2ESSA 8 12/15/68 2Delta-62 TOS-F 1SLC-2E S OSO 4 10/18/67 Delta-53 OSO-D 17B S PIONEER (Lunar) 2ESSA 9 2/26/69 2Delta-67 TOS-G 17B S OSO 5 1/22/69 Delta-64 OSO-F 17B S Pioneer 1 10/11/58 Thor-Able-1 –– 17A U Major NASA 2 1 OSO 6/PAC 8/9/69 Delta-72 OSO-G/PAC 17A S Pioneer 2 11/8/58 Thor-Able-2 –– 17A U IMPROVED TIROS OPERATIONAL 2 1 OSO 7/TETR 3 9/29/71 Delta-85 OSO-H/TETR-D 17A S Pioneer 3 12/6/58 Juno II AM-11 –– 5 U 3ITOS 1/OSCAR 5 1/23/70 2Delta-76 1TIROS-M/OSCAR 1SLC-2W S 2 OSO 8 6/21/75 Delta-112 OSO-1 17B S Pioneer 4 3/3/59 Juno II AM-14 –– 5 S 3NOAA 1 12/11/70 2Delta-81 ITOS-A 1SLC-2W S Launches Pioneer 11/26/59 Atlas-Able-1 –– 14 U 3ITOS 10/21/71 2Delta-86 ITOS-B 1SLC-2E U OGO (Orbiting Geophysical
    [Show full text]
  • Photographs Written Historical and Descriptive
    CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION, MISSILE ASSEMBLY HAER FL-8-B BUILDING AE HAER FL-8-B (John F. Kennedy Space Center, Hanger AE) Cape Canaveral Brevard County Florida PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD SOUTHEAST REGIONAL OFFICE National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 100 Alabama St. NW Atlanta, GA 30303 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION, MISSILE ASSEMBLY BUILDING AE (Hangar AE) HAER NO. FL-8-B Location: Hangar Road, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Industrial Area, Brevard County, Florida. USGS Cape Canaveral, Florida, Quadrangle. Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates: E 540610 N 3151547, Zone 17, NAD 1983. Date of Construction: 1959 Present Owner: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Present Use: Home to NASA’s Launch Services Program (LSP) and the Launch Vehicle Data Center (LVDC). The LVDC allows engineers to monitor telemetry data during unmanned rocket launches. Significance: Missile Assembly Building AE, commonly called Hangar AE, is nationally significant as the telemetry station for NASA KSC’s unmanned Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) program. Since 1961, the building has been the principal facility for monitoring telemetry communications data during ELV launches and until 1995 it processed scientifically significant ELV satellite payloads. Still in operation, Hangar AE is essential to the continuing mission and success of NASA’s unmanned rocket launch program at KSC. It is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion A in the area of Space Exploration as Kennedy Space Center’s (KSC) original Mission Control Center for its program of unmanned launch missions and under Criterion C as a contributing resource in the CCAFS Industrial Area Historic District.
    [Show full text]
  • John F. Kennedy Space Center
    1 . :- /G .. .. '-1 ,.. 1- & 5 .\"T!-! LJ~,.", - -,-,c JOHN F. KENNEDY ', , .,,. ,- r-/ ;7 7,-,- ;\-, - [J'.?:? ,t:!, ;+$, , , , 1-1-,> .irI,,,,r I ! - ? /;i?(. ,7! ; ., -, -?-I ,:-. ... 8 -, , .. '',:I> !r,5, SPACE CENTER , , .>. r-, - -- Tp:c:,r, ,!- ' :u kc - - &te -- - 12rr!2L,D //I, ,Jp - - -- - - _ Lb:, N(, A St~mmaryof MAJOR NASA LAUNCHINGS Eastern Test Range Western Test Range (ETR) (WTR) October 1, 1958 - Septeniber 30, 1968 Historical and Library Services Branch John F. Kennedy Space Center "ational Aeronautics and Space Administration l<ennecly Space Center, Florida October 1968 GP 381 September 30, 1968 (Rev. January 27, 1969) SATCIEN S.I!STC)RY DCCCIivlENT University uf A!;b:,rno Rr=-?rrh Zn~tituta Histcry of Sciecce & Technc;oGy Group ERR4TA SHEET GP 381, "A Strmmary of Major MSA Zaunchings, Eastern Test Range and Western Test Range,'" dated September 30, 1968, was considered to be accurate ag of the date of publication. Hmever, additianal research has brought to light new informetion on the official mission designations for Project Apollo. Therefore, in the interest of accuracy it was believed necessary ta issue revfsed pages, rather than wait until the next complete revision of the publiatlion to correct the errors. Holders of copies of thia brochure ate requested to remove and destroy the existing pages 81, 82, 83, and 84, and insert the attached revised pages 81, 82, 83, 84, 8U, and 84B in theh place. William A. Lackyer, 3r. PROJECT MOLL0 (FLIGHTS AND TESTS) (continued) Launch NASA Name -Date Vehicle -Code Sitelpad Remarks/Results ORBITAL (lnaMANNED) 5 Jul 66 Uprated SA-203 ETR Unmanned flight to test launch vehicle Saturn 1 3 7B second (S-IVB) stage and instrment (IU) , which reflected Saturn V con- figuration.
    [Show full text]
  • Membrane Structures for Art in Space
    International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures STRUCTURAL MEMBARNES 2009 E. Oñate, and B. Kröplin, (Eds) © CIMNE, Barcelona, 2009 LIGHTS IN THE SKY: MEMBRANE STRUCTURES FOR ART IN SPACE 1 2 MARCO C BERNASCONI & ARTHUR R WOODS 1 MCB Consultants, 8953 Dietikon, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] 2 spaceOp sarl, Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] Key words: Inflatable Structures, Art in space, large orbital sculptures. Summary. Inflatable space structures and proposals for large orbital sculptures seem to have been strictly interrelated. Not only have essentially all such space art projects been based on the use of inflatables, but past use of such flexible-wall, expandable space structures has been associated with those effects that have caused the main criticism applied to art in space: creating new lights in the sky. The paper reviews the history of such objects, both the technically-oriented ones that have flown, and the artistically oriented concepts, as well make, them possible. 1 INTRODUCTION A recognition of the reality of the Universe beyond the terrestrial boundaries (s.e.g. Ehricke, 1957) provides the ground for creating art works in the extraterrestrial environment: one most interesting, early category consists in art in space to be seen from the Earth (Malina, 1989). In this context, proposals for visible – and hence, large -- orbital sculptures seem to have become strictly interrelated with inflatable space structures, i.e. with membrane-like items. After all, the surfaces and expanses of the 40-m balloon satellites remain unequalled, even though – in linear terms – several members of the International Space Station have now outrank them in size.
    [Show full text]
  • S3111A113V 33Vds S311nvnothv S31vls A311nn
    S961 S3111A113V 33VdS [INV S311nVNOtHV S31VlS a311Nn NOTE TO READERS: ALL PRINTED PAGES ARE INCLUDED, UNNUMBERED BLANK PAGES DURING SCANNING AND QUALITY CONTROL CHECK HAVE BEEN DELETED EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE COUNCIL WASHING TON, D. C. 20j0 2 TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES The record of American accomplishments in aeronautics and space during 1965 shows it to have been the most successful year in our history. More spacecraft were orbited than in any previous year. Five manned GEMINI flights were successfully launched. Our astronauts spent more hours in space than were flown by all of our manned spacecraft until 1965. Ten astronauts logged a total of 1297 hours 42 minutes in space. The five manned flights successfully achieved included a walk in space, and the first rendezvous between two manned spacecrafts. A scientific spacecraft completed a 325-million-mile, 228 -day trip to Mars. MARINER 4 thereby gave mankind its first close-up view of another planet. The RANGER series, begun in 1961, reached its zenith with two trips to the moon that yielded 13, 000 close-up pictures of that planet. The entire RANGER series produced 17,000 photographs of the moon's surface which are being studied now by experts throughout the world. Equally important were the contributions of our space program to life here on earth. Launching of EARLY BIRD, the fir st commer cia1 communication satellite brought us measurably closer to the goal of instantaneous communication between all points on the globe. Research and development in our space program continued to speed progress in medicine, in weather prediction, in electronics -- and, indeed, in vir- tually every aspect of American science and technology.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA Is Not Archiving All Potentially Valuable Data
    ‘“L, United States General Acchunting Office \ Report to the Chairman, Committee on Science, Space and Technology, House of Representatives November 1990 SPACE OPERATIONS NASA Is Not Archiving All Potentially Valuable Data GAO/IMTEC-91-3 Information Management and Technology Division B-240427 November 2,199O The Honorable Robert A. Roe Chairman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology House of Representatives Dear Mr. Chairman: On March 2, 1990, we reported on how well the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) managed, stored, and archived space science data from past missions. This present report, as agreed with your office, discusses other data management issues, including (1) whether NASA is archiving its most valuable data, and (2) the extent to which a mechanism exists for obtaining input from the scientific community on what types of space science data should be archived. As arranged with your office, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution until 30 days from the date of this letter. We will then give copies to appropriate congressional committees, the Administrator of NASA, and other interested parties upon request. This work was performed under the direction of Samuel W. Howlin, Director for Defense and Security Information Systems, who can be reached at (202) 275-4649. Other major contributors are listed in appendix IX. Sincerely yours, Ralph V. Carlone Assistant Comptroller General Executive Summary The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is respon- Purpose sible for space exploration and for managing, archiving, and dissemi- nating space science data. Since 1958, NASA has spent billions on its space science programs and successfully launched over 260 scientific missions.
    [Show full text]
  • 1966 Summary
    NOTE TO READERS: ALL PRINTED PAGES ARE INCLUDED, UNNUMBERED BLANK PAGES DURING SCANNING AND QUALITY CONTROL CHECK HAVE BEEN DELETED EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE COUNCIL WASHINGTON, D. C. 20jo 2 16 TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES America's space and aeronautics programs made brilliant progress in 1966. We developed our equipment and refined our knowledge to bring travel and exploration beyond earth's atmosphere measurably closer. And we played a major part in preparing for the peaceful use of outer space. In December the United Nations, following this country's lead, reached agreement on the Outer Space Treaty. At that time I said it had "histor- ical significance for the new age of space exploration. 'I It bars weapons of mass destruction from space. It restricts military activities on celestial bodies. It guarantees access to all areas by all nations. GEMINI manned missions were completed with a final record of construc- tive and dramatic achievement. Our astronauts spent more than 1,900 pilot hours in orbit. They performed pioneering rendezvous and docking experiments. They "walked" in space outside their vehicles for about 12 hours. We orbited a total of 95 spacecraft around the earth and sent five others on escape flights, a record number of successful launches for the period. We launched weather satellites , communications satellites , and orbiting obs erv- atories. We performed solar experiments and took hundreds of pictures of the moon from LUNAR ORBITERS. SURVEYOR I landed gently on the moon and then returned over 11, 000 pictures of its surroundings for scientific examination.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of ON-ORBIT SATELLITE FRAGMENTATIONS 14 Edition
    NASA/TM–2008–214779 HISTORY OF ON-ORBIT SATELLITE FRAGMENTATIONS 14th Edition Orbital Debris Program Office June 2008 THE NASA STI PROGRAM OFFICE . IN PROFILE Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected the advancement of aeronautics and space papers from scientific and technical science. The NASA Scientific and Technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other Information (STI) Program Office plays a key meetings sponsored or cosponsored by part in helping NASA maintain this important NASA. role. • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, The NASA STI Program Office is operated by technical, or historical information from Langley Research Center, the lead center for NASA programs, projects, and mission, NASA’s scientific and technical information. often concerned with subjects having The NASA STI Program Office provides access substantial public interest. to the NASA STI Database, the largest collection of aeronautical and space science STI • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- in the world. The Program Office is also language translations of foreign scientific NASA’s institutional mechanism for and technical material pertinent to NASA’s disseminating the results of its research and mission. development activities. These results are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Specialized services that complement the STI Series, which includes the following report Program Office’s diverse offerings include types: creating custom thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of results . even providing videos. completed research or a major significant phase of research that present the results of For more information about the NASA STI NASA programs and include extensive data Program Office, see the following: or theoretical analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeber · Satellite Geodesy
    Seeber · Satellite Geodesy Günter Seeber Satellite Geodesy 2nd completely revised and extended edition ≥ Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York 2003 Author Günter Seeber,Univ. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institut für Erdmessung Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 50 30167 Hannover Germany 1st edition 1993 This book contains 281 figures and 64 tables. Țȍ Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Seeber,Günter,1941 Ϫ [Satellitengeodäsie. English] Satellite geodesy : foundations,methods,and applications / Gün- ter Seeber. Ϫ 2nd completely rev. and extended ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 3-11-017549-5 (alk. paper) 1. Satellite geodesy. I. Title. QB343 .S4313 2003 526Ј.1Ϫdc21 2003053126 ISBN 3-11-017549-5 Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at Ͻhttp://dnb.ddb.deϾ. Ą Copyright 2003 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG,10785 Berlin All rights reserved,including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopy,recording,or any information storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany Cover design: Rudolf Hübler,Berlin Typeset using the authors TEX files: I. Zimmermann,Freiburg Printing and binding: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. Kg,Göttingen To the memory of my grandson Johannes Preface Methods of satellite geodesy are increasingly used in geodesy, surveying engineering, and related disciplines.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (With Supplementary Data Through 1983)
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 258 832 SE 045 828 TITLE Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (with Supplementary Data through 1983). Unmanned Space Activities. Part 3. Prepared at the Request of Hon. John C. Danforth, Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, United States Sena,a, Ninety-Ninth Congress, First Session. INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., Washington, D.C. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. REPORT NO Senate-Prt-98-235 PUB DATE May 85 NOTE 390p.; For Part 2, see ED 257 672. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Legal/Legislative/Regulatory Materials (090)-- Reports Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC16 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Technology; Communications; *Satellites (Aerospace); Science History; *Space Exploration; *Space Sciences IDENTIFIERS Congress 99th; *USSR ABSTRACT This report, the third and final part of a three-part study of Soviet space programs, provides a comprehensive survey of the Soviet space science programs and the Soviet military space programs, including its long history of anti-satellite activity. Chapter 1 is an overview of the unmanhed space programs (1957-83). Chapter 2 reports on significant activities in Soviet unmanned flight programs (1981-83), including space science activities, space applications, and military missions. Chapter 3 provides detailed information on Soviet unmanned scientific programs, considering the early years, suborbital programs, earth orbital development and science, the Soviet lunar program, and other areas. Chapter 4 provides additional information on applications of space activities to the Soviet economy, examining meteorological satellites, and space manufacturing. Chapter 6 discusses Soviet military space activities, documenting their uses of space systems for military purposes.
    [Show full text]