United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service
Williamson Rock/ Pacific Crest Na onal Scenic Trail Project Dra Environmental Impact Statement
July 2018
With Technical Assistance by: Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project SUMMARY
Summary S.1 Background Williamson Rock is a well-known recreation area in the Angeles National Forest (ANF), used predominately for rock climbing. It has been utilized by climbers since the 1960’s and is regarded as one of the unique rock climbing resources in southern California, due to its mild summer temperatures and close proximity to urban centers. The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail (PCT) traverses the project area, paralleling and periodically crossing Little Rock Creek and its tributaries for approximately 2 miles. In September 2005, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) proposed the designation of approximately 8,283 acres of streams and riparian areas as critical habitat for the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa) (MYLF), 615 acres of which were in Little Rock Creek and surrounded areas of Williamson Rock. The designation triggered a one-year Forest Service closure of the Williamson Rock area that began on December 29, 2005 and has been renewed each year either by Forest Order or court injunction. Since issuing the initial closure, the ANF has also continually received many comments from the public requesting the re-opening of the Williamson Rock area for recreational use. S.2 Purpose and Need The purpose and need for this project is to provide managed recreational activities at Williamson Rock and allow access to the PCT, while protecting the federally listed MYLF and other unique resources. S.2.1 Public Involvement Efforts On August 6, 2014, the ANF issued the Notice of Intent (NOI) announcing the preparation of an EIS for the Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project. The NOI issuance initiated a 30-day public scoping period that offered members of the public, regulatory agencies, Native American Tribes, and interested parties an opportunity to comment on the scope, content, and issues that should be addressed in the EIS. There was an earlier scoping effort (December 2013 to January 2014) to solicit public input on a proposed Environmental Assessment for a previous version of the proposed action, which was subsequently modified into the EIS to address concerns raised by the public. The modifications to the proposed action were included in the 2014 NOI to prepare the EIS. Both scoping periods are fully documented in the Scoping Report for the Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project, which is included in the project’s administrative record. S.2.2 Major Issues Raised Based on the comments received during the two scoping periods, the ANF identified four significant issues to be considered in developing alternatives and analyzing effects: Implementation of the proposed action or alternatives allowing human-related activities in the project area could potentially adversely affect MYLF and MYLF Designated Critical Habitat (DCH). Implementation of the proposed action or alternatives allowing human-related activities in the project area could potentially adversely affect peregrine falcons and peregrine falcon nesting habitat. Implementation of the proposed action or alternatives that limit or eliminate access to Williamson Rock could adversely affect public use and enjoyment, particularly for rock climbing activities.
July 2018 S-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project SUMMARY
Implementation of alternatives that reroute the congressionally designated PCT may adversely impact public use and enjoyment of the trail, and may not be in the optimal location. These significant issues are discussed in Section 1.3 (Scoping Issues) and are addressed throughout the impact discussions as appropriate (see Chapter 3 [Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences]). S.3 Alternatives The significant scoping issues summarized above led to the development of the following project alternatives: Alternative 1: No Action Under Alternative 1, the project area would be accessible to year-round dispersed recreational use with few existing management measures in place. Alternative 2: Current Closure Management. Alternative 2 would continue the temporary closure of the entire project area. The duration of the long-term closure of the area would be based on MYLF recovery. Alternative 3: Proposed Action (Adaptive Management). Alternative 3 would provide seasonal recreational use at Williamson Rock, year-round use of the PCT in the project area, and implement measures with adaptive management to protect MYLF, MYLF habitat, and other unique resources in the project area. Alternative 4: PCT Reroute (Adaptive Management). Alternative 4 includes all components described in Alternative 3, with the exception that a 2.5-mile segment of the PCT in the project area would be rerouted. Under Alternative 4, the PCT would be rerouted to divert hiking traffic away from Williamson Rock and to avoid crossing Little Rock Creek (MYLF designated critical habitat). Each of the alternatives is described in detail in the EIS Chapter 2. Section 2.3 also includes a summary of additional alternatives that were considered and the rationale for their elimination from further analysis. S.4 Major Conclusions A summary of the environmental impacts that would occur as a result of the Williamson Rock/ Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project is included in Table S-1. EIS Chapter 3 (Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences) describes the direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts of the alternatives for each issue area. Many of the issue area analyses determined that impacts associated with Alternatives 3 and 4 would be identical. Notable differences among the impact discussions were attributed to the 2.5-mile PCT reroute under Alternative 4. Major conclusions include the following: Biological Resources: Of the four project alternatives, Alternative 1 would have the greatest impacts to biological resources and habitat. Impacts to MYLF and its critical habitat from unregulated recreational activity would be substantial, and could result in population decline, loss of viability, or even extirpation in upper Little Rock Creek. The increase in recreational use would have substantial, long-term adverse effects on peregrine falcons at Williamson Rock, and would likely result in the introduction of new weed infestations. Cultural Resources: Adverse impacts to the cultural resource Williamson Rock would potentially be greatest under Alternative 2, as the long-term closure would result in members of the rock climbing
Draft EIS S-2 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project SUMMARY
community no longer having access to the area which would otherwise add to its significance as a potential Traditional Cultural Property (TCP). Hydrology and Water Quality: Hydrology impacts would be greatest under Alternative 1 over the long- term due to the effects of year-round recreation on reducing soil productivity, increasing water quality impacts, and erosion. Recreation: Alternative 2 would have the greatest recreation impacts to Williamson Rock by closing the project area to public access and reducing the PCT’s accessibility for day hikers and equestrian users. Wilderness and Wild and Scenic Rivers: Impacts to Wilderness would be greatest under Alternative 4 given the 2.5-mile PCT reroute, which would require new development and public access within the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness. Impacts to Wild and Scenic Rivers would be greatest under Alternative 1 due to the effects of year-round access within the project area, which would adversely impact Little Rock Creek’s outstandingly remarkable values.
July 2018 S-3 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project SUMMARY
Table S-1. Comparison of Impacts by Alternative Alternative 3: Proposed Alternative 2: Current Action (Adaptive Alternative 4: PCT Reroute Resource Impact Alternative 1: No Action Closure Management Management) (Adaptive Management) Issue #1: Implementation of the proposed action or alternatives that allow human-related activities in the project area could adversely affect MYLF and MYLF Designated Critical Habitat (DCH) Indicator: A qualitative or quantitative description of effects to MYLF populations or individuals attributable to human-related activities in or near MYLF critical habitat. Project construction and subsequent Direct impacts to MYLF may Ongoing closure would Seasonal restrictions would Seasonal restrictions would human activities that disturb endangered, include disturbance of egg protect MYLF from trampling protect MYLF during vulnerable protect MYLF during vulnerable threatened, or proposed plant or animal masses, trampling of individual or other disturbance, which periods (i.e., presence of egg periods (i.e., presence of egg species or their critical habitat [BIO-1] frogs, capturing and handling would create a beneficial masses, breeding period) and masses, breeding period) and of tadpoles and adult frogs, impact to the MYLF would restrict access to would restrict access to stream and generalized disruption of population. stream corridor and other corridor and other areas most mating and migration. Effects areas most likely to contain likely to contain MYLF. Impacts could result in population MYLF. Adverse impacts along PCT would be avoided decline, loss of viability, or would be minimized through through trail reroute. Adverse even extirpation in upper Little adaptive management. impacts would be minimized Rock Creek, which would be through adaptive a negative and substantial management. impact. Indicator: A qualitative or quantitative description of effects to Primary Constituent Elements (PCE) of MYLF critical habitat (e.g., impacts to water sources, riparian habitat, or upland vegetation) attributable to human-related activities in or near MYLF critical habitat. Project construction and subsequent Indirect impacts to MYLF may Ongoing closure would Monitoring and adaptive Monitoring and adaptive human activities that disturb endangered, include the introduction of protect MYLF designated management would minimize management would minimize threatened, or proposed plant or animal Chytrid fungus or other critical habitat, resulting in a indirect impacts to MYLF from indirect impacts to MYLF from species or their critical habitat [BIO-1] pathogens; decreased water beneficial impact to MYLF. improper use of the project improper use of the project quality; altered stream beds area. area. and sedimentation. Effects could result in population decline, loss of viability, or even extirpation in upper Little Rock Creek, which would be a negative and substantial impact.
Draft EIS S-4 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project SUMMARY
Table S-1. Comparison of Impacts by Alternative Alternative 3: Proposed Alternative 2: Current Action (Adaptive Alternative 4: PCT Reroute Resource Impact Alternative 1: No Action Closure Management Management) (Adaptive Management) Recreational use of Williamson Rock and No direct impact to soil No direct impact to soil Minor direct losses to soil Minor direct losses to soil the PCT in the project area could alter structure. Long-term soil structure except to a minor productivity on the new Long productivity on the new Long soil structure on and near trails, resulting structure and productivity extent along the PCT reroute. Trail. Beneficial impact to soil Trail and PCT reroute. in decreased productivity and function. would be reduced due to Long-term soil structure and productivity in areas outside Beneficial impact to soil [HS-1] recreational use. Greatest productivity would increase the Long Trail due to seasonal productivity in areas outside long-term impact of the due to project area closure. closures and restoration. the Long Trail and PCT due to alternatives. Least long-term impact of the seasonal closures and alternatives. Impact is restoration. Slightly greater beneficial. impact than Alternative 3 due to construction of the PCT reroute. Recreational use of Williamson Rock and No direct impact to water Would have no direct effect Minor potential for water Minor potential for water the PCT in the project area could introduce quality. Long-term water quality on water quality but would contamination due to contamination would be contaminants to stream waters and would be reduced due to have an indirect beneficial recreation. Would be mitigated mitigated by BMPs, seasonal generate erosion leading to adverse recreational use. Greatest effect. Least long-term impact by BMPs, seasonal closure, closure, design features, and water quality effects. [HS-2] indirect and long-term impacts of the alternatives. design features, and a SWPPP. 1 of the alternatives. development of a SWPPP . Water quality benefits greater than Alternative 3 due to the PCT reroute away from Little Rock Creek corridor. Recreational activities in Little Rock User-created trails and Would have no direct adverse Minor impact of stream bank Minor impact of stream bank Creek and tributaries could disturb unrestricted access to Little impact on stream banks and erosion due to construction of erosion from two stream stream banks and generate erosion Rock Creek would indirectly trails but would create an the PCT bridge and other crossings. Long term beneficial along and in the vicinity of trails. [HS-3] result in local erosion along indirect and environmentally crossings. Long term beneficial impact from closure of Little the trails and creek corridor. beneficial effect. Least long- impact due to closure of Little Rock Creek corridor and Greatest long-term impact of term impact of the Rock Creek corridor and seasonal restrictions. Slightly the alternatives. alternatives. seasonal restrictions. greater benefit than Alternative 3 due to the PCT reroute away from Little Rock Creek corridor.
1 Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan
July 2018 S-5 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project SUMMARY
Table S-1. Comparison of Impacts by Alternative Alternative 3: Proposed Alternative 2: Current Action (Adaptive Alternative 4: PCT Reroute Resource Impact Alternative 1: No Action Closure Management Management) (Adaptive Management) Recreational activities in Little Rock Creek Would contribute to the at-risk Would have minor contribution Minor impact to watershed Minor impact to watershed and tributaries could adversely affect status of Little Rock Creek to the at-risk status of the Little health due to construction of health due to construction of watershed health indicators resulting in watershed through continued Rock Creek and Big Rock the Long Trail. Long term the Long Trail and PCT reroute. diminishment of the overall watershed disturbance of riparian Creek watersheds through beneficial impact due to closure Long term beneficial impact condition. [HS-4] vegetation and forest cover, use of the 19-mile PCT of Little Rock Creek corridor, due to closure of Little Rock and continued disturbance of reroute. Impacts would be the seasonal restrictions and trail Creek corridor, seasonal soils through recreational use. least adverse among the restoration. restrictions and trail Greatest long-term impact of alternatives. Long term effects restoration. Greater indirect the alternatives. on Little Rock Creek watershed benefit on watershed health health would be beneficial. than Alternative 3 due to the PCT reroute away from Little Rock Creek. Project construction and subsequent Would have no direct effect Would have no direct effect Involves local modification of Involves local modification of human activities could alter rainfall-runoff on hydrology. Long-term on hydrology. Long-term, hydrology along the Long Trail. hydrology along the Long characteristics, resulting in higher flood unrestricted use would have impact on hydrologic resources Would have long term Trail and PCT reroute. Would peaks, increased runoff volume, and an indirect adverse effect on would be beneficial. beneficial impact due to closure have long term beneficial more frequent runoff volume. [HS-5] hydrology through continued of Little Rock Creek corridor, impact due to closure of Little vegetative and soil disruption, seasonal restrictions and trail Rock Creek corridor, seasonal leading to higher and more restoration. restrictions and trail restoration. frequent runoff. Greatest long- Less beneficial impacts than term impact of the Alternative 3 due to alternatives. construction of PCT reroute. Issue #2: Implementation of the proposed action or alternatives that allow human-related activities in the project area could adversely affect peregrine falcons and peregrine falcon nesting habitat. Indicator: A qualitative description of the effects of recreation activities (i.e., rock climbing and PCT hiking) within the project area on peregrine falcons and peregrine falcon nesting habitat Project construction and subsequent Unrestricted rock climbing No disturbance or other Routine nest monitoring and Routine nest monitoring and human activities that disturb nesting during the peregrine falcon impacts to peregrine falcons subsequent seasonal subsequent seasonal peregrine falcons. [BIO-3] nesting season would disrupt would occur if the project area restrictions would avoid restrictions would avoid nesting falcons, potentially is closed to public access. impacts to nesting peregrines. impacts to nesting peregrines. resulting in nest failures. Impacts would be substantial and long-term. Issue #3: Implementation of the proposed action or alternatives that limit or eliminate access to Williamson Rock could adversely affect public use and enjoyment, particularly for rock climbing activities. Indicator: A qualitative and/or quantitative description of authorized access to Williamson Rock resulting in effects to rock climbing opportunities
Draft EIS S-6 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project SUMMARY
Table S-1. Comparison of Impacts by Alternative Alternative 3: Proposed Alternative 2: Current Action (Adaptive Alternative 4: PCT Reroute Resource Impact Alternative 1: No Action Closure Management Management) (Adaptive Management) Restricted public access to Williamson Public access to Williamson Williamson Rock would be Access to Williamson Rock Access to Williamson Rock Rock precludes recreation at a unique Rock would not be restricted. closed year-round. Impacts would be restricted through a would be restricted through a rock climbing site. [REC-1] No impact would occur. would be major. visitor permit system. Impacts visitor permit system. Impacts would range from moderate to would range from moderate to major. major. Issue #4: Implementation of alternatives that reroute the congressionally designated PCT may adversely impact public use and enjoyment of the trail, and may not be in the optimal location. Indicator: A qualitative or quantitative description of changes to the PCT alignment, resulting in impacts to public use and enjoyment of the trail PCT reroute limits public access to the Public access to the PCT would The PCT reroute would prevent Public access to the PCT would The PCT reroute would allow trail. [REC-2] not be restricted. No impact public access to the trail from not be restricted. No impact public access to the trail from would occur. CA-2 at Eagles Roost Picnic would occur. CA-2 at Eagles Roost Picnic Site. Impacts would be major. Site. Impacts would be minor. If the PCT reroute cannot accommodate equestrian access, impacts would be major. PCT reroute affects the existing scenic The PCT route would not The PCT reroute would con- The new PCT bridge would Construction of the new PCT character or quality of the PCT. [REC-3] change. No impact would tinue to traverse NFS lands not adversely affect the High reroute would adhere to Forest occur. designated with a High scenic scenic integrity level. Impacts Service standards and guide- integrity level. Impacts would would be minor. lines. Impacts would be minor. be minor.
July 2018 S-7 Draft EIS
Williamson Rock/ Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project DRAFT Environmental Impact Statement
Prepared for:
USDA Forest Service Angeles National Forest
With Technical Assistance From:
July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project CONTENTS
Contents
Summary ...... S-1 S.1 Background ...... S-1 S.2 Purpose and Need ...... S-1 S.2.1 Public Involvement Efforts ...... S-1 S.2.2 Major Issues Raised...... S-1 S.3 Alternatives ...... S-2 S.4 Major Conclusions ...... S-2
1. Purpose and Need for Action ...... 1-1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1-1 1.1.1 Background ...... 1-1 1.1.2 Purpose and Need for Action ...... 1-1 1.2 Public Involvement ...... 1-2 1.3 Scoping Issues ...... 1-2 1.4 Other Project-Related Efforts Separate from this EIS ...... 1-3 1.5 Organization of this Document...... 1-3
2. Description of Alternatives ...... 2-1 2.1 Introduction ...... 2-1 2.2 Alternatives Considered in Detail ...... 2-1 2.2.1 Alternative 1: No Action ...... 2-1 2.2.2 Alternative 2: Current Closure Management ...... 2-1 2.2.3 Alternative 3: Proposed Action (Adaptive Management) ...... 2-2 2.2.4 Alternative 4: PCT Reroute (Adaptive Management) ...... 2-8 2.2.5 Avoidance and Minimization Measures Common to Alternatives 3 and 4 ...... 2-8 2.3 Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study ...... 2-10 2.3.1 Long-term Closure with Exceptions ...... 2-10 2.3.2 Smaller Area of Long-Term Closure with No Seasonal Closures, No Adaptive Management, and No Permit System ...... 2-10 2.3.3 Reroute PCT Outside of Mountain Yellow-legged Frog Designated Critical Habitat .... 2-11 2.4 Summary of Alternative Components ...... 2-11
3. Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences ...... 3.1-1 3.1 Introduction ...... 3.1-1 3.1.1 Organization of Impact Discussion ...... 3.1-1 3.2 Cumulative Scenario ...... 3.2-1 3.2.1 Introduction ...... 3.2-1 3.2.2 Methodology ...... 3.2-1 3.2.3 Applicable Cumulative Projects ...... 3.2-2 3.3 Biological Resources ...... 3.3-1 3.3.1 Affected Environment ...... 3.3-1 3.3.2 Regulatory Framework ...... 3.3-25 3.3.3 Environmental Consequences ...... 3.3-26 3.3.4 Cumulative Analysis ...... 3.3-36 3.3.5 Impact Summary ...... 3.3-37 3.4 Cultural Resources ...... 3.4-1 3.4.1 Affected Environment ...... 3.4-1 3.4.2 Regulatory Framework ...... 3.4-10
July 2018 i Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project CONTENTS
3.4.3 Environmental Consequences ...... 3.4-13 3.4.4 Cumulative Analysis ...... 3.4-22 3.4.5 Impact Summary ...... 3.4-23 3.5 Hydrology and Water Quality ...... 3.5-1 3.5.1 Affected Environment ...... 3.5-1 3.5.2 Regulatory Framework ...... 3.5-5 3.5.3 Environmental Consequences ...... 3.5-7 3.5.4 Cumulative Analysis ...... 3.5-18 3.5.5 Impact Summary ...... 3.5-20 3.6 Recreation ...... 3.6-1 3.6.1 Methodology ...... 3.6-1 3.6.2 Affected Environment ...... 3.6-1 3.6.3 Regulatory Framework ...... 3.6-5 3.6.4 Environmental Consequences ...... 3.6-6 3.6.5 Cumulative Analysis ...... 3.6-9 3.6.6 Impact Summary ...... 3.6-10 3.7 Wilderness/Wild and Scenic River Management...... 3.7-1 3.7.1 Affected Environment ...... 3.7-1 3.7.2 Regulatory Framework ...... 3.7-3 3.7.3 Environmental Consequences ...... 3.7-3 3.7.4 Cumulative Analysis ...... 3.7-9 3.7.5 Impact Summary ...... 3.7-10
4. Other Federal Requirements ...... 4-1 4.1 Short-term Uses and Long-term Productivity ...... 4-1 4.2 Unavoidable Adverse Effects ...... 4-1 4.3 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources ...... 4-2 4.4 Growth-Inducing Effects ...... 4-2 4.5 Other Required Disclosures ...... 4-3
5. Consultation and Coordination...... 5-1 5.1 Contributors ...... 5-1 5.2 Distribution of the Environmental Impact Statement ...... 5-3
6. References ...... 6-1 7. Glossary and Acronyms ...... 7-1 7.1 Glossary ...... 7-1 7.2 Acronyms ...... 7-2
8. Index ...... 8-1 Tables Table S-1 Comparison of Impacts by Alternative ...... S-4 Table 1-1 Concerns Raised During Scoping Process ...... 1-2 Table 2-1 Summary of Adaptive Management Strategies ...... 2-7 Table 2-2 Point System for the Adaptive Management Strategy ...... 2-8 Table 2-3 Summary of Alternative Components ...... 2-12 Table 2-4 Comparison of Impacts by Alternative ...... 2-12 Table 3.2-1 Cumulative Project List ...... 3.2-3 Table 3.3-1 Vegetation and Cover Types Present in the Project Area ...... 3.3-2
Draft EIS ii July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project CONTENTS
Table 3.3-2 Noxious and Invasive Plant Species Identified in the Project Area ...... 3.3-5 Table 3.3-3 Special-Status Plants within the Project Area ...... 3.3-8 Table 3.3-4 Special-Status Wildlife within the Project Area...... 3.3-17 Table 3.3-5 Summary of Biological Resource Impacts by Alternative ...... 3.3-38 Table 3.4-1 Previous Cultural Resources Surveys Within the Record Search Area ...... 3.4-8 Table 3.4-2 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources Within the Record Search Area ...... 3.4-8 Table 3.4-3 Summary of Cultural Resource Impacts by Alternative ...... 3.4-24 Table 3.5-1 Surface Water and Soils Watershed Condition Parameters for the Upper Little Rock Creek Watershed...... 3.5-1 Table 3.5-2 Surface Water and Soils Watershed Condition Parameters for the Big Rock Creek Watershed ...... 3.5-2 Table 3.5-3 Surface Water and Soils Watershed Condition Parameters for the Pallett Creek Watershed ...... 3.5-2 Table 3.5-4 Peak Flow Rates (PFR) for Little Rock Creek and Tributary at Williamson Rock ...... 3.5-3 Table 3.5-5 Summary of Hydrology/Water Quality Impacts by Alternative ...... 3.5-21 Table 3.6-1 Forest Service SIO and ROS Designations along PCT ...... 3.6-3 Table 3.6-2 Recreation Sites within 10 Miles of Project ...... 3.6-4 Table 3.6-3 Summary of Impacts to Recreation by Alternative ...... 3.6-10 Table 3.7-1 Alternative Components within the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness ...... 3.7-1 Table 3.7-2 Alternative Components relative to Little Rock Creek and Cooper Canyon Creek ...... 3.7-3 Table 3.7-3 Summary of Impacts to Wilderness/Wild and Scenic River by Alternative ...... 3.7-11 Table 5.1-1 Organizations and Persons Consulted ...... 5-1 Table 5.1-2 Preparers – USDA Forest Service ...... 5-1 Table 5.1-3 Preparers – Aspen Environmental Group ...... 5-2 Figures Figures appear following their respective sections. Figure 2-1 Alternative 1: No Action Figure 2-2 Alternative 2: Current Closure Management Figure 2-3 Alternative 3: Proposed Action (Adaptive Management) Figure 2-4 Alternative 4: PCT Reroute (Adaptive Management) Figure 3.2-1 Cumulative Project Locations Figure 3.3-1 Vegetation in the Project Area Figure 3.7-1 Alternative 1 Components within Wilderness and Stream Corridors Figure 3.7-2 Alternative 2 Components within Wilderness and Stream Corridors Figure 3.7-3 Alternative 3 Components within Wilderness and Stream Corridors Figure 3.7-4 Alternative 4 Components within Wilderness and Stream Corridors Appendix Appendix A Alternatives Report
July 2018 iii Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 1. PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION
1. Purpose and Need for Action The Angeles National Forest (ANF) has prepared an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the William- son Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project. ANF is the lead agency under federal law to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Background Williamson Rock is a well-known recreation area used predominately for rock climbing in upper Little Rock Canyon, located within the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument in the Angeles National Forest. It has been utilized by climbers since the 1960’s and is regarded as one of the unique rock climbing resources in southern California, due to its mild summer temperatures and close proximity to urban centers. The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail (PCT) traverses the project area, paralleling and periodically crossing Little Rock Creek and its tributaries for approximately 2 miles. In the absence of any developed access hiking routes between Williamson Rock and parking areas located off Angeles Crest Highway (CA-2), the general public historically accessed the area by means of a series of intertwining user-created trails, which have led to unregulated recreation in upper Little Rock Creek. In September 2005, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) proposed the designation of approximately 8,283 acres of streams and riparian areas as critical habitat for the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa) (MYLF), 615 acres of which are in upper Little Rock Creek and surrounding areas of Williamson Rock. The official designation of this critical habitat provides protection from destruction or adverse modifications to habitat under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The designation triggered a one-year Forest Service closure of the Williamson Rock area that began on December 29, 2005. Subsequently a lawsuit was brought by a coalition of environmental groups against the federal agencies (Center for Biological Diversity, Los Padres Forestwatch, Sierra Club, Defenders of Wildlife and California Native Plant Society, vs. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, and U. S. Forest Service). This court ordered closure stands pending review of an Amended Biological Opinion and accompanying Incidental Take Statement for activities in the area. The closure of the Williamson Rock area has been renewed each year by the ANF, and the most recent closure order was issued on March 30, 2017. 1.1.2 Purpose and Need for Action The purpose and need of the project is to utilize adaptive management principles to protect natural resources in the area including the federally listed mountain yellow-legged frog, peregrine falcon and other sensitive resources while providing for a quality, sustainable recreation opportunity at Williamson Rock, and public use and enjoyment of the PCT where it passes through the project area.
The Angeles National Forest proposes to provide limited, managed recreational activities at Williamson Rock and in the surrounding vicinity. The proposed action would include allowing access to the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail (PCT) and limited seasonal access to Williamson Rock, while protecting the federally listed mountain yellow-legged frog (MYLF) and other unique resources.
July 2018 1-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 1. PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION
1.2 Public Involvement On August 6, 2014, the ANF issued the Notice of Intent (NOI) announcing the preparation of an EIS for the Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project. The NOI issuance initiated a 30-day public scoping period that offered members of the public, regulatory agencies, Native American Tribes, and interested parties an opportunity to comment on the scope, content, and issues that should be addressed in the EIS. There was an earlier scoping effort (December 2013 to January 2014) to solicit public input on a proposed Environmental Assessment for a previous version of the proposed action, which was subsequently modified into the EIS to address concerns raised by the public. The modifications to the proposed action were included in the 2014 NOI to prepare the EIS. Both scoping periods are fully documented in the Scoping Report for the Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project, which is included in the project’s administrative record. To notify the public of the publication and availability of this Draft EIS, the ANF published the Notice of Availability (NOA) in the Federal Register initiating a 45-day public review period in July 2018. 1.3 Scoping Issues Based on the comments received during the two scoping periods, the ANF identified four significant issues to be considered in developing alternatives and analyzing effects: Implementation of the proposed action or alternatives allowing human-related activities in the project area could potentially adversely affect MYLF and MYLF Designated Critical Habitat (DCH) (see Section 3.3, Biological Resources, and Section 3.5, Hydrology and Water Quality). Implementation of the proposed action or alternatives allowing human-related activities in the project area could potentially adversely affect peregrine falcons and peregrine falcon nesting habitat (see Section 3.3, Biological Resources).
Implementation of the proposed action or alternatives that limit or eliminate access to Williamson Rock could adversely affect public use and enjoyment, particularly for rock climbing activities (see Section 3.6, Recreation). Implementation of alternatives that reroute the congressionally designated PCT may adversely impact public use and enjoyment of the trail, and may not be in the optimal location (see Section 3.6, Recreation). In addition to analyzing the four significant issues described above, the ANF has considered and analyzed other concerns raised by the public. Table 1-1 summarizes the comments and associated concerns raised during scoping, and indicates in which section of the EIS each concern is considered.
Table 1-1. Concerns Raised During Scoping Process Comment Consideration in the EIS Biological Resources Project may fail to adhere to the existing 2013 Programmatic Biological Opinion Section 3.3 (Biological Resources) for the Revised Land Management Plans for the Four Southern California National Forests. Project may lack adequate protective measures for Johnston’s buckwheat. Section 3.3 (Biological Resources) Cultural Resources Project may have an adverse impact on cultural resources, and mitigation may Section 3.4 (Cultural Resources) be required for archaeological resources.
Draft EIS 1-2 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 1. PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION
Table 1-1. Concerns Raised During Scoping Process Comment Consideration in the EIS Public Safety Increased recreation use may increase fire hazard risk. As dicussed in Section 1.7 (Management Direction and Additional Guidance), project would be consistent with FSM 5100 (Fire Management) Lack of maintenance of permanent climbing protection (e.g., maintenance and Section 3.6 (Recreation) monitoring of permanent bolts and anchors) may result in a public safety risk.
1.4 Other Project-Related Efforts Separate from this EIS Alternatives Report (Appendix A). This appendix is a screening report which presents each potential alternative identified during the planning and scoping processes and the rationale for its retention or elimination from further consideration in the EIS. The range of alternatives considered in the screening analysis includes: Alternatives developed throughout the planning processes for the EA and EIS Scoping Periods; and Alternatives identified by the EIS team during review of the proposed action impacts and meetings with cooperating and affected agencies, and interested parties. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Recovery Plan. The USFWS is in the process of developing a recov- ery plan for the MYLF. Recovery plans are developed and implemented by the USFWS, in partnership with other agencies, to help increase species’ populations and manage the threats to their existence. 1.5 Organization of this Document The organization of this EIS is listed below. All figures are included at the end of their respective sections. Summary. A summary description of the proposed action, the alternatives, and their respective envi- ronmental impacts is included. Section 1 Purpose and Need for Action. A brief overview of the proposed action, background, purpose and need for the project, and summary of the public involvement and scoping comments are provided. Section 2 Description of Alternatives. Detailed descriptions of the proposed action and alternatives are presented. The process for selection of project alternatives is also described, along with the steps and rationale for elimination of certain alternatives from further analysis. Section 3 Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences. A detailed description of the affected environment and regulatory framework is presented for each resource area, followed by a comprehensive analysis of the direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts of the proposed action and the project alternatives. Section 4 Other Federal Requirements. A summary of unavoidable impacts resulting from the project is provided as well as a discussion of long-term implications. This section also describes how the project has been developed in accordance with the requirements of federal environmental regulations. Section 5 Consultation and Coordination. This section provides a list of the EIS authors and the agencies or individuals contacted during preparation of the EIS, as well as providing details on the distribution and availability of the EIS and the public comment period.
July 2018 1-3 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 1. PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION
Section 6 References. This section lists the references used in preparation of the document. Section 7 Glossary and Acronyms. Definitions to terms and abbreviations used in the EIS are provided. Section 8 Index. An index of important or useful subjects is provided. Appendix A. An evaluation of the alternatives to be considered in the EIS. 1.6 Decision Framework The responsible official for this decision is the Forest Supervisor of the ANF. Based on the environmental analysis and supporting documents in the project record, the Forest Supervisor may decide to: (1) select the proposed action; (2) select one of the alternatives; (3) select one of the alternatives after modifying it with additional mitigating measures or a combination of activities from other alternatives; or, (4) select the no action alternative. 1.7 Management Direction and Additional Guidance Under all alternatives, the project area including Williamson Rock and the PCT would be managed con- sistent with the Angeles National Forest Land Management Plan (ANF LMP), the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument Management Plan, and relevant planning and management guidance described in Forest Service Manuals and Handbooks. Angeles National Forest Land Management Plan. The ANF LMP provides Forest-wide direction for project- level land management activities (USDA Forest Service, 2006). The project area is primarily within the “Angeles High Country Place, a land management area designation from the ANF LMP (part 2, page 43- 46). The project area also extends through three land use zones (LUZ), which are listed below and fully described in part 2 of the ANF LMP (page 7-12). Land use zones are used to identify activities that are suitable for a particular area within the ANF.
Critical Biological LUZ – This zone includes the most important areas within the ANF for the protection of species-at-risk. The Little Rock Creek corridor is within the South Fork Little Rock Creek Critical Biological Land Use Zone (CBLUZ), which was designed in 2005 to protect MYLF while also retaining the existing use of the Williamson Rock climbing area. Back Country, Non-Motorized LUZ – This zone is managed for non-motorized uses that include mech- anized, equestrian, and pedestrian public access. It generally includes areas of the ANF that are unde- veloped with few, if any roads. The project area that exends north of the PCT to the Alternative 2 PCT reroute is within this zone. Developed Area Interface LUZ – This zone is managed for motorized public access. The level of human use and infrastructure is typically higher than in other zones. The project area that extends south from the PCT to CA-2 is within this zone. This project aims to strike a balance between species protection and sustainable recreation. Design criteria and program strategies from part 2 of the ANF LMP (ANF S1, REC 2, REC 3, REC 4, SD 1, SD 2) and standards from part 3 of the ANF LMP (S 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 31, 34, 35, 50, 59) will be applicable for all alternatives analyzed in this EIS. Guidance from the following ANF LMP appendices would also apply to the project: Part 2, Appendix B – Program Strategies and Tactics: Describes the program strategies that the ANF may utilize to achieve the desired conditions for a particular area. Program strategies address heritage resources, wildlife, invasive species, watersheds, fire prevention, special designations, and recreation.
Draft EIS 1-4 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 1. PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION
Part 3, Appendix D – Adaptive Mitigation for Recreation Uses: Contains general guidance for adaptive mitigation for recreation uses. The actions and practices to mitigate impacts from recreation include, but are not limited to, environmental education, perimeter control, on site manager presence, and direct action such as limiting access or area closure. Part 3, Appendix H – Species Guidance Summary: Lists species-at-risk and provides conservation con- siderations for each species. Part 3, Appendix M – National Forests of Southern California Weed Management Strategy: Provides a general strategy for weed management on Southern California National Forests. San Gabriel Mountains National Monument Management Plan. The San Gabriel Mountains National Monument was designated in 2014 by a Presidential Proclamation, and encompasses 342,177 acres of the ANF that includes the Williamson Rock area. The Forest Plan was amended with the Monument Plan (ANF, 2018). The interdisciplinary team designed the Williamson Rock/PCT project to be consistent with all applicable laws, regulations, policies, and direction. Forest Service Manual FSM 2900 – Noxious Weed Management FSM 2300 – Recreation, Wilderness, and Related Resource Management FSM 5100 – Fire Management Forest Service Handbook FSH 1909.12 – Wild and Scenic Rivers FSH 2509.22 – Soil and Water Conservation Practices
July 2018 1-5 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
2. Description of Alternatives 2.1 Introduction Williamson Rock is located at 7000-feet elevation in the ANF, one hour north of downtown Los Angeles on CA-2. It is a natural rock outcropping and was one of Southern California’s premier summer sport climbing destinations until it was closed in 2005 to protect the endangered MYLF. The ongoing closure prohibits access to about 1,000 acres north of CA-2 near Eagles Roost and has been in place since December 2005. A portion of the PCT has also been closed since 2005 as part of the larger Williamson Rock closure order. The alternatives presented in Section 2.2 (Alternatives Considered in Detail) have been developed to protect the endangered MYLF and nesting peregrine falcons, and to re-open Williamson Rock to climbing and the PCT for hiking. Additional details on these alternatives are provided in Appendix A (Alternatives Report). Section 2.3 (Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study) identifies alternatives that were considered at one point, and provides the rationale for eliminating them from detailed evaluation. Section 2.4 (Summary of Alternative Components) presents a summary of the components of each alternative, which are further evaluated in Chapter 3 of this EIS. 2.2 Alternatives Considered in Detail The following four alternatives are described in detail: 2.2.1 Alternative 1: No Action 2.2.2 Alternative 2: Current Closure Management 2.2.3 Alternative 3: Proposed Action (Adaptive Management) 2.2.4 Alternative 4: PCT Reroute (Adaptive Management) 2.2.1 Alternative 1: No Action Under the ANF Land Management Plan, the area would be accessible to year-round dispersed recreational use with few existing management measures in place. The Land Management Plan specifically retains rock climbing use at Williamson Rock and unrestricted use of the PCT. Alternative 1 is shown in Figure 2-1. As identified in Chapter 1, Section 1.7, the Land Management Plan provides the overall management direction for the implementation of protective measures to address impacts to sensitive resources, such as impacts to MYLF populations and MYLF habitat from heavy visitor use of Williamson Rock and the PCT. 2.2.2 Alternative 2: Current Closure Management Alternative 2 is the continuation of the current management strategy, which was implemented in 2006 and has kept the entire project area closed to the public pending a resolution. Under Alternative 2, these temporary closures would continue on a long-term basis. No public access to the project area or use of Williamson Rock for rock climbing would be available. Hikers of the PCT would not be allowed to pass through the project area, but would instead be diverted to the current 19-mile reroute along other existing trails to avoid MYLF critical habitat. Existing closure
July 2018 2-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
signage and other postings informing recreationists that use of the project area is restricted would con- tinue until deemed unnecessary. Alternative 2 is shown in Figure 2-2. An adaptive management plan for the project area is not proposed under Alternative 2. The closure area under Alternative 2 would remove potential human impacts to sensitive species and habitat within the project area. As the area would be closed, management activities of the project area such as maintenance would be limited. Under Alternative 2, the duration of the long-term closure of the area would be based on the MYLF becoming delisted. 2.2.3 Alternative 3: Proposed Action (Adaptive Management) Alternative 3 (Proposed Action) would provide seasonal recreational use at Williamson Rock, year-round use of the PCT in the project area, and implement measures to protect MYLF, MYLF habitat, and other unique resources in the project area. A monitoring and adaptive management strategy would be developed and adopted as part of Alternative 3 during implementation. Adaptive management would include an ongoing evaluation of all management actions, with adjustments being made as needed. Adjustments would be based on continuous review of potential impacts to biological habitat and species in the area and public adherence to management actions and strategies to allow recreational use of the Williamson Rock area. The detailed descriptions of Alternative 3, including adaptive management adjustments, are listed below and illustrated in Figure 2-3.
Closure Areas Alternative 3 would include both long-term (permanent year-round) and seasonal public closures to portions of the project area to protect MYLF, MYLF designated critical habitat, peregrine falcon, and other unique natural species and habitat as follows: Long-term Closure Areas: • Little Rock Creek stream corridor (up to 30 feet beyond high water mark), including all Williamson Rock climbing routes that begin or end within the corridor (e.g., the “Stream Wall” and “London Wall”); • Adjacent areas between the stream corridor and CA-2 within Section 12, T. 3 N., R. 10 W. and Section 7, T. 3 N., R. 11 W; • Exceptions to this closure would be as follows: o The PCT crosses the stream corridor and is within the proposed long-term closure area, but would remain open year-round. o A new system trail (the Long Trail) accessing Williamson Rock would be within the proposed long-term closure area, but would be open seasonally as described below. Seasonal Closure Areas: • Long Trail. The Long Trail would be a new system trail located within the proposed closure boundaries, connecting Williamson Rock to the Kratka Ridge parking lot (Figure 2-3). The Long Trail would initially be accessible from August 1 to November 15, and would require a visitor use permit. • Williamson Rock. The Williamson Rock Visitor Use Permit Area (i.e., Williamson Rock, Long Trail, and Kratka Ridge parking lot) would be closed to the public from November 16 to July 31, annually.
Draft EIS 2-2 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
However, adaptive management measures and monitoring results could expand or limit these seasonal windows as explained below (see “Monitoring and Adaptive Management”).
PCT Management and Improvements in the Project Area Under Alternative 3, no changes would be made to the existing PCT alignment in the project area. Year- round use of the PCT in the project area would be allowed, compliant with all restrictions and any adaptive management measures or strategies identified for this alternative that may affect recreationists using the PCT. For example, through additional signage and messaging, users of the PCT would be notified to remain on the designated trail when traversing through the MYLF critical habitat. A new pedestrian/equestrian bridge would be constructed where the PCT crosses Little Rock Creek (see bridge details below under “Proposed New Trails, Facilities, and Improvements”).
Use of Williamson Rock Under Alternative 3, Williamson Rock would be open from August 1 to November 15, annually. A visitor use permit system would be established to allow seasonal access to Williamson Rock. A visitor use permit system would be established to better manage access to Williamson Rock. The number of daily permits issued would be adjusted annually based on: ANF review of previous usership numbers; MYLF monitoring results; Any new adaptive management measures or restrictions for the area; ANF funding constraints; and Any other potential adverse impacts or situations that may have occurred in previous year(s) that could affect the number of daily permits issued.
Open Period The following provides details regarding the dates of the proposed open season at Williamson Rock: Under Alternative 3, Williamson Rock would initially be open from August 1 to November 15, annually. This would serve as an initial baseline and default period. The August 1 start date is based on previous bird nesting data that indicates that the nesting season typically ends by July 31. Under the adaptive management strategy, the closure periods for public use of Williamson Rock may be adjusted based on monitoring as follows: – During the first two years, public access would only be allowed during the proposed open season, while sufficient nesting data is gathered in order to determine if the open season can be adjusted. – To determine whether raptors are nesting, monitoring would consist of a minimum of two survey periods (duration of four to five hours each), between April to June and spaced at least 25 days apart (Pagel, 1992). If nesting is confirmed, further monitoring will be needed to determine nesting chronology in order to modify the closure period (i.e. lift the closure early). Monitoring will be consistent with Pagel (1992) and Cade et al. (1996). – If two years of monitoring indicates that raptors are not nesting at Williamson Rock, public access could be allowed as early as June 30th.
July 2018 2-3 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
– If monitoring indicates that raptor nesting has been initiated sooner (e.g., a month ahead of time), then open season could potentially start relative to that timeframe (i.e., a month sooner). Seasonal restrictions can be lifted as early as two weeks after fledging occurs. – In the absence of suitable monitoring to identify nesting chronology, the initial seasonal restriction would be enforced at the entire Williamson Rock site. – After the first two years, if monitoring data is sufficient to identify all nest locations, then spatial buffers would be applied to specific nest locations and climbing routes outside those spatial buffers would be allowed to be utilized. The spatial buffer would be based on the viewshed from the nest location (what area of the climbing wall is visible from the nest location) and would be the minimum necessary to protect the nest location, but would be no larger than ¼ mile around the nest location. Monitoring of climbing, that occurs prior to August 1st near the raptor closure, would be required and would determine if the spatial buffer is of sufficient size. Spatial buffers may be modified based on behavioral observations of nesting birds. – If on any given year, there are not enough resources to conduct sufficient monitoring, then the standard August 1st seasonal restriction would remain in place until appropriate monitoring can be conducted. The end date (November 15) is a fixed date due to the annual winter season November 16 closing of the roads accessing the area. A summary of the adaptive management parameters under Alternative 3 that may affect the open season period are provided at the end of this alternative description within Tables 2-1 and 2-2.
Visitor Permit System The following details the proposed permit system for public use of Williamson Rock: Visitors to Williamson Rock would be required to obtain a day-use visitor permit, which would be valid for the specific day that the reservation was made for. – A limited number of individual permits would be issued each day, based on adaptive management results and the parking capacity at the Kratka Ridge parking lot on CA-2. The permit system would be governed by a quota mechanism that would issue a pre-determined number of daily permits. The number of permits would initially be set at a baseline of 90 individuals and 30 vehicles; the number of individual permits allowed would be periodically adjusted upwards or downwards, based on resource indicators, monitoring results, and management thresholds (see “Monitoring and Adaptive Management” and Table 2-1 below). At no time would the number of daily permits exceed 120 individuals; no more than 30 vehicle permits would be issued, based on spatial limits of the Kratka Ridge parking area. Initially, visitor use permits would be proposed for reservation through the National Recreation Reservation Service (NRRS) online portal (https://www.recreation.gov/) or by calling the NRRS toll- free number. Angeles National Forest is required to set up an account with NRRS, and permits would be administered online and by the phone only. Permits would not be issued at local ANF offices. The ANF would use the NRRS system to provide permit users with educational information about the area, including regulations and resource protection concerns and requirements. Two ANF site managers would be onsite each day when Williamson Rock is open to the public to monitor activities and assist the public in complying with the new visitor use resource protection measures in place. At least one of the two site managers would have citation authority.
Draft EIS 2-4 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
Service animals covered under Code of Federal Regulations Part 35.136 are allowed. Domestic animals would be prohibited within the permit area.
Proposed New Trails, Facilities, and Improvements The following are new proposed improvements in the project area: Williamson Rock Access Trail (Long Trail). The user-created and named “Long Trail” would be formally developed and established between the Kratka Ridge parking lot and the east side of Williamson Rock. This new trail would be approximately 1.2 miles in length, partially using abandoned logging road segments and user-created trail alignments. The Long Trail would cross Little Rock Creek and a tributary of the creek, as follows (shown in Figure 2-3): – Stream Crossing #1: Cementous materials deposited over several years from deteriorated flood control facilities have created an artificial bridge that would continue to be used as a stream crossing. It has been determined that removing the material to create a different crossing at this location would likely result in greater environmental impacts than if left in place. The material at this location serves as an adequate bridge to safely cross Little Rock Creek and keep visitors out of the stream. – Stream Crossing #2: A removable four-foot wide by approximately 14-foot long wooden platform would be temporarily installed during the open season. The platform would lay across the bank over an unnamed tributary of Little Rock Creek. The platform would be designed for easy removal and re-installation. Kratka/Williamson Rock Kiosks. At Kratka Ridge trailhead and at the terminus of the Long Trail at Williamson Rock, information kiosks would be installed that would display a map of the existing climbing routes available for use, site use etiquette and rules, and clearly identified closed areas. Waste Facilities. A vault toilet would be installed at the Kratka Ridge trailhead/parking area (as described further below under “Waste Management”). Trash receptacles would also be provided within the Kratka Ridge parking area, and a “pack it in, pack it out” practice would be emphasized beyond the parking area. Pacific Crest Trail Bridge. A new bridge, suitable for hikers and equestrians, would be constructed at the point where the PCT crosses Little Rock Creek within the project area. This timber bridge would be 10 to 30 feet in length, at least 6 feet wide, and be secured by concrete footings (USDA Forest Service, 2004). The bridge would also have timber safety railings. Interpretive Signage. Interpretive signage and barriers would be placed within the Visitor Use Permit Area (i.e., Williamson Rock climbing area, the Long Trail, the PCT, and the Kratka Ridge parking lot) to identify the locations of closure areas, discourage entry into closure areas, guide visitors along the designated trails, and encourage resource protection. Signage would also be included regarding Forest Service rules and policies regarding dispersed recreation and critical habitat protection (i.e. fire safety, domestic animals, human waste, trash disposal, etc.). Restoration Activities. Natural appearing barriers would be installed at access points to previous user- created trails in the project area to prevent their use and to encourage natural regeneration. These include the previously user-created Short Trail and the Scree Slope Trail (as shown in Figure 2-1) for accessing Williamson Rock.
July 2018 2-5 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
Waste Management Waste management practices in these areas would be monitored by the ANF site managers to determine compliance. The following management actions pertain to human waste and trash requirements associated with Alternative 3: A vault toilet would be provided at the Kratka Ridge trailhead/parking area. Once within the Visitor Use Permit Area, permit holders would be required to bag and properly remove all human waste (feces), toilet paper, and other personal care and hygiene products upon leaving the project area. Removal of all trash and other debris would be required. Hikers on the PCT would be required to deposit human body waste in cat-holes dug at least 200 feet from any surface freshwater source, and to remove toilet paper and other applicable personal care and hygiene product waste as trash. All trash must be contained and properly disposed of within designated trash receptacles.
Monitoring and Adaptive Management During the scoping period for this project, public comments ranged from requests for resumption of recreational activities within the project area to calls for stringent resource protection measures, including long-term closure of the entire project area. The ANF proposes to implement an adaptive management strategy as part of Alternative 3, to determine the level of recreation activity within the project area that could be allowed while adequately protecting the MYLF, peregrine falcon, and other sensitive resources. The proposed adaptive management strategy would monitor specific indicators over time and apply adjustments as needed to the number of visitor use permits, seasonal closure boundaries and duration, and long-term closure area restrictions. The adjustments would be based on measurable environmental attributes (“resource indicators”), predetermined thresholds (“triggers”), and management responses. The adaptive management strategy is summarized in Tables 2-1 and 2-2. Adaptive management could also result in annual or long-term closure of the area. The duration of such closures under Alternative 3 would be based on MYLF recovery. The USFWS is currently developing a recovery plan for the MYLF. The MYLF Recovery Plan will identify site specific management actions that, once completed, could lead to reclassification of the MYLF. Monitoring and management actions would be adjusted as needed.
Draft EIS 2-6 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
Table 2-1. Summary of Adaptive Management Strategies Resource Target Performance Monitoring Method/ Management Threshold for Response/ Adaptive Management Indicator Measure Frequency Adaptive Management Adjustments Adjustments MYLF population MYLF population is Method: Relevant USGS MYLF Population:2 Visitor Permits Issued: numbers and trends stable or increasing1 MYLF monitoring protocols . 50% increase above baseline . Maximum 120 individual permits/day over time Frequency: Annually . 25% increase above baseline . Maximum 105 individual permits/day . Baseline . Maximum 90 individual permits/day . 10% reduction below baseline . Maximum 45 individual permits/day . 15% reduction below baseline . No permits issued. Area closed until the population is back to baseline. Peregrine falcon Occupied peregrine falcon Method: Nest monitoring Peregrine Falcon Presence: Seasonal Restrictions: nesting activity3 nests are undisturbed; Frequency: Minimum of . If Peregrine falcon nest is not . The baseline seasonal closure period of successful fledging is two survey periods (4-5 occupied or monitoring indicates no November 16 to July 31 would no longer occurring hours each), between April nesting has occurred apply. Williamson Rock would be open for to June and spaced at least recreation as long as CA-2 is open to public 25 days apart access and the MYLF population does not dip 15% or more below baseline. . Peregrine falcon nest is occupied . A ¼-mile spatial buffer would be applied to any active nest. Within the buffer, a seasonal restric- tion would apply. Outside the buffer, climbing would be allowed during the seasonal open period of August 1 to November 15. The buffer could be adjusted based on topographical features of Williamson Rock that limit noise or visual disturbance to the birds. Adjustment of the buffer would be done on a case by case basis at the discretion of the ANF Forest Supervisor. . No monitoring data available . The established baseline seasonal closure period of November 16 to July 31 would apply. ANF onsite ANF site managers are Frequency: 2 monitors per ANF Monitor not present Area closed management funded and onsite at day presence Williamson Rock during open season ANF Monitor present Area open 1 – The base measurement for MYLF population would be based on the unique adult individuals at the time of signing the decision of the project. 2 – Upwards or downwards change of annual thresholds result in corresponding changes to the number of daily permits issued. 3 – During the first two years, public access to Williamson Rock will only be allowed during the proposed open season (August 1 to November 15), while sufficient nesting data is gathered in order to determine if the open season can be adjusted.
July 2018 2-7 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
As part of the adaptive management strategy, there would be a point system developed to document and quantify any observed violations of the established permit conditions. Points would be given based on severity of certain behaviors and the consequences that would cause damage to the natural environment. Points would be cumulative throughout the open period. Should enough violations occur in a season where the violation scoring reaches 100 points, the site would be closed for the remainder of that year’s open season. This point system is developed with examples of the violations that may be observed. The list provided in Table 2-2 below is not exhaustive. Points and citations would be given at the discretion of the ANF onsite manager/monitor.
Table 2-2. Point System for the Adaptive Management Strategy Points Severity Condition observed (list of examples) 1 point Low Micro-trash: Observation of micro-trash (i.e, cigarette butts, chewing tobacco, bottle caps). 5 points Medium Noise, large trash, graffiti: Observation of refuse/trash, presence of human waste, or food waste. Not in compliance with day use regulations (i,e, use of amplified music devices or creation of camp fires or camp sites). Indication of vandalism or graffiti to Williamson Rock and associated facilities (e.g., climbing wall, foot bridge, signage). 10 points Medium/High Access: Creating new trails, trampling vegetation, unauthorized access of trails and or climbing area outside of open season. 20 points High Closure violation: Visitors entering closure area. 35 points Extreme Direct disturbance to biological resources: Direct disturbance of peregrine falcon or MYLF. Presence of an Off-Highway Vehicle.
2.2.4 Alternative 4: PCT Reroute (Adaptive Management) Alternative 4 includes all components described in Alternative 3, with the exception that a 2.5-mile segment of the PCT in the project area would be rerouted. Under Alternative 4, the PCT would be rerouted to divert hiking traffic away from Williamson Rock and to avoid crossing Little Rock Creek (MYLF designated critical habitat). Details of the PCT reroute and management of the PCT in the project area are shown in Figure 2-4. Alignment. As shown in Figure 2-4, a 2.5-mile segment of the PCT would be rerouted to avoid crossings of Littlerock Creek. A portion of the PCT proposed reroute is located within the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness. Almost half of the route follows an old logging road bed that parallels the contours of the canyon side until it begins to descend by means of a series of switchbacks towards the connection point with the existing PCT segment. Management. As shown in Figure 2-4, portions of the existing PCT would remain within the proposed long-term closure area. That remaining portion of the PCT and the rerouted segment would remain open to the public year around. The existing trail segment labeled as “PCT Closure” in Figure 2-4 would be decommissioned. Design features. The ANF would work closely with the Pacific Crest Trail Association (PCTA) to conduct an Optimal Location Review of this route. If deemed to be an optimal location, determination of the best trail construction techniques for the rerouted segment would be implemented in order to provide the best possible recreation experience for PCT users. 2.2.5 Avoidance and Minimization Measures Common to Alternatives 3 and 4 Alternatives 3 and 4 would implement developed recreation facility improvements (i.e., trail construction, PCT bridge for Alternative 3, kiosks and interpretive signs, waste facilities). The ANF has identified Avoidance and Minimization Measures (AMMs) that would reduce or avoid adverse effects
Draft EIS 2-8 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES from construction activities under Alternatives 3 and 4. These AMMs are specific to biological and cultural resources and are referenced as needed in Section 3.3 (Biological Resources) and Section 3.4 (Cultural Resources). BIO-1: Weed Management Plan. Prior to opening all or a portion of the current closure area to recreation, a Weed Management Plan will be prepared, consistent with the Forest Service’s Plan for Invasive Plants and the Angeles National Forest and San Gabriel Mountains National Monument Environmental Assessment. The Plan will identify the manual removal methods and timing to eradicate existing populations of target invasive species in the project area prior to public access to Williamson Rock and the closed segment of the PCT. In addition, it will present a weed monitoring program to identify and manage any new weed populations introduced after the project area is opened to recreation. Target weed species are those that: (1) are rated High or Moderate for negative ecological impact in the California Invasive Plant Inventory Database; (2) aid and promote the spread of wildfires (such as cheatgrass, Saharan mustard, and medusa head); and (3) are considered by the Forest Service as species of priority. The Weed Management Plan shall include the following: an annual weed inventory protocol for the reopened portion of the PCT and Williamson Rock; a description of all proposed weed control methods and the timing of treatments for each identified weed species; and timing and methodology for follow-up surveying and monitoring of any areas that receive weed treatment. BIO-2: Conduct Pre-Construction Clearance Surveys and Biological Monitoring. A Forest Service-approved biologist with MYLF experience will conduct pre-activity clearance surveys for MYLF immediately prior to construction of the PCT bridge and within 50 feet of Little Rock Creek during each day of construction activity. The biologist will monitor all bridge and trail construction within 50 feet of Little Rock Creek to ensure no MYLF enter the work areas. If MYLF are found, then the appropriate measures will be implemented in accordance to the project Biological Opinion (i.e., relocation, or stoppage of work). BIO-3: Nesting Bird Avoidance. Vegetation removal and trimming required for project con- struction would occur outside of the bird breeding season (generally February 1 through July 31). These dates may be modified if nesting bird surveys conducted by a qualified biologist indicate no breeding activity in the project area. If vegetation removal and trimming could not occur outside the breeding season, then pre-work clearance surveys would be conducted by a Forest Service-approved surveyor. If an active nest is detected, the nest would be avoided until the young have fledged or the nest has failed. CUL-1: Unidentified Cultural Resource Discovery Procedures. In the event that unanticipated resources are encountered during ground-disturbing or other construction activities, work must cease within 50 feet of the discovery and the Forest Service Heritage Program Manager shall be notified by phone and email. Work may continue only after the resources are recorded and evaluated by a cultural resources specialist. CUL-2: Unidentified Human Remains Discovery Procedures. The Forest Service and its contrac- tor shall follow all federal laws, statutes, and regulations that govern the treatment of human remains. Avoidance or protection of inadvertent discoveries which contain human remains shall be the preferred strategy, with complete avoidance of impacts to
July 2018 2-9 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
such resources protected from direct project impacts by project redesign. If human remains are discovered during construction, all work shall halt within 100 feet of the discovery and work is to be diverted from the area of the discovery. The Forest Service Heritage Program Manager shall be informed immediately. If the remains are determined to be of Native American origin, then the remains shall be treated in accordance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). If non-Native American human remains are discovered, then the County Coroner would be contacted to determine the appropriate course of action. As appropriate, in all required NAGPRA and Section 106 actions, government-to-government consultation with Native Americans, agencies and commissions, and consulting parties as deemed necessary by the Forest Service Heritage Program Manager shall apply. 2.3 Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study The following section discusses alternatives that were considered but eliminated from detailed study. Additional details on these alternatives are provided in Appendix A (Alternatives Report). 2.3.1 Long-term Closure with Exceptions 2.3.2 Smaller Area of Long-Term Closure with No Seasonal Closures and No Permit System 2.3.3 Reroute PCT Outside of Mountain Yellow-Legged Frog Designated Critical Habitat 2.3.1 Long-term Closure with Exceptions This alternative was a variation of Alternative 3. All components described in Section 2.2.3 are included with the exception that a visitor use permit system would allow year-round access to Williamson Rock. This alternative would also not limit the number of permits issued daily. Although this alternative would allow increased access to recreational opportunities in the Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area compared to Alternative 3, the difficulties in monitoring the closure area with unknown number of daily users would not provide enough protection of sensitive species and habitat resources, and therefore, the alternative was eliminated from further analysis. 2.3.2 Smaller Area of Long-Term Closure with No Seasonal Closures, No Adaptive Management, and No Permit System This alternative would reduce the size of the long-term closure area, allow year-round access to William- son Rock, and would not implement a visitor use permit system. All other components are identical to Alternative 3. Details of the differences include: The long-term closure area would be reduced to the area bounded by Little Rock Creek to the north, the PCT to the west, CA-2 to the south, and the proposed new Long Trail to the east. Year-round access and use of Williamson Rock would be allowed, as in Alternative 1. This alternative would not include a visitor use permit system, and there would be no adaptive management strategy for regulating visitor use. Compliance with the closure boundaries would only rely on the use of informational signage. Although this alternative would allow maximum access to recreational opportunities in the Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area, the lack of onsite compliance monitoring may increase the potential for human activities to intrude into environmental protection areas and impact sensitive species and habitat resources. This alternative was eliminated from further analysis because the proposed closure
Draft EIS 2-10 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
area would be too difficult to manage and identify, and there would be no mechanism for restricting or monitoring the use of Williamson Rock or the PCT. 2.3.3 Reroute PCT Outside of Mountain Yellow-legged Frog Designated Critical Habitat The intent of this alternative is to keep all recreational uses outside of MYLF designated critical habitat by establishing the current 19-mile reroute of the PCT as a new official part of the PCT. Under this alternative, the user-created Long Trail would not be established as a system trail; instead a new Williamson Rock access trail would be built to connect to the new rerouted segment of the PCT. Consequently, the PCT would serve as the preliminary connection to get to the Williamson Rock access trail. The new access trail would eliminate the need for a bridge at the current PCT crossing at Little Rock Creek. The new 19-mile rerouted portion of the PCT would be open for year-round public use. Aside from these changes, this alternative would apply components of Alternative 3 such as a visitor use permit system, which would establish a daily limit for issued permits, and ANF site managers with citation authority, who would be onsite each day when the Visitor Use Permit Area is open. This alternative is not feasible to implement, with the primary constraint being the infeasibility of creating an adequate gateway trail connecting the PCT to Williamson Rock. In addition, the current 19- mile reroute would not meet the PCTA’s Optimal Trail Location and design standards. The PCT is required to provide access for both foot and equestrian traffic (USDA Forest Service, 1982). The slopes associated with these proposed trail routes would not be feasible for equestrian traffic and would pose an undue burden to PCT hikers by adding a multitude of additional miles to what is already a very long hike. Additionally, compared to historically used access trails to Williamson Rock, this alternative would increase the distance that visitors to Williamson Rock would have to hike in order to get to the proposed new access trail via the PCT. This alternative would not meet the National Scenic Trail standards of the PCT and may not feasibly provide adequate access to Williamson Rock for recreational use; therefore, it is eliminated from further analysis. 2.4 Summary of Alternative Components This section summarizes the key differences between the alternatives. Table 2-3 compares the manage- ment actions of each alternative. Table 2-4 summarizes and compares the environmental impacts of each of the alternatives, with a focus on the four significant issues identified during scoping (see Section 1.5 of Chapter 1). A full analysis of the impacts from each alternative is presented in Section 3 of this EIS for each affected environmental issue area.
July 2018 2-11 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
Table 2-3. Summary of Alternative Components Alternative 1: No Action Alternative 2: Current Closure Alternative 3: Proposed Action Alternative 4: PCT Reroute Feature Management (Adaptive Management) (Adaptive Management) Management of Adaptive Management specific to Adaptive Management specific to Sensitive Resources in Follow the 2005 ANF LMP Area closed to public use Williamson Rock area Williamson Rock area Williamson Rock Area August 1-November 15, annually August 1-November 15, annually Periods of Availability Year-Round Unavailable (can be altered by Adaptive (can be altered by Adaptive Management) Management) Permit System: 90 individuals and Permit System: 90 individuals and 30 vehicles per day (number of 30 vehicles per day (number of Amount of Public Use Unlimited Unavailable individuals can be altered by individuals can be altered by Adaptive Management) Adaptive Management) Access to Williamson Proposed new Long-Trail via proposed Proposed new Long-Trail via proposed User-created trails Unavailable Rock new Kratka Ridge parking lot new Kratka Ridge parking lot Use of PCT in 19-mile reroute along other existing Existing PCT Route with additional 2.5-mile reroute to avoid crossing Existing PCT route Williamson Rock Area trails to avoid MYLF critical habitat signage and new bridge. Little Rock Creek
Table 2-4. Comparison of Impacts by Alternative Alternative 3: Proposed Alternative 2: Current Action (Adaptive Alternative 4: PCT Reroute Resource Impact Alternative 1: No Action Closure Management Management) (Adaptive Management) Issue #1: Implementation of the proposed action or alternatives that allow human-related activities in the project area could adversely affect MYLF and MYLF Designated Critical Habitat (DCH) Indicator: A qualitative or quantitative description of effects to MYLF populations or individuals attributable to human-related activities in or near MYLF critical habitat.
Draft EIS 2-12 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
Table 2-4. Comparison of Impacts by Alternative Alternative 3: Proposed Alternative 2: Current Action (Adaptive Alternative 4: PCT Reroute Resource Impact Alternative 1: No Action Closure Management Management) (Adaptive Management) Project construction and subsequent Direct impacts to MYLF may Ongoing closure would Seasonal restrictions would Seasonal restrictions would human activities that disturb endangered, include disturbance of egg protect MYLF from trampling protect MYLF during vulnerable protect MYLF during vulnerable threatened, or proposed plant or animal masses, trampling of individual or other disturbance, which periods (i.e., presence of egg periods (i.e., presence of egg species or their critical habitat [BIO-1] frogs, capturing and handling would create a beneficial masses, breeding period) and masses, breeding period) and of tadpoles and adult frogs, impact to the MYLF would restrict access to would restrict access to stream and generalized disruption of population. stream corridor and other corridor and other areas most mating and migration. Effects areas most likely to contain likely to contain MYLF. Impacts could result in population MYLF. Adverse impacts along PCT would be avoided decline, loss of viability, or would be minimized through through trail reroute. Adverse even extirpation in upper Little adaptive management. impacts would be minimized Rock Creek, which would be through adaptive a negative and substantial management. impact. Indicator: A qualitative or quantitative description of effects to Primary Constituent Elements (PCE) of MYLF critical habitat (e.g., impacts to water sources, riparian habitat, or upland vegetation) attributable to human-related activities in or near MYLF critical habitat. Project construction and subsequent Indirect impacts to MYLF may Ongoing closure would Monitoring and adaptive Monitoring and adaptive human activities that disturb endangered, include the introduction of protect MYLF designated management would minimize management would minimize threatened, or proposed plant or animal Chytrid fungus or other critical habitat, resulting in a indirect impacts to MYLF from indirect impacts to MYLF from species or their critical habitat [BIO-1] pathogens; decreased water beneficial impact to MYLF. improper use of the project improper use of the project quality; altered stream beds area. area. and sedimentation. Effects could result in population decline, loss of viability, or even extirpation in upper Little Rock Creek, which would be a negative and substantial impact. Recreational use of Williamson Rock and No direct impact to soil No direct impact to soil Minor direct losses to soil Minor direct losses to soil the PCT in the project area could alter structure. Long-term soil structure except to a minor productivity on the new Long productivity on the new Long soil structure on and near trails, resulting structure and productivity extent along the PCT reroute. Trail. Beneficial impact to soil Trail and PCT reroute. in decreased productivity and function. would be reduced due to Long-term soil structure and productivity in areas outside Beneficial impact to soil [HS-1] recreational use. Greatest productivity would increase the Long Trail due to seasonal productivity in areas outside long-term impact of the due to project area closure. closures and restoration. the Long Trail and PCT due to alternatives. Least long-term impact of the seasonal closures and alternatives. Impact is restoration. Slightly greater beneficial. impact than Alternative 3 due to construction of the PCT reroute.
July 2018 2-13 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
Table 2-4. Comparison of Impacts by Alternative Alternative 3: Proposed Alternative 2: Current Action (Adaptive Alternative 4: PCT Reroute Resource Impact Alternative 1: No Action Closure Management Management) (Adaptive Management) Recreational use of Williamson Rock and No direct impact to water Would have no direct effect Minor potential for water Minor potential for water the PCT in the project area could introduce quality. Long-term water quality on water quality but would contamination due to contamination would be contaminants to stream waters and would be reduced due to have an indirect beneficial recreation. Would be mitigated mitigated by BMPs, seasonal generate erosion leading to adverse recreational use. Greatest effect. Least long-term impact by BMPs, seasonal closure, closure, design features, and water quality effects. [HS-2] indirect and long-term impacts of the alternatives. design features, and a SWPPP. 1 of the alternatives. development of a SWPPP . Water quality benefits greater than Alternative 3 due to the PCT reroute away from Little Rock Creek corridor. Recreational activities in Little Rock User-created trails and Would have no direct adverse Minor impact of stream bank Minor impact of stream bank Creek and tributaries could disturb unrestricted access to Little impact on stream banks and erosion due to construction of erosion from two stream stream banks and generate erosion Rock Creek would indirectly trails but would create an the PCT bridge and other crossings. Long term beneficial along and in the vicinity of trails. [HS-3] result in local erosion along indirect and environmentally crossings. Long term beneficial impact from closure of Little the trails and creek corridor. beneficial effect. Least long- impact due to closure of Little Rock Creek corridor and Greatest long-term impact of term impact of the Rock Creek corridor and seasonal restrictions. Slightly the alternatives. alternatives. seasonal restrictions. greater benefit than Alternative 3 due to the PCT reroute away from Little Rock Creek corridor. Recreational activities in Little Rock Creek Would contribute to the at-risk Would have minor contribution Minor impact to watershed Minor impact to watershed and tributaries could adversely affect status of Little Rock Creek to the at-risk status of the Little health due to construction of health due to construction of watershed health indicators resulting in watershed through continued Rock Creek and Big Rock the Long Trail. Long-term the Long Trail and PCT reroute. diminishment of the overall watershed disturbance of riparian Creek watersheds through beneficial impact due to closure Long-term beneficial impact condition. [HS-4] vegetation and forest cover, use of the 19-mile PCT of Little Rock Creek corridor, due to closure of Little Rock and continued disturbance of reroute. Impacts would be the seasonal restrictions and trail Creek corridor, seasonal soils through recreational use. least adverse among the restoration. restrictions and trail Greatest long-term impact of alternatives. Long=term restoration. Greater indirect the alternatives. effects on Little Rock Creek benefit on watershed health watershed health would be than Alternative 3 due to the beneficial. PCT reroute away from Little Rock Creek.
1 Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan
Draft EIS 2-14 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
Table 2-4. Comparison of Impacts by Alternative Alternative 3: Proposed Alternative 2: Current Action (Adaptive Alternative 4: PCT Reroute Resource Impact Alternative 1: No Action Closure Management Management) (Adaptive Management) Project construction and subsequent Would have no direct effect Would have no direct effect Involves local modification of Involves local modification of human activities could alter rainfall-runoff on hydrology. Long-term on hydrology. Long-term, hydrology along the Long Trail. hydrology along the Long characteristics, resulting in higher flood unrestricted use would have impact on hydrologic resources Would have long-term Trail and PCT reroute. Would peaks, increased runoff volume, and an indirect adverse effect on would be beneficial. beneficial impact due to closure have long term beneficial more frequent runoff volume. [HS-5] hydrology through continued of Little Rock Creek corridor, impact due to closure of Little vegetative and soil disruption, seasonal restrictions and trail Rock Creek corridor, seasonal leading to higher and more restoration. restrictions and trail restoration. frequent runoff. Greatest long- Less beneficial impacts than term impact of the Alternative 3 due to alternatives. construction of PCT reroute. Issue #2: Implementation of the proposed action or alternatives that allow human-related activities in the project area could adversely affect peregrine falcons and peregrine falcon nesting habitat. Indicator: A qualitative description of the effects of recreation activities (i.e., rock climbing and PCT hiking) within the project area on peregrine falcons and peregrine falcon nesting habitat Project construction and subsequent Unrestricted rock climbing No disturbance or other Routine nest monitoring and Routine nest monitoring and human activities that disturb nesting during the peregrine falcon impacts to peregrine falcons subsequent seasonal subsequent seasonal peregrine falcons. [BIO-3] nesting season would disrupt would occur if the project area restrictions would avoid restrictions would avoid nesting falcons, potentially is closed to public access. impacts to nesting peregrines. impacts to nesting peregrines. resulting in nest failures. Impacts would be substantial and long-term. Issue #3: Implementation of the proposed action or alternatives that limit or eliminate access to Williamson Rock could adversely affect public use and enjoyment, particularly for rock climbing activities. Indicator: A qualitative and/or quantitative description of authorized access to Williamson Rock resulting in effects to rock climbing opportunities Restricted public access to Williamson Public access to Williamson Williamson Rock would be Access to Williamson Rock Access to Williamson Rock Rock precludes recreation at a unique Rock would not be restricted. closed year-round. Impacts would be restricted through a would be restricted through a rock climbing site. [REC-1] No impact would occur. would be major. visitor permit system. Impacts visitor permit system. Impacts would range from moderate to would range from moderate to major. major. Issue #4: Implementation of alternatives that reroute the congressionally designated PCT may adversely impact public use and enjoyment of the trail, and may not be in the optimal location. Indicator: A qualitative or quantitative description of changes to the PCT alignment, resulting in impacts to public use and enjoyment of the trail
July 2018 2-15 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 2. DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES
Table 2-4. Comparison of Impacts by Alternative Alternative 3: Proposed Alternative 2: Current Action (Adaptive Alternative 4: PCT Reroute Resource Impact Alternative 1: No Action Closure Management Management) (Adaptive Management) PCT reroute limits public access to the Public access to the PCT would The PCT reroute would prevent Public access to the PCT would The PCT reroute would allow trail. [REC-2] not be restricted. No impact public access to the trail from not be restricted. No impact public access to the trail from would occur. CA-2 at Eagles Roost Picnic would occur. CA-2 at Eagles Roost Picnic Site. Impacts would be major. Site. Impacts would be minor. If the PCT reroute cannot accommodate equestrian access, impacts would be major. PCT reroute affects the existing scenic The PCT route would not The PCT reroute would con- The new PCT bridge would Construction of the new PCT character or quality of the PCT. [REC-3] change. No impact would tinue to traverse NFS lands not adversely affect the High reroute would adhere to Forest occur. designated with a High scenic scenic integrity level. Impacts Service standards and guide- integrity level. Impacts would would be minor. lines. Impacts would be minor. be minor.
Draft EIS 2-16 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.1 INTRODUCTION
3. Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences 3.1 Introduction The resource areas analyzed for the EIS have been identified as the following:
1. Biological Resources 4. Recreation 2. Cultural Resources 5. Wilderness/ Wild and Scenic River Management 3. Hydrology and Water Quality 3.1.1 Organization of Impact Discussion Within each of the resource areas listed above, discussion of impacts from each alternative is organized into the following subheadings: Affected Environment The affected environment is a concise description of existing resource conditions and trends, which may be affected by alternatives. The affected environment has been described in each resource area. The extent of the affected environment evaluated can differ between each technical issue area. The affected environment was determined by geographic extent of anticipated impacts. For the purpose of this EIS, the affected environment used to determine impacts related to the alternatives is based on the environ- mental conditions that existed prior to the project area’s closure in December 2005. Regulatory Framework The regulatory framework applicable to the alternatives is presented within each issue area section includ- ing the applicable plans, policies, and regulations that guide the analysis. Environmental Consequences The environmental consequences discussion examines impacts associated with each alternative described in Chapter 2. This detailed analysis is provided to decision makers to make an informed decision. The information contained in this EIS will also be used by regulatory agencies that would need to issue permits during the implementation phase (for example, Army Corps of Engineers 404 permit). Environmental effects will include direct, indirect, as well as residual or unavoidable impacts that would remain despite the incorporation of Avoidance and Minimization Measures (AMMs). Effects analyzed in NEPA analysis include short-term and long-term effects, and can be beneficial or detrimental, the extent of which is determined by the action and the scope of analysis. Terms referring to the intensity, context (geographic extent), and duration of impacts are used in Chapter 3. Cumulative Analysis Cumulative effects are evaluated when considered with other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions. Based on the location of Williamson Rock and the proposed management area, there is no other agency or jurisdiction that manages lands within the immediate area. Cumulative effects are mainly from ANF management actions that overlap in space and time with the Williamson Rock EIS. Impact Summary The discussion summarizes impacts of the alternatives for each resource area. The purpose of the summary is to provide the reader a concise conclusion of the impacts based on the detailed analysis. AMMs identified in Section 2.2.5 are incorporated where feasible.
July 2018 3.1-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.2 CUMULATIVE SCENARIO
3.2 Cumulative Scenario 3.2.1 Introduction The term “cumulative impact” refers to the inclusion of all possible impacts from past, present or fore- seeable future projects or actions for environmental impact analysis (CEQ, 1997). Although past projects or actions may have individually small impacts that become part of baseline conditions, over time, addi- tional projects can generate collectively adverse effects and thus are required to be analyzed under NEPA. 3.2.2 Methodology The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) recommends a three-part process for incorporating cumula- tive effects into an environmental impact assessment: Scoping for cumulative effects; Describing the affected environment; and Determining the environmental consequences of cumulative effects (CEQ, 1997). For each of the three parts, CEQ has identified a series of steps necessary for a comprehensive cumulative analysis. This section describes these steps in the context of the cumulative analysis for the project.
Scoping for Cumulative Effects Identify the cumulative effects issues associated with the project. Issues include potential impacts to biological resources from public use and enjoyment of Williamson Rock, impacts to recreation from long-term and seasonal closure areas and potential reroutes of the PCT, and other potential environmental impacts associated with development of the project area for managed recreational use. Establish the geographic scope for the analysis. The degree to which a cumulative impact may extend or migrate beyond the project area would depend on the resource being considered. Each resource area analysis in this EIS includes a discussion of the applicable geographic scope in its respective cumulative impact assessment. Establish the time frame for the analysis. The time frame of the project may need to be expanded for the cumulative analysis if project-specific impacts could extend into the future. Each resource area analysis in this EIS includes a discussion of the applicable time frame in its respective cumulative impact assessment. Identify other actions affecting the resources. The cumulative analysis considers all qualifying actions within the project impact zone. Federal projects listed in the Schedule of Proposed Actions (SOPA) for Angeles National Forest were used to identify recently completed projects as well as present and future actions within the Williamson Rock area (see Table 3.2-1, Cumulative Project List). The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) was also contacted regarding applicable projects along CA-2. No Caltrans projects are proposed or have been recently completed within the project impact zone (Caltrans, 2018).
July 2018 3.2-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.2 CUMULATIVE SCENARIO
Describing the Affected Environment Characterize the resources. The resource areas addressed in this EIS include biological resources, cul- tural resources, hydrology and water quality, recreation, and wilderness/wild and scenic river management. Characterize the stresses affecting these resources, and their regulatory thresholds. The impact analysis for each of the resource areas analyzed in this EIS includes the environmental setting, as a description of the relevant regulatory framework for that resource (i.e., applicable regulations), and the relevant impact thresholds used to determine adverse effects to each resource. Define a baseline condition for these resources. The setting discussion for each resource area analyzed in this EIS (see Sections 3.3 through 3.7) includes a description of current baseline conditions within the project area.
Determining the Environmental Consequences of Cumulative Effects The following steps in the cumulative impact analysis have been completed for each resource area in Sections 3.3 through 3.7 of the EIS: Identify the important cause-and-effect relationship between project activities and resources; Determine the magnitude and significance of cumulative effects; and Modify or add alternatives to avoid, minimize, or mitigate cumulative effects. Monitor the cumulative effects of the selected alternative and adapt management. Forest Service reg- ulations stipulate that in the public record of decision, the responsible agency is required to develop a monitoring and enforcement program for any mitigation measures that would be implemented to mini- mize potential environmental impacts of the project. Alternatives 3 and 4 incorporate an adaptive management strategy that would include monitoring impacts to the MYLF and peregrine falcon. 3.2.3 Applicable Cumulative Projects The list of cumulative projects is provided in Table 3.2-1, with their locations illustrated in Figure 3.2-1. Cumulative projects identified within the project impact zone include recently completed projects and projects under construction or review. The exact geographic extent for each resource-specific cumulative analysis will vary given the nature of that resource and range of potential effects.
Draft EIS 3.2-2 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.2 CUMULATIVE SCENARIO
Table 3.2-1. Cumulative Project List Map ID # Responsible Agency Project Name Location Status Description 1 USDA Forest Service Non-native Aquatic Species Within the drainages in the Pleasant Planning and Removed non-native aquatic species Removal in Mountain View, San Gabriel and Sheep implementation within the south Fork Big Rock Creek, Dorr Yellow-legged Frog Habitat Mountain Wilderness Areas. Completed Canyon, Little Rock Creek, Devils Canyon, Bear Creek, Vincent and Bear Gulch. 2 USDA Forest Service Plan for Invasive Plants/ Project is in the San Gabriel Mountains Planning Proposed action includes eradication, Angeles National Forest and the northern section of the Completed. control, containment and/or suppression Sierra Pelona Mountains Continuous of existing and new infestation of implementation. invasive plant species that are undesirable, noxious, harmful, injurious, or poisonous. Source: ANF, 2017
July 2018 3.2-3 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
3.3 Biological Resources This section describes effects to biological resources from the implementation of the project. The following discussion addresses existing environmental conditions in the affected area, identifies and analyzes environmental impacts for a range of project alternatives, and identifies measures to reduce or avoid anticipated adverse impacts. Existing laws and regulations relevant to biological resources are also described.
Related Biological Resources Documentation A Biological Assessment (BA) has been completed that evaluates impacts to federally listed threatened, endangered, proposed, petitioned, and candidate species, and is written according to guidelines of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). A Biological Evaluation (BE) was also completed that evaluates impacts to USDA Forest Service Sensitive species. The BA/BE is summarized in Section 3.3. 3.3.1 Affected Environment The affected environment for biological resources includes the baseline biological conditions of the alternatives. Vegetation types within the project area are described to characterize botanical resources and wildlife habitat values. Biotic habitats suitable for the occurrence of special-status plant and wildlife species are also described. The geographic scope for biological resources analysis is the current closure area north of CA-2, which includes a minimum 0.25-mile buffer around all proposed project features (see Figures 2-2 and 3.3-1).
3.3.1.1 Baseline Data Collection and Methodology Biological information was collected through field investigations (i.e., reconnaissance and focused surveys); review of existing online and published literature; consultation with local biologists; and coordination with staff from the USFWS and regional experts with the United States Geological Survey (USGS). In addition, ANF biologists have conducted biological monitoring of the Williamson Rock area as a collaborative effort with USGS. Information from a review of the literature, combined with observations from field surveys, were used to generate a list of sensitive vegetation communities and special-status plant and animal taxa that were observed, previously documented, or that may have the potential to occur within the project area and adjacent habitat. For the purposes of this report, special-status taxa are defined as plants or animals that: Have been designated as either threatened or endangered by USFWS and are protected under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA); Are candidate species being considered or proposed for listing under the ESA; Are designated as Forest Sensitive Species on the ANF; or Have ANF LMP components that compel protection or minimization of impacts.
Literature Search Sensitive biological resources known to occur in the region or potentially present were identified through a review of existing literature sources including USGS topographic maps, aerial photography, and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) California Natural Diversity Data Base
July 2018 3.3-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
(CNDDB; CDFW, 2017). The project components are located within the USGS Waterman Mountain and Crystal Lake, California 7.5-foot topographic quadrangles. The following 10 adjacent quadrangles were also included in the database search due to their proximity to the project area: Chilao Flat, Pacifico Mountain, Juniper Hills, Valyermo, Mescal Creek, Mount San Antonio, Mount Baldy, Glendora, Azusa, and Mount Wilson. Additional data regarding the potential occurrence of special-status species and policies relating to these sensitive natural resources were gathered from the following sources: ANF LMP (USDA Forest Service, 2006); Pacific Southwest Region Regional Forester’s Sensitive Species List (USDA Forest Service, 2014); Consortium of California Herbaria (CCH, 2017); and Data from ongoing USGS annual MYLF surveys.
3.3.1.2 Regional Setting The project site and surrounding area is rugged, largely undeveloped, and characterized by steep canyons and narrow streams. Several trails occur in the area including the PCT, which has been closed to hikers within the project area since the closure was instituted in 2005. White fir (Abies concolor), various pines (Pinus spp.) and incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens) are scattered across the steep slopes. Thickets of snow bush (Ceanothus cordulatus) and green leaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula) are scattered along the trails. Little Rock Creek is located at the base of Williamson Rock and supports a sparse canopy of riparian vegetation. The creek is perennial in this area and provides year-round water for the MYLF and other wildlife. Williamson Rock was a popular summer rock-climbing destination until it was temporarily closed in 2005 to protect the MYLF. Little Rock Creek supports one of the last remaining populations of this endangered species in the ANF.
3.3.1.3 Vegetation Communities and Landforms Over 100 species of native and non-native vascular plants are known from the project area. Non- vascular plants, including lichens and bryophytes, were not identified during the surveys, but are expected to occur throughout the region. A list of all plants observed during the botanical survey on July 6, 2017 is provided in Attachment 1 at the end of this section. Three types of vegetation were mapped within the project area (see Table 3.3-1 and Figure 3.3-1). Vegetation was classified using names and descriptions in Sawyer et al. (2009). Vegetation classifications according to Holland (1986) are also included. Sparsely vegetated rock outcrops were also mapped but are not a vegetation type and do not match any vegetation descriptions in Sawyer et al. (2009).
Table 3.3-1. Vegetation and Cover Types Present in the Project Area
Vegetation and Cover Types Acres in Project Area White alder groves (Alnus rhombifolia Forest Alliance) 19 White fir - sugar pine forest (Abies concolor - Pinus lambertiana Forest Alliance) 394 Canyon live oak forest (Quercus chrysolepis Forest Alliance) 385 Sparsely vegetated rock outcrop 47 Total: 845
Draft EIS 3.3-2 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Riparian Vegetation The mountainous watersheds of the ANF contain several small rivers, creeks, and numerous drainages. Many of these water bodies support dense riparian vegetation, riparian woodlands, and scrub communities. In southern California, these features are unique and are home to a variety of sensitive plants and wildlife. Faber et al. (1989) estimated that as much as 95 to 97 percent of riparian habitats have been lost in southwestern California, making the high elevation habitats that are still intact that much more important to the species that rely upon that vegetation type. Many of the lower elevation riparian communities are considered high priority for inventory by CDFW (CDFG, 2010). Riparian habitats are biologically productive and diverse, and are the exclusive habitat for several threatened or endangered wildlife species and many other special-status species. Many of these species are wholly dependent on riparian habitats throughout the entirety of their life cycles, while others may utilize these habitats during certain seasons or life history phases. For example, numerous amphibian species breed in aquatic habitats, but spend most of their lives in upland areas. In an otherwise arid landscape, primary productivity in riparian habitats is high due to year-round soil moisture. High plant productivity leads to increased habitat structural diversity and increased food availability for herbivorous animals, and in turn, predatory animals (reviewed by Faber et al., 1989). Structural diversity, including standing dead trees and fallen logs is also much more evident in riparian systems than those of most regional uplands. Riparian woodlands tend to have multi-layered herb, shrub, and tree canopies, whereas most upland communities have a simpler structure. More complex habitat structure creates a greater diversity of nesting and foraging sites for birds. Similarly, mammal diversity is greater due to higher biological productivity, denning site availability, thermal cover, and water availability. White alder groves (Alnus rhombifolia Forest Alliance). White alder groves are the dominant riparian vegetation type present in the project area. They are dominated by white alder (Alnus rhombifolia) trees which form a sparse open canopy above the rocky stream channel of Little Rock Creek. The understory is dominated by riparian plants such as Sierra currant (Ribes nevadense), western columbine (Aquilegia formosa), cardinal monkey flower (Mimulus cardinalis), and a few small arroyo willows (Salix lasiolepis). This vegetation type matches descriptions of white alder riparian forest in Holland (1986).
Upland Vegetation In contrast to riparian and wetland plant species that are adapted to seasonally flooded or periodically saturated soils, upland plant communities consist of plant species that are adapted to drier conditions and typically require only seasonal precipitation to obtain adequate water resources for growth and reproduction. In the project area, most of the landscape is vegetated by upland montane forests. White fir - sugar pine forest (Abies concolor - Pinus lambertiana Forest Alliance). Most of the upland areas within the project area consist of white fir – sugar pine forest. In some portions of the project area it is dominated by white fir with a mixed canopy of sugar pine (P. lambertiana), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi), and incense cedar. The understory is sparse and includes shrubs such as snow bush and green leaf manzanita. In other areas Jeffrey pine becomes the dominate species and these areas may be more appropriately mapped as Jeffrey pine forest (Pinus jeffreyi Forest Alliance). It was difficult to distinguish these areas on aerial imagery from others that are not dominated by Jeffrey pine (for locations inaccessible for ground-truthing), so these areas were mapped as white fir – sugar pine forest. The white
July 2018 3.3-3 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
fir – sugar pine forest most closely matched the description of Sierran mixed coniferous forest in Holland (1986). Canyon live oak forest (Quercus chrysolepis Forest Alliance). Canyon live oak forests are dominated by canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). It is found on the more arid, south-facing slopes and canyons within the project area. Curl leaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) is common in these areas along with Jeffrey pine, chaparral yucca (Hesperoyucca whipplei), and green leaf manzanita. This vegetation integrates with the white fir – sugar pine forest within the project area, so boundaries between the two vegetation types are based primarily on interpretation of aerial imagery. The canyon live oak forest most closely matched the description of canyon live oak forest in Holland (1986).
Other Land Covers Sparsely vegetated rock outcrop. This cover type is dominated by rock with sparse vegetation. Areas mapped as sparsely vegetated rock outcrops include Williamson Rock and several other large granitic outcrops in the project area. Vegetation, if present, is sparse and includes small canyon live oaks, curl leaf mountain mahogany, chaparral yucca, wedgeleaf goldenbush (Ericameria cuneata), and California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum). It most closely matches the description of curl leaf mountain mahogany scrub (Cercocarpus ledifolius Shrubland Alliance) in Sawyer et al. (2009) but it does not satisfy the membership rule because of the sparseness of the shrubs. It does not match any vegetation types as described in Holland (1986).
3.3.1.4 Weeds Executive Order 13112 defines criteria for certain plant species to be considered invasive. These species can effectively displace native species and modify the fire ecology of the forest. The term “noxious weeds” includes all plants formally designated by the Secretary of Agriculture or other responsible State officials. These are plants that have been determined to be undesirable or injurious in some capacity (FSM 2900; USDA Forest Service, 2011). Several noxious weeds already exist within the project area. Some of these species occur in well-established populations and appear to be associated with historic disturbance or intentional horticultural planting. The Forest Service management direction states that noxious and invasive plant species pose a threat to native plant and animal species on National Forest System (NFS) lands, and FSM 2900 directs the Forest Service to require all equipment be cleaned when working in a site contaminated with noxious weeds. Surveys within the project area identified four non-native plant species in or immediately adjacent to project components. Three of these have been ranked by the California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC) as noxious weeds (Cal-IPC, 2017). Table 3.3-2 lists the noxious and invasive plant species that were identified during the surveys. Additional information on the life history characteristics, distribution, and threat level are included below.
Draft EIS 3.3-4 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-2. Noxious and Invasive Plant Species Identified in the Project Area Common Name Scientific Name Threat Level* Cheat grass Bromus tectorum High Jerusalem oak goosefoot Dysphania botrys None Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia Limited Rattail sixweeks grass Festuca myuros Moderate *Cal-IPC threat levels: High – These species have severe ecological impacts on physical processes, plant and animal communities, and vegetation structure. Their reproductive biology and other attributes are conducive to moderate to high rates of dispersal and establishment. Most are widely distributed ecologically. Moderate – These species have substantial and apparent—but generally not severe—ecological impacts on physical processes, plant and animal communities, and vegetation structure. Their reproductive biology and other attributes are conducive to moderate to high rates of dispersal, though establishment is generally dependent upon ecological disturbance. Ecological amplitude and distribution may range from limited to widespread. Limited – These species are invasive but their ecological impacts are minor on a statewide level or there was not enough information to justify a higher score. Their reproductive biology and other attributes result in low to moderate rates of invasiveness. Ecological amplitude and distribution are generally limited, but these species may be locally persistent and problematic. None – These species have not been ranked by Cal-IPC. Cheat grass (Bromus tectorum). Cheat grass is a common and widespread non-native annual grass throughout much of California. It has been growing in the San Gabriel Mountains since at least 1922 and within Los Angeles County since at least 1916 (CCH, 2017). It is ranked as high by the Cal-IPC because it can cause severe ecological impacts to the natural environment- and because its biology allows it to disperse and establish readily (Cal-IPC, 2017). Within the project area, cheat grass was only observed along the edges of CA-2 and adjacent to the proposed parking areas. It is expected to occur throughout the project area in low numbers. Management of this species is likely unfeasible because it is already a well-established non-native species throughout the San Gabriel Mountains and much of California. Jerusalem oak goosefoot (Dysphania botrys). Jerusalem oak goosefoot is a relatively uncommon non- native in California. It has been growing in the San Gabriel Mountains since at least 1966 and within Los Angeles County since at least 1930 (CCH, 2017). It is not ranked by the Cal-IPC (Cal-IPC, 2017). Within the project area Jerusalem oak goosefoot was only observed growing along the edges of CA-2 and adjacent to the proposed parking areas. It tends to grow in disturbed areas and does not typically spread into adjacent natural lands. Management of this species in impact areas (i.e., the proposed trail head and parking area) may be beneficial and could be achieved through manual removal. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Black locust is an ornamental landscape tree that is frequently planted in southern California. It can invade natural lands from nearby plantings via lateral root sprouting or by seed dispersal. It is fairly common in California. Most of the records for this species are recent but some date back to the early 1960s in Los Angeles County (CCH, 2017). It is ranked as limited by the Cal-IPC because it can cause minor ecological impacts to the natural environment and because its biology only allows a low to moderate rate of spread (Cal-IPC, 2017). Black locust was observed growing in a parking lot just outside of the project area along CA-2. It is spreading into the natural lands surrounding the parking lot but is still relatively restricted to the original location where the trees were presumably planted. Black locust is not expected to become problematic in the project area, but the work area should be surveyed periodically during project construction to ensure it does not germinate in the project area. Removal of any seedlings that do germinate within the project area would be best accomplished by manual removal. Rattail sixweeks grass (Festuca myuros). Rattail sixweeks grass is a common and widespread non-native annual grass throughout much of California. It has been growing in the San Gabriel Mountains since at
July 2018 3.3-5 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
least 1922 and within Los Angeles County since at least 1897 (CCH, 2017). It is ranked as moderate by the Cal-IPC because it can cause substantial, but generally not severe, ecological impacts to the natural environment and because its biology allows it to disperse and establish readily (Cal-IPC, 2017). Within the project area rattail sixweeks grass was only observed at seasonal seeps and mesic canyon bottoms along Little Rock Creek. It is likely to be persisting in these areas because of available soil moisture and it does not appear to grow or persist in the arid forests that cover most of the project area. Management of this species is not likely to be required in the project area because it is growing in localized mesic habitats. In addition, this species is widespread in the San Gabriel Mountains and the project is not expected to result in new infestations of this species.
3.3.1.5 Common Wildlife The mountains and foothills of southern California are home to roughly 400 wildlife species, many of these occurring on the ANF. Some of these are wide-ranging mammals, including black bear (Ursus americanus), mountain lion (Puma concolor), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). These species utilize a variety of habitats for breeding, denning, and foraging. Other mammals that could occur in the project area include coyote (Canis latrans), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), San Gabriel Mountains bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus), and lodgepole chipmunk (Tamias speciosus). The montane forests, riparian habitat, and rock outcrops in the project area provide breeding, nesting, and foraging habitat for a wide variety of birds including Steller’s jay (Cyanocitta stelleri), mountain quail (Oreotyx pictus), white-throated swift (Aeronautes saxatalis), black-chinned hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri), olive-sided flycatcher (Contopus cooperi), cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), white- breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), mountain chickadee (Poecile gambeli), acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), and lazuli bunting (Passerina amoena). Raptors including red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperii), and peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) were observed during surveys. Riparian areas are important resources to reptiles, and the two-striped garter snake (Thamnophis hammondii) is known to occur in the area. Upland rock outcrops and forested areas support reptiles such as side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana), southern sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), western fence lizard (S. occidentalis), Great basin whiptail (Aspidoscelis tigris tigris), Skilton’s skink (Plestiodon skiltonianus skiltonianus), and San Diego alligator lizard (Elgaria multicarinata). Non-native fish (including rainbow trout; Oncorynchus mykiss) have been removed from this portion of Little Rock Creek and a fish barrier was installed downstream to support MYLF population recovery. There are no other native fish known from the project area. Attachment 2 at the end of this section includes a compendium of wildlife observed in the project area during field surveys.
3.3.1.6 Special-Status Species Special-status taxa include those listed as threatened or endangered under the federal ESA, taxa proposed or candidates for listing, Forest Service Sensitive species, and those species that have LMP components that compel protection or minimization of impacts. Each of the special-status plant and wildlife taxa considered in this analysis were assessed for their potential to occur within the project area based on the following criteria:
Draft EIS 3.3-6 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Present: Taxa (or sign) were observed in the project area or in the same watershed (aquatic taxa only) during project surveys, or a population has been acknowledged by the ANF, USFWS, USGS, or local experts.
High: Habitat (including soils) suitable for the taxa occurs on site and a known occurrence in the project area or adjacent areas (within 5 miles of the site) in the past 20 years; however, these taxa were not detected during surveys of the project area.
Moderate: Habitat (including soils) suitable for the taxa occurs on site and a known regional record occurs within the database search, but not within 5 miles of the site or in the past 20 years; or, a known occurrence occurs within 5 miles of the site and in the past 20 years and marginal or limited amounts of habitat occurs on site; or, the taxa’s range includes the geographic area and suitable habitat exists.
Low: Limited habitat for the taxa occurs on site and no known occurrences were found in the database search, and the taxa’s range includes the geographic area overlapping with the project area.
Unlikely: Species or sign of the presence of the species not observed on the site, outside of the known range, or conditions unsuitable for occurrence.
Special-Status Plants Approximately 28 special-status plants have the potential to occur in the project area. Table 3.3-3 lists the special-status plants considered for occurrence in the project area.
July 2018 3.3-7 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-3. Special-Status Plants within the Project Area Taxa Scientific Name Common Name Status* Habitat Potential for Occurrence Federal or State Endangered or Threatened Species Astragalus brauntonii Braunton’s milkvetch CRPR 1B.1, Coastal scrub and chaparral. Recent burns or disturbed Unlikely: The project area is outside of the FE areas. <2,300 ft. Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura geographic and elevational range of the species. Counties. Berberis nevinii Nevin’s barberry CRPR 1B.1, Sandy to gravelly soils. Washes, chaparral, cismontane Unlikely: The project area is outside of the FE woodland, and coastal scrub. Generally found in lowlands geographic and elevational range of the species. or drainages. <2,200 ft. Suitable habitat is not present. Brodiaea filifolia Thread-leaved CRPR 1B.1, Grasslands and vernal pools, grassy openings in chaparral Unlikely: The project area is outside of the brodiaea FT or coastal sage scrub, playas. 100-2,900 ft. Often found in geographic and elevational range of the species. clay. S. base of San Gabriel Mountains near Glendora, Suitable habitat is not present. San Dimas, and San Bernardino. Chorizanthe parryi var. San Fernando Valley CRPR 1B.1, Sandy places in coastal or desert shrublands; historically Unlikely: The project area is outside of the fernandina spineflower FC, FSS from San Fernando Valley, adjacent foothills, and coastal geographic and elevational range of the species. Orange County; now known only in E Ventura & W Los Suitable habitat is not present. Angeles Counties; 490-4,000 ft.; May-June. Dodechema leptoceras Slender horned CRPR 1B.1, Sandy alluvial fans, benches, and terraces in coastal Unlikely: The project area is outside of the spineflower FE scrub, chaparral and cismontane woodland areas. 700- geographic and elevational range of the species. 3,000 ft. Suitable habitat is not present. Forest Service Sensitive and CRPR Species Acanthoscyphus Abram’s flowery CRPR 4.2, In chaparral on soils derived from sandy or shale Low: Suitable habitat is present and the project parishii var. abramsii puncturebract FSS substrates. Los Angeles, Ventura, and Santa Barbara area is within the geographic range of the Counties. 3,750–6,750 ft. species. Known from within 3 miles. Androsace elongata California androsace CRPR 4.2, Coastal scrub, chaparral, cismontane woodland, meadows Unlikely: The project area is outside of the ssp. acuta and seeps, and valley and foothill grassland habitats. 490- geographic and elevational range of the species. 3,900 ft. March-June. Arctostaphylos San Gabriel manzanita CRPR 1B.2, Large shrub that grows on rocky chaparral habitats; Low: The project area is within the geographic glandulosa ssp. FSS endemic to San Gabriel Mountains near Mill Creek range and this species is known from within 3 gabrielensis Summit, Elev. 2,500-5,000 ft.; March. miles. Conspicuous species not observed during surveys. Arctostaphylos Interior manzanita CRPR 4.3, Montane chaparral, yellow pine forest, and pinyon juniper Low: The project area is approximately 6 miles parryana ssp. FSS woodland, and adj. riparian habitats. 5500-7580 ft. east of the nearest known occurrence. Suitable tumescens habitat is present.
Astragalus bicristatus Crested milk-vetch CRPR 4.3, Open, rocky areas in coniferous forests. Los Angeles, Low: The project area is approximately 8 miles FSS Riverside and San Bernardino Counties. 5,500-9000 ft. west of the nearest known occurrence. Suitable habitat is present.
July 2018 3.3-8 Draft EIS
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-3. Special-Status Plants within the Project Area Taxa Scientific Name Common Name Status* Habitat Potential for Occurrence Astragalus lentiginosus San Antonio milk-vetch CRPR 1B.3, Open slopes in pine forest. San Gabriel Mountains. Los Unlikely: The project area is outside of the var. antonius FSS Angeles and San Bernardino Counties. 5,000-8,500 ft. geographic range of this variety of A. lentiginosus. Botrychium crenulatum Scalloped moonwort CRPR 2B.2, Bogs and fens, lower montane coniferous forest, meadows Low: The project area is west of the geographic FSS and seeps, and marshes & swamps (freshwater). 4,900- range of the species. Marginally suitable habitat 10,800 ft. is present. Calochortus clavatus Club-haired mariposa CRPR 4.3, Chaparral, cismontane woodland, coastal scrub, and valley Unlikely: The project area is outside of the var. clavatus lily FSS and foothill grassland at 250-4,300 ft. geographic and elevational range of the species. Suitable habitat is not present. Calochortus clavatus Slender mariposa lily CRPR 1B.2, Chaparral on slopes or in canyons, south base of San Unlikely: The project area is outside of the var. gracilis FSS Gabriel and Sierra Pelona Mountains. <4,000 ft. geographic and elevational range of the species. Suitable habitat is not present. Calochortus fimbriatus Late-flowered mariposa CRPR 1B.2, Dry, open coastal woodland; chaparral, 1,300-8,000 ft. Unlikely: The project area is outside of the lily FSS Often in serpentine soil. Coast ranges, Ventura County geographic and elevational range of the species. west. Suitable habitat is not present. Calochortus palmeri Palmer's mariposa lily CRPR 1B.2, Wet meadows and seeps in lower montane coniferous Low: Suitable habitat present. The project area var. palmeri FSS forest and chaparral habitats. 3,300-7,900 ft. May-July. is within the elevational and geographic range. Nearest record more than 3 miles from the project area. Calochortus striatus Alkali mariposa lily CRPR 1B.2, Alkaline soils, in floodplains and springs in chaparral, Unlikely: The project area is outside of the FSS chenopod scrub, and Mojavean desert scrub. 230-5,240 ft. geographic and elevational range of the species. April-June. Suitable habitat is not present. Canbya candida Pygmy-poppy CRPR 4.2, Joshua tree woodland, Mojavean desert scrub, or pinyon Unlikely: The project area is outside of the FSS and juniper woodland habitats with gravelly, granitic, or geographic and elevational range of the species. sandy soils. 2,000-4,790 ft. March-June. Suitable habitat is not present. Castilleja gleasonii Mt. Gleason paintbrush CRPR 1B.2, Rocky places within lower montane coniferous forest and Unlikely: The project area is outside of the FSS pinyon and juniper woodland communities. 2,700-7,120 ft. geographic range of the species. May-June. Castilleja plagiotoma Mojave paintbrush CRPR 4.3, Great Basin scrub, Joshua tree woodland, lower montane Low: Suitable habitat present. The project area FSS coniferous forest, and pinyon and juniper woodland is just outside of the geographic range. Known habitats. 990-8,200 ft. April-June. from within about 3 miles of the project area. Chorizanthe parryi var. Parry’s spineflower CRPR 1B.1, Valley-floor and foothill habitats. Dry, sandy or gravelly Unlikely: The project area is outside of the parryi FSS soils in washes and open areas in coastal sage scrub, geographic and elevational range of the species. chaparral, alluvial fan scrub, and the ecotone between Suitable habitat is not present. chaparral and oak woodland. 100-3,700 ft.
July 2018 3.3-9 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-3. Special-Status Plants within the Project Area Taxa Scientific Name Common Name Status* Habitat Potential for Occurrence Cladium californicum California saw-grass CRPR 2B.2, Alkaline marshes, swamps, springs (including hot springs), Unlikely: The project area is outside of the FSS perennial streams, and ponds. Soil is often alkaline, and geographic range of the species. Not known may be clay or gravel. 100-7,000 ft. elev. from within 10 miles of the project area. Claytonia lanceolata Peirson’s spring beauty CRPR 3.1, Gravelly conifer woodlands, scree slopes. 5,000-8,500 ft. Low: Suitable habitat present. The project area var. peirsonii FSS elev. is just outside of the geographic range. Known from within about 3 miles of the project area. Deinandra mohavensis Mojave tarplant CRPR 1B.3, Washes, seasonal creeks/seeps, openings in chaparral, Unlikely: The project area is outside of the SE, FSS disturbed areas. Not known from ANF, most occurrences geographic and elevational range of the species. in San Bernardino, San Jacinto Mountains. 3,000-5,300 ft. elev. Drymocallis cuneifolia Ewan’s cinquefoil CRPR 1B.3, Seeps, springs, wet areas in central San Gabriel Low: The project area is within the elevational var. ewanii FSS Mountains, 6,300-7,900 ft. elev. range but lies just west of the geographic range. Known from within about 3 miles of the project area. Dudleya cymosa ssp. San Gabriel River CRPR 1B.2, On exposed granite outcroppings in CSS or chaparral Unlikely: The project area is outside of the crebrifolia dudleya FSS areas. Fish Canyon, Lytle Creek area of the San Gabriel geographic and elevational range of the species. Mountains. 1,000-3,600 ft. elev. Dudleya densiflora San Gabriel Mountains CRPR 1B.1, Steep granitic canyon walls adjacent to chaparral, coastal Unlikely: The project area is outside of the dudleya FSS scrub, and coniferous forest. Southeast San Gabriel geographic and elevational range of the species. Mountains. 900-1,700 ft. elev. Dudleya multicaulis Many-stemmed CRPR 1B.2, Heavy soils, often clayey, coastal plain. Chaparral, coastal Unlikely: The project area is outside of the dudleya FSS scrub, and valley & foothill grassland. <2,000 ft. elev. geographic and elevational range of the species. Suitable habitat is not present. Eremegone Forest Camp sandwort FSS Ridgetops in chaparral (openings, granitic, usually oak Unlikely: The project area is just outside of the macradenia var. dominated). San Gabriel Mountains. 4,000-5,600 ft. elev. geographic and elevational range of this species. arcuifolia
Eriogonum kennedyi Southern alpine CRPR 1B.3, Alpine boulder and rock fields, subalpine, granitic gravel, Low: The project area is within the geographic var. alpigenum buckwheat FSS found on high peaks and ridgetops. 8,500-11,550 ft. elev. range but is just below the elevational range. Known from within 1 mile of the project area. Eriogonum Johnston’s buckwheat CRPR 1B.3, Rocky, subalpine coniferous forest and upper montane High: The project area is within the geographic microthecum var. FSS coniferous forest. 8,500-9,500 ft. elev. range. Known from within one mile of the johnstonii western edge of the project area in Little Rock Creek.
July 2018 3.3-10 Draft EIS
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-3. Special-Status Plants within the Project Area Taxa Scientific Name Common Name Status* Habitat Potential for Occurrence Galium grande San Gabriel bedstraw CRPR 1B.2, Open, broad-leafed forest, open chaparral, cismontane Unlikely: The project area is outside of the FSS woodland, and lower coniferous forest. Rocky slopes. geographic and elevational range of the species. 1,450-5,000 ft. elev. San Gabriel Mountains. Heuchera abramsii Abram’s alumroot CRPR 4.3, Rocky crevices in upper montane forest. San Gabriel and Unlikely: The project area is well below the FSS San Bernardino Mountains. 9,200-11,500 ft. elev. elevational range of the species. Heuchera caespitosa Urn-flowered alumroot CRPR 4.3, Rocky crevices in montane conifer forest in San Gabriel Present. Observed in the project area during FSS Mountains, 4,900-8,200 ft. elev. surveys. Horkelia cuneata ssp. Mesa horkelia CRPR 1B.1, Sandy or gravely areas in coastal sage scrub, chaparral, or Unlikely: The project area is outside of the puberula FSS oak woodland. 170-2,800 ft. elev. geographic and elevational range of the species. Suitable habitat is not present. Hulsea vestita ssp. San Gabriel Mountains CRPR 4.3, Rocky, subalpine coniferous forest, upper montane Moderate: The project area is within the gabrtielensis sunflower FSS coniferous forest, talus slopes or rock outcroppings. 4,900- geographic range and suitable habitat is present. 9,500 ft. elev. Known from within 1 mile of the project area. Hulsea vestita ssp. Pygmy alpinegold CRPR 1B.3, Gravelly sites of granitic substrate alpine areas or Unlikely: Suitable habitat is present but the pygmaea FSS subalpine forest; San Gabriel and San Bernardino project area is below the elevational range of the Mountains. 9,100-12,800 ft. elev. species. Juglans californica var. Southern California CRPR 4.2, Chaparral, coastal scrub, cismontane woodland. Slopes, Unlikely: The project area is outside of the californica black walnut canyons, alluvial habitats. Elevations of 160-3,000 ft. elev. geographic and elevational range of the species. Mar-Aug. Imperata brevifolia California satintail CRPR 2B.1, Meadows and seeps within chaparral, coastal scrub, and Unlikely: The project area is well outside of the FSS Mojavean desert scrub communities. <4,000 ft. elev. Sept.- elevational range of the species. May. Lepechinia fragrans Fragrant pitcher sage CRPR 4.2, Chaparral areas, including those recovering from recent Unlikely: The project area is outside of the FSS fire. Mt. Lukens, western Santa Monica Mountains. 65- geographic and elevational range of the species. 4,400 ft. elev. Lepechinia rossii Ross’s pitcher sage CRPR 1B.2, Rocky outcrops of reddish sedimentary rock, on north to Unlikely: The project area is outside of the FSS northeast facing slopes; 1,000-2,600 ft. elev. geographic and elevational range of the species. Lewisia brachycalyx Short-sepaled lewisia CRPR 2B.2, Seasonally wet habitats within open coniferous forest; Unlikely: The project area is outside of the FSS specifically, in montane meadows or seeps and often in geographic range of the species. sandy soils Lilium humboldtii ssp. Ocellated Humboldt lily CRPR 4.2, Riparian woodland openings within chaparral, cismontane Low: The project area is within the geographic ocellatum woodland, coastal scrub, and lower montane coniferous range but is just above the elevational range. forest communities; generally on gravelly soils within Known from within about 5 miles of the project gullies. <6,000 ft. elev. March-July. area.
July 2018 3.3-11 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-3. Special-Status Plants within the Project Area Taxa Scientific Name Common Name Status* Habitat Potential for Occurrence Lilium parryi Lemon lily CRPR 1B.2, Meadows and seeps within lower and upper montane Moderate: The project area is within the FSS coniferous forests communities. 4,000-9,000 ft. elev. July- geographic range and suitable habitat is present. August. Known from within 2 miles of the project area. Linanthus concinnus San Gabriel linanthus CRPR 1B.2, Dry rocky slopes within chaparral and montane coniferous High: The project area is within the geographic FSS forest communities. 5,000-9,200 ft. elev. May-July. and elevational range and suitable habitat is present. Known from within 1 mile of the project area. Lupinus peirsonii Peirson's lupine CRPR 1B.3, Gravelly or rocky slopes within Joshua tree woodland, Low: The project area is within the geographic FSS lower and upper montane coniferous forest, and pinyon and elevational range. Known from within about and juniper woodland communities. 3,200-8,200 ft. elev. 3 miles of the project area. April-May. Monardella australis Jokerst’s monardella CRPR 1B.1, Steep scree or talus slopes between breccia, ravines, Unlikely: The project area is outside of the ssp. jokerstii FSS canyon bottoms, and secondary alluvial benches along geographic range of this subspecies. drainages and washes. In loamy soil derived from granite or mixed alluvium. In chaparral, montane coniferous forest or woodland, or sometimes riparian. 4,430-5,740 ft. elev. Monardella macrantha Hall’s monardella CRPR 1B.3, Chaparral, broadleaved upland woodland, cismontane Unlikely: The project area is outside of the ssp. hallii FSS woodland, coniferous forest (usually Bigcone Spruce), and geographic range of the species. valley & foothill grassland. 2,000-6,600 ft. elev. San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. Monardella viridis ssp. Rock monardella CRPR 4.3, Broadleaved upland forest, montane chaparral, coniferous Low: The project area is within the geographic saxicola FSS forest, and cismontane woodland. Usually in dry, rocky range and elevational range. Known from a areas. 1,650-6,000 ft. elev. San Gabriel Mountains. single location within about 3 miles of the project area. Navarretia peninsularis Baja navarretia CRPR 1B.2, Seasonally wet areas in open forest or chaparral. Unlikely: The project area is outside of the FSS Scattered locations in the Mountains of S Calif. 4,950- geographic range of the species. 7,600 ft. elev. Nemacladus Robbins’ nemacladus CRPR 1B.2, Openings in chaparral and foothill grasslands; 875-4250 ft. Unlikely: The project area is outside of the secundiflorus var. FSS elev.; April-June. geographic and elevational range of the species. robbinsonii
Opuntia basilaris var. Short-joint beavertail CRPR 1B.2, Open chaparral, juniper woodland, or similar woodland Low: The project area is within the geographic brachyclada FSS communities. 1,390-5,900 ft. elev. April-June. range, but is just above the elevational range. Known from within about 5 miles of the project area.
July 2018 3.3-12 Draft EIS
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-3. Special-Status Plants within the Project Area Taxa Scientific Name Common Name Status* Habitat Potential for Occurrence Oreonana vestita Woolly mountain- CRPR 1B.3, Ridge tops and on rocky soils such as dry gravel or talus in Present. This species was observed in the parsley FSS lower and upper montane coniferous forest and subalpine project area during surveys. coniferous forest. 6,500-11,500 ft. elev. Orobanche valida ssp. Rock Creek broomrape CRPR 1B.2, Granitic soils within chaparral and pinyon and juniper Low: The project area is within the geographic valida FSS Woodland communities. 4,000-7,000 ft. elev. May-July. and elevational range of this species. Known from within about 3 miles of the project area. Oxytropis oreophila Rock-loving oxytrope CRPR 2B.3, Open sunny areas; on gravelly or rocky flats, slopes, Unlikely: The project area is outside of the var. oreophila FSS ridges, or summits; or in alpine boulder fields or fell-fields. geographic and elevational range of the species. Surrounding vegetation is usually composed of alpine cushion plants or subalpine coniferous forest. 8,860- 12,500 ft. elev. Parnassia cirrata var. Fringed grass-of- CRPR 1B.3, Mesic areas in open, broad-leafed forest, open chaparral, Low: The project area is within the elevational cirrata Parnassus FSS cismontane woodland, and lower forest. Rocky slopes. range, but is just outside of the geographic San Gabriel Mountains 450-5,000 ft. elev. range. Known from within about 5 miles of the project area. Scutellaria bolanderi Southern skullcap CRPR 1B.2, Gravelly streambanks and mesic sites, chaparral, Unlikely: The project area is outside of the ssp. austromontana FSS cismontane woodland, lower montane conifer forest. geographic range of the species. 1,400-6,600 ft. elev. Mainly in Riverside and San Diego Counties. Sidalcea hickmanii ssp. Parish’s checkerbloom CRPR 1B.2, Chaparral, cismontane woodland, and montane conifer Unlikely: The project area is outside of the parishii FSS habitat at elevations of 3,300–8,200 ft. elev. geographic range of the species.
Sidalcea neomexicana Salt Spring CRPR 2B.2, Flat or gently sloped, moist alkaline areas such as springs, Unlikely: The project area is outside of the checkerbloom FSS marshes, bogs, swamps, or playas. Also hillsides, roadcuts geographic and elevational range of the species. and roadsides, in pastures and fields, and in meadows. 100-5,020 ft. elev. Sidotheca Chickweed oxytheca CRPR 4.3, Sandy or gravelly flats, washes, and slopes, chaparral, and Moderate: The project area is within the caryophylloides FSS montane conifer woodlands; 4,300-8,500 ft. elev. geographic range and suitable habitat is present. Known from within 2 miles of the project area. Streptanthus Southern jewelflower CRPR 1B.3, Rocky openings in chaparral, conifer forest, and oak Unlikely: Project area is well outside of the campestris FSS woodland, 2,000-9,150 ft. elev. High variation in habitat known range of the species. and elevation of species. San Diego, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties.
July 2018 3.3-13 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-3. Special-Status Plants within the Project Area Taxa Scientific Name Common Name Status* Habitat Potential for Occurrence Stylocline masonii Mason’s neststraw CRPR 1B.1, Ephemeral annual; sandy washes, saltbush shrubland, Unlikely: The project area is outside of the FSS pinyon-juniper woodland, etc., western Central Valley geographic and elevational range of the species. (Monterey County south to Kern County) and Soledad Cyn. wash in Los Angeles County, <4,000 ft. elev.; March- April. Symphyotrichum San Bernardino aster CRPR 1B.2, Occurs near ditches, springs and seeps in cismontane Low: The project area is just outside of the defoliatum FSS woodland, valley foothill grasslands, coastal scrub, lower geographic range of this species. Known from montane coniferous forest, meadows, swamps and within about 3 miles of the project area. marshes from 0-6,700 ft. elev. Syntrichopappus Lemmon's CRPR 4.3, Chaparral, Joshua tree woodland, and pinyon and juniper Low: The project area is within the geographic lemmonii syntrichopappus woodlands within sandy or gravelly soils. 1,640-6,004 ft. range, but is just above the elevational range. elev. April-May. Known from within about 3 miles of the project area. Thelypteris puberula Sonoran maiden fern CRPR 2B.2, Streams, meadows, and seeps. Scattered locations in Unlikely: The project area is outside of the var. sonorensis FSS cismontane S. Calif. and E. into AZ. <1,800 ft. elev. geographic and elevational range of the species. Thysanocarpus rigidus Rigid fringepod CRPR 1B.2, Often dry rocky slopes or ridges, or generally open areas. Low. Suitable habitat in the project area, but FSS Pine and oak woodlands. 1,970-7,200 ft elev. there are no records within ten miles of the project area. Sources: Baldwin et al (2012), CDFW (2017), CNPS (2017), CCH (2017), and Jepson (2017). *Status: FE – Federally listed Endangered CRPR 1B – Rare or endangered in California and elsewhere FT – Federally listed Threatened CRPR 2 – Rare or endangered in California, more common elsewhere FSS – USDA Forest Service Sensitive Species CRPR 3 – More information needed (Review List) CRPR 4 – Limited Distribution (Watch List) 0.1 = Seriously threatened in California (over 80% of occurrences threatened / high degree and immediacy of threat) 0.2 = Fairly threatened in California (20-80% occurrences threatened) 0.3 = Not very threatened in California (<20% of occurrences threatened or no current threats known
July 2018 3.3-14 Draft EIS
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Federally Listed Threatened or Endangered Plants. No federally listed plant taxa were observed in the project area, and none are expected to occur. Forest Service Sensitive Plants. The following plants are designated as sensitive on the ANF by the Forest Service, and were either observed in the project area or have a moderate to high potential to be present. Johnston’s Buckwheat (Eriogonum microthecum var. johnstonii). Johnson’s buckwheat has a California Rare Plant Rank (CRPR) of 1B.3 and is a Forest Service Sensitive plant (USDA Forest Service, 2014). It grows on rocky substrates in coniferous forests at the higher elevations of the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains, typically between 8,500 and 9,500 feet in elevation. The project area provides suitable habitat for this species. It has been observed in Little Rock Creek near the western edge of the project area (CCH, 2017). The more common variety E. m. var. corymbosoides was observed along CA-2 adjacent to the project area. There is a high potential for Johnston’s buckwheat to be present within the project area although it was not seen during the survey. Urn-flowered alumroot (Heuchera caespitosa). Urn-flowered alumroot has a CRPR of 4.3 and is a Forest Service Sensitive plant (USDA Forest Service, 2014). It grows in rocky cervices in montane coniferous forests in the San Gabriel Mountains. It typically grows between 4,900 and 8,200 feet elevation. Numerous urn flowered alumroots were observed in the project area. Plants were observed on the north-facing slope of Little Rock Creek along the PCT within the current closure area. They were also observed at several locations along Little Rock Creek near the base of Williamson Rock. No plants were observed within the project boundary, but they could potentially be present. San Gabriel Mountains sunflower (Hulsea vestita ssp. gabrielensis). San Gabriel Mountains sunflower has a CRPR of 4.3 and is a Forest Service Sensitive plant (USDA Forest Service, 2014). It grows on rocky substrates and slopes in montane coniferous forests in the San Gabriel Mountains. It typically grows between 4,900 and 9,500 feet elevation. Suitable habitat for this subspecies is common within the project area but it was not observed. There is a moderate potential for San Gabriel Mountain sunflower to be present. Lemon lily (Lilium parryi). Lemon lily has a CRPR of 1B.2 and is a Forest Service Sensitive plant (USDA Forest Service, 2014). It grows in wetlands and meadows along mountain creeks. It typically grows between 4,000 and 9,500 feet elevation. Suitable habitat is present in the project area but it was not observed. There is a moderate potential for lemon lily to be present. San Gabriel linanthus (Linanthus concinnus). San Gabriel Mountains linanthus has a CRPR of 1B.2 and is a Forest Service Sensitive plant (USDA Forest Service, 2014). It grows on dry rocky slopes in chaparral and montane coniferous forests, typically between 5,000 and 9,200 feet in elevation. The nearest record to the project area is along the PCT within less than a quarter mile of the western edge of the project (CCH, 2017). Suitable habitat for this species is present and there is a high potential for it to occur. Woolly mountain-parsley (Oreonana vestita). Woolly mountain parsley has a CRPR of 1B.3 and is a Forest Service Sensitive plant (USDA Forest Service, 2014). It grows on rocky talus and scree slopes in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and southern Sierra Nevada Mountains. It typically grows between 6,500 and 11,500 feet elevation. Numerous woolly mountain-parsley plants were observed in the project area on talus along the PCT on the north-facing slope of Little Rock Creek. Plants were also observed on south-facing talus slopes in the trail alignment of the proposed project. Chickweed oxytheca (Sidotheca caryophylloides). Chickweed oxytheca has a CRPR of 4.3 and is a Forest Service Sensitive plant (USDA Forest Service, 2014). It grows on sandy and gravelly flats,
July 2018 3.3-15 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
washes, and slopes within chaparral and coniferous forests, typically between 4,300 and 8,500 feet in elevation. The nearest record of this species is approximately two miles to the southwest (CCH, 2017). The project area supports abundant suitable habitat for this species and it has a moderate potential to be present.
Special-Status Wildlife Approximately 30 special-status wildlife species have a potential to occur in the project area. Table 3.3-4 lists the special-status wildlife considered for occurrence in the project area, with potential for occurrence as defined above.
Draft EIS 3.3-16 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-4. Special-Status Wildlife within the Project Area Taxa Scientific Name Common Name Status Habitat Type Comments Occurrence Potential INVERTEBRATES Callophrys mossii San Gabriel Mountains FSS Endemic to the San Gabriel and San There are no known recent records for this species in the project Unlikely hidakupa elfin butterfly Bernardino Mountains at elevations of area. The project area is above the known elevation range for this 3,000-5,500 feet, typically on steep, species and lacks suitable habitat, including host plant. Nearest rocky, north-facing cliffs. The larval record over 10 miles southeast along Glendora Ridge Rd. host plant is a stonecrop (Sedum spathulifolium). Plebejus saepiolus San Gabriel Mountains FSS Type locality is wet meadow seep in There are no known recent records for this species in the project Unlikely aureolus blue butterfly yellow pine forest. The foodplant is area. The project area lacks suitable habitat, including foodplant. Trifolium wormskioldii. Nearest record over 10 miles east in Big Pines area. Plebulina emigdionis San Emigdio blue FSS Often near streambeds, washes, or There are no known recent records for this species in the project Unlikely butterfly alkaline areas. Associated with four- area. The project area is located within the known geographic wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) distribution for this species, but potential habitat is absent. and quail brush (Atriplex lentiformis). FISH Catostomus Santa Ana sucker FT Typically inhabits small, shallow streams There are no known records for this species in the project area. Unlikely santaanae and rivers less than 23 feet (7 meters) The nearest known native occurrence of this species is approx. 7 wide where water temperature is miles to the southwest in the San Gabriel River system. generally below 72 º F (22 º C), and where currents range from swift to sluggish. Native to the Los Angeles Basin. Gasterosteus Unarmored threespine FE Slow-moving and backwater areas of This species has not been documented within the project area. Unlikely aculeatus williamsoni stickleback coastal and inland streams. The project area is located outside of the known geographic distribution for this species. The closest known record of this species is from the Santa Clara River over 18 miles to the west of the project area. There is an introduced population of partially- armored stickleback (G.aculeatus) in Little Rock Creek downstream of the fish barrier. Gila orcuttii Arroyo chub FSS Los Angeles Basin southern coastal There are no known records for this species in the project area. Unlikely streams; slow water stream sections The nearest known native occurrence of this species is approx. 7 with mud or sand bottoms; feeds miles south in the San Gabriel River system. There is an heavily on aquatic vegetation and introduced population of arroyo chub in Little Rock Creek associated invertebrates. downstream of the fish barrier. Rhinicthys osculus Santa Ana speckled FSS Inhabit various stream and channel There are no known records for this species in the project area. Unlikely ssp. 8 dace types, small springs, brooks, and The nearest known recorded occurrence of this species is approx. pools in intermittent streams and 10 miles to the southwest in the San Gabriel River system. perennial rivers.
July 2018 3.3-17 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-4. Special-Status Wildlife within the Project Area Taxa Scientific Name Common Name Status Habitat Type Comments Occurrence Potential AMPHIBIANS Anaxyrus californicus Arroyo toad FE Semi-arid regions near washes or Occurs in lower Little Rock Creek watershed. Historic record from Unlikely intermittent streams, including valley- less than 3 miles away near Cortelyou Spring (LACM Vertebrate foothill and desert riparian, desert Collection ITIS TSN 550235, 07/28/1955). The project area is wash; rivers with sandy banks, willows, above the known elevation range in the ANF. cottonwoods, and/or sycamores. Batrachoseps gabrieli San Gabriel Mountains FSS Known only from 13 sites within forest Recorded near Crystal Lake, less than 5 miles from the project High slender salamander communities of the San Gabriel area. Suitable habitat occurs. Mountains. Primarily inhabits talus and large rocks, logs, and bark during periods of surface activity. Ensatina Yellow-blotched FSS Litter and debris of oak woodland, Suitable habitat occurs in the project area, but it is well outside the Unlikely eschscholtzii salamander pine dominated open woodland, and known range of this subspecies (lower Kern River Canyon, the croceater fir dominated open forest. Paiute Mountains, Breckenridge Mountain, the Tehachapi Mountains, Mt. Abel, Mt. Pinos, near Fort Tejon, and near Frazier- Alamo Mountain). Rana boylii Foothill yellow-legged FSS Inhabits shallow, small to medium- Although suitable habitat occurs within the project area, it is Unlikely frog sized, rocky streams, from sea level to outside the known range of this species, which is believed to be about 6,365 feet. extirpated from the San Gabriel Mountains. Not detected in project watershed during MYLF surveys conducted annually since 2000. Rana draytonii California red-legged FT Lowlands and foothills (sea level to Project above known elevation limit; not detected in project Unlikely frog 5,000 feet) in or near permanent watershed during MYLF surveys conducted annually since 2000. sources of deep water with dense, shrubby or emergent riparian vegetation; requires 11-20 weeks of permanent water for larval develop- ment; must have access to aestivation habitat. Rana muscosa Sierra Madre (southern FE Prefers partly shaded, shallow The largest known population of this species in the ANF occurs Present mountain) yellow- streams with a rocky substrate; within the upper portions of the Little Rock Creek watershed, legged frog requires a minimum of 15 weeks of including the project area. permanent water for metamorphosis. REPTILES Actinemys marmorata Western pond turtle FSS Inhabits permanent or nearly Occurs in lower Little Rock Creek watershed, but project area is Low permanent bodies of water in various above elevation range. habitat types; requires basking sites such as partially submerged logs, vegetation mats, or open mud banks. Below 6,000 feet elevation.
July 2018 3.3-18 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-4. Special-Status Wildlife within the Project Area Taxa Scientific Name Common Name Status Habitat Type Comments Occurrence Potential Anniella pulchra Silvery (=California) FSS Sandy or loose loamy soils under Recorded approx. 15 miles downstream of the project area, Unlikely pulchra legless lizard sparse vegetation; soil moisture is adjacent to Little Rock Reservoir, in 2012. Project area is above essential; prefer soils with high the known elevation range for this species. moisture content. Below 5,900 feet elevation. Diadophis punctatus San Bernardino FSS Canyons with rocky outcrops or rocky Recorded approx. 15 miles downstream of the project area, in Moderate modestus ringneck snake talus slopes in conifer forest or Little Rock Creek. Suitable habitat in project area. chaparral habitats. Lampropeltis zonata San Bernardino FSS Inhabits canyons with low to moderate Suitable habitat occurs within the project area. Recorded in project Present parvirubra mountain kingsnake tree canopy, with rock outcrops or area during USGS MYLF surveys. talus, frequently in association with big cone spruce and chaparral vegetation at lower elevations. Lichanura orcutti Northern three-lined FSS Fairly dense vegetation and rocky Project area may be at upper limit of elevation range, but could Low (Charina trivirgata boa (formerly coastal habitat within desert and chaparral potentially use rocky substrates. roseofusca) rosy boa) from the coast to Mojave and Colorado deserts. Thamnophis Two-striped garter FSS Highly aquatic; found in or near perma- Recorded in project area during USGS MYLF surveys. Present hammondii snake nent fresh water; often along streams with rocky beds and riparian growth. BIRDS Accipiter gentilis Northern goshawk FSS Nests in old-growth stands of conifer The project area supports potential nesting habitat for this species, Low and conifer/hardwood forests. but there haven’t been any records of nesting in the ANF. Nearest nest records are in Los Padres National Forest and San Bernardino Mountains. Coccyzus Western yellow-billed FT, Nests along the broad, lower flood- There are no known records for this species in the project area; Unlikely americanus cuckoo BCC, bottoms of larger river systems; also there are no CNDDB records for this species within a 15-mile occidentalis FSS nests in riparian forests and riparian radius of the project area; the project area is located within the jungles of willow often mixed with known geographic distribution for this species; suitable breeding cottonwoods, with an understory of and foraging habitat does not occur in the project area. Not known blackberry, nettles, or wild grape. to nest over 4,600 ft elevation. Empidonax traillii Southwestern willow FE Riparian woodlands in southern Recorded nesting approx. 2 miles from project in Snow Spring Moderate extimus flycatcher California. area. Potential habitat occurs in project area.
Falco peregrinus American peregrine BCC Occurs in various open habitats, Known to nest on Williamson Rock; nesting observed here again Present anatum falcon especially where suitable nesting during 2017 MYLF surveys. cliffs present.
July 2018 3.3-19 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-4. Special-Status Wildlife within the Project Area Taxa Scientific Name Common Name Status Habitat Type Comments Occurrence Potential Gymnogyps California condor FE Nests in caves, crevices, behind rock There are no known records for this species in the project area. Low (foraging only) californianus slabs, or on large ledges on high The ANF is within the range of the condor and this wide-ranging sandstone cliffs; requires vast expanses species has been documented as using the western areas of the of open savannah, grasslands, and Forest for foraging, loitering, and roosting. Suitable nesting habitat foothill chaparral with cliffs, large trees is not present within the project area. and snags for roosting and nesting. Haliaeetus Bald eagle FSS, Nests on large trees in the vicinity of A bald eagle has been observed overwintering at Little Rock Low (foraging only) leucocephalus BGEPA large lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Reservoir nearly 15 miles downstream from the project site, but no Wintering birds are most often found suitable habitat occurs in the project area. near large concentrations of waterfowl or fish. Strix occidentalis California spotted owl FSS, In Southern California occupies Project area is approx. 1 mile east of a Protected Activity Center High occidentalis BCC montane hardwood and montane (PAC) based on historic records. Suitable habitat occurs. hardwood/conifer forests with dense, multi-layered canopies. Vireo bellii pusillus Least Bell’s vireo FE Summer resident of southern Project area is well above elevation range, and no suitable habitat Unlikely California in low riparian habitats in occurs. vicinity of water or dry river bottoms; found below 2,000 ft; nests placed along margins of bushes or on twigs projecting into pathways, usually willow, mesquite, mulefat. Vireo vicinior Gray Vireo FSS Summer resident of southern Known from Liebre Mountain and Mint Canyon (near Vasquez Low California in desert and riparian areas. Rocks), Los Angeles County. Project area is at upper limit of Known to nest in chaparral, scrub oak, elevation range. and big sagebrush below 6,500 ft. MAMMALS Antrozous pallidus Pallid bat FSS Desert, grassland, shrubland, wood- Recorded near Little Rock Reservoir downstream of the project High land, forest; most common in open, area. Suitable habitat occurs in the project area. dry habitats with rocky areas for roosting; very sensitive to disturbance of roosting sites. Corynorhinus Townsend’s big-eared FSS Coastal conifer and broadleaved Roosting and foraging habitat occur within the project area. Moderate townsendii bat forests, oak and conifer woodlands, Nearest recent record approx. 15 miles southwest of project area arid grasslands and deserts, and high- near Santa Anita Dam. elevation forests and meadows. Primarily roosts in caves and abandoned mines, but may roost in buildings, bridges, rock crevices, and hollow trees in many habitat types.
July 2018 3.3-20 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-4. Special-Status Wildlife within the Project Area Taxa Scientific Name Common Name Status Habitat Type Comments Occurrence Potential Myotis thysanodes Fringed myotis FSS Occurs in a wide variety of habitats. Recorded less than 3 miles from project site. Potential breeding High Optimal habitats include pinyon– and suitable foraging habitat occurs within portions of the project juniper, valley foothill hardwood and area. hardwood-conifer woodlands. Forms maternity colonies and roosts in caves, mines, buildings and crevices. Ovis canadensis Nelson’s bighorn FSS Inhabits open, rocky, steep areas with San Gabriel Mountains bighorn sheep have been observed in the Present nelsoni sheep (San Gabriel access to water and herbaceous project area by Forest Service biologists. Twin Peaks herd occurs Mountains population) vegetation. Populations currently in vicinity (within 5 miles). Also recorded in South Fork Big Rock managed in the Sheep management Creek in 2017. Suitable habitat in project area. area of the San Gabriel Mountains. Perognathus alticolus Tehachapi pocket FSS Occurs in a diversity of habitats includ- There are no known recent records for this species in the project Unlikely inexpectatus mouse ing, Joshua tree woodland, pinyon- area. This species occurs below 6,000 ft. No suitable habitat juniper woodland, oak savanna, and within the project area, which is also outside of its known native and non-native grasslands. geographic and elevational ranges. Burrows in friable, sandy soil.
Rankings: FE = Federally Listed Endangered FT = Federally Listed Threatened FP = Federal Proposed for Listing FC = Federal Candidate for Listing BCC = USFWS Bird of Conservation Concern FSS = Forest Sensitive Species (on ANF; USDA Forest Service, 2014)
Sources: CDFW, 2017; eBird, 2017
July 2018 3.3-21 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
The following species accounts describe the listed and sensitive wildlife known from the project area.
Mountain Yellow-legged Frog Regulatory Status and Background. The MYLF (Rana muscosa) is a medium-sized amphibian in the family Ranidae (true frogs). Two federally recognized Distinct Population Segments (DPS) occur – the Northern California DPS includes populations in the Sierra Nevada, and the Southern California DPS comprises nine populations in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains. The two DPSs are separately listed as endangered under the ESA. The Southern California DPS includes the population at Little Rock Creek and was listed as endangered by the USFWS on July 2, 2002. All known extant populations of this DPS occur within the Angeles and San Bernardino National Forests. The Southern California DPS has experienced substantial population declines primarily linked to habitat impacts from recreation and predation pressure from nonnative trout species (USFWS, 2012). To protect the MYLF, the ANF Forest Supervisor issued a temporary closure order on December 29, 2005 of approximately 1,000 acres within the upper reaches of Little Rock Creek, an area including Williamson Rock (ANF, 2010). The area remains closed to recreationists. Designated Critical Habitat. Critical habitat for the Southern California DPS, totaling 8,283 acres of streams and riparian areas (including 615 acres in Little Rock Creek), was proposed on September 13, 2005 and officially designated by USFWS on September 14, 2006. The designation of critical habitat provides protection from destruction or adverse modifications to habitat under the ESA. Figure 2-2 depicts the extent of critical habitat within the project area. Little Rock Creek Population Status. MYLF historically inhabited drainages throughout the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains, but has been extirpated from an estimated 99 percent of its historic range in southern California. The USGS has been conducting annual surveys since 2000 to monitor the known populations in the Southern California DPS. The most current available data (2016) indicate that the Little Rock Creek population is the largest and most viable of the remaining Southern California DPS populations, with 134 individual adults observed during surveys. The next largest number of observed adults in the 2016 surveys was 24 frogs at the Dark Canyon (Tributary) population, on the San Bernardino National Forest. The 2016 surveys also detected robust breeding behavior at the Little Rock Creek population, including 610 first-year tadpoles and 148 second-year tadpoles (USGS, 2016). The closure of upper Little Rock Creek in 2005, including the Williamson Rock climbing area, along with the installation of a fish barrier and nonnative trout removal from Little Rock Creek corresponded to a substantial population increase at this location, as depicted in Exhibit 1. As described in a USGS 2014 scoping letter to the ANF, USGS monitoring data indicate that the population increase is not correlated with environmental changes such as temperature or rainfall. In addition, USGS studies have determined that chytrid fungal disease, which has been implicated in many MYLF and other amphibian population declines and local extirpations, is rare in the upper Little Rock Creek population and disease is not impacting population trends there.
Draft EIS 3.3-22 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Exhibit 1. Little Rock Creek – USGS MYLF Survey Results 2001-2016
160
140
120
100
80
60
Adults Observed Adults 40
20
0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Survey Year Source: USGS, 2016 Non-native fish were not historically or recently present in the creek near Williamson Rock, but increases in the MYLF population downstream of the fish barrier after trout removal at that location are due to dispersal of frogs from the upper reach into the now fishless lower reach. In addition, recent studies show that genetic diversity is high in the Little Rock Creek population. Therefore, the population of MYLF in the project area is critical in the recovery of the species, both as a source population for individuals to repopulate new areas or previously extirpated areas, and as a source of genetic diversity. Natural History and Current Threats. MYLF inhabit rocky, shaded streams with cool water fed by snowmelt and springs. Historically populations occurred from 1,200 feet to 7,500 feet in elevation. Hibernation occurs under water or in streambank crevices during winter months, and individuals emerge in the spring to begin breeding (USFWS, 2012). Natural predators of the MYLF include the western terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis elegans), Brewer’s blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus), Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), coyote (Canis latrans), and even other MYLF, but nonnative predators have been identified as major contributors to population declines. These include introduced brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis), trout species (Oncorhynchus mykiss, O. aguabonita, Salmo trutta), and bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus [=Rana catesbeiana]). The ANF has cooperated with other agencies to construct fish barriers on both Big Rock Creek and Little Rock Creek. The structures are designed to prohibit upstream dispersal of non-native fish species within MYLF habitat, thereby preventing a major source of predation and permitting frog populations in those areas to expand their range (ANF, 2010). In addition to predation, the recreational forest users’ effects on the MYLF has been a subject of particular concern at Williamson Rock. The base of the rock has traditionally drawn recreation activities to the creek habitat, as the starting point for many of the popular climbing routes (e.g., the ”London Wall” and ”Stream Wall”) actually sits in the streambed. Recreational activities in MYLF habitat can lead to physical disturbance of egg masses, trampling of individual frogs, capture and handling of tadpoles and adult frogs, and generalized disruption of mating and migration. Recreation may render habitat unsuitable by altering streambeds and denuding banks, and lead to the introduction of pollutants and garbage into the creek. Moreover, human waste has the potential to contaminate critical habitat due to lack of facilities in the area. Human contact with frog populations may also be a factor in the spread of pathogens through inadvertent transmission by contaminated equipment (e.g., on boot soles or survey equipment). Infection from chytrid fungus is associated with high mortality rates in MYLF and other
July 2018 3.3-23 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
amphibians and has threatened the MYLF with extirpation at numerous sites in California. Chytrid fungus has been identified in all Southern California DPS units. Research in the Sierra Nevada populations have shown extremely high mortality rates in infected tadpoles during and shortly after metamorphosis, when compared to non-infected frogs (ANF, 2010).
American Peregrine Falcon Regulatory Status and Background. The American peregrine falcon (also known as peregrine falcon) is protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), and LMP standard S18 applies to its nest areas (see Section 1.7, Management Direction and Additional Guidance). It occurs in small numbers on the ANF and is one of the fastest flying predatory birds. It feeds almost entirely on birds, which it kills while in flight. This falcon nests on ledges and caves of steep cliffs. In California, it nests along the entire coastline, the Cascade Ranges, and the Sierra Nevada. During winter and migratory periods it can be found throughout the State (White et al., 2002). A severe decline in populations of the widespread North American subspecies F. p. anatum or “American peregrine falcon” began in the late 1940s. This decline was attributed to the accumulation of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), a metabolite of the organochlorine pesticide (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) DDT, in aquatic food chains (Gertsch et al., 1994). When concentrated in the bodies of predatory birds such as the peregrine falcon, bald eagle, brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), and osprey (Pandion haliaetus), it led to reproductive effects such as the thinning of eggshells. The peregrine falcon was listed as endangered by the USFWS in 1970 and by the State of California in 1971. Intensive efforts to protect peregrine falcons in California were initiated by the Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group in 1975, which included collecting eggs from the wild to rear in captivity to protect the fragile eggs. Once hatched, chicks were replaced in the original nests. Recovery efforts also included captive breeding programs and the banning of DDT in North America. These efforts led to a wild population of over 120 pairs of peregrine falcons by 1992 (Gertsch et al. 1994). The peregrine falcon was removed from the federal endangered species list in 1999, and from the California endangered species list in 2009. Peregrine falcons vary in the timing of breeding depending on location, with local weather and prey availability being the main determinant. In southern California, courtship begins around January, with egg laying in March and April and fledging occurring into July (Luensmann, 2010). However, timing of breeding is locally variable and can occur later or earlier depending on elevation, rainfall, etc. Peregrine falcon nest sites, or “eyries,” are typically constructed on broad, open cliff ledges or shallow caves, usually with an overhang to provide shade and protection from the elements. Peregrine falcons do not construct stick nests; they scratch out a shallow bowl on a ledge (a “scrape”) or they use the abandoned nest of another bird species. A pair may construct several scrapes before settling on one to raise their brood, and several ledges on the same cliff can be used. Some eyries are used year after year, but not always by the same pair. While cliff nesting is most common, some Peregrine falcons will nest in trees, electric transmission towers, buildings, and other man-made structures, particularly if they are using nests constructed by other species such as ravens, cormorants, hawks, eagles, and osprey (Luensmann, 2010). Occurrence in the Project Area. At least one breeding pair nests on the cliff faces of Williamson Rock annually. The exact nest site varies from year to year, with multiple suitable nesting ledges within and
Draft EIS 3.3-24 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES around the Williamson Rock climbing area. The activities of recreational climbers can have a negative impact on breeding falcons (Brambilla et al., 2004).
Other Special-Status Wildlife The following wildlife are designated as sensitive species on the ANF by the Forest Service and were observed in the project area during surveys. Nelson’s bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), San Gabriel Mountains population. The Twin Peaks population occurs in the project vicinity. Nelson’s bighorn sheep inhabits open, rocky, steep areas with access to water and herbaceous vegetation. Rutting behavior, observed when males compete for access to females, peaks in August and September, but can occur over a six-month period or longer. The peak of lambing usually occurs from February through March, but ewes (females) can give birth to lambs from mid-December through mid-May and may occur any month of the year (CDFW, 2017). Nelson’s bighorn sheep do not use concentrated breeding areas for lambing; rather, ewes disperse to give birth and any open, rugged habitat could be used for lambing. Bighorn sheep have been observed in the project area during ANF surveys of the nesting peregrine falcons on Williamson Rock. San Bernardino mountain kingsnake (Lampropeltis zonata parvirubra) is found in southern California in the San Jacinto, Santa Rosa, San Bernardino, Santa Susana, and San Gabriel Mountains, and the Verdugo Hills. It inhabits a variety of habitats including coniferous forest, oak-pine woodland, riparian woodland, chaparral, and coastal sage scrub. Typical habitat includes wooded areas near a stream with rock outcrops, talus, or rotting logs that are exposed to the sun (Nafis, 2017). This species was observed in the project area during MYLF surveys. Two-striped garter snake (Thamnophis hammondii) occurs along a continuous range from northern Monterey County south through the South Coast and Peninsular Ranges to Baja California. Isolated populations also occur through southern Baja California, Catalina Island, and desert regions along the Mojave and Whitewater Rivers in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, respectively (Jennings and Hayes, 1994). This species typically occurs at elevations ranging between sea level and approximately 8,000 feet (Jennings and Hayes, 1994). Two-striped garter snake is primarily associated with aquatic habitats that border riparian vegetation and provide nearby basking sites. These areas typically include perennial and intermittent streams and ponds in a variety of vegetation communities, including chaparral, oak woodland, and forest habitats (Jennings and Hayes, 1994). During the winter, two-striped garter snakes will seek refuge in upland areas, such as adjacent grassland and coastal sage scrub (Rossman et al., 1996). Suitable habitat is present in the project area. Two-striped garter snake has been recorded in the San Gabriel River and its tributary Fish Creek in the project vicinity. It was observed in the project area during MYLF surveys.
3.3.1.7 Jurisdictional Waters and Wetlands Little Rock Creek would qualify as Waters of the U.S. and Waters of the State. A formal jurisdictional delineation has not been completed for the proposed project. Potential impacts to Little Rock Creek are addressed in Section 3.5, Hydrology and Water Quality. 3.3.2 Regulatory Framework
Federal Regulations Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973
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The ESA (16 USC 1531 et seq.) and subsequent amendments establish legal requirements for the conservation of endangered and threatened species and the ecosystems upon which they depend. The ESA also requires the USFWS to designate critical habitat for listed threatened and endangered species. The effects analyses for designated critical habitat must consider the role of the critical habitat in both the continued survival and the eventual recovery (i.e., the conservation) of the species for which it was designated. ESA provisions protect federally listed threatened and endangered species and their habitats from unlawful take and ensure that federal actions do not jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat. Migratory Bird Treaty Act The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 (16 U.S.C. 703-711) makes it unlawful to possess, buy, sell, purchase, barter or “take” any migratory bird listed in Title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 10. “Take” is defined as possession or destruction of migratory birds, their nests, or eggs. Disturbances that cause nest abandonment, loss of reproductive effort, or the loss of habitats upon which these birds depend may be a violation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) prohibits killing, possessing, or trading in migratory birds except in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary. This act encompasses whole birds, parts of birds, and bird nests and eggs. Under the National Forest Management Act (NFMA), the Forest Service is directed to “provide for diversity of plant and animal communities based on the suitability and capability of the specific land area in order to meet overall multiple-use objectives” (P.L. 94-588, Sec 6 (g) (3) (B)). Direction for integrating migratory bird conservation into forest management and planning includes the January 2000 USDA Forest Service Landbird Conservation Strategic Plan, the Partners in Flight (PIF) Landbird Conservation Plans, the 2001 Executive Order (EO) 13186 and the 2017 Department of Interior Solicitor’s Opinion M-37050. Within the National Forests, migratory bird conservation focuses on providing a diversity of bird habitats at multiple spatial and temporal scales over the long-term. The Forest Service’s actions also include promoting migratory bird conservation through enhanced collaboration and cooperation with the USFWS as well as other federal, state, tribal and local governments. The ANF LMP includes standards and guidelines that further minimize potential impacts to migratory bird species within the ANF. These standards include riparian reserve buffers, limited ground disturbance, maintenance of canopy closure, and snag/down woody debris retention. Opportunities to promote conservation of migratory birds and their habitats in the project area were considered during the development, design and implementation of the proposed project. Noxious Weed Act of 1974, as amended This Act provides for the control and management of nonindigenous weeds that injure or have the potential to injure the interests of agriculture and commerce, wildlife resources, or the public health. Under this Act, the Secretary of Agriculture was given the authority to designate plants as noxious weeds, and inspect, seize, and destroy products, and to quarantine areas, if necessary to prevent the spread of such weeds. 3.3.3 Environmental Consequences This section describes the direct and indirect, and temporary and permanent impacts to biological resources for each of the alternatives.
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The following criteria for biological resources were developed from direction in the ANF LMP as they relate to the conservation and recovery of endangered, threatened, and proposed species and their habitats, the ESA, and regulations protecting wetlands and nesting birds: Criterion BIO1: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species listed or proposed for listing as endangered or threatened, or critical habitat for these species. Criterion BIO2: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species identified as sensitive by the Forest Service. Criterion BIO3: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect on the movement of nesting Peregrine Falcons.
Assumptions The alternatives analyzed below incorporate various closure scenarios for the project area, ranging from access limitations in response to observed environmental effects (Alternative 1), full permanent closure (Alternative 2), and seasonal closure and other access restrictions (Alternatives 3 and 4). It is recognized that illegal access may occur in the project area regardless of official closure status, and these closure violations could result in impacts to biological resources including trampling, spread of invasive species, water quality degradation, disturbance to nesting peregrine falcons and other wildlife, and other effects. The Forest Service manages closure areas in accordance with existing regulations, which includes patrols of closed areas and issuing citations to anyone found in violation of closure orders. Alternatives 3 and 4 include adaptive management measures and monitoring that would provide for management adjustments to access in response to closure violations.
Alternative 1: No Action Alternative 1 would open Williamson Rock to year-round dispersed recreational use with few existing management measures in place. There would be no new improvements, no new stream crossings, and no modifications to the PCT. Access to Williamson Rock would be by the existing Short and Scree Slope trails. Access to Little Rock Creek may continue, but the ANF could limit public access if needed to protect resources (see Section 2, Description of Alternatives).
Criterion BIO1: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species listed or proposed for listing as endangered or threatened, or critical habitat for these species
Impact BIO-1 Project construction and subsequent human activities that disturb endangered, threatened, or proposed plant or animal species or their critical habitat.
Mountain Yellow-legged Frog. The MYLF is the only listed species known to occur in the project area. Under Alternative 1, recreation at Williamson Rock could return to year-round unrestricted accessibility, including climbing and use of the PCT through the project area. The MYLF population could experience a substantial increase in recreation impacts, and population declines would likely result from human trampling or reduced water quality. As shown in Exhibit 1, a dramatic population increase was documented after the closure of upper Little Rock Creek in 2005 and reinstating year-round recreation with few management measures would likely reverse the trend of population increase.
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MYLF riparian habitat (and the designated critical habitat) would likely become increasingly degraded under Alternative 1. The starting points of several popular climbing routes on Williamson Rock are located within the stream habitat, and foot traffic to the area from CA-2 has led to multiple user-created routes to the base of Williamson Rock. Erosion from these routes was particularly evident before the current closure was enacted, and this process would resume under Alternative 1. Users accessing the climbing areas through stream habitat could result in direct MYLF impacts, including disturbance of egg masses, trampling of individual frogs, capturing and handling of tadpoles and adult frogs, and generalized disruption of mating and migration. Substantial indirect impacts could also occur. Chytrid fungus or other pathogens can be introduced to the population from hikers’ shoes and gear. Sunscreen or lotions, or spills of cooking stove fuels or other chemicals entering water ways can decrease water quality and damage egg masses, tadpoles, and frogs. Recreation may also impact habitat by altering stream beds, denuding banks, and introducing sedimentation, pollutants, garbage, or human and pet waste into the creek. Under this alternative there would be no adaptive management. Impacts to MYLF and its critical habitat from Alternative 1 could be substantial, and could result in population decline, loss of viability, or even extirpation in upper Little Rock Creek. As this population comprises potentially more than 30 percent of the remaining MYLF in southern California and is critical to the viability and recovery of the species, adverse impacts from recreation would be considered negative and substantial. Southwestern Willow Flycatcher. Although not recorded in the project area, the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher has a moderate potential to occur. Impacts from unregulated recreation would be negligible to migrating willow flycatchers but could be adverse if flycatchers nest in the project area. The LMP identifies high levels of dispersed recreation as a potential threat to southwestern willow flycatchers on NFS lands. The presence of recreationists, during the breeding season, could disturb nesting, and if the magnitude of disturbance is high, could cause nest failure. As year-round recreation would be allowed under Alternative 1, this alternative could have a potentially substantial adverse effect on southwestern willow flycatchers if nesting in the project area.
Criterion BIO2: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species identified as sensitive, by the Forest Service
Impact BIO-2 Project construction and subsequent human activities that result in the loss of candidate, Forest Service Sensitive, or other special-status plant or animal species.
While Alternative 1 would not include any construction activities, opening the project area to unregulated recreation could result in direct and indirect impacts to a variety of species. Adverse effects could include illegal collecting of plants, reptiles, or amphibians; trampling of plants (including Johnston’s buckwheat), small terrestrial wildlife, or ground-nesting bird nests; general disturbance to wildlife, and habitat degradation. Habitat degradation can occur in a variety of ways, including contamination from discarded food, trash, human waste, or spills of harmful substances such as cooking stove fuel, lotions, sunscreens, etc. The spread of invasive weeds can also degrade habitat and extirpate local populations of sensitive plants such as Johnston’s buckwheat, if present. Human disturbance, whether intentional harassment or unintentional from noise and human presence, can cause wildlife to avoid the area either short-term or long-term. Even short-term disturbance can be substantial, for example, if an incubating bird is disturbed and abandons its nest, the eggs may fail from inadequate thermoregulation or be eaten by a predator. In general, animals are more susceptible to disturbance during the breeding or nesting season, but disruption of foraging or other essential activities can be
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adverse at any time of the year. Under Alternative 1, recreationists would be allowed to access the project area any time outside of winter road closures, and it is expected that the variety of current user- created trails would continue to be used. New user-created trails could be created as well, and hikers exploring off-trail could increase the scope of potential adverse effects beyond the existing trails. General adverse impacts to sensitive plants and wildlife from unregulated recreation under Alternative 1 would be adverse and could range from minor to substantial depending on public behavior. Several wildlife species would be particularly sensitive to recreation impacts or otherwise warrant additional consideration due to Forest Service management directives; these are discussed in detail below. California Spotted Owl. One California Spotted Owl Protected Activity Center (PAC) is located approximately 1 mile west of Williamson Rock. The PAC is based on historic records and it is unknown if it has been active in recent years. Nonetheless California spotted owls have a high potential to occur in the project area. A Limited Operating Periods (LOP) would not be required when the project area is outside of the quarter-mile buffer of PACs, based on current information. If California spotted owls are nesting in the project area, an increase in recreational use under Alternative 1 could disturb owls. Dispersed recreation, including hiking trail use, may be particularly disruptive during the summer nesting season which also coincides with the highest levels of recreation use in the ANF (USDA Forest Service, 2006). Studies of Mexican spotted owls have shown low behavioral responses to hikers at distances of 180 feet or more from roost site, and owls typically only flushed when hikers were less than 80 feet (adults) or 40 feet (juveniles). Additionally, owl behavior did not change markedly with the presence of hikers near nests. Nonetheless, cumulative effects of high levels of recreational hiking near nests may be detrimental (as reviewed in Keane, 2014). California spotted owls may respond similarly to disturbance, and large numbers of hikers and climbers could reduce nesting success of owls in easily accessible areas (USDA Forest Service, 2006). However, because recreation at the project site is concentrated in a small area, Alternative 1 is expected to have minor adverse effects to nesting and roosting California spotted owls, if present in the project area. Nelson’s Bighorn Sheep. Bighorn sheep have been observed in the project area, and their preferred habitat of rocky, open, rugged terrain occurs throughout the project and surrounding areas. Increased recreational access could disturb bighorn sheep, causing them to avoid the project area. Disturbance during the lambing season could be particularly adverse if it causes ewes with dependent lambs from accessing high-quality forage. A study of Nelson’s bighorn sheep in Joshua Tree National Park found short-term shifts in female bighorn sheep behavior that correlated with recreational use. The results of the study indicate moderate to high levels of hiking trail use may temporarily exclude the bighorn sheep from their preferred habitat, but the response was short-lived and females were found in proximity to trails during periods of low recreational use (Longshore et al., 2013). A study of desert bighorn sheep in Canyonlands National Park in Utah compared behavioral responses of bighorn sheep to recreational activity between a low visitor use area and a high visitor use area. This study found that hikers caused the most severe response in sheep, with sheep fleeing in 61 percent of encounters. Vehicles and mountain bikes elicited weaker responses, and the authors hypothesized this is because hikers were more likely to be in unpredictable locations and often directly approached sheep (Papouchis et al., 2001). Although bighorn sheep are known to become acclimated to some anthropogenic disturbances, the results of these studies suggest that dispersed recreation in the project area would likely cause sheep avoidance. The magnitude of the effect, and the duration for individual
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sheep would depend on the level of use at Williamson Rock and along the PCT. Adverse impacts from Alternative 1 could range from minor to major, if recreational use is high enough to essentially exclude bighorn sheep.
Criterion BIO3: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect on the movement of nesting peregrine falcons
Impact BIO-3 Project construction and subsequent human activities that disturb nesting peregrine falcons.
At least one breeding pair of peregrine falcons nest on the cliff faces in the Williamson Rock climbing area annually. As described in Section 3.3.2, the ANF LMP includes standards and guidelines that minimize impacts to migratory bird species. Furthermore, as Alternative 1 does not include any construction activities, there would be no construction-related impacts to migratory birds under this alternative. However, unrestricted rock climbing during the peregrine falcon nesting season would disrupt nesting falcons, potentially resulting in nest failures. Direct effects from unmanaged rock climbing on Williamson Rock could include physical disturbance of nest sites and resulting nest and territory abandonment, nest failure from egg breakage, and egg removal by illegal collectors for sale on the black market for falconry purposes. Climbers in close proximity to an active nest could upset adults and divert their attention from incubation, foraging, and feeding nestlings, ultimately leading to nest failure. Over the long-term, repeated disturbance from recreation use in the project area could result in reduced use or abandonment of the site by peregrine falcons. A study of cliff-nesting peregrines in northern Italy and southern Switzerland found that breeding success and productivity were reduced for peregrines nesting on cliffs frequented by climbers or occupied by ravens (Brambilla et al., 2004). On cliffs that had climbers and ravens, peregrine falcon pairs did not fledge any young, suggesting that raven predation on peregrine eggs or nestlings may be facilitated by human presence. Ravens are more tolerant of human presence than peregrines, and climbers near the nest may cause peregrines to flush. The authors hypothesized that while adult peregrines are occupied with trying to harass climbers away from the nest (or while they are away, if they fled the nest altogether), ravens can take eggs or chicks from the nest without experiencing aggressive defensive reactions from the parents (ibid.). Human activity, including trash and discarded food, can attract ravens to the project area and amplify adverse effects from rock climbing near active nests. Alternative 1 would have substantial, long-term adverse effects on peregrine falcons at Williamson Rock.
Alternative 2: Current Closure Management Alternative 2 would continue the current management strategy which prohibits entry to Williamson Rock and a portion of the PCT along Little Rock Creek to protect the MYLF population and its critical habitat. All trails and public access in the Williamson Rock area would continue to be closed year-round. All trails in the closure area would be revegetated naturally. Under this alternative the 19-mile reroute of the PCT using existing trails would become permanent.
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Criterion BIO1: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species listed or proposed for listing as endangered or threatened, or critical habitat for these species
Impact BIO-1 Project construction and subsequent human activities that disturb endangered, threatened, or proposed plant or animal species or their critical habitat.
Mountain Yellow-Legged Frog. The current closure has correlated with a dramatic increase in the MYLF population in upper Little Rock Creek, and removing impacts from unregulated recreation has been beneficial to the population. The MYLF population has been on an increasing trend since the closure of Williamson Rock despite the unauthorized use, and that trend would be expected to continue if the closure was made permanent. However, unmonitored illegal access could result in water quality degradation; introduction of pathogens such as chytrid fungus; trampling of egg masses, tadpoles, juveniles, or adult frogs; or other impacts that could have a substantial adverse effect on the population if unauthorized use were to increase. Evidence of recent illegal use was observed in May 2017, including litter, smoke staining, and charcoal at the base of Williamson Rock from campfires, and climbers were observed on the main face of Williamson Rock in June 2017 during MYLF surveys. The climbers’ packs and gear were found piled next to a pool containing MYLF. The current closure has been beneficial to the MYLF and is likely to continue to benefit the population into the future, with population trend data indicating that illegal use of the area presents only a minor risk of impacts to the MYLF and its designated critical habitat. Southwestern Willow Flycatcher. Although not recorded in the project area, the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher has a moderate potential to occur. Under Alternative 2, the project area would remain closed year-round. Although unauthorized access to the closure area would likely continue, impacts would be negligible to migrating willow flycatchers, and would likely be negligible to any flycatchers nesting in the area due to overall low levels of use.
Criterion BIO2: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications on any species identified as sensitive, by the Forest Service
Impact BIO-2 Project construction and subsequent human activities that result in the loss of candidate, Forest Service Sensitive, or other special-status plant or animal species.
Given the full closure of the project area to public access under Alternative 2, there would be no long- term adverse impacts to sensitive plants, such as Johnston’s buckwheat. Similarly, there would be no recreational impacts to California spotted owls and Nelson’s bighorn sheep within the project area. Impacts to candidate, Forest Service Sensitive, or other special-status plant or animal species would be negligible.
Criterion BIO3: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect on the movement of nesting Peregrine Falcons
Impact BIO-3 Project construction and subsequent human activities that disturb nesting peregrine falcons.
Under Alternative 2, there would be no impacts to nesting peregrine falcons from recreation use. Therefore, Alternative 2 would have no long-term adverse effects on peregrine falcons.
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Alternative 3: Proposed Action (Adaptive Management)
Criterion BIO1: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species listed or proposed for listing as endangered or threatened, or critical habitat for these species
Impact BIO-1 Project construction and subsequent human activities that disturb endangered, threatened, or proposed plant or animal species or their critical habitat.
Mountain Yellow-legged Frog. Under Alternative 3, the Little Rock Creek stream channel and corridor (30 feet beyond high water mark) would be closed year-round to the public, and all stream-based climbing routes on Williamson Rock (e.g., the “Stream Wall” and “London Wall”) would also be closed year-round. All bolts along Stream and London Walls would be removed to discourage their use. Users would be restricted to the new Long Trail for access to Williamson Rock, and this access would only be allowed seasonally and by permit. The permit system would provide educational information about the area and sensitive resources, as well as regulations and resource protection requirements. Recreational access to the project area would introduce the potential for impacts to MYLF and its habitat such as those described under Alternative 1, including water quality degradation; introduction of pathogens such as chytrid fungus; trampling of egg masses, tadpoles, juveniles, or adult frogs; or other impacts that could have a substantial adverse effect on the population. Alternative 3 includes a variety of protective measures to minimize or avoid direct and indirect impacts to MYLF and its habitat, including Avoidance and Minimization Measures (AMMs) described in Section 2.2.5. During construction, the spread of weeds would be controlled by implementing AMM BIO-1 (Weed Management Plan). Williamson Rock and the Long Trail would only be open to the public by permit from August 1 to November 15. The number of users would be limited to a daily maximum that would be adjusted annually, based on monitoring results of specific resource indicators (e.g., MYLF population trends and peregrine falcon nesting activity) described in the Williamson Rock Adaptive Management Strategy in Chapter 2, Section 2.2.3 (see “Monitoring and Adaptive Management” and Table 2-1). Seasonal restrictions would keep users out of the area when MYLF would be most vulnerable to impacts (i.e., when egg masses are present and when frogs are breeding). Prohibiting access to the stream corridor would minimize impacts to MYLF habitat and water quality and would reduce the risk of trampling of egg masses, tadpoles, juveniles or adults. Although users of the PCT would be able to pass through the long-term closure area year-round, they would cross Little Rock Creek on a newly constructed bridge; additional signage would direct users to remain on the trail/bridge, and accessing the stream channel would be prohibited. The MYLF population in the project area would continue to be monitored annually, and the results of the surveys would be used to determine the number of visitor permits issued each year according to the Williamson Rock Adaptive Management Strategy. Under Alternative 3, two ANF site managers would be onsite each day that Williamson Rock is open to the public. Onsite management would minimize impacts from improper use of the site and would require users to adhere to all permit conditions that would protect MYLF and its habitat, as well as other sensitive resources in the project area. Associated information kiosks, signage, and physical barriers would serve to educate and contain recreational use in the vicinity of Williamson Rock. Specific closures of the stream-based climbing routes
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would minimize disturbance within the critical habitat. On-site management would serve for quality assurance to maintain use within the restrictions. Alternative 3, including monitoring and adaptive management, would minimize adverse impacts to MYLF and its critical habitat. Adverse effects would be minimized by the adaptive management strategy, which could further limit or exclude public access to Williamson Rock and the Long Trail should evidence of harm to the species or its habitat be detected. Although year-round access on the PCT through the project area would be allowed, signs would direct users to stay on the trail, and a bridge with railings would be constructed over Little Rock Creek to keep users out of the streambed. Minor adverse effects are expected from those users who enter unauthorized areas, but the adaptive management strategy includes a multi-level approach to address impacts. At the individual level, the ANF site manager would have authority to issue citations to recreationists and other visitors impacting closure areas. Adaptive management could also result in annual or long-term closure of the area if misuse becomes a substantial issue. Construction of the PCT bridge and the Long Trail could directly impact MYLF. The PCT bridge over Little Rock Creek would span the creek bed and banks, but MYLF may be present in the work area surrounding the creek. Most of the proposed Long Trail follows old logging roads, a user-created trail, and scree slopes, so minimal ground disturbance would occur. Nonetheless, frogs could enter work areas and get trampled. AMM BIO-2 (Conduct Pre-Construction Clearance Surveys and Biological Monitoring) would minimize these impacts. This measure requires a pre-construction sweep of the area of ground disturbance and monitoring by a qualified biologist to ensure no MYLF enter work areas. Installation of interpretive signs and the information kiosk would be in small, localized areas outside of the creek habitat, and impacts to MYLF are not expected from these project features. Likewise, facilities constructed at the Kratka Ridge parking area would be well outside of MYLF habitat, and no impacts would occur at that location. Southwestern Willow Flycatcher. Although not recorded in the project area, the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher has a moderate potential to occur. Under Alternative 3, the project area would be closed to public access during the nesting season. Unauthorized access to the closure area is expected to be lower than current levels, due to the intensive monitoring under the adaptive management strategy for Alternative 3. Therefore, Alternative 3 is not expected to result in adverse impacts to southwestern willow flycatcher.
Criterion BIO2: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications on any species identified as sensitive by the Forest Service
Impact BIO-2 Project construction and subsequent human activities that result in the loss of candidate, Forest Service Sensitive, or other special-status plant or animal species.
Under Alternative 3, construction activities would be minor and would not present a substantial hazard to most sensitive species. Once opened to the public, Alternative 3 would have similar impacts to sensitive plants and wildlife as described for Alternative 1; these could include illegal collecting of plants, reptiles, or amphibians; trampling of plants, small terrestrial wildlife, or ground-nesting bird nests; general disturbance to wildlife, and habitat degradation. However, the magnitude of potential effects would be greatly reduced under Alternative 3 because of the public education component of the permit system, sensitive stream and riparian habitat would be closed to the public at all times, and Williamson Rock would only be open seasonally. During the open period, recreation would be limited to no more than 120 persons per day, with the actual number of daily permits determined on an annual basis.
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The adaptive management strategy under Alternative 3 includes close monitoring of the project area for impacts to sensitive biological resources, and implementing corrective actions as needed. Corrective actions could include issuing citations to users that are not complying with permit conditions and requirements (e.g., venturing off-trail or in closed areas of Williamson Rock, leaving trash or human waste, playing in the creek, etc.), reducing the number of daily permits, or closing the area altogether. Although hikers, equestrians, and rock climbers would likely pose to some adverse effects to wildlife, these effects would be minor under Alternative 3 due to the adaptive management strategy and seasonal closures. California Spotted Owl. Impacts to California spotted owls from Alternative 3 would be largely the same as described for Alternative 1, but the seasonal closure and limited number of recreationists during the open period would result in fewer recreationists in the area. Therefore, Alternative 3 is expected to have negligible adverse effects to nesting and roosting California spotted owls, if present in the project area. Nelson’s Bighorn Sheep. Impacts to bighorn sheep from Alternative 3 would be of the same but a smaller magnitude than those described for Alternative 1. The seasonal closure and limited number of recreationists during the open period would result in fewer recreationists in the area, and the typical bighorn lambing period is well within the seasonal closure window which would limit recreationists in the area during that time to only those on the PCT. Therefore, adverse impacts to bighorn sheep from Alternative 3 would be minor.
Criterion BIO3: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect on the movement of nesting peregrine falcons
Impact BIO-3 Project construction and subsequent human activities that disturb nesting peregrine falcons.
At least one breeding pair of peregrine falcons was observed to nest on the cliff faces in the Williamson Rock climbing area annually. As discussed for Alternative 1, the ANF LMP includes standards and guidelines that minimize impacts to migratory bird species. Potential impacts from construction activities and recreational access under Alternative 3 would be further reduced through adaptive management strategies such as peregrine nest monitoring (see Table 2-1) that would determine seasonal restrictions, and nesting bird avoidance measures (see Section 2.2.5, AMM BIO-3). AMM BIO-3 (Nesting Bird Avoidance) would avoid impacts to nesting birds from trail construction or other project activities that remove or trim vegetation. The measure requires conducting any project-related vegetation trimming or removal outside of the nesting season. Other construction activities, such as trail marking/sign installation, stream crossing installation, and construction of waste facilities at the Kratka Ridge parking area would not require vegetation removal and therefore are not expected to directly affect nesting birds. Indirect effects to nesting birds in adjacent areas from noise or human disturbance are expected to be minor, as they would be short in duration and tasks would primarily be conducted using hand tools. Recreational access at Williamson Rock would not impact nesting peregrine falcons because the area would only be open to use outside of the general nesting season (February 1 through July 31). A wide variety of birds are expected to nest in the project area, particularly in the riparian corridor along Little Rock Creek. Increased human presence may disturb nesting birds, but the nature of recreational activities (i.e., non-motorized) would present minor disturbance to most birds. Impacts to nesting birds
Draft EIS 3.3-34 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
along the PCT would be minor under Alternative 3, and impacts would be avoided along the Long Trail and at Williamson Rock due to AMM BIO-3 (Nesting Bird Avoidance) and seasonal restrictions.
Alternative 4: PCT Reroute (Adaptive Management)
Criterion BIO1: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species listed or proposed for listing as endangered or threatened, or critical habitat for these species
Impact BIO-1 Project construction and subsequent human activities that disturb endangered, threatened, or proposed plant or animal species or their critical habitat.
Mountain Yellow-legged Frog. Alternative 4 differs from Alternative 3 only in that the PCT would be rerouted to avoid MYLF occupied habitat and would not construct a PCT bridge over Little Rock Creek. Overall, impacts would be the same as described for Alternative 3 with respect to construction and use of the Long Trail and the seasonal use of the Williamson Rock climbing area. As with Alternative 3, AMM BIO-2 (Conduct Pre-Construction Clearance Surveys and Biological Monitoring) would avoid direct impacts to MYLF during construction of the Long Trail. Alternative 4 does not include the PCT bridge over Little Rock Creek, and no impacts would occur at that location. Alternative 4 would have the least impact on MYLF and its designated critical habitat compared to any of the other alternatives. Under Alternative 4, impacts to the MYLF would be minor and primarily associated with unauthorized use, which could be addressed through the adaptive management strategy as described for Alternative 3. Southwestern Willow Flycatcher. Impacts from Alternative 4 would be the same as described for Alternative 3; the alternative would not adversely impact southwestern willow flycatcher.
Criterion BIO2: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species identified as sensitive by the Forest Service
Impact BIO-2 Project construction and subsequent human activities that result in the loss of candidate, Forest Service Sensitive, or other special-status plant or animal species.
Impacts to Forest Service Sensitive plants and animals from Alternative 4 would be largely the same as described for Alternative 3. Alternative 4 would have slightly less impact to riparian-dwelling species as the PCT reroute would avoid Little Rock Creek. The PCT reroute would result in the same effects to California spotted owl and Nelson’s bighorn sheep as Alternative 3, but those impacts would occur in a slightly different location. Overall, Alternative 4 would have minor adverse impacts to sensitive plants and wildlife.
Criterion BIO3: Project construction and subsequent human activities have a substantial adverse effect on the movement of nesting peregrine falcons
Impact BIO-3 Project construction and subsequent human activities that disturb nesting peregrine falcons.
Impacts to peregrine falcon would be identical to Alternative 3. Implementation of AMM BIO-3 (Nesting Bird Avoidance) and seasonal restrictions would avoid impacts along the Long Trail and at Williamson Rock.
July 2018 3.3-35 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
3.3.4 Cumulative Analysis
Spatial and Temporal Boundaries The area of cumulative effect for biological resources varies by a species’ life history, mobility, distribution, and specific range in the project area. This analysis considered the impacts of existing and reasonably foreseeable future projects that threaten plant communities and wildlife within 5 miles of the project area. For other biological resources, including MYLF and riparian communities, the Little Rock Creek watershed boundaries were used in consideration of the ongoing protection of these resources on the ANF. Temporal effects to biological resources can be long-term and can continue for as long as recreational activity at Williamson Rock continues.
Cumulative Effects The two cumulative projects identified in Section 3.2 (Cumulative Scenario) both relate to biological resources. These include non-native aquatic species removal in MYLF habitat and the Forest Service Plan for Invasive Plants on the ANF. Non-native aquatic species removal in Little Rock Creek and South Fork Big Rock Creek has enhanced MYLF habitat and reduced predation pressures on these populations, and has contributed to the increase in population numbers in the project area (see Exhibit 1). Under Alternative 1, unmanaged recreation in the project area would have substantial adverse impacts to MYLF and could reverse the beneficial effects of the aquatic species removal program. The increase in recreational use under Alternative 1 would likely result in the introduction of new weed infestations, as hikers, equestrians, and other users can import weed seeds and propagules from other areas on shoes. Current weed management direction on the ANF includes education, but without monitoring and specific management at the site, weeds could become well-established and difficult to eradicate. Alternatives 2 through 4 would tightly manage recreation in the project area to avoid adverse impacts to the population. Alternative 2 would maintain the current complete area closure, and would continue to combine with the effects of the aquatic species removal program to provide beneficial effects to MYLF habitat and the local population. Similarly, the closure minimizes the potential for invasive plant spread in the project area, and together with the Forest Service Plan for Invasive Plants, Alternative 2 would provide beneficial effects with regard to weeds. The increase in signage, educational materials, and onsite monitoring during the open recreation season under Alternative 3 and Alternative 4 is expected to provide better deterrents to unauthorized use than the current closure, thus minimizing adverse effects to MYLF. Adaptive management includes seasonal closure that would avoid recreation at Williamson Rock during the time that frog breeding is occurring, including the period when egg masses would be present in the creek. Users of the PCT would be required to stay on the trail and out of the creek to avoid trampling frogs and water quality degradation. Alternative 4 would further minimize potential impacts to MYLF by rerouting the PCT in the project area away from Little Rock Creek. Invasive weeds are not currently prevalent in the project area, and populations identified during the weed inventory include relatively small numbers of weeds that are either widespread on the ANF or do not typically cause severe ecological impacts. Implementing AMM BIO-1 (Weed Management Plan) for Alternatives 3 and 4 would minimize spread of invasive weeds currently occurring in or adjacent to the
Draft EIS 3.3-36 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
project area; however, the increase in recreational use would likely result in the introduction of new weed infestations. Therefore, the measure also requires annually monitoring the project area for new weed infestations, and eradicating those that are identified. As AMM BIO-1 would minimize the potential for invasive weeds to be introduced and spread in the project area, adverse impacts would be minor. Weed treatments and monitoring would be conducted in accordance with the Plan for Invasive Plants on the ANF, and together these strategies would minimize the introduction and spread of invasive weeds in the project area. 3.3.5 Impact Summary The impacts of each alternative are summarized below and in Table 3.3-5. Alternative 1 would result in the most adverse impacts to biological resources and habitat compared to Alternatives 2 through 4. General adverse impacts to sensitive plants and wildlife from unregulated recreation would be adverse, and could range from minor to substantial depending on public behavior. Alternative 1 would have substantial, long-term adverse effects on peregrine falcons at Williamson Rock. Impacts to MYLF and its critical habitat from unregulated recreational activity would be substantial, and could result in population decline, loss of viability, or even extirpation in upper Little Rock Creek. The increase in recreational use would likely result in the introduction of new weed infestations. Alternative 2 would result in the least adverse effects to biological resources among the alternatives because the project area would be closed to the public at all times. Under Alternative 3, the adaptive management strategy would avoid adverse impacts to MYLF and to nesting peregrine falcons. Potential impacts would be reduced compared to Alternative 1 and would be similar to Alternative 4 due to adaptive management, controlled recreational use, and monitoring of the Williamson Rock area. The construction and recreational use of the PCT bridge over Little Rock Creek would have minor impacts to MYLF. Alternative 4 would have less impacts to MYLF than Alternative 3 due to the PCT reroute away from Little Rock Creek.
July 2018 3.3-37 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 3.3-5. Summary of Biological Resource Impacts by Alternative Impact Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 BIO-1: Project Impacts to MYLF Under the current Monitoring and Impacts to the MYLF construction and could result in closure, the MYLF adaptive management would be similar to subsequent human population decline, population has greatly would minimize Alternative 3, although activities that disturb loss of viability, or increased. The current adverse recreation impacts at the PCT endangered, even extirpation in closure has thus far impacts to MYLF and bridge location would threatened, or upper Little Rock been beneficial to the its critical habitat. be avoided. proposed plant or Creek. As this MYLF and is likely to Impacts to MYLF Alternative 4 is not animal species or their population comprises continue to benefit the would be minor. expected to result in critical habitat potentially more than population into the Alternative 3 is not adverse impacts to 30 percent of the future. expected to result in southwestern willow remaining MYLF in Impacts to migrating adverse impacts to flycatcher. southern California willow flycatchers southwestern willow and is critical to the would not occur. flycatcher. viability and recovery of the species, adverse impacts would be substantial and potentially irreversible. Unregulated recreation would have a potentially substantial adverse effect on southwestern willow flycatchers if nesting in the project area. BIO-2: Project General adverse Alternative 2 would Minor effects would Impacts to Forest construction and impacts to sensitive have no impact on occur due to the Service Sensitive subsequent human plants and wildlife nesting and roosting adaptive management plants and animals activities that result in from unregulated California spotted owls strategy and seasonal from Alternative 4 the loss of candidate, recreation would be and bighorn sheep. closures. Effects on would be largely the Forest Service adverse and could nesting and roosting same as described for Sensitive, or other range from minor to California spotted owls Alternative 3. special-status plant or substantial depending would be negligible, Alternative 4 would animal species on public behavior. while adverse impacts have minor adverse Minor adverse effects to bighorn sheep impacts to sensitive to nesting and would be minor. plants and wildlife. roosting California spotted owls would occur if present in the project area. Adverse impacts to bighorn sheep could range from minor to major, if recreational use is high enough to essentially exclude bighorn sheep. BIO-3: Project Alternative 1 would Alternative 2 would The adaptive Adaptive management construction and have substantial, long- have no impact to management strategy strategies to avoid subsequent human term adverse effects peregrine falcons. would avoid adverse impacts to peregrine activities that disturb on peregrine falcons impacts from climbing falcons would be the nesting peregrine at Williamson Rock. on nesting peregrines same as Alternative 3. falcons at Williamson Rock
Draft EIS 3.3-38 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Attachment 1. Plants Observed in the Project Area Latin Name Common Name Abundance VASCULAR PLANTS Dicotyledons Selaginellaceae Spike-Moss Family Selaginella asprella** Bluish spike-moss Scarce Filicales Fern Families (Several Included Together) Myriopteris covillei Coville's lip fern Uncommon Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Bracken fern Uncommon Cupressaceae Cypress Family Calocedrus decurrens Incense cedar Abundant Sequoiadendron giganteum Giant sequoia Scarce Pinaceae Pine Family Abies concolor White fir Abundant Pinus jeffreyi Jeffrey pine Common Pinus lambertiana Sugar pine Common Adoxaceae Muskroot Family Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea Blue elderberry Uncommon Apiaceae Celery Family Oreonana vestita** Woolly mountain parsley Scarce Apocynaceae Dogbane Family Asclepias eriocarpa Indian milkweed Scarce Asteraceae Aster Family Artemisia douglasiana Douglas mugwort Common Brickellia californica California brickellbush Occasional Chaenactis santolinoides Santolina chaenactis Uncommon Ericameria cuneata Wedgeleaf goldenbush Uncommon Ericameria nauseosa Common rabbitbrush Uncommon Erigeron foliosus Leafy fleabane Uncommon Eriophyllum confertiflorum Golden yarrow Occasional Helenium bigelovii Bigelow’s sneezeweed Uncommon Hieracium albiflorum White flowered hawkweed Uncommon Packera ionophylla** Tehachapi ragwort Uncommon Solidago velutina ssp. californica California goldenrod Uncommon Betulaceae Birch Family Alnus rhombifolia White alder Common Boraginaceae Borage Family Cryptantha muricata Prickly cryptantha Uncommon Cryptantha sp. Unid. cryptantha Uncommon Eriodictyon trichocalyx var. trichocalyx Hairy yerba santa Uncommon Phacelia longipes Long stalk phacelia Scarce Brassicaceae Mustard Family Caulanthus amplexicaulis Clasping leaved caulanthus Uncommon Erysimum capitatum Western wallflower, Douglas wallflower Occasional
July 2018 3.3-39 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Attachment 1. Plants Observed in the Project Area Latin Name Common Name Abundance Caryophyllaceae Pink Family Silene parishii Parish's catchfly Uncommon Silene verecunda San Francisco campion Uncommon Caprifoliaceae Caper Family Symphoricarpos rotundifolius var. parishii Parish's snowberry Scarce Chenopodiaceae Chenopod Family Dysphania botrys* Jerusalem oak goosefoot Scarce Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family Dudleya cymosa ssp. pumila Mountain stonecrop Uncommon Ericaceae Heath Family Arctostaphylos patula Greenleaf manzanita Common Pyrola dentata Toothed wintergreen Scarce Fabaceae Legume Family, Pea Family Acmispon nevadensis (?) Nevada lotus Uncommon Hosackia crassifolia var. crassifolia Broad leaved lotus Uncommon Lupinus elatus Tall Silky Lupine Occasional Lupinus excubitus var. austromontanus Southern montane grape lupine Uncommon Lupinus excubitus var. johnstonii (?)** Interior bush lupine Scarce Robinia pseudoacacia* Black locust Scarce Trifolium variegatum (?) Variegated clover Scarce Fagaceae Oak Family Chrysolepis sempervirens Sierra chinquapin Scarce Quercus chrysolepis Canyon live oak Common Grossulariaceae Gooseberry & Currant Family Ribes cereum Wax currant Scarce Ribes nevadense Sierra currant Common Ribes roezlii Sierran gooseberry Uncommon Lamiaceae Mint Family Monardella australis ssp. australis Southern mountain monardella Uncommon Monardella linoides ssp. erecta Narrow leaved monardella Uncommon Onagraceae Evening-Primrose Family Epilobium canum California fuchsia Uncommon Gayophytum diffusum Diffuse gayophytum Uncommon Orobanchaceae Broomrape Family Cordylanthus nevinii (?) Nevin's bird's-beak Uncommon Pedicularis semibarbata Pine-woods lousewort Uncommon Papaveraceae Poppy Family Argemone munita Prickly poppy Uncommon Phrymaceae Lopseed Family Mimulus cardinalis Scarlet monkeyflower Common Mimulus floribundus Many flowered monkey flower Occasional Mimulus guttatus Yellow monkey flower Uncommon
Draft EIS 3.3-40 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Attachment 1. Plants Observed in the Project Area Latin Name Common Name Abundance Mimulus johnstonii** Johnton's monkeyflower Scarce Mimulus pilosus Downy monkeyflower Uncommon Plantaginaceae Plantain Family Collinsia torreyi var. wrightii (?) Wright's blue eyed Mary Scarce Penstemon grinnellii Grinnell's penstemon Occasional Penstemon rostriflorus (P. bridgesii) Bridges penstemon Occasional Polemoniaceae Phlox Family Eriastrum densifolium ssp. austromontanum Perennial woolly star Uncommon Leptosiphon breviculus Mojave linanthus Scarce Linanthus pungens Granite gilia Uncommon Saltugilia splendens Splendid gilia Uncommon Polygonaceae Buckwheat Family Eriogonum fasciculatum California buckwheat Common Eriogonum microthecum var. corymbosoides San Bernardino buckwheat Scarce Eriogonum nudum var. pauciflorum Long trumpet Scarce Eriogonum parishii Parish’s buckwheat Uncommon Eriogonum saxatile Rock buckwheat Uncommon Eriogonum wrightii ssp. subscaposum Short-stemmed bastard-sage Uncommon Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family Aquilegia formosa Columbine Occasional Clematis ligusticifolia Western virgin's bower Occasional Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Family Ceanothus cordulatus Mountain whitethorn Occasional Frangula californica California coffee berry Uncommon Rosaceae Rose Family Cercocarpus ledifolius Curl-leaf mountain-mahogany Occasional Drymocallis glandulosa Cinquefoil Occasional Rubiaceae Madder Family, Coffee Family Galium jepsonii (?)** Jepson's bedstraw Uncommon Galium sp. Unid. bedstraw Uncommon Salicaceae Willow Family Salix lasiolepis Arroyo willow Uncommon Saxifragaceae Saxifrage Family Boykinia rotundifolia Round leaved boykinia Uncommon Heuchera caespitosa** Urn flowered alumroot Uncommon Viscaceae Mistletoe Family Arceuthobium campylopodum Golden mistletoe Scarce Phoradendron bolleanum Fir mistletoe Uncommon Monocotyledons Agavaceae Century Plant Family, Agave Family Hesperoyucca whipplei Chaparral yucca Occasional
July 2018 3.3-41 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Attachment 1. Plants Observed in the Project Area Latin Name Common Name Abundance Alliaceae Onion Family, Garlic Family Allium burlewii (?) Burlew's onion Scarce Iridaceae Iris Family Sisyrinchium bellum Western blue-eyed grass Uncommon Juncaceae Rush Family Juncus macrophyllus (?) Rush Uncommon Poaceae Grass Family Agrostis exarata (?) Spike bentgrass Uncommon Bromus carinatus California brome Uncommon Bromus hallii (?) Hall's brome Uncommon Bromus tectorum* Cheat grass Uncommon Deschampsia danthonioides Annual hairgrass Scarce Elymus elymoides Bottlebrush squirreltail Occasional Festuca myuros* Rattail sixweeks grass Scarce Melica imperfecta Little California melica, common melic Uncommon Muhlenbergia californica** California muhly Scarce Stipa parishii var. parishii Parish's needle grass Occasional Non-native species are indicated by an asterisk, special-status species indicated by two asterisks. This list includes only species observed on the site. Others may have been overlooked or unidentifiable due to season. Plants were identified using Baldwin et al (2012) and other regional references. Nomenclature and taxonomy generally follow Jepson (2017).
Draft EIS 3.3-42 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Attachment 2. Wildlife Observed in the Project Area Latin Name Common Name FISH Salmonidae Salmon & Trout Oncorynchus mykiss* Rainbow trout (downstream of fish barrier; absent from project area) AMPHIBIANS Hylidae Treefrogs Pseudacris [Hyla] hypochondriaca Baja California treefrog Pseudacris [Hyla] cadaverina California treefrog Ranidae True Frogs Rana muscosa Southern mountain yellow-legged frog REPTILES Phrynosomatidae Spiny Lizards Sceloporus occidentalis longipes Great Basin fence lizard Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus Southern sagebrush lizard Uta stansburiana Side-blotched lizard Anguidae Alligator Lizards Elgaria multicarinata webbii San Diego alligator lizard Scincidae Skinks Plestiodon skiltonianus skiltonianus Skilton’s skink Teidae Whiptails & Racerunners Aspidoscelis tigris tigris Great Basin whiptail BIRDS Odontophoridae Quails Oreotyx pictus Mountain quail Accipitridae Hawks Accipiter cooperii Cooper’s hawk Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered hawk Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed hawk Falconidae Falcons Falco peregrinus Peregrine falcon Columbidae Pigeons & Doves Patagioenas fasciata Band-tailed pigeon Zenaida macroura Mourning dove Apodidae Swifts Aeronautes saxatalis White-throated swift Trochilidae Hummingbirds Archilochus alexandri Black-chinned hummingbird Selasphorus calliope Calliope hummingbird Selasphorus rufus Rufous hummingbird Picidae Woodpeckers Melanerpes formicivorus Acorn woodpecker Picoides nuttallii Hairy woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus White-headed woodpecker
July 2018 3.3-43 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Attachment 2. Wildlife Observed in the Project Area Latin Name Common Name Colaptes auratus Northern flicker Tyrannidae Tyrant Flycatchers Contopus cooperi Olive-sided flycatcher Contopus sordidulus Western wood-pewee Empidonax difficilis Pacific slope flycatcher Empidonax hammondii Hammond’s flycatcher Sayornis nigricans Black phoebe Myiarchus cinerascens Ash-throated flycatcher Corvidae Jays & Crows Cyanocitta stelleri Steller’s jay Corvus corax Common raven Hirundinidae Swallows Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis Northern rough-winged swallow Tachycineta thalassina Violet green swallow Paridae Chickadees & Titmice Poecile gambeli Mountain chickadee Baeolophus inornatus Oak titmouse Aegithalidae Bushtits Psaltriparus minimus Bushtit Sittidae Nuthatches Sitta canadensis Red-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis White-breasted nuthatch Sitta pygmaea Pygmy nuthatch Troglodytidae Wrens Salpinctes obsoletus Rock wren Catherpes mexicanus Canyon wren Thryomanes bewickii Bewick's wren Turdidae Thrushes & Robins Sialia currucoides Mountain bluebird Sialia mexicana Western bluebird Turdus migratorius American robin Catharus ustulatus Swainson’s thrush Parulidae Warblers Setophaga petechia Yellow warbler Wilsonia pusilla Wilson’s warbler Dendroica nigrescens Black-throated gray warbler Wilsonia pusilla Wilson’s warbler Cardinalidae Tanagers & Cardinals Piranga ludoviciana Western tanager Emberizidae Sparrows & Juncos Pipilo maculatus Spotted towhee
Draft EIS 3.3-44 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Attachment 2. Wildlife Observed in the Project Area Latin Name Common Name Pipilo crissalis California towhee Melospiza melodia Song sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned sparrow Melospiza lincolnii Lincoln’s sparrow Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed junco Cardinalidae Grosbeaks & Buntings Pheucticus melanocephalus Black-headed grosbeak Passerina caerulea Blue grosbeak Passerina amoena Lazuli bunting Icteridae Orioles Icterus bullockii Bullock’s oriole Fringillidae Finches Carpodacus mexicanus House finch Carpodacus purpureus Purple finch Carduelis psaltria Lesser goldfinch MAMMALS Sciuridae Squirrels & Chipmunks Sciurius griseus Western gray squirrel Tamias speciosus Lodgepole chipmunk Tamias merriami Merriam’s chipmunk Cervidae Deer Odocoileus hemionus Mule deer * Introduced species
July 2018 3.3-45 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES
3.4 Cultural Resources Cultural resources reflect the history, diversity, and culture of a particular region, as well as the people who created them. Cultural resources are unique in that they are often the only remaining evidence of past human activity. Cultural resources can be natural or built, purposeful or accidental, physical or intangible. They encompass both Native American and Historic period resources, comprising archaeological, traditional use areas, religious or ceremonial sites, in addition to built environment resources, including buildings, structures, objects, districts, and sites. Due to the type of information and data derived from archaeological sites, and the importance of provenience and spatial relationships in interpretation these resources, cultural resources are considered a nonrenewable resource. This analysis is based on a cultural resources records search, desktop historic research, and a pedestrian survey, which were completed in August 2017 (Aspen, 2017). 3.4.1 Affected Environment The cultural resources study area for all project alternatives includes: The area of potential direct effects, defined as a 60-meter corridor surrounding the trail segments and project components for all alternatives. This width was established by applying a 30-meter buffer on each side of the trail centerline. The area of potential indirect effects, defined as a ½ mile buffer around the area of potential direct effects.
3.4.1.1 Environmental Setting The project is located within the Angeles National Forest, in northern Los Angeles County, and within the San Gabriel Mountains, a 60-mile long east-west trending mountain range that forms part of the Transverse Ranges. The range separates the San Fernando, San Gabriel, and San Bernardino valleys on the south, from the Soledad Basin and Mojave Desert on the north. Interstate 5 is located to the west, and Highway 15 to the east. State Highway 2 (CA-2), known also as the Angeles Crest Scenic Byway, bounds the project area on its southern edge. Additional information about the physical environment of the project area is presented below, separated into physiological characteristics and characteristics originating from human activity in and near the project area. Physiography and Geology. The rugged mountains in the project area are interspersed with numerous small drainages and ridgelines. Elevations range from roughly 6,600 feet along lower ridges of the study area to almost 7,000 feet above mean sea level at Williamson Rock. Geology is composed of decomposing granite and igneous material, with prominent large sandstone boulder outcrops dispersed throughout the study area. Soils are thin and weakly developed from parent granitic material. Prior surveys and investigations of the project area found the slopes to be steep and in many areas unstable, with surface erosion evident. Hydrology. Little Rock Creek and its tributaries are permanent streams, while other intermittent streams and springs are present throughout the area, most notably Rattlesnake Spring, Cedar Spring, Buckhorn Spring, and Reed Spring. Vegetation. At the time of field survey, observed vegetation was dense, and consisted mainly of mature conifer stands of Ponderosa pine and White fir. Ground vegetation was densely covered with manzanita
July 2018 3.4-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES
and ceanothus. Perennial and annual grasses are also present in the project area, but overall grasses were thinly dispersed. Other observed plant species included buckwheat, sages, chamise, and yucca. Climate. The region is classified as Mediterranean warm, lying between the dry Mojave and the humid mesothermal Pacific Coast climates. The region is characterized by warm, dry summers, and mild, moderately wet winters. Temperatures range from over 100 degrees in July and August, to below freezing in January. Snowfall and rainfall normally occur between November and April. Wildlife. There was little wildlife observed during the field visit, which included only rattlesnake, turkey vultures, and various lizards. Other terrestrial species reported in the area previously include Mule deer, black bears, rabbits, jackrabbits, coyotes, grey foxes, bobcats, mountain lions, ground squirrels, red tail hawks, quail, and road runners.
3.4.1.2 Cultural Setting Three kinds of cultural resources, classified by their origins, are considered in this assessment: prehistoric, ethnographic, and historic period. Prehistoric archaeological resources are associated with the human occupation and use of California prior to prolonged European contact. In California, the prehistoric period began, at a minimum, over 12,000 years ago, and extended through the eighteenth century until 1769, with the establishment of the first Spanish mission in San Diego, which the Spanish Franciscan missionary, Father Junipero Serra, named “San Diego de Alcala”. Ethnographic resources represent the heritage of a particular ethnic or cultural group, such as Native Americans or African, European, Latino, or Asian immigrants. Historic-period resources, both archaeological and architectural, are associated with exploration and settlement of the area and the beginning of a written historical record after the arrival of European colonists.
Prehistoric Overview Human populations have occupied the San Gabriel Mountain range for at least 12,000 years. At present, a chronology for prehistoric cultural development specific to the San Gabriel Mountain range does not exist. However, prehistoric climate data from the Mojave Desert region provides us with a general framework for a discussion of prehistoric culture patterns of the San Gabriel Mountains. Generally, during the Late Pleistocene (about 18,000 to 8,000 BP), conditions were cool and wet, and by the Early Holocene (about 8,000 to 6,000 BP), conditions were only slightly cooler and moister than today. The climate became much warmer and drier during the Middle Holocene (about 6,000 to 3,000 BP) before returning to a moderately cooler and wetter state during the Late Holocene (about 3,000 BP to present). These periods were punctuated with periods of severe drought. Past archaeological reports written for other projects occurring near the study area are inconsistent when identifying relevant prehistoric and ethnographic culture groups. Some authors report that the study area is within the Tataviam culture boundary (e.g., Vance, 2001), while others assert that the area is within the mobile range of the Serrano (e.g., Romani, 2000), or that the study area may encompass both Serrano and Tataviam territories (e.g., Aspen, 2017). It is probable that both groups utilized food, medicinal, and technological resources located within the region during the Late Holocene. It can be agreed, however, that short- and long-term trends in environmental productivity must have had strong influences on the hunter-gatherer movement across the landscape, as well as on preferred systems of settlement and modes of habitation through time. It is possible that large tracts of the desert and mountain range were effectively abandoned or rarely visited during periods of climate and resource stress. In some cases, these climatic changes are thought to have been coincident with major
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technological advancements or subsistence adjustments. A summary of major changes across time periods is presented below. Early Holocene (about 8,000 to 6,000 BP). The earliest known archaeological sites within the San Gabriel Mountains are CA-LAN-3013 (deposits date between 6,850 to 5,590 BP) and CA-LAN-1974 (dating to 7,240 BP) (Aspen, 2017). Material culture from this period is typified by the extensive use of grinding implements to process small seeds, supplemented by hunting activities. There are very few sites of this antiquity recorded thus far in the San Gabriel Mountains, and culture group association remains unidentified. Middle Holocene (about 6,000 to 3,000 BP). Across southern and central coastal California, Middle Holocene sites generally show an increase in population and broadening of the resource base. This period is represented by a large array of specialized subsistence sites, including large villages, small permanent camps, rock shelters, and seasonal-use camps. These sites are variously characterized as villages, base camps, food processing and procurement sites, special use sites, rock shelters, pictographs, petroglyphs, earth ovens, and cemeteries. There are a number of archaeological sites within the San Gabriel Mountains that have been radiocarbon dated to this period (FS- 05-01-54-89, CA-LAN-3629, CA-LAN-3622, CA-LAN-2987). Late Holocene (about 3,000 BP to present). Archaeological data and linguistic studies demonstrate that by roughly 1,500 BP, Shoshonean-speaking cultures (Gabrieleño, Tataviam, etc.) began to infiltrate the region, perhaps displacing the earlier Hokan-speakers (Chumash). The San Gabriel Mountains within the cultural resources study area is likely an ethnographic transition zone occupied by Gabrieleño , Serrano, and Tataviam groups. The Gabrieleño occupied the San Gabriel watershed region on the southern slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains, including the greater Los Angeles basin, while the Serrano was known to occupy the areas east of Mount Baldy, the Mojave River watershed on the northern side of the range, and in areas surrounding the San Bernardino Mountains. The Tataviam territory is west of the project location, focused around San Fernando Valley, north to Santa Clara River Valley, and to areas around Castaic and Piru Creek. Some scholars have suggested that prehistoric groups occupying the study area would access the desert regions via passage through the Little Rock Creek. During the last 500 years of this period, new communities were established in the San Gabriel Mountains, probably brought about by a combination of advancements in ground stone and projectile point technologies, which resulted in the ability to procure, process, and store food resources more efficiently and more abundantly.
Ethnohistoric Overview A review of ethnohistoric data suggests that the study area lay within a multi-tribal use area, and by the Late Holocene period and into the early Spanish settlement period, was likely inhabited by the Gabrieleño and Serrano. Tataviam. The Tataviam settled in the San Gabriel Mountain region by A.D. 450, each village or tribelet maintaining its own distinctive political and economic sovereignty of the area it occupied. Anthropologist A. L. Kroeber described these groups as “de facto self-governing” and distinguished them from the Chumash system of ownership, which reflected a sense of shared ownership, or “national” ownership, as Kroeber described it (Kroeber, 1953). Each village provided shelter, food, and other resources for up to 100 people. Meanwhile, each village belonged to a larger tribelet group that encompassed up to 250 members at a time. According to the Fernandeño Tataviam Band of Mission Indians, members of each autonomous village intermarried with neighboring tribes, including the
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Chumash (residing to the west), Kitanemuk (located north of the San Gabriel Mountains), Serrano (occupying areas of the San Gabriel Mountains to the east), and Gabrieleño -Tongva (Los Angeles basin to the south, and west towards Malibu) (Fernandeño Tataviam, 2017). The ethnographic literature regarding the Tataviam is less informative than for neighboring groups along the coast of California; however, it can be understood that they lived as hunter-gatherers-fishers, subsisting on acorns, pine nuts, yucca, berries, sage seeds, chia, and islay. Small family homes consisted of domed, thatched structures arranged in a circular fashion. In the pre-Mission period, bands were organized into single patrilineal lineages. Each lineage had its own group of leaders that often included head leaders, assistants, and religious/ceremonial leaders. Women held their own political and ceremonial roles within each lineage. It is through this kinship organization that members of the Tataviam could engage in economic, political, religious, and social systems shared across the greater Tataviam territory. Serrano. The Serrano spoke a language belonging to the Serran Group of the Takic subfamily of the Uto- Aztecan family. It is nearly impossible to assign definite boundaries to Serrano territory due to a lack of ethnohistoric record, but also because the Serrano were more mobile than most other tribes of the region, preferring to engage in trade and exchange across a wide geographic range that included desert, lake, and high mountain regions. Territory traditionally claimed by the Serrano included the eastern end of the San Gabriel Mountains, the San Bernardino Mountains east of Cajon Pass, lands in the desert near Victorville, and territory extending east in the desert to Twenty-nine Palms and south to the Yucaipa Valley. The Serrano occupied small village-hamlets located mainly in the foothills near water sources. Others were at higher elevations in coniferous forest or in the desert. The availability of water was a critical determinant of the nature, duration, and distribution of Serrano settlements. Within the settlement, division of labor was separated by gender, which was observed and documented historically in ethnographic accounts.; that is, women gathered and men hunted with occasional forays to fish. Topography, elevations, and biota present within the Serrano territory varied greatly. Primary plant foods varied with locality. In the foothills, they included acorns and pinyon nuts. In the desert, honey mesquite, pinyon, yucca roots, and cactus fruits were staples. In both areas, they were supplemented by a variety of roots, bulbs, shoots, and seeds, especially chia. Among primary game animals were deer, mountain sheep, pronghorn, rabbits, rodents, and quail. Large game was hunted with bows and arrows. Small game was taken with throwing sticks, traps, snares, and deadfalls, while meat was cooked in earth ovens. Both meat and plant foods were at time parched or boiled in baskets. Plant foods were ground, pounded, or pulverized in mortars and pestles or with manos and metates. Processed meat and plant foods were dried and stored, either in rock line caches, dry caves, in above ground granaries, or within baskets. Occasional communal deer and rabbit hunts were held, while acorn, pine nut, and mesquite gathering expeditions took place seasonally that involved the entire village. These communal activities involved several lineages under a lineage leader’s authority. Much like the Tataviam homes, Serrano houses were circular, domed, individual family dwellings, with willow frames and tule thatching. They were occupied by a husband and wife along with their children, and often other kin. Houses were mainly used for sleeping and storage. Most daily activities occurred outside, often in the shade of a ramada (a flat-roofed, open-sided shade structure) or other sun cover. Settlements usually had a large ceremonial house where the lineage leader and his family lived. It was the social and religious center for each lineage/lineage set. The latter was two or more lineages linked by marriage, economic reciprocity, and ritual participation. Other structures included semi- subterranean, earth-covered sweathouses located near water, and granaries. However, the clan was the
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largest autonomous landholding and political unit. There was no pan-tribal union between clans, clans were aligned through economic, marital, and ceremonial reciprocity. Serrano clans often were allied with Cahuilla clans and Chemehuevi groups. A lineage included all men recognizing descent from a common ancestor, their wives, and their descendants. Serrano lineages were autonomous and localized, each occupying and using defined, favored territories. A lineage rarely claimed territory that was too distant from its home base. Serrano shamans were primarily healers who acquired their powers through dreaming. A shaman cured illness by sucking it out of the sick person and by the administration of herbal medicines. Various phases of an individual’s life cycle were occasions for ceremonies. After a woman gave birth, the mother and baby were “celebrated,” and a feast held. Differing puberty ceremonies were held for boys (datura ingestion used in a structured ceremonial vision quest) and girls (“pit roasting,” ingestion of bitter herbs, dietary restrictions, instruction on how to be good wives). The dead were cremated, and a memorial service was held. During the annual seven-day mourning ceremony, the sacred bundle was displayed, an eagle-killing ceremony took place, and a naming ceremony was held for all those born during the preceding year, images were made and burned of those who had died in the previous year, and the eagle dance was performed.
Historic Overview The history of the region is generally divided into the Spanish (1769 to 1821), Mexican (1821 to 1846), and American (post-1846) periods. Spanish Period (A.D. 1769 to 1821). In A.D. 1542, Spanish exploration of the California coast began with the expedition of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, whose crew first came ashore at the present‐day harbor of San Diego. Cabrillo's expedition then sailed north to the Los Angeles area (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984), passing San Pedro Bay (Kielbasa 1997). Cabrillo visited Santa Catalina Island during this time and made peaceful contact with the native inhabitants. In A.D. 1602, another Spanish expedition led by Sebastián Vizcaíno also had a peaceful encounter with the Tongva on Catalina Island (Bean and Smith 1978). These early Spanish expeditions and others made initial contact with the local Native Californians and facilitated early trade. Spanish colonization did not fully commence until A.D. 1769, with the expeditions of the Franciscan administrator Junipero Serra and the Spanish military, under the command of Gaspár de Portola in San Diego (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984; Laylander 2000). These encounters continued to be peaceful, but conflicts would arise soon after (Bean and Smith 1978). In 1772, Padre Fages, with a small force of Spanish soldiers, became the first Europeans to set foot near the Project vicinity, in the Antelope Valley. These expeditions preceded the Spanish Missionization efforts, which involved the establishment of 21 California Missions whose purpose was to "convert" the Native Californians to Catholicism within a 10‐ year period, and then return the mission lands to them (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984; Laylander 2000). To support the Spanish settlements, missions used Native Californians to work on the local farms and ranches. The San Fernando Mission was the seventeenth mission founded in California in September of 1797 by Father Fermín Lasuén. It is located approximately 40 miles northwest of the Project in present- day Mission Hills, Los Angeles County, California. This mission and others extended their influence into the traditional lands of the Tataviam, Gabrieleño, and Serrano people, which greatly affected their traditional ways of life. By 1810, nearly all the Tataviam had been baptized at the San Fernando Mission and by 1834 the descendants of the missionized Tataviam had married into other groups within the mission or in the Tejon region (King and Blackburn 1978: 536). During the post-mission period the Tataviam intermarried with the Kitanemuk, Serrano, Gabrieleño and others, despite having been
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described as “foreign” to one another at the time of European contact (King and Blackburn 1978: 535- 536). From A.D. 1784 to 1821, land grants were given out as concessions from the Spanish Crown giving settlement and grazing rights on specific tracts of land while the crown retained the title. Within the Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, eleven main ranchos were established containing numerous subdivisions, however, none of the Los Angeles land grants are within the Project study area. The primary use of these lands was for cattle and sheep ranching. Mexican Period (A.D. 1821 to 1848). The year 1822 marks the beginning of the Mexican Period (1822 to 1848) and is concurrent with Mexico's independence from Spain. Mexico became California's new ruling government, and at first, little changed for California Native Americans. The Franciscan missions continued to enjoy the free unpaid labor the natives provided, despite the Mexican Republic's 1824 Constitution that declared Indians to be Mexican citizens. This monopoly of Native American labor by a system which accounted for nearly one‐sixth of the land in the state angered the newly land‐granted colonial citizens (Castillo 1998). During this period, extensive land grants were established in the interior regions to spread the population inland from the more settled coastal areas where the Spanish had first concentrated their colonization efforts. Landowners largely focused on the cattle industry and devoted large tracts to grazing. Cattle hides became a primary southern California export, providing a commodity to trade for goods from the east and other areas in the United States and Mexico. The number of non‐ native inhabitants increased during this period because of the influx of explorers, trappers, and ranchers (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984; Castillo 1998). Independence from Spain in 1821 also brought an end to the ban on foreign trade in California. This brought merchants and immigrants to the state, and whaling became an important industry in Southern California. By 1840, Los Angeles had become the most populated area in Southern California. After 1834, during the secularization of the missions, plots of land were carved out of the mission lands and sold to individuals (Perez 1982). The ranchos replaced the missions as California’s primary land institutions (Lake 2006). Rather than returning land to Native Americans, the Mexican government allowed the Padres to keep the church, priests’ quarters, and gardens of each mission. During the Mexican‐American War of 1846 to 1848, the Mexican army defeated U.S. forces at the Battle of the Old Woman’s Gun in Dominguez Hills, the Battle of Chino, and the Siege of Los Angeles south of the Project area. Despite these early victories, hope of a Mexican victory quickly faded, with the involvement of the U.S. Navy, and its occupation of all California ports. Following the American suppression of what came to be called the California rebellion centered in Southern California by forces under the command of John C. Fremont and American commanders Stockton and Kearney, Andre Pico capitulated and presented terms to Fremont. Fremont accepted Pico's terms and agreed to formalize the agreement at Campo de Cahuenga on January 13, 1847. Fremont agreed to Pico’s terms and signed the Articles of Capitulation, known as "Capitulation of Cahuenga." The generous terms of the agreement ended hostilities in California. The Mexican – American War concluded with the American conquest of Mexico City, and signing of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ceded California and the American Southwest to the United States. This ended the resistance to U.S. takeover of the territory and ushered in the American Period (1848 to Present). The ensuing influx of European and Anglo-American settlers resulted in an explosion of domestic and urban growth, as populations shifted in number, with Euro-American settlers eventually outnumbering Hispanic and Native American populations (Lake 2006). American Period (A.D. 1848 to present). American military forces were present within California during the summer of 1846 as a result of the Mexican‐American War. Rapidly, Mexican resistance deteriorated and the United States occupied Mexico City in 1848, marking the beginning of the American Period
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(1848 to Present). In February 1848, California became a U.S. holding with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This treaty ended the Mexican‐American War and ceded much of the southwest (California, Nevada, Utah, and portions of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming) to the United States. During the early years of the American period, southern Antelope Valley and the northern slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains remained a frontier with no permanent settlements, although permanent Euro- American settlements existed in the lower end of "La Soledad" Canyon, in the area of modern Canyon Country. Permanent settlement of the southwestern area of Antelope Valley occurred in the 1850s. This was associated with the economic development of rancho land grants and other grazing holdings, the development of roads to mines, settlements, and military installations in the Tehachapi Mountains and southern San Joaquin Valley areas. Settlements were prompted by Gold Rush immigration, new mining activities, as well as the need to expand cattle production created by a new market in the northern mining areas. However, with the rising price of cattle came increased stock raiding, which took a serious toll on the rancho's efforts to raise cattle in the Santa Clarita Valley and western edge of the Antelope Valley during the years prior to 1854. Organized mining within San Gabriel Canyon began in 1855. The endeavor took hold between 1859 and 1862; however, heavy rains in the latter year caused the San Gabriel River to flood, which subsequently destroyed numerous claims and mining operations including the town of Eldoradoville. Mining within San Gabriel Canyon continued with varying degrees of success until about the turn of the century. Mining and Prospecting. Mining was the chief historic land use of the cultural resources study area, and dates to roughly the same period as the establishment of the first Federal Reserve in the state of California, which was designated the San Gabriel Timberland Reserve in 1892. The vicinity surrounding the study area was part of the Mt. Gleason Mining District. No mining patents are documented within the portion of the study area near Alternative 3; however, it is possible that undocumented prospecting might have occurred in the area. Early Development of the ANF. Many of the historical resources within the San Gabriel Mountains are associated with the development and management of lands by the Angeles National Forest. Beginning in 1892, this land was federally managed to assist with flood and fire control, permit land for timber harvesting and grazing, and provide recreation opportunities for the public. Historic period resources associated with this development include roads, trails, campgrounds, ski lodges, ranches, water control features, including dams and aqueducts, utility infrastructure and electrical transmission, and telephone lines.
3.4.1.3 Background Research- Methods and Results Aspen cultural resource specialists conducted a search of the Forest Service Heritage Program’s cultural files for the project search area. The records search area includes the area of potential direct and indirect effects for cultural resources across all alternatives. Forest Service cultural files included previously written cultural resources reports, site records, historical maps, mineral patent lists, desktop historic research, and geographic information systems (GIS) database (Aspen, 2017). The search identified 26 previous cultural resource investigations and surveys that took place in the records search area. Only six of these overlap with the cultural resources study area (Table 3.4-1).
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Table 3.4-1. Previous Cultural Resources Surveys Within the Record Search Area ARR# Year Author Report Name Alternative Location 050100052 1992 Douglas H. Milburn Kratka Ridge Ski Area Snow 1, 2, 3, and 4 Direct and Making Reservoir and Waterlines Indirect – Los Angeles County 050100335 1983 Michael McIntyre Pumphouse Removal A.R.R. 1, 2, 3, and 4 Direct and Indirect 050100643 2001 Darrell W. Vance Heritage Resource Evaluation of 1, 2, 3, and 4 Direct and the LAARD SST Toilet Locations Indirect Project at Messenger Flats Campground, Eagles Roost Picnic Area, and Jarvi Memorial Vista 050100668 2002 Adam Sriro Highway 2 replacement, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 Indirect metal-beam guardrail installation Project 050101020 2006 Kelli S. Brasket Pacific Crest Trail Maintenance 1, 2, 3, and 4 Direct and Project, Santa Clara–Mojave and Indirect Los Angeles Rivers Ranger District, Angeles National Forest, Los Angeles County, California 050101047 2006 David S. Peebles Cooper Canyon PCT Bridge Con- 1, 2, 3, and 4 Direct and struction Project, Santa Clara– Indirect Mojave Rivers Ranger District, Angeles National forest, Los Angeles County, California
The record search also identified 10 previously recorded cultural resources within the ½ mile records search area for all alternatives (Table 3.4-2). Only two are in the Alternative 3 study area: the Angeles Crest Highway (FS# 05015100111) and the Pumphouse Site (FS # 05015400008).
Table 3.4-2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources Within the Record Search Area Forest Service # Description Period Alternative Location 05015100065 Convict labor camp associated with the construction of the Historic 1, 2, and 4 Indirect Angeles Crest Highway in the 1940’s. Several pieces of concrete, three pieces of waterpipe, pieces of broken glass and glazed ceramic sherds, and two small flat areas for small buildings. 05015100111 Angeles Crest Highway. Built in 1940s. Historic 1, 2, 3, and 4 Direct 05015400008 Pumphouse Site. Associated with W.P.A. Construction Historic 1, 2, 3, and 4 Indirect Camp #37 circa 1942-1943.Single one-story structure with milled wood frame and associated dam. Also present: structural debris, water tank, bed frames, pans. 05015400114 Switchback Earth Ovens. Two earth oven deposits com- Prehistoric 2 Direct prised of midden dark soils and fire affected rock. Both 10 ft. in diameter. 05015400115 Cruthers Bench. High density lithic scatter, two earth ovens, Prehistoric 2 Direct midden soil. 05015400116 Lewis Midden Site. Large deposit of midden soils and fire Prehistoric 2 Direct affected rock approximately 30 feet in diameter.
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Table 3.4-2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources Within the Record Search Area Forest Service # Description Period Alternative Location 05015400117 Burkhart Dams. A portion of the Burkhart Ranch established Historic 2 Direct in 1898. Dam’s built in the 1930s by Kelly Pipe Company. Also present: a cement mixing platform and cement mixer. sections of rusted four and six-inch diameter steel riveted pipe. Portions of abandoned old ditches, access roads, and an old tunnel are located downstream of the dams. 05015400118 Burkhart Trail, Lewis Ranch to Buckhorn Campground Historic 2, 4 Direct segment. An11.23-mile pack trail built by B. M. Burkhart between 1914 and 1926 from his ranch to a weather station high in the mountains. May have also been used to supply resorts and campgrounds in the high country until 1938. Part of the High Desert National Recreation Trail System (1981). 05015400137 Water conveyance system including pipes, weir pit, and Historic 2 Direct concrete and cobble dam. Built in 1909. Associated with a homestead established 1901. 05015400152 South Fork Trail. A 4-mile long trail built in the 1920s. Historic 1, 2, and 4 Indirect and Average width is 50 cm. 29 segments of dry-laid, random Direct rubble, retaining walls, made from the native granite rocks, present at various rockslide prone areas. Remnants of a late 1920 to early 1930s telephone line including 4 col- lapsed H-frame and 3 cross-beam structures.
In addition to the above, a search of the Forest Service Mineral Claims database resulted in no potential mineral claims in or in the vicinity of the project area.
3.4.1.4 Pedestrian Survey - Methods and Results On June 20, 2017, Aspen cultural resources specialist Dustin McKenzie (MA, RPA) assisted by Richard “Kolin” Taylor (BA) conducted a pedestrian survey of the project area of direct effect (APE). The APE is defined as the 60-meter wide area of potential direct effects for Alternative 3, consisting of approximately 28 acres. The survey was conducted by walking 5 to 10-meter wide transects in all accessible areas, or that had a ground slope of 0 to 30 degrees. Approximately 0.63 acres were subject to opportunistic survey because of dense brush. When cultural resources were encountered, they were assigned a field number, plotted on USGS topographic maps with a Trimble GEO7X global positioning system (GPS) unit, and described in written notes. Thorough documentation of all resources included the completion of California Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) 523-series recording forms. The field crew examined the ground surface for the presence of prehistoric artifacts (e.g., flaked stone tools, tool‐making debris or debitage, stone milling tools, ceramics), historic-era artifacts (e.g., metal, glass, ceramics), sediment discolorations that could indicate the presence of cultural features (e.g., midden, hearths, cairns), and depressions or other features which could indicate the presence of structures (e.g., post holes, foundations). Isolated finds consist of single, and occasionally multiple (2 artifacts), prehistoric or historic artifacts or a single feature. Generally isolated finds are not considered National Register-eligible resources. Two new cultural resources were identified during the field inventory within the project direct APE. Cultural resource WR-2017-01 is a historic trail segment with multiple artifacts associated with it. Cultural resource WR-2017-02 is the site of Williamson Rock, and encompasses those areas of the rock face that contribute to its recreational and historic use as a climbing surface. The sites have been recommended as eligible for the NRHP, and like WR-2017-01, will each be managed as assumed eligible
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for inclusion in the NRHP, in accordance with the USFS Region 5 Programmatic Agreement for Section 106 compliance (PA) until a formal determination is submitted and concurred upon by SHPO. No isolated finds were observed during the pedestrian survey of the APE. WR-2017-01, Pumphouse Trail/Road. This is a historic trail/road segment that first appears as a foot or pack trail on 1942 and 1950 U.S. Forest Service maps, and appears as an unimproved dirt road on the 1958 Crystal Lake and 1959 Waterman Mountain USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles. The segment of trail/road being analyzed in this report is the portion that is located within the direct APE for Alternatives 2, 3 and 4, beginning at the Little Rock Creek drainage and terminating at the trailhead. The trail/road is unnamed at present and may have been part of a cluster of trails in the area that formed part of the High Desert National Trail, although the trail is now abandoned. According to the ANF site record, the trail was likely converted to a road to access the dam and pumphouse (FS No. 05-01-54- 08), which are believed to have been constructed by the W.P.A. Construction Camp #37 between 1942 and 1943. The trail varies in width between 14 ft. to 2 ft., and in many places is covered by granitic rock scree (Aspen, 2017). The resource includes Element A (one historic can dating between 1850-1920), Element B (a can/bottle scatter dating from 1934 to 1982), and Element C (an undated historic milled post). WR-2017-02, Williamson Rock. WR-2017-02 is the site of Williamson Rock and encompasses those areas of the rock face that contribute to its recreational use as a climbing surface. The resource is located in the direct APE of Alternatives 1, 2, 3, and 4. WR-2017-02 has an elevation of approximately 6,700 ft. amsl and provides over 300 well-defined climbing routes for rock climbers. The site is com- posed of granite, and unlike much of the geologic composition of the region, is uniquely characterized by the fact that the rock surface has lost much of its friable surface due to natural erosion and past rock climbing use. This fact renders site WR-2017-02 a unique climbing locale, not only within the San Gabriel Mountains and Transverse Mountain Range, but within the surrounding southern California region. It is the only rock climbing surface of its kind anywhere within southern California, and provides a full range of technical difficulty in climbing challenge that has attracted beginners and expert rock climbers alike since the early 1960’s. Due to this significance to the rock climbing community, Williamson Rock could be a potential TCP; however further ethnographic studies and archival research would need to be carried out to complete this determination, as this was outside the scope of the current investigation. 3.4.2 Regulatory Framework Numerous laws, ordinances, regulations, and standards on state, federal, and local levels seek to protect and manage cultural resources. The primary federal regulation governing significant cultural resources is the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). The current project would be carried out on federal land, and therefore is considered an undertaking under Section 106 of the NHPA. In addition, although the project would be located on lands owned and managed by the federal government, the project is potentially subject to California state laws related to the management of prehistoric human remains, should any be discovered during construction. Both federal and applicable state regulations are discussed below.
Federal Federal protections for significant cultural resources include the NHPA, the Antiquities Act, National Register of Historic Places, and the Archaeological Resource Protection Act, among others. As stated previously, the project would be carried out on federal land, and is therefore considered an undertaking under Section 106 of the NHPA.
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National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (36 CFR 800) The NHPA sets forth the responsibilities that federal agencies must meet regarding cultural resources located on federally managed lands. Based on Section 106 and its implementing regulations in 36 CFR Part 800, federal agencies must conduct the necessary studies, investigations, and consultations to identify cultural resources that may be affected by an undertaking (as defined in 36 CFR 800.16(y) – a project or activity, or program funded in whole or in part under the direct or indirect jurisdiction of a Federal agency; those carried out with Federal financial assistance; and those requiring a Federal permit, license, or approval), evaluate cultural resources that may be affected to determine if they are eligible for the NRHP (that is, whether identified resources constitute historic properties), and assess whether such historic properties would be adversely affected. Historic properties are resources that are listed in or eligible for listing in the NRHP (36 CFR 800.16[l][1]). A property may be listed in the NRHP if it meets the criteria provided in the NRHP regulations (36 CFR 60.4). Typically, such properties must also be 50 years or older (36 CFR 60.4[d]). Section 106 defines an adverse effect as an effect that alters, directly or indirectly, the qualities that make a resource eligible for listing in the NRHP (36 CFR 800.5[a][1]). Consideration must be given to the property’s location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, to the extent that these qualities contribute to the integrity and significance of the resource. Adverse effects may be direct and reasonably foreseeable or may be more remote in time or distance, or be cumulative (36 CFR 8010.5[a][1]).
National Register of Historic Places, 1966 The NRHP is “an authoritative guide to be used by federal, state, and local governments, private groups, and citizens to identify the Nation’s cultural resources and to indicate what properties should be con- sidered for protection from destruction or impairment” (36 CFR Part 60.2). Eligibility for inclusion in the NRHP is determined by applying the following criteria, which were developed by the National Park Service in accordance with the NHPA as outlined in 36 CFR Part 60.4: The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and that: A. Are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or B. Are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or C. Embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distin- guishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or D. Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Any prehistoric or historic period district, site, building, structure, or object that meets one or more of the criteria above and possesses sufficient integrity may be eligible for inclusion in the NRHP as a historic property.
American Antiquities Act (16 USC 431-433) The American Antiquities Act was signed into law in 1906 with the explicit goal of protecting the nation’s cultural resources, and is widely viewed as the cornerstone for subsequent regulatory protection of
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archaeological and historic architectural features and cultural materials. It prohibits and criminalizes the appropriation, excavation, injury, and destruction of “any historic or prehistoric ruin or monument, or any object of antiquity” on federally owned or managed lands without permission of the secretary of the federal department with jurisdiction; and establishes penalties for such acts, including fines and/or imprisonment.
American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-341, 92 Stat. 469, codified at 42 USC Sec. 1996) The American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) protects and preserves the traditional religious rights and cultural practices of American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, and Native Hawaiians. Under AIRFA, Native American groups and individuals retain their inherent right of freedom to believe, express, and exercise traditional religious rights and cultural practices. These rights include access to sacred sites, freedom to worship through ceremonial and traditional rites, and use and possession of objects considered sacred. Under AIRFA, federal agencies are required to eliminate policies that interfere with the free exercise of Native American religion, based on the First Amendment, and must accommodate access to and use of religious sites to the extent that the sue is practicable and consistent with an agency’s essential functions.
Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-95) The Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) has been amended several times. This Act is intended to protect archaeological sites and resources on public land and Native American lands. The ARPA also codifies a federal definition of the term “archaeological resources,” such that the term now includes all material remains of past human life or activities that are determined to be of archaeological interest and that are at least 100 years of age. The ARPA prohibits excavation or removal of archaeological resources on federal lands without first obtaining a federal permit. The Act also establishes civil and felony penalties for unauthorized excavation and removal of archaeological resources. Permits may only be issued to qualified individuals for the purposes of furthering archaeological knowledge in the public interest. All resources that are excavated or removed remain the property of the United States and once removed must be preserved by a suitable archival institution.
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, enacted in 1990 The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) conveys to American Indians of demonstrated lineal descent, the human remains and funerary or religious items that are held by federal agencies and federally supported museums, or that have been recovered from federal lands. It also makes the sale or purchase of American Indian remains illegal, whether or not they derive from federal or Indian lands.
National Historic Landmarks Program, developed in 1982. This federal program identifies and designates National Historic Landmarks, and encourages the long- range preservation of nationally significant properties that illustrate or commemorate the history and prehistory of the United States. These regulations set forth the criteria for establishing national signifi- cance and the procedures used by the Department of the Interior for conducting the National Historic Landmarks Program.
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Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation The Secretary of the Interior is the head of the U.S Department of the Interior, which is nation’s principal conservation agency. The department oversees agencies including the Bureau of Land Management, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the National Park Service. The purpose of the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation of 1983 is to: 1) to organize the information gathered about preservation activities; 2) to describe results to be achieved by federal agencies, states, and others when planning for the identification, evaluation, registration and treatment of historic properties; and 3) to integrate the diverse efforts of many entities performing historic preservation into a systematic effort to preserve the nation’s culture heritage.
National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, 1968 (Public Law 90-542; 16 USC 1271 et seq.) The National Wild and Scenic Rivers System was created by Congress to preserve certain rivers with out- standing natural, cultural, and recreational values in a free-flowing condition for the enjoyment of present and future generations. The Act safeguards the special character of these rivers, while also recognizing the potential for appropriate use and development. It encourages river management across political boundaries and promotes public participation in developing goals for river protection. A discussion of wild and scenic rivers that are relevant to the project is provided in Section 3.9 of this EIS.
National Trails System Act, 1968 (Public Law 90-543) This Act was signed into law in 1968 and has been amended several times since. The Act designates four categories of national trails and encompasses 20 national trails. The four categories include: National Scenic Trails (NST) that provide outdoor recreation and the conservation and enjoyment of significant scenic, historic, natural, or cultural qualities; National Historic Trails (NHT) follow travel routes of national historic significance; National Recreation Trails (NRT) are in, or reasonably accessible to, urban areas on federal, state, or private lands; and Connecting or Side Trails provide access to or among the other classes of trails. The use of motorized vehicles on these long-distance trails is generally prohibited, except for the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail which allows: (1) access for emergencies; (2) reasonable access for adjacent landowners (including timber rights); and (3) landowner use on private lands in the right of way, in accordance with regulations established by the administering Secretary. 3.4.3 Environmental Consequences Impacts from an activity associated with an alternative, such as construction work, operations and main- tenance activities, or any human activities (authorized and unauthorized) could cause damage to cultural resources. Impacts would be considered adverse and would require mitigation if: Criterion CR1: Damage or degradation to, or loss of a unique archaeological resource defined as a resource of archaeological, tribal, or historical value, including alterations to the setting, feeling, or association of a resource that is listed, or eligible for listing, on the National Register, that cannot be satisfactorily avoided or resolved as determined through implementation of the R5 Programmatic Agreement standard resource protection measures, consultation with the SHPO, or by following Section 106 implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800.. Criterion CR2: Unavoidable damage, destruction, degradation, or if the property or site is made inaccessible for future use and is a Traditional Cultural Property (TCP) or sacred site that is determined to be National Register-eligible, or identified as important to tribes.
July 2018 3.4-13 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES
Criterion CR3: Disturbance or destruction of any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries.
Alternative 1: No Action
Criterion CR1: Damage or degradation to, or loss of a unique archaeological resource defined as a resource of archaeological or historical value, including alterations to the setting, feeling, or association of a resource that is listed, or eligible for listing, on the National Register, that cannot be satisfactorily avoided or resolved as determined through implementation of the R5 Programmatic Agreement standard resource protection measures, consultation with the SHPO, or by following Section 106 implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800. .
Impact CR-1 – Proposed public use or other human activities and associated management of the project area that result in damage or degradation, or loss of a unique archaeological or historical value that is listed, or eligible for listing on the National Register, including alterations to the setting, feeling or association, that cannot be satisfactorily avoided or resolved as determined through implementation of the R5 Programmatic Agreement standard resource protection measures, consultation with the SHPO, or by following Section 106 implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800.
As listed in Table 3.4-2, one historic-aged cultural resource has been recorded previously within the direct APE, consisting of the historic Angeles Crest Highway (FS 05-01-51-00111). A field inventory of cultural resources in the project area also identified WR-2017-01, an historic trail/road with associated artifacts and Williamson Rock WR-2017-02, which includes those areas used for rock climbing. Per the Region 5 PA, the newly recorded resources will be managed as assumed eligible to the National Register per the Region 5 PA, however, the Angeles Crest Highway has been formally determined not eligible for the National Register. Activities under this alternative would allow recreational use of existing trails (i.e., primary PCT route, Scree Slope Trail, Short Trail), as well as climbing use at Williamson Rock. These activities are not antici- pated to impact or otherwise damage historic cultural resources in the direct or indirect APE. While Wil- liamson Rock has been identified as a cultural resource and a potential Traditional Cultural Property, its significance is to the climbing community as a historically significant climbing site (Aspen, 2017). Therefore, reopening Williamson Rock for climbing activities under Alternative 1 would serve to enhance and further establish the cultural value of this resource. Alternative 1 would not include any construction or other ground disturbing components that could directly impact cultural resources. However, an adjustment in management could be needed if any alteration to the setting, feeling, or association was observed at Williamson Rock or other historic resources from activities occurring under Alternative 1. Management of cultural resources in the project area under Alternative 1 would continue to be guided by the Region 5 PA, which allows for the implementation of standard protection measures, in an effort to ensure avoidance and/or project redesign or modification is emphasized for all Federal undertakings. In addition, the ANF Land Management Plan (LMP) includes the following program strategy: “Her 1- Evaluate historic sites for appropriate management. Develop site management plans for noteworthy heritage resources wherever they occur.” Consistent with the LMP goals for heritage resources, the ANF would have the authority to adjust management strategies for cultural resources as needed. This would include any identified cultural sites within the Williamson Rock area that may be threatened by human activity under Alternative 1, and are considered to be of unique archaeological or historical value that are listed, or eligible for listing on the National Register. Additionally, management of the Williamson Rock would include LMP goals and direction; “Her 2- Develop public involvement programs to foster partnerships in heritage resource stewardship to aid in identifying and evaluating
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heritage sites, and work with local communities to understand, document, preserve, and interpret the national forest history for the public. Develop opportunities for partnerships with the public to maintain and reuse historic heritage resources.”
Criterion CR2: Unavoidable damage, destruction, degradation, or if the property or site is made inaccessible for future use and is a TCP or sacred site that is determined to be National Register- eligible, or identified as important to tribes.
Impact CR-2 – Unavoidable damage, destruction, degradation of a TCP or sacred site, or inaccessibility to the property or site determined to be eligible for or listed on the National Register, or that is identified by tribes to have importance, that occurs as a result of ongoing and continued human activities at or near a TCP or sacred site.
Alternative 1 would not include any ground disturbing components that could directly impact a potential TCP or sacred site. Recreational activities allowed under Alternative 1 are not anticipated to impact or otherwise damage the setting or feeling of any resources with tribal or other interest group concerns within the surrounding area, including the resource and potential TCP Williamson Rock. Under Alternative 1, the Williamson Rock area would be reopened to the public for recreational use, eliminating site inaccessibility occurring under the temporary closure order and thus preventing degradation of the climbing areas that could be caused by lack of use. Williamson Rock may qualify as a TCP, with the rock itself being the physical space that binds a living community together (rock climbers), giving them a unique memory of time and space since the 1960s. The rock has become a meaningful site that allows this community to maintain a shared identity and purpose. Therefore, reopening Williamson Rock for climbing activities would be beneficial for its National Register or TCP eligibility. Management of cultural resources in the project area under Alternative 1 would continue to be guided by the Region 5 PA and ANF LMP, which provides the ANF with authority to adjust management strategies for the Williamson Rock area, as needed, and work with the public “to aid in identifying and evaluating heritage sites, and work with local communities to understand, document, preserve, and interpret the national forest history for the public.” This would include ongoing interagency coordination between the ANF, tribes, and other interest groups should any alteration to the setting or feeling of the area be observed from activities occurring under Alternative 1. It would also include working with members of the public to aid in identifying and evaluating heritage sites such as the Williamson TCP, and working with local communities to understand, document, preserve, and interpret the ANF history for the public.
Criterion CR3: Disturbance or destruction of any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries Alternative 1 would not include any ground disturbing components that could directly disturb unknown human remains. Activities under this alternative would allow recreational use of existing trails (i.e., pri- mary PCT route, Scree Slope Trail, Short Trail), as well as climbing use at Williamson Rock. Neither of these activities would be anticipated to disturb human remains. Under Alternative 1, there would be no impact associated with Criterion CR3.
July 2018 3.4-15 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES
Alternative 2: Current Closure Management
Criterion CR1: Damage or degradation to, or loss of a unique archaeological resource defined as a resource of archaeological or historical value, including alterations to the setting, feeling, or association of a resource that is listed, or eligible for listing, on the National Register, that cannot be satisfactorily avoided or resolved as determined through implementation of the R5 Programmatic Agreement standard resource protection measures, consultation with the SHPO, or by following Section 106 implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800.
Impact CR-1 – Proposed public use or other human activities and associated management of the project area that result in damage or degradation, or loss of a unique archaeological or historical value that is listed, or eligible for listing on the National Register, including alterations to the setting, feeling or association, that cannot be satisfactorily avoided or resolved as determined through implementation of the R5 Programmatic Agreement standard resource protection measures, consultation with the SHPO, or by following Section 106 implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800.
As listed in Table 3.4-2, two historic cultural resources have been recorded within the direct APE for this alternative. A field inventory of cultural resources in the project area also identified two cultural resources, a historic trail/road with associated artifacts (WR-2017-01), and the rock climbing surface of Williamson Rock (WR-2017-02). Alternative 2 includes continuation of the current temporary management strategy, with year-round closure of Williamson Rock as well as closure of the PCT segment in the project area. Alternative 2 would not include any ground disturbing components that could directly impact resources of archaeological or historical value. Alternative 2 would require ongoing use of the 19-mile PCT reroute along existing trails, which has not resulted in any known impacts to cultural resources since this reroute was established in 2006. Therefore, public use or human activities would not result in damage or degradation, or loss of a unique archaeological or historical value that is listed, or eligible for listing on the National Register. However, Williamson Rock has been recommended as eligible to the NRHP for its historical value and may be a potential TCP due to its significance to the rock climbing community. Under Alternative 2, the Williamson Rock climbing area would be impacted by a loss in community and historical value as a result of its continued closure and inaccessibility to the rock climbing community. Management of cultural resources in the project area under Alternative 2 would continue to be guided by the Region 5 PA, which allows for the implementation of standard protection measures to ensure effects or impacts to resources are not adverse, or are avoided. In addition, the ANF LMP includes the following program strategy: “Her 1- Evaluate historic sites for appropriate management. Develop site management plans for noteworthy heritage resources wherever they occur.” Consistent with the LMP goals for heritage resources, the ANF would have the authority to adjust management strategies for cultural resources as needed. This would include any identified cultural sites within the Williamson Rock area that may be threatened by human activity or lack of human activity under Alternative 2, and are considered to be of unique archaeological or historical value that are listed, or eligible for listing on the National Register. Additionally, management of the TCP Williamson Rock would include “Her 2- Develop public involvement programs to foster partnerships in heritage resource stewardship to aid in identifying and evaluating heritage sites, and work with local communities to understand, document, preserve, and interpret the national forest history for the public. Develop opportunities for partnerships with the public to maintain and reuse historic heritage resources.”
Draft EIS 3.4-16 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES
Criterion CR2: Unavoidable damage, destruction, degradation, or if the property or site is made inaccessible for future use and is a TCP or sacred site that is determined to be National Register- eligible, or identified as important to tribes.
Impact CR-2 – Unavoidable damage, destruction, degradation of a TCP or sacred site, or inaccessibility to the property or site determined to be eligible for or listed on the National Register, or that is identified by tribes to have importance, that occurs as a result of ongoing and continued human activities at or near a TCP or sacred site.
Under Alternative 2, the Williamson Rock area would be closed to the public, including tribal persons and other interest groups. Since the original closure of the Williamson Rock area in 2005, the ANF has not been contacted by any tribal groups regarding impacts from restricted access to the area. However, closure of Williamson Rock would result in degradation of its historical values as a potential TCP, as members of the rock climbing community would no longer have access to Williamson Rock, and loss of the historical continuance by the rock climbing community would also occur. Alternative 2 would not include any ground disturbing components that could directly impact known resources of concern to tribal or other interest groups. Therefore, Alternative 2 would not include any human activities, construction, or physical changes in the Williamson Rock area that could cause unavoidable damage, destruction, or degradation of resources of concern to tribal groups, although its closure would result in changes to the values that make Williamson Rock significant as a potential TCP. Management of the project area under Alternative 2 would continue to be guided by the Region 5 PA and ANF LMP, which provides the ANF with authority to adjust management strategies for the Williamson Rock area, as needed, and work with the public “to aid in identifying and evaluating heritage sites, and work with local communities to understand, document, preserve, and interpret the national forest history for the public.” This would include ongoing interagency coordination between the ANF, tribes, and other interest groups should any unavoidable damage, destruction, or degradation of TCPs or sacred sites be observed from activities occurring under Alternative 2. Management of the project area would also include working with members of the public to aid in identifying and evaluating heritage sites such as the Williamson TCP, and working with local communities to understand, document, preserve, and interpret the ANF history for the public.
Criterion CR3: Disturbance or destruction of any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries Under Alternative 2, the Williamson Rock area would be closed to the public. Alternative 2 would not include any ground disturbing components that could directly result in the disturbance of human remains. Under Alternative 2, there would be no impact associated with Criterion CR3.
July 2018 3.4-17 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES
Alternative 3: Proposed Action (Adaptive Management)
Criterion CR1: Damage or degradation to, or loss of a unique archaeological resource defined as a resource of archaeological or historical value, including alterations to the setting, feeling, or association of a resource that is listed, or eligible for listing, on the National Register, that cannot be satisfactorily avoided or resolved as determined through implementation of the R5 Programmatic Agreement standard resource protection measures, consultation with the SHPO, or by following Section 106 implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800..
Impact CR-1 – Proposed public use or other human activities and associated management of the project area that result in damage or degradation, or loss of a unique archaeological or historical value that is listed, or eligible for listing on the National Register, including alterations to the setting, feeling or association, that cannot be satisfactorily avoided or resolved as determined through implementation of the R5 Programmatic Agreement standard resource protection measures, consultation with the SHPO, or by following Section 106 implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800.
As listed in Table 3.4-2, one historic cultural resource has been previously recorded within the direct APE for this alternative. A field inventory of cultural resources in the project area also identified two new cultural resources, an historic trail/road (WR-2017-01) with associated features, and the rock climbing surface of Williamson Rock (WR-2017-02). Alternative 3 would reopen the primary PCT route, would allow climbing at Williamson Rock with access via the newly designated Long Trail, and would establish a trail head near the Angeles Crest Highway (FS 05-01-51-00111). These activities are not anticipated to cause potential adverse effects to significant historic properties and historical resources, such as WR-2017-01 or WR-2017-02, since utilizing and maintaining WR-2017-01, the historic Pumphouse Trail/Road, as the “Long Trail” access to Williamson Rock would remain consistent with its historic use. Additionally, allowing climbing on Williamson Rock would serve to enhance and benefit the cultural values of this resource and maintain its significance as a potential TCP. The Angeles Crest Highway (FS 05-01-51-00111) would not be affected by this alternative as it has been formally determined not eligible to the National Register of Historic Places. A visitor use permit system would be established under Alternative 3 which would educate users on permit area limitations. In addition, on-site monitoring during the open climbing season would ensure recreationists are reminded of these requirements, with the on-site monitor given citation privileges for violations. Alternative 3 would allow seasonal rock climbing at Williamson Rock. Climbing activities at Williamson Rock are not anticipated to damage or adverse effect this resource. Rather, such activities would be beneficial to its TCP eligibility by adding to its history of use, and expanding on its merits as a climbing rock that has great significance to the rock climbing community. Therefore, climbing activities allowed under Alternative 3 are not anticipated to cause adverse effects that would alter the setting, feeling, or association of Williamson Rock as a significant historical rock climbing area. Alternative 3 would require minor ground disturbance during construction. Examples of ground distur- bance include the creation of concrete footings to secure the proposed PCT bridge across Little Rock Creek; improvements at the Kratka Ridge parking lot (i.e., vault toilet, interpretive signage); and installing an information kiosk at Williamson Rock. Ground disturbance for these activities would include auger holes between 2-10 feet in depth, with the greatest extent of excavation needed for proposed PCT bridge footings. Additional surface disturbance could occur during proposed restoration activities at access points to previously user-created trails in the project area, and along trails during routine maintenance involving trail tread upkeep. However, ground disturbance for these activities would be of minimal depth. All of the construction areas described above were examined during the current cultural
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resource investigation. Besides the three resources identified, the surface survey identified no other cultural resources within the project APE. Temporary ground disturbance could directly impact unanticipated cultural resources including damage and/or displacement of resources, resulting in the loss of information about history and prehistory. Buried or otherwise obscured cultural resources may be present within the areas of ground disturbance. No archaeological resource containing human remains is known to be located within the areas of disturbance under Alternative 3. However, if such resources are encountered, impacts would be reduced through the implementation of Avoidance and Minimization Measures (AMMs) CUL-1 (Unidentified Cultural Resource Discovery Procedures) and CUL-2 (Unidentified Human Remains Discovery Procedures), as described in Section 2.2.5.
Criterion CR2: Unavoidable damage, destruction, degradation, or if the property or site is made inaccessible for future use and is a TCP or sacred site that is determined to be National Register–eligible, or identified as important to tribes.
Impact CR-2 – Unavoidable damage, destruction, degradation of a TCP or sacred site, or inaccessibility to the property or site determined to be eligible for or listed on the National Register, or that is identified by tribes to have importance, that occurs as a result of ongoing and continued human activities at or near a TCP or sacred site.
Alternative 3 would reopen the primary PCT route and would allow climbing at Williamson Rock with access via the newly designated Long Trail. With the exception of the Williamson Rock resource and potential TCP, none of the identified cultural resources in the project area are known to be of concern to tribal or other interest groups. Consultation and coordination between the ANF and Tribes and the local Native American community is ongoing, and would continue to discuss the climbing and use of the Wil- liamson Rock area under Alternative 3. Furthermore, recreational activities allowed under Alternative 3 are not anticipated to result in unavoidable damage, destruction, or degradation of the values that would potential support the Williamson Rock site as potential future TCP. While no human remains are known to be located within the areas of disturbance under Alternative 3, there is a possibility that unmarked burials or other cultural resources that qualify as a sacred site to tribes may be unearthed during construction. In the event of an accidental discovery of any unknown buried cultural resources or human remains, the procedures and provisions in AMMs CUL-1 (Unidentified Cultural Resource Discovery Procedures) and CUL-2 (Unidentified Human Remains Discovery Procedures) would be implemented to ensure no adverse effects occur from degradation of a TCP resource or sacred site.
Criterion CR3: Disturbance or destruction of any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries.
Impact CR-3 – The disturbance of human remains, including those interred outside a formal cemetery, that result from human activities at or near the site of burial, or as the result of accidental disturbance during construction work or operations and maintenance activities.
No human remains are known to be located within the areas of disturbance under Alternative 3. However, there is always a potential possibility of inadvertent discoveries of unmarked burials may be unearthed during construction. In the unlikely event of an accidental discovery of any unknown buried human remains, the procedures and provisions in AMM CUL-2 (Unidentified Human Remains Discovery Procedures) would be implemented.
July 2018 3.4-19 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES
Alternative 4: PCT Reroute (Adaptive Management)
Criterion CR1: Damage or degradation to, or loss of a unique archaeological resource defined as a resource of archaeological or historical value, including alterations to the setting, feeling, or association of a resource that is listed, or eligible for listing, on the National Register, that cannot be satisfactorily avoided or resolved as determined through implementation of the R5 Programmatic Agreement standard resource protection measures, consultation with the SHPO, or by following Section 106 implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800.
Impact CR-1 – Proposed public use or other human activities and associated management of the project area that result in damage or degradation, or loss of a unique archaeological or historical value that is listed, or eligible for listing on the National Register, including alterations to the setting, feeling or association, that cannot be satisfactorily avoided or resolved as determined through implementation of the R5 Programmatic Agreement standard resource protection measures, consultation with the SHPO, or by following Section 106 implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800.
As listed in Table 3.4-2, two historic cultural resources have been previously recorded within the direct APE for this alternative. The current investigation and field inventory of cultural resources in the project area also identified an historic trail/road (WR-2017-01) with associated artifacts and the rock climbing surface of Williamson Rock (WR-2017-02). Under Alternative 4, the PCT would be rerouted along a new 2.5-mile trail segment. The alternative would also allow climbing at Williamson Rock with access via the newly designated Long Trail. These activities are not anticipated to cause potential adverse effects to significant historic properties and historical resources, such as WR-2017-01 or WR-2017-02, since utilizing and maintaining WR-2017-01, the historic Pumphouse Trail/Road, as the “Long Trail” access to Williamson Rock would remain consistent with its historic use. Additionally, allowing climbing on Williamson Rock would serve to enhance and further establish the cultural and historic values of this resource and maintain its potential as a historic property and TCP. The Angeles Crest Highway (FS 05-01-51-00111) would not be effected by this alternative as it has been formally determined not eligible to the National Register. The western terminus of the new 2.5 mile PCT trail segment would end at the historic Burkhart Trail (FS 05-01-54-00118) in the approximately location that the existing PCT crosses the Burkhart Trail. This would not be an adverse effect since it is consistent with its historic use a hiking trail. A visitor use permit system would also be established under Alternative 4 which would educate users on permit area limitations. In addition, on-site monitoring during the open climbing season would ensure recreationists are reminded of these requirements, with the on-site monitor given citation privileges for violations. Alternative 4 would require minor ground disturbance during construction. Examples of ground distur- bance include improvements at the Kratka Ridge parking lot (i.e., vault toilet, interpretive signage), installing an information kiosk at Williamson Rock, and new trail construction. Ground disturbance for these activities would include auger holes between 2-3 feet in depth. Additional surface disturbance could occur during proposed restoration activities at access points to previously user-created trails in the project area, or during routine trail maintenance. However, ground disturbance for these activities would be of minimal depth. All of the construction areas described above were examined during the current cultural resource investigation. Besides the three resources identified, the surface survey identified no other cultural resources within the project APE. Alternative 4 would allow seasonal rock climbing at Williamson Rock. Climbing activities on Williamson Rock are not anticipated to damage this resource or effect its historic values that could contribute to its potential as a historic property or TCP. Maintaining and continuing the historic use of Williamson Rock would further enhance the values and associations that may qualify it as a NRHP-eligible resource and
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TCP. Climbing activities allowed under Alternative 4 are not anticipated to cause adverse effects that would alter the setting, feeling, or association of Williamson Rock, which has been a historical rock climbing area. Temporary ground disturbance could directly impact unanticipated cultural resources including damage and/or displacement of resources, resulting in the loss of information about history and prehistory. Buried or otherwise obscured cultural resources may be present within the areas of ground disturbance. No archaeological resource containing human remains is known to be located within the areas of disturbance under Alternative 4. However, if such resources are encountered, impacts would be reduced through the implementation of AMMs CUL-1 (Unidentified Cultural Resource Discovery Procedures) and CUL-2 (Unidentified Human Remains Discovery Procedures).
Criterion CR2: Unavoidable damage, destruction, degradation, or if the property or site is made inaccessible for future use and is a TCP or sacred site that is determined to be National Register– eligible, or identified as important to tribes.
Impact CR-2 – Unavoidable damage, destruction, degradation of a TCP or sacred site, or inaccessibility to the property or site determined to be eligible for or listed on the National Register, or that is identified by tribes to have importance, that occurs as a result of ongoing and continued human activities at or near a TCP or sacred site.
Alternative 4 would include a short PCT reroute to avoid crossing sensitive habitat and would allow climbing at Williamson Rock with access via the newly designated Long Trail. To date, none of the cultural resources identified in the area, other than the potential TCP, are known to be of concern to tribal or other interest groups. Consultation and coordination between the ANF, Tribes, and the local Native American community would continue discussing the use of the Williamson Rock area under Alternative 4. Furthermore, recreational activities allowed under Alternative 4 are not anticipated to impact the setting or feeling of TCPs or sacred sites within the area, if they are determined to exist and found eligible. However, buried or otherwise obscured cultural resources may be present within the areas of ground disturbance. While no human remains are known to be located within the areas of disturbance under Alternative 4, there is a possibility that unmarked burials may be unearthed during construction. In the event of an accidental or unanticipated discovery of any buried cultural resources or human remains, the procedures and provisions in AMMs CUL-1 (Unidentified Cultural Resource Discovery Procedures) and CUL-2 (Unidentified Human Remains Discovery Procedures) would be implemented.
Criterion CR3: Disturbance or destruction of any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries
Impact CR-3 – The disturbance of human remains, including those interred outside a formal cemetery, that result from human activities at or near the site of burial, or as the result of accidental disturbance during construction work or operations and maintenance activities.
No human remains are known to be located within the areas of disturbance under Alternative 4. However, there is a possibility that unmarked burials may be unearthed during construction. In the unlikely event of an accidental discovery of any unknown buried human remains, the procedures and provisions in AMM CUL-2 (Unidentified Human Remains Discovery Procedures) would be implemented.
July 2018 3.4-21 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES
3.4.4 Cumulative Analysis
Spatial and Temporal Boundaries The geographic scope for the analysis of cumulative impacts on cultural resources encompasses projects within 10 miles of the Williamson Rock area. This is a relatively wide geographic scope because most impacts to cultural resources occur on the site of the resource itself through physical disturbance or encroachment. This cumulative analysis focuses on identifying all projects located at a similar elevation within the San Gabriel Range, at a set interval (e.g., 10 miles). This geographic boundary has the effect of narrowing the types of cumulative projects and associated resources to a more relevant comparative cultural dataset. Therefore, because all identified cumulative projects would be located within 10 miles of Williamson Rock (refer to Table 3.2-1), they have been analyzed for their potential to contribute to an adverse cumulative effect on cultural resources.
Cumulative Effects As analyzed above, none of the alternatives actions or activities would directly impact or adversely affect significant known cultural resources within the project APE; however, there is always a potential for unanticipated and previously unidentified cultural resources to be present and affected by alternatives that include ground disturbance (Alternatives 3 and 4). The current assessment has determined the potential for impacts to unknown cultural resources to be low, and incorporating AMMs CUL-1 (Unidentified Cultural Resource Discovery Procedures) and CUL-2 (Unidentified Human Remains Discovery Procedures) into Alternatives 3 and 4 would reduce this potential even further in regards to the project’s potential contribution to cumulative cultural resource impacts. All evaluated alternatives would not have indirect impacts to significant known cultural resources. Within a 10-mile radius of Williamson Rock, broad classes of cultural resources may be present or encountered. However, these cultural resources are also located within the ANF (like those proximate to Williamson Rock), and therefore located within the San Gabriel Mountains and areas historically established for recreational use. The proposed alternatives (providing either continued closure of the Williamson Rock area or allowing recreational use of the Williamson Rock area) would continue the historic use of the ANF within the San Gabriel Mountains as a locale for recreational activity. Therefore, no adverse changes would occur to the visual, auditory, or feeling of a cultural resource or group of resources within the geographic scope for potential cumulative impacts. Identified cumulative projects presented in Section 3.2 (Cumulative Scenario), Table 3.2-1, include habitat restoration (including invasive plant removal) and wildlife translocation. These cumulative projects do not include any built features. While periodic restoration activities may include minor ground disturbance from vegetation removal that could combine with the potential for uncovering unknown buried cultural resources under Alternative 3 or 4, such a combined impact would not be considered adverse, because the identified restoration or wildlife projects would be expected to follow similar procedures as those described in AMMs CUL-1 and CUL-2, in addition to following the identification efforts and other NHPA Section 106 compliance processes prior to these projects implementation. Implementation of similar procedures would reduce potential impacts on cultural resources from other projects. Federally licensed projects, such as the proposed project alternatives, would require compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act to consider and resolve adverse effects to significant cultural resources. Given that project alternatives were not found to result in adverse impacts to cultural resources identified within the Williamson Rock area, none of the
Draft EIS 3.4-22 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES
alternatives would have the potential to combine with impacts from past, present, or future projects to result in a cumulative impact to cultural resources. With regard to disturbance of human remains, Alternatives 3 and 4 could cumulatively affect cultural resources within the region. Although no human remains have been identified within the affected area, there is a very low potential for their discovery during minor construction activities required under Alternatives 3 and 4. In the unlikely event of an accidental discovery of human remains during construction, AMM CUL-2 would be implemented to reduce impacts, and the effect would not be considered adverse under federal regulations. However, if encountered, the loss of context, setting, feeling, association, etc., for human burials is usually viewed as a permanent and total loss, even if project measures offer a regulatory process for managing the human remains. 3.4.5 Impact Summary The Cultural Resources analysis for Alternatives 1 through 4 has identified direct and indirect environmental effects that range from negligible to potentially adverse impacts. The impacts associated with each alternative are summarized below and in Table 3.4-3. Under Alternative 1, allowing recreational use of existing trails and climbing at Williamson Rock is not anticipated to impact or otherwise damage historic cultural resources in the surrounding area because the resource protection measures of the Region 5 PA would be implemented to ensure these resources are avoided during activities associated with Alternative 1. In addition, the ANF would adjust management strategies in response to any damage or degradation at Williamson Rock. Further, reopening Williamson Rock for climbing activities would serve to enhance and protect the cultural values that potentially render Williamson Rock a TCP. Alternative 1 would have greater beneficial effects to a TCP than Alternative 2 (i.e. making the closure permanent), would likely be adverse to the Williamson Rock climbing site. Alternative 1 would not include ground disturbing activities that could directly impact unidentified cultural resources or human remains, resulting in less potential for adverse impacts than Alternatives 3 and 4. Although Alternative 2 would not impact or otherwise damage a unique archaeological or tribal resource that is listed, or eligible for listing on the National Register, the alternative would result in the degradation of the values that contribute to Williamson Rock as a potential TCP by closing the area to the public and making it inaccessible to the rock climbing community. Adverse impacts to a TCP would be greater under Alternative 2 than Alternatives 1, 3 and 4. As Alternative 2 would not include ground disturbing activities, it would avoid the potential for adverse impacts to unidentified or unknown cultural resources or human remains that may occur under Alternatives 3 and 4. Such negligible impacts to unidentified cultural resources would be identical to Alternative 1. Adaptive management parameters included under Alternative 3 would ensure recreational use of Wil- liamson Rock and the PCT would not impact recorded cultural resources. Further, climbing activities would contribute positively to Williamson Rock’s TCP eligibility to the NRHP. Alternative 3 would have a greater beneficial impact to a TCP than Alternative 2. Construction-related ground disturbance could potentially unearth unknown cultural resources or unmarked burials. Although AMMs CUL-1 and CUL-2 would be applied, overall potential impacts to cultural resources from ground disturbance could be considered more adverse than Alternatives 1 and 2. Alternative 3 would require less area of ground disturbance than Alternative 4, resulting in slightly less potential for adverse impacts if inadvertent discoveries were to occur.
July 2018 3.4-23 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES
Alternative 4 would be similar to Alternative 3 as it would implement adaptive management parameters to avoid impacts to recorded cultural resources. As climbing activities would contribute positively to Wil- liamson Rock’s TCP eligibility to the NRHP, Alternative 4 would have a greater beneficial impact to a TCP than Alternative 2. Conversely, Alternative 4 would have greater construction-related ground disturbance than Alternatives 1 and 2, and slightly greater disturbance than Alternative 3 due to the additional work on the proposed 2.5-mile PCT segment. Although AMMs CUL-1 and CUL-2 would be applied, overall cultural resource impacts from ground disturbance would be more adverse and of longer duration than Alternatives 1 and 2, and slightly more adverse than Alternative 3.
Table 3.4-3. Summary of Cultural Resource Impacts by Alternative Impact Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 CR-1: Proposed public Year-round climbing No ground disturbing Adaptive management Impacts identical to use or other human use at Williamson activities that could would ensure that rec- Alternative 3. Adaptive activities and associated Rock would enhance directly impact cultural reational use of Wil- management would management of the its cultural value, and resources. Closure of liamson Rock and the ensure that recrea- project area that result would not alter the set- Williamson Rock would PCT would not impact tional use of William- in damage or degrada- ting, feeling, or associ- cause a change to the recorded cultural son Rock and the PCT tion, or loss of a unique ation of this National resource’s feeling or resources. Climbing would not impact archaeological or his- Register–eligible association as a NRHP- activities would not recorded cultural torical value that is resource. Recreational eligible resource, and adversely impact the resources. Construc- listed, or eligible for activities are not antic- would result in the setting, feeling, or tion impacts to unknown listing on the National ipated to impact or degradation of this association of William- cultural resources Register, including damage historic cul- TCP because of its son Rock. Construction would be reduced alterations to the set- tural resources in the disuse. Ongoing use of impacts to unknown through AMMs. ting, feeling or associa- project area. 19-mile PCT reroute cultural resources tion, that cannot be along existing trails would be reduced satisfactorily avoided or would not result in any through AMMs. resolved as determined known impact to through implementation cultural resources. of the R5 Programmatic Agreement standard resource protection measures, consultation with the SHPO, or by following Section 106 implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800.. CR-2: Unavoidable No ground disturbing Year-round closure of Climbing activities Impacts identical to damage, destruction, components that could Williamson Rock would would not damage this Alternative 3. Climbing degradation of a TCP directly impact a TCP cause unavoidable National Register– and other recreational or sacred site, or inac- or sacred site. Climbing degradation to the eligible resource. activities at Williamson cessibility to the prop- at Williamson Rock TCP’s rock climbing Recreational activities Rock would not damage erty or site determined would not diminish the areas, and would result would not impact the this National Register– to be eligible for or listed cultural value of this in the loss of the his- setting or feeling of eligible resource. on the National Register, National Register– torical continuance by cultural resources Construction impacts or that is identified by eligible resource, and the rock climbing within the area. Con- to unknown cultural tribes to have impor- would allow its con- community. struction impacts to resources or unmarked tance, that occurs as a tinued use as a TCP. unknown cultural burials would be result of ongoing and resources or unmarked reduced through continued human burials would be AMMs. activities at or near a reduced through TCP or sacred site. AMMs.
Draft EIS 3.4-24 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES
Table 3.4-3. Summary of Cultural Resource Impacts by Alternative Impact Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 CR-3: The disturbance Alternative 1 would not Alternative 2 would not No human remains are Similar to Alternative 3, of human remains, include ground disturb- include ground disturb- known to be located no human remains are including those interred ing components or ing components or within the Alternative 3 known to be located outside a formal ceme- recreational activities recreational activities area of disturbance. within the Alternative 4 tery, that result from that could directly dis- that could directly dis- Accidental discovery of areas of disturbance. human activities at or turb unknown human turb unknown human any unknown buried Accidental discovery of near the site of burial, remains. remains. human remains would any unknown buried or as the result of acci- be addressed through human remains would dental disturbance project AMMs. be addressed through during construction project AMMs. work or operations and maintenance activities.
July 2018 3.4-25 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
3.5 Hydrology and Water Quality 3.5.1 Affected Environment The project is primarily within the upper reaches of the Little Rock Creek watershed in the San Gabriel Mountains at elevations ranging from approximately 6,400 to 6,700 feet above mean sea level (amsl). The area is in a natural condition with steep slopes and forest cover.
Climate and Precipitation The climate is dry, subhumid mesothermal with cool moist winters and somewhat foggy, dry summers. The Little Rock Creek drainage faces the Mojave Desert and receives occasional summer thunderstorms, which can drop significant rainfall in a short period of time. Total annual precipitation is 27 inches. Some precipitation occurs as snowfall in the winter. Approximately 95 percent of yearly precipitation falls between November and April.
Watershed Alternatives 1, 3, and 4 are entirely within the Little Rock Creek watershed, which covers 46,342 acres. The watershed is bound by ridges and peaks of the San Gabriel Range, many at an elevation of 5,500 to 7,000 feet amsl. At the project location, Little Rock Creek flows over a granite substratum of bedrock, cobble, and boulders. The Upper Little Rock Creek watershed condition is classified by the ANF as Functioning at Risk (USDA Forest Service, 2017a), meaning the watershed exhibits moderate geomorphic, hydrologic, and biotic integrity relative to its natural condition. Watershed health indicators related to surface water and soils are listed in Table 3.5-1.
Table 3.5-1. Surface Water and Soils Watershed Condition Parameters for the Upper Little Rock Creek Watershed Indicator Status* Description** Aquatic Biota Poor The watershed may support small, widely scattered populations of native aquatic Condition species. Exotic and/or aquatic invasive species are pervasive. Riparian/Wetland Fair Disturbance partially compromises the properly functioning condition of native vegetation Vegetation Condition attributes in stream corridor areas or along wetlands and water bodies. Water Quality Good Minimal to no impairment to beneficial uses of the water bodies in the watershed. Water Quantity Good Stream hydrographs have no or minor departure from natural conditions. Aquatic Habitat Fair The watershed supports medium to small blocks of contiguous habitat. Some high-quality Condition aquatic habitat is available, but stream channel conditions show signs of being degraded. Soil Condition Fair Moderate amount of alteration to reference soil condition is evident. Overall soil disturbance is characterized as moderate. Road and Trail Fair The density and distribution of roads and linear features within the watershed indicates Condition that there is a moderate probability that the hydrologic regime is substantially altered. Forest Cover Fair The amount of NFS land in the watershed that is not supporting forest cover is moderate. Condition *Source: (USDA Forest Service, 2017a) **Source: (USDA Forest Service, 2017b)
July 2018 3.5-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
Alternative 2 is mostly within the Little Rock watershed, described above, and includes a 19-mile PCT reroute that extends into the Big Rock Creek and Pallett Creek watersheds. Pallett Creek is a tributary to Big Rock Creek. The Big Rock Creek watershed, not including the Pallett Creek watershed, is classified as Functioning at Risk. Watershed health indicators related to surface water and soils for the Big Rock and Pallett Creek watersheds are listed in Tables 3.5-2 and 3.5-3.
Table 3.5-2. Surface Water and Soils Watershed Condition Parameters for the Big Rock Creek Watershed Indicator Status* Description** Aquatic Biota Fair The watershed is a stronghold for one or more native aquatic communities when com- Condition pared to other sub-basins within the native range. Some life histories may have been lost or range has been reduced within the watershed. Riparian/Wetland Fair Disturbance partially compromises the properly functioning condition of native vegetation Vegetation Condition attributes in stream corridor areas or along wetlands and water bodies. Water Quality Good Minimal to no impairment to beneficial uses of the water bodies in the watershed. Water Quantity Good Stream hydrographs have no or minor departure from natural conditions. Aquatic Habitat Fair The watershed supports medium to small blocks of contiguous habitat. Some high-quality Condition aquatic habitat is available, but stream channel conditions show signs of being degraded. Soil Condition Fair Moderate amount of alteration to reference soil condition is evident. Overall soil disturbance is characterized as moderate. Road and Trail Fair The density and distribution of roads and linear features within the watershed indicates Condition that there is a moderate probability that the hydrologic regime is substantially altered. Forest Cover Poor The amount of NFS land in the watershed that is not supporting forest cover is high. Condition *Source: (USDA Forest Service, 2017a) **Source: (USDA Forest Service, 2017b)
Table 3.5-3. Surface Water and Soils Watershed Condition Parameters for the Pallett Creek Watershed Indicator Status* Description** Aquatic Biota Good All native aquatic communities and life histories appropriate to the site and watershed Condition are present and self-maintaining. Riparian/Wetland Fair Disturbance partially compromises the properly functioning condition of native vegetation Vegetation Condition attributes in stream corridor areas or along wetlands and water bodies. Water Quality Good Minimal to no impairment to beneficial uses of the water bodies in the watershed. Water Quantity Good Stream hydrographs have no or minor departure from natural conditions. Aquatic Habitat Fair The watershed supports medium to small blocks of contiguous habitat. Some high-quality Condition aquatic habitat is available, but stream channel conditions show signs of being degraded. Soil Condition Good Minor or no alteration to reference soil condition, including erosion, productivity, and chemical characteristics is evident. Road and Trail Good The density and distribution of roads and linear features within the watershed indicate Condition that the hydrologic regime is substantially intact and unaltered. Forest Cover Poor The amount of NFS land in the watershed that is not supporting forest cover is high. Condition *Source: (USDA Forest Service, 2017a) **Source: (USDA Forest Service, 2017b)
Draft EIS 3.5-2 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
Surface Water Hydrology Aside from a fish barrier constructed by the ANF near the intersection of the High Desert National Recre- ational Trail and the PCT, Little Rock Creek is a free-flowing natural stream from the upper reaches of its watershed to Little Rock Reservoir, approximately 13 miles downstream of the project area. Stream flows are intermittent, particularly at lower elevations, except during high rainfall years. Runoff from snowmelt can help extend stream flows in spring. Due to the seasonality of precipitation, sections of the stream may be dry during the summer. Little Rock Creek just below Williamson Rock has a watershed area of 826 acres. At a point approxi- mately 700 feet east-northeast of Williamson Rock, Little Rock Creek is joined by an unnamed tributary entering from the north. The second Long Trail crossing is over this tributary (see Figure 2-3, Stream Crossing #2). At the confluence with Little Rock Creek, this unnamed tributary has a watershed area of 421 acres. At the same point, Little Rock Creek has a watershed area of 378 acres, not including the tributary watershed. The first Long Trail crossing is over Little Rock Creek, upstream of the unnamed tributary (see Figure 2-3, Stream Crossing #1). Little Rock Creek is intersected by the PCT at an elevation of 6,080 feet amsl, about 1,200 feet down- stream of Williamson Rock. At this location, Little Rock Creek has a watershed area of 963 acres. There are no available stream flow records for Little Rock Creek at Williamson Rock. Table 3.5-4 gives peak flow rates for various return-period floods calculated using a regional regression equation.
Table 3.5-4. Peak Flow Rates (PFR) for Little Rock Creek and Tributary at Williamson Rock* Watershed 2-Year 5-Year 10-Year 25-Year 50-Year 100-Year Discharge Location area (acres) PFR** PFR** PFR** PFR** PFR** PFR** Little Rock Creek at 826 34 CFS 125 CFS 240 CFS 513 CFS 800 CFS 1,113 CFS Williamson Rock Unnamed Tributary 421 21 CFS 74 CFS 141 CFS 297 CFS 460 CFS 636 CFS above the confluence with Little Rock Creek Little Rock Creek above 378 20 CFS 68 CFS 130 CFS 273 CFS 422 CFS 582 CFS the confluence with Unnamed Tributary Little Rock Creek at PCT 963 38 CFS 140 CFS 271 CFS 581 CFS 907 CFS 1,264 CFS Crossing * Peak flow rates calculated using “Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in California” (Waananen and Crippen, 1977). South Coast Region. P (annual precipitation) = 26.6 inches. Note: Although Alternative 3 is within Regional Water Quality Control Board Region 6 (Lahontan Region), it is in the South Coast Region as defined in “Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in California.” The South Coast regional equation is used. **Peak flow rate (PFR) is calculated in cubic feet per second (CFS). As the 19-mile PCT reroute in Alternative 2 is existing, and minimal improvements are proposed, the specific hydrology of these watersheds is not computed. Discharges at major existing stream crossings along that route are expected to be of similar order of magnitude as those given in Table 3.5-4.
Water Quality The Lahontan (District 6) Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) Water Quality Control Plan (RWQCB, 2015) describes the beneficial uses of waters of the region. Existing beneficial uses for Little Rock Creek include Municipal and Domestic Supply, Ground Water Recharge, Water Contact Recreation, Non- contact Water Recreation, Commercial and Sport Fishing, Cold Freshwater Habitat, and Wildlife Habitat.
July 2018 3.5-3 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
Big Rock Creek has the same beneficial uses, plus Agricultural Supply, Industrial Supply, and Spawning, Reproduction, and Development. The California State and Regional Water Boards assess water quality data for California's waters every two years to determine if they contain pollutants at levels that exceed protective water quality criteria and standards, as required under Section 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act. Little Rock Creek is not listed as exceeding water quality criteria and standards. Little Rock Reservoir, on Little Rock Creek 13 miles downstream of the project area, is listed as impaired for Manganese, Mercury, and PCBs with unknown sources. Big Rock Creek and Pallett Creek are not classified as impaired.
Soils The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) divides soils into map units consisting of soils with similar parent rock material and soil temperatures. Individual soil map units are grouped into families and complexes based on other similar characteristics. Approximately 360 feet of the Long Trail, as part of Alternatives 3 and 4, would be on Rock Outcrop and moderately steep scree slopes. The trail would then traverse slopes consisting of the Waterman-Springdale- Pacifico families complex for approximately 2,100 feet. Waterman and Springdale soils have gravelly, loamy sand textures and high erosion hazard ratings. Approximately 2,200 feet of the trail would then traverse soil consisting mainly of the Bakeoven-Sur complex to Williamson Rock. Bakeoven soils are very shallow or shallow with very stony loam texture. Sur family soils are moderately deep to deep and formed from material weathered from granitic, gneiss, or schist rocks and have gravelly sandy loam textures. Bakeoven soils have high to very high erosion hazard ratings and Sur soils have very high erosion hazard ratings. The remaining approximately 1,700 feet of the Long Trail would wrap around Williamson Rock and would occur on Rock Outcrop. This area has very low ground cover and sheer rock faces, and is extremely susceptible to wind and water erosion. The remaining Long Trail route is currently overgrown and soil cover is high because of low use. Accelerated erosion occurs on several short sections that exceed 8 to 10 percent gradient, mainly where the trail follows an old logging road. Moderate to high amounts of sheet erosion have resulted from user-created trails on steep slopes. Due to the lack of a defined route, several trails exist. The approximate 1,200-foot, user-created Scree Slope Trail occurs on Rock Outcrop with an average 45 percent slope. Approximately 1,100 feet of the user- created Short Trail occurs on this same Rock Outcrop soil unit, followed by approximately 600 feet of the Bakeoven-Sur complex. Soil along the existing Short Trail and Scree Slope Trail is only a few inches deep and has a sand texture derived from the granite bedrock. Due to its lack of structure and the high runoff along the steep, rock outcrop slopes, the potential for erosion is high when soil cover is removed. Soil erodes during high intensity precipitation events and has collected in depressions and ledges with ade- quate depth to support brush vegetation. In areas where brush is growing, soil has not been disturbed by foot traffic. Otherwise, the soil is too shallow and only grass and forbs grow. For approximately 10 percent of its length, the Short Trail is on bedrock. Approximately 4,700 feet of the eastern end of Alternative 2’s PCT reroute occurs on a Typic Xerorthents, cold-Haploxerolls, cold-Typic Xerochrepts complex which is very deep and has low erosion and runoff potential. A short 350-foot segment near the end of the trail occurs on the previously discussed Waterman- Springdale-Pacifico complex. Further north, the trail traverses the other previously discussed Bakeoven- Sur complex before briefly encountering Riverwash soils at the northeast corner of the 19-mile trail reroute. The Riverwash is stony coarse sand with frequent flooding and extremely high erosion potential. The trail then dips back into the Bakeoven-Sur complex before traversing the Trigo–Millsholm families–Rock Outcrop complex for approximately 7,000 feet. This complex is shallow silt loam and gravelly loam over
Draft EIS 3.5-4 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
bedrock with high erosion and runoff potential. The trail then encounters Rock Outcrop, the Bakeoven- Sur complex, and the Trigo-Millsholm families-Rock Outcrop complex before traversing the Haploxerolls, warm-Vista family association for 4,400 feet. Both the Haploxerolls and Vista family units are deep and have low erosion and runoff potential. This complex is encountered once more after the trail traverses Rock Outcrop for 5,400 feet, followed by 2,000 feet of the Bakeoven-Sur complex. Next is approximately 6,400 feet of the Haploxerols, shallow-Lithic Xerorthents, warm complex. This shallow complex is gravelly loam and gravelly sandy loam with a high erosion and runoff potential. The remainder of the western, vertical portion of the PCT reroute primarily occurs on the Bakeoven-Sur complex and Waterman- Springdale-Pacifico families complex, with exception to the last 4,400 feet of the trail. This last leg tra- verses the Green Bluff-Hohmann families-Xerorthents complex. This complex is relatively deep, gravelly sandy loam and gravelly coarse sandy loam with medium erosion and runoff potential. The PCT reroute under Alternative 4 follows the same alignment as Alternatives 1 and 3, with the excep- tion of a 2.5-mile segment of the PCT that would be rerouted south of Little Rock Creek. The reroute would follow an old logging road that parallels the contours of Cooper Canyon until it descends by a series of switchbacks towards a connection point with the existing PCT segment southwest of Williamson Rock. That is, the trail traverses the Bakeoven-Sur complex for approximately 3,400 feet, the Waterman- Springdale-Pacifico families complex for approximately 4,000 feet, and the Green Bluff–Hohmann families– Xerorthents complex for approximately 4,400 feet. Approximately 0.2 miles of the trail experiences slopes of 8 to 15 percent and show signs of accelerated erosion or potential for accelerated erosion once soil cover is removed. 3.5.2 Regulatory Framework
Federal Regulations
Clean Water Act (as amended in 1972 and 1987) The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes as federal policy the control of point and non-point source pollu- tion and assigns to the states the primary responsibility for control of water pollution. Under Section 404 of the CWA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers regulates the discharge of fill material into “waters of the U.S.,” which include navigable and isolated waters, headwaters, and adjacent wetlands. Any action with the potential to impact waters of the United States must be reviewed under the CWA. Impacts to the “waters of the U.S.” must be avoided if possible, and minimized and mitigated if avoidance is not possible.
State Regulations The State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) designated the Forest Service as the Water Quality Management Agency (WQMA) for NFS lands in California through a Management Agency Agreement exe- cuted in 1981. As a WQMA, the Forest Service meets its obligations for compliance with water quality standards through implementation of State certified and Environmental Protection Agency approved BMPs (USDA Forest Service, 2011). Under Executive Order 12088 (issued in 1978), the Forest Service is responsible for compliance with applicable pollution control standards established by state agencies.
The California Porter-Cologne Act of 1969 The primary law regulating water quality in California is the California Porter-Cologne Act (CPCA) of 1969 (Section 13000 et seq., California Water Code). The CPCA authorizes the SWRCB to establish water quality
July 2018 3.5-5 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
standards and guidelines for resource planning, management, and enforcement for surface water, ground water, and wetlands. The CPCA establishes the nine RWQCBs as the principal state agencies with the responsibility for controlling water quality at the local level in California. The project falls within the Lahontan Regional Board. Regional Boards are responsible for preparing and updating Basin Plans (water quality control plans), each of which establishes: (1) beneficial uses of water designated for each pro- tected water body; (2) water quality standards for both surface and groundwater; and (3) actions neces- sary to maintain these standards to control non-point and point sources of pollution to waters. The Lahontan RWQCB amended its basin plan in 2015 (RWQCB, 2015).
SWRCB Storm Water Program Construction General Permit (General Construction Storm Water Permit) The Construction General Permit, required by the federal CWA, regulates storm water runoff from con- struction sites of one acre or more in size. The Construction General Permit is a statewide, standing per- mit. Qualifying construction activities, which would include trail construction projects where total distur- bance is one acre or greater, must obtain coverage under the permit by: (1) filing a Notice of Intent with the RWQCB; and (2) developing and complying with a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP), which describes BMPs the discharger will use to regulate storm water runoff. The SWPPP must contain a visual monitoring program and a chemical monitoring program for “non-visible” pollutants to be implemented if there is a failure of BMPs. A sediment monitoring plan may be required. The General Permit prohibits the discharge of pollutants other than storm water and non-storm water discharges authorized by the General Permit or another National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, and prohibits all discharges which contain hazardous substances in excess of reportable quantities established in 40 C.F.R. §§ 117.3 and 302.4 (pursuant to Section 311 of the CWA), unless a separate NPDES Permit has been issued to regulate those discharges. In addition, the General Permit incorporates discharge prohibitions contained in water quality control plans. Discharges to Areas of Special Biological Significance are prohibited unless covered by an exception that the SWRCB has approved. Authorized non-storm water discharges must be infeasible to eliminate; comply with BMPs as described in the SWPPP; meet the established numeric action levels for pH and turbidity; and not cause or contribute to a violation of water quality standards. Discharges to storm water that cause or threaten to cause pollution, contamination, or nuisance are prohibited. Pollutant controls must utilize best available technology (BAT) economically achievable for toxic pollutants and non-conventional pollutants and best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT) for conventional pollutants. BAT and BCT are defined in the CWA. Specific BAT and BCT pollution controls and BMPs may include runoff control, soil stabilization, sediment control, proper stream crossing techniques, waste management, spill prevention and control, and a wide variety of other measures depending on the site and situation.
Section 401 Water Quality Certification The RWQCB administers Section 401 of the federal CWA. When the Army Corps of Engineers issues a 404 permit, the RWQCB is required to certify that the project does not violate state water quality stand- ards by issuing a CWA Section 401 Water Quality Certification.
California Lake and Streambed Alteration Program (CDFG Code sections 1600–1616) The Lake and Streambed Alteration Program (CDFG Code sections 1600–1616) provides a permitting process to reduce impacts to important water resources of the State, including lakes, streams, and rivers. This program also recognizes the importance of riparian habitats and helps prevent the loss and degradation of riparian habitats.
Draft EIS 3.5-6 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
3.5.3 Environmental Consequences Three types of environmental effects are analyzed. Direct effects are defined as those effects which are caused by the project and which occur at the same time and place as the project. Indirect effects are those caused by the project which are later in time or farther removed in distance from the location of the project. All effects are considered direct unless otherwise described as indirect. Cumulative effects include the project’s impacts combined with all hydrologic and water quality impacts from other past, present, or foreseeable projects within the same watershed. Direct and indirect effects are described in this section, while cumulative effects are described in Section 3.5.4. The following impact criteria apply to surface water and water quality. Soils impacts are related to water quality impacts and are also considered. Impacts that meet any of the criteria would be considered adverse and may require mitigation. Criterion HS1: Project construction and subsequent human activities could diminish soil productivity and adversely affect soil function. Criterion HS2: Project construction and subsequent human activities could lower the water quality in Little Rock Creek and tributaries. Criterion HS3: Project construction (including the establishment of new trails) and subsequent human activities could generate soil erosion, cause stream bank destabilization, alter the course of drainage, or otherwise alter channel morphology, leading to deteriorated water quality and hydrology modifications. Criterion HS4: Project construction and subsequent human activities could diminish the overall water- shed condition, leading to deteriorated water quality and hydrology modifications. Criterion HS5: Project construction and subsequent human activities could alter rainfall-runoff charac- teristics, resulting in higher flood peaks, increased runoff volume, and more frequent runoff volume.
Alternative 1: No Action Alternative 1 has no proposed construction and therefore no direct impacts. All impacts are indirect and resulting from continued recreational use of the area.
Criterion HS1: Project construction and subsequent human activities could diminish soil productivity and adversely affect soil function
Impact HS-1 – Recreational use of Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area could alter soil structure on and near trails, resulting in decreased productivity and function.
Under Alternative 1, soil structure and productivity along the PCT and user-created trails would be reduced due to recreational use and recreation-related disturbance of soil structure, erosion, and diminishment of vegetative ground cover. The Short Trail and Scree Slope Trail would continue to be the main access routes to Williamson Rock, which occur on steep, scree slopes and a Rock Outcrop ridge. Runoff is high along the ridge, and continued use of these trails would decrease soil productivity in the areas directly affected by recreation, which include the existing trails as well as other, off-trail areas near Williamson Rock and Little Rock Creek, which could be used year-round by visitors. Accelerated erosion would disturb soil structure and productivity in the areas of the erosion, as well as downstream where eroded soil is deposited. As the existing PCT segment through the project area would be open to public access under Alternative 1, hikers would be less likely to utilize the 19-mile reroute that was established as a detour.
July 2018 3.5-7 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
There would be minor beneficial impacts resulting from the reduced use of this detour; however, the gradual degradation of the user-created trails, which would remain open under Alternative 1, would result in major impacts to the soil productivity along these trails. Impact HS-1 would be an adverse, long- term impact that would continue as long as unrestricted recreational use continues. The ANF LMP would reduce negative long-term impacts from recreation use to soil resources through edu- cation, perimeter control, presence of ANF personnel, limiting visitor use, and rehabilitation. Further, the LMP provides for the implementation of protective measures to address impacts to sensitive resources. The ANF may choose to incorporate protective measures such as those presented under other alterna- tives or other adaptive management strategies to prevent impacts to soil resources.
Criterion HS2: Project construction and subsequent human activities could lower the water quality in Little Rock Creek and tributaries
Impact HS-2 – Recreational use of Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area could introduce contaminants to stream waters and generate erosion leading to adverse water quality effects.
Alternative 1 would have no direct construction-related effect on water quality, as there would be no new construction and use would continue as it did before the closure. Alternative 1 would continue unre- stricted use of the Williamson Rock area and surrounding trails including the existing user trails. There would be an indirect potential for year-round water quality degradation and alteration of water chem- istry from the recreation activity in the form of increased sediment from trail and off-trail use, direct dis- turbance of the streambed from visitors and their animals, trash, human and dog wastes, diminishment of riparian vegetation from use of the stream area, and lotions and soaps introduced by recreation users. This adverse, long-term, year-round impact would be greatest in Little Rock Creek near William- son Rock, and would continue downstream. The impact of introduction of contaminants other than sediment is considered moderate for the reason that Little Rock Creek is not the main destination of most recreationists using the area. The area is used by climbers focusing on Williamson Rock. However, unless restricted, some direct use of Little Rock Creek can be anticipated, particularly during warmer months, and there is a potential for contaminants to be washed into the stream by runoff. The soils present along the Short Trail and Scree Slope Trail are highly susceptible to erosion and runoff, and drain directly into Little Rock Creek within the designated MYLF critical habitat. Continued use of the user-created trails, and unrestricted off-trail use of the area, would indirectly result in local erosion on and along the trails. Eroded sediment could be carried by runoff to Little Rock Creek with effects mani- fested in local deposition of larger soil particles, and increased turbidity that could extend to downstream reaches.
Criterion HS3: Project construction (including the establishment of new trails) and subsequent human activities could generate soil erosion, cause stream bank destabilization, alter the course of drainage, or otherwise alter channel morphology, leading to deteriorated water quality and hydrology modifications
Impact HS-3 – Recreational activities in Little Rock Creek and tributaries could disturb stream banks and generate erosion along and in the vicinity of trails.
Continued use of the user-created trails, which are situated in highly-erodible soils and were not designed per ANF standards intended to reduce trail-related erosion, would indirectly result in local erosion on
Draft EIS 3.5-8 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
and along the trails. This erosion would be exacerbated by the continual, year-round use of these and adjacent areas. This erosion would have additional indirect effects of loss of soil productivity (Impact HS-1) and decreased water quality (Impact HS-2). Impact HS-3 would be an adverse, long-term impact that would continue as long as unrestricted recreational use continues.
Criterion HS4: Project construction and subsequent human activities could diminish the overall watershed condition, leading to deteriorated water quality and hydrology modifications
Impact HS-4 – Recreational activities in Little Rock Creek and tributaries could adversely affect watershed health indicators resulting in diminishment of the overall watershed condition.
Alternative 1 would contribute to the at-risk status of the Little Rock watershed through continued dis- turbance of riparian vegetation and forest cover by unrestricted visitor use to the Little Rock Creek area, continued use of trails in the area, and continued disturbance of soils through recreational use. Because unrestricted recreational use would be year-round and uncontrolled, the watershed deterioration is expected to be greater than for the other alternatives.
Criterion HS5: Project construction and subsequent human activities could alter rainfall-runoff characteristics, resulting in higher flood peaks, increased runoff volume, and more frequent runoff volume
Impact HS-5 – Project construction and subsequent human activities could alter rainfall-runoff characteristics, resulting in higher flood peaks, increased runoff volume, and more frequent runoff volume.
Alternative 1 would have no direct effect on hydrology. There would be no new construction, and no new features that would affect runoff. Peak flow rates, volumes and frequencies would be unaffected. Long-term unrestricted use of the site would have an indirect adverse effect on hydrology through con- tinued vegetative and soil disruption leading to higher and more frequent runoff, and the potential for erosion and sedimentation to the stream. This effect would be minor and gradual, with effects localized to the recreation area and immediately downstream. Due to the size of the Little Rock Creek watershed in comparison to the Williamson Rock area, no discernable effect on Little Rock Peak flow rates down- stream of Williamson Rock is anticipated.
Alternative 2: Current Closure Management Alternative 2 would prohibit entry to Williamson Rock and a portion of the PCT along Little Rock Creek. PCT hikers would be rerouted on a 19-mile trail segment that utilizes existing trails. All trails in the closure area would be allowed to revegetate and there would be no adverse impact to soil resources.
Criterion HS1: Project construction and subsequent human activities could diminish soil productivity and adversely affect soil function
Impact HS-1 – Recreational use of Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area could alter soil structure on and in the vicinity of trails, resulting in decreased productivity and function.
Under Alternative 2, use of the PCT in the project area would be redirected using the current 19-mile PCT reroute. The soils and topography encountered along the PCT reroute vary greatly. The two primary soil complexes encountered, the Bakeoven-Sur complex and Waterman-Springdale-Pacifico families com- plex, present high to very high erosion and runoff potential. The majority of trail is on steep slopes. Only
July 2018 3.5-9 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
a slight increase in the current amount of use is anticipated. Continued and increased use of this trail would result in minor, gradual, continued degradation of the soil productivity in the immediate vicinity of the trail. Soil productivity along the PCT reroute would not be substantially altered since the trail is existing and in use and no modifications are planned. The additional use of this trail due to the reroute could result in a minor impact to soil productivity and function along the trail. The closure of user trails and access in the Williamson Rock area would, in the long-term, indirectly lead to recovery of local soils and vegetation in these areas, which would be a long-term benefit to overall soil productivity and function. Since this would be a substantial environmental benefit in the Williamson Rock area, and the 19-mile PCT reroute is existing and would not be modified, Alternative 2 is considered a net benefit to soil productivity and function.
Criterion HS2: Project construction and subsequent human activities could lower the water quality in Little Rock Creek and tributaries
Impact HS-2 – Recreational use of Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area could introduce contaminants to stream waters and generate erosion leading to adverse water quality effects.
Alternative 2 would have no direct effect on water quality except a minor effect of additional trash production along the 19-mile PCT reroute due to increased use. Indirectly and long term, Alternative 2 would have a beneficial effect on water quality. The recreation-related contamination described for Alternative 1 would be avoided. The indirect water quality improvement would continue long-term and eventually approach natural conditions as the soils and vegetation in the Williamson Rock and Little Rock Creek area recover. Alternative 2 includes the 19-mile PCT reroute that extends into the Big Rock Creek and Pallett Creek watersheds. This trail traverses a series of soils with low to high runoff potential. As this trail is existing, there would be no construction-related impacts. Long-term use of the PCT reroute would result in increased traffic on this trail, which would become the official PCT in the area. Increased use would introduce additional contaminants including trash and wastes from humans and animals. This is a minor impact which would be buffered through most of the trail length by the distance from the trail to the nearest watercourses.
Criterion HS3: Project construction (including the establishment of new trails) and subsequent human activities could generate soil erosion, cause stream bank destabilization, alter the course of drainage, or otherwise alter channel morphology, leading to deteriorated water quality and hydrology modifications
Impact HS-3 – Recreational activities in Little Rock Creek and tributaries could disturb stream banks and generate erosion along and in the vicinity of trails.
Under Alternative 2, all trails and public access in the Williamson Rock area would be closed year-round including the user-created trails, three miles of the PCT downstream of Williamson Rock, and any recrea- tional hiking or climbing at Williamson Rock. All trails in the closure area would be allowed to revegetate and there would be no adverse impact related to stream banks and trails. The impact would be indirect and environmentally beneficial.
Draft EIS 3.5-10 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
Criterion HS4: Project construction and subsequent human activities could diminish the overall watershed condition, leading to deteriorated water quality and hydrology modifications
Impact HS-4 – Recreational activities in Little Rock Creek and tributaries could adversely affect watershed health indicators resulting in diminishment of the overall watershed condition.
Alternative 2 would have a minor contribution to the factors that lead to the at-risk status of the Little Rock and Big Rock watersheds, given that use of the 19-mile PCT reroute would increase. The Pallett Creek watershed, through which this trail also passes, is functioning properly and is unlikely to be adversely affected by the increased foot traffic on the existing trail. Alternative 2 would maintain complete closure of the Williamson Rock and Little Rock MYLF area, which, in the long-term, would improve the Little Rock Creek watershed condition by allowing the area to return to natural conditions. Long-term and indirectly, Alternative 2 would benefit Little Rock watershed health.
Criterion HS5: Project construction and subsequent human activities could alter rainfall-runoff characteristics, resulting in higher flood peaks, increased runoff volume, and more frequent runoff volume
Impact HS-5 – Project construction and subsequent human activities could alter rainfall-runoff characteristics, resulting in higher flood peaks, increased runoff volume, and more frequent runoff volume.
Alternative 2 would have no direct effect on hydrology. There would be no new construction, and no new features that would affect runoff. Indirectly and long-term, Alternative 2 would benefit hydrologic resources. Existing user-created trails would revert to a natural condition, and long-term visitor use would no longer occur, allowing vegetation and soils in the project area to recover to a natural condi- tion. Rainfall runoff/rates and soil erosion would gradually return to the natural state. The practical effect of this benefit would be local. Due to the size of the watershed and the area of the project, it is unlikely the effect would be noticeable except locally.
Alternative 3: Proposed Action (Adaptive Management)
Criterion HS1: Project construction and subsequent human activities could diminish soil productivity and adversely affect soil function
Impact HS-1 – Recreational use of Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area could alter soil structure on and in the vicinity of trails, resulting in decreased productivity and function.
Construction of the 1.2-mile Long Trail would directly result in losses to soil productivity up to the full length of the new trail, or up to 0.6 acres. Trail construction would remove the top few inches of soil and compact the trail tread surface. This would directly decrease soil productivity and would be a long-term adverse local impact as continued maintenance would remove encroaching vegetation, and soil would remain compacted as trail use continues. Approximately three miles of the PCT, southwest and downstream from Williamson Rock, would be reopened to the public year-round. However, no changes would be made to the existing PCT alignment and accelerated erosion is expected to be minimal and due only to use of the trail.
July 2018 3.5-11 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
Closure of the Short Trail and Scree Slope Trail would benefit soil productivity indirectly by reducing dis- turbance to forbs, grasses, and rocks greater than 0.75-inch diameter which are providing soil cover. An increase in soil cover would directly decrease the potential for soil erosion and soil productivity would gradually improve. The inherent low productivity of soil along the Short Trail limits soil moisture and nutrients. Therefore, the return of soil cover would likely occur over the long term. The Scree Slope Trail follows bedrock for approximately 50 percent of its length, and the Short Trail follows bedrock for approximately 30 percent of its length. On these areas, soil productivity would not be affected by closure of the trails. The restoration of these trails would be an environmental benefit. Installation of the Williamson Rock kiosk and interpretive signage would have a minor and long-term adverse effect on local soil productivity limited to the immediate vicinity of these features. The ANF has BMPs in place that would mitigate adverse effects on soil productivity (FSH 2509.22). These are referenced in Chapter 1, Section 1.7 and would ensure that adverse effects to soil productivity are minor and over the long term limited only to the areas of new construction (the Long Trail and the kiosk). No additional mitigation is recommended.
Criterion HS2: Project construction and subsequent human activities could lower the water quality in Little Rock Creek and tributaries
Impact HS-2 – Recreational use of Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area could introduce contaminants to stream waters and generate erosion leading to adverse water quality effects.
Alternative 3 construction and subsequent human activities have the potential to lower the water quality in Little Rock Creek and tributaries. Construction of the new PCT bridge would require local modification of the banks of Little Rock Creek to install the bridge abutments and protective riprap. Bank modifications would be minimal. At least 17 feet of bank on each side of the creek would be modified for the construction of the abutments. Con- struction in the dry season, as well as using local diversions to keep flow away from active construction areas during the low-flow season, would minimize the amount of erosion and sediment delivery to the stream. Compliance with Sections 404 and 401 of the CWA, as well as with the California Streambed Alteration Agreement, would ensure development of proper avoidance and mitigation measures to pre- vent contamination and degradation of beneficial uses. The short-term direct impact to water quality would be minor. Furthermore, long-term sediment delivery to the creek from the bridged crossing would indirectly be less than for the existing crossing due to a reduction in the pathway for sediment to reach the water, which would be a minor environmental benefit. Surface water contamination could also occur from sediment entering Little Rock Creek during construc- tion of the proposed trail. The potential for this contamination would be along the entire 1.2 miles of the new Long Trail. The amounts of sediment delivered to the stream would depend on the soil types, proximity to the creek, slope, and whether sufficient vegetation exists downslope to filter sediment before entering the channel. The Long Trail would be on Rock Outcrop, scree slopes, Waterman- Springdale-Pacifico soil complex, and Bakeoven complex. Except for the short distance on Rock Outcrop, these soils have high potential for erosion which could lead to water contamination. Accelerated erosion is currently occurring on several short sections of the currently overgrown Long Trail that exceed 8 to 10 percent gradient. Much of the sediment generated along the Long Trail during construction would be intercepted by vege- tation in the intervening buffer between the trail and the stream. Except for the two stream crossings,
Draft EIS 3.5-12 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
the proposed Long Trail would be approximately 200 feet above Little Rock Creek with natural vegeta- tion between the trail and the stream. Approaches to stream crossings have a higher potential for sedi- ment delivery due to proximity to the water. The Long Trail would be constructed over several steep hills in erodible soils and partially in areas where erosion is already occurring. There would be a potential for erosion of the trail and adjacent ground if runoff is allowed to concentrate. Development of an erosion-control plan and long-term BMPs would reduce erosion potential. Examples of long-term BMPs include positioning the trail to allow sheet flow to cross rather than run down the trail, and installing rolling grade dips or waterbars to remove accumu- lated water from the trail before it can achieve sufficient discharge and volume to create erosion. Snow effects, which could saturate the soil for long periods, should be minimal. Recreation access would be prohibited after November 15, allowing snow to accumulate and melt without being disturbed by foot traffic. Closure and rehabilitation of the Short Trail and Scree Slope Trail could create minor short-term erosion- related adverse impacts to water quality as the rehabilitation work is conducted, but in the long term would indirectly benefit water quality. As vegetative soil cover returns, the potential for soil erosion and sediment from those trails would decrease. Construction of the Long Trail and restoration of the existing trails has the potential to introduce con- taminants from construction-related spills and trash. Most construction of the Long Trail, and the trail restoration, is likely to be by hand, which would create few opportunities for spills to occur. The new PCT bridge and Williamson Rock kiosk may require some motorized equipment to construct. Depending on the equipment and materials used, there could be spills of gasoline, oil, glue, lubricants, timber treat- ment chemicals, concrete, paint, or other materials. BMPs such as soil binders, straw mulch, geotextiles, fiber rolls and silt fences, as well as an erosion con- trol plan to reduce and control sedimentation, spills and trash, would reduce construction impacts, resulting in this impact to water quality being minor and short-term. These BMPs would be incorporated into a SWPPP if required for compliance with the CWA (see discussion of SWRCB Construction General Permit in Section 3.5.2). There would be a potential for some increased sediment delivery to the stream during long-term use of the trails. Proper trail design to avoid concentrations of flow would reduce this effect. Due to the buffering effect of intervening ground and vegetation, long-term sediment delivery to the stream from the trail would occur primarily from those portions of the trail that are closest to the stream, and only during runoff events. This contamination is expected to be minor and localized since it would occur from the nearby trail surfaces only, which represent only a small portion of the overall watershed which would be delivering sediment naturally during rainfall events. The increase in sediment delivery from the new Long Trail would be offset by the closure of the Short Trail and Scree Slope trail. Based on trail length, the offset would be about 50 percent, but since the Long Trail would be designed and maintained per ANF standards and the Short Trail and Scree Slope Trail are user-created without sediment and erosion controls, the project-related potential for long-term erosion-related contamination of Little Rock Creek is likely the same with the proposed action (Alterna- tive 3) as in the existing condition (Alternative 1). Overall, Alternative 3 would result in a reduction in long- term sediment delivery to streams in comparison to Alternative 1 due to the seasonal closure and access limitations. Water quality in Little Rock Creek could be affected by the presence of recreation users within the Wil- liamson Rock area. Negative impacts to water quality and chemistry in MYLF Designated Critical Habitat
July 2018 3.5-13 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
could occur from the introduction of foreign toxic substances and concentrated pollutants such as trash, sunscreen, lotions, insect repellants, and human waste resulting in increased nitrogen loads, particularly during low flows in late summer and fall. The most-likely location for these contaminants to enter the stream is at the stream crossings, which would be bridged either by existing materials (first stream cross- ing), a temporary bridge (second bridge crossing), or permanent bridge (PCT crossing). Since these cross- ings would be adequate to keep visitors out of the stream, and dogs (except service dogs) would be pro- hibited on the Long Trail and in the Williamson Rock Visitor Use Area, direct contamination of the water would be minor. Contamination could also occur from runoff and wind, as trash and wastes left on the watershed could be carried into the stream. Assuming proper enforcement of permit conditions by the ANF, contamination of this kind is expected to be minor due to permit restrictions on the disposition of human wastes and trash, prohibitions on disturbing MYLF habitat, the limited number and seasonality of permitted visitors, the ongoing monitoring of visitor use, and the removal of wastes from the Kratka Ridge parking lot. The Kratka Ridge parking lot, located approximately 1,000 feet from Little Rock Creek, would be a source of water quality contaminants. Up to 30 cars would be parked there at a time during the permit season. Vehicles on the parking lot could be a source of chemical contaminants, mainly oil and other fluids that can leak from cars, and from chemicals that may be applied to the parking lot and could be transported by runoff into the stream. These contaminants would be absorbed to an unknown extent by soil particles and vegetation in the intervening buffer between the parking lot and the stream. The ANF has developed BMPs that would mitigate adverse effects on water quality (FSH 2509.22). Implementation of erosion and sediment control BMPs would ensure that adverse effects to water quality are minor. No additional mitigation is recommended.
Criterion HS3: Project construction (including the establishment of new trails) and subsequent human activities could generate soil erosion, cause stream bank destabilization, alter the course of drainage, or otherwise alter channel morphology, leading to deteriorated water quality and hydrology modifications
Impact HS-3 – Recreational activities in Little Rock Creek and tributaries could disturb stream banks and generate erosion along and in the vicinity of trails.
Access to the Little Rock Creek corridor would be prohibited by Alternative 3, except for the stream crossings, which would be bridged. Provided recreational users adhere to permit restrictions, no distur- bance of the banks of Little Rock Creek by users is anticipated. This would be a beneficial impact. The PCT bridge could pose an obstruction to large flows which could create scour resulting in bank ero- sion and damage to the bridge which, depending on the hydraulic conditions, could be dislodged from its foundation. Design to the 100-year discharge, as is proposed, would reduce this risk to about a one in 100 chance each year, meaning this would be a minor impact. Recreational use of the Long Trail and PCT would result in continued disturbance of the trail surfaces, which could lead to minor local erosion of the trail surface. Both trails would be designed and main- tained to ANF standards to reduce and control ongoing erosion. ANF BMPs and project design features for erosion, described under Impact HS-1 (Alternative 3), would mitigate effects on stream banks and erosion and ensure that the impact is minor. No additional mitiga- tion is recommended.
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Criterion HS4: Project construction and subsequent human activities could diminish the overall watershed condition, leading to deteriorated water quality and hydrology modifications
Impact HS-4 – Recreational activities in Little Rock Creek and tributaries could adversely affect watershed health indicators resulting in diminishment of the overall watershed condition.
The Little Rock Creek watershed is currently classified as Functioning at Risk, partially due to disturbance of riparian vegetation, the presence of roads and trails, inadequate forest cover, and soil disturbance. Alternative 3 would contribute to each of these factors by adding the Long Trail, which would reduce forest cover along this trail, would require two new stream crossings, and would reduce riparian vegeta- tion at the location of the stream crossings. Although water quality is not currently a factor in the at-risk assessment, Alternative 3 would also have a potential to reduce water quality in Little Rock Creek. These effects are described in more detail in Impact HS-2. The ANF has BMPs and design features in place which would mitigate adverse effects on the watershed (FSH 2509.22). These are described in Impacts HS-1 and HS-2 (by reference in Chapter 1, Section 1.7). Given these design features and the small size of the project, the moderate adverse construction-related effect on watershed health is expected to be short-term, with continuing adverse effects during the late summer and fall due to recreation. These effects would be partially offset by the restoration of the Short and Scree Slope trails. The two user-created stream crossings on these two trails would be closed, restored and replaced by two designed and managed stream crossings (see Stream Crossing #1 and #2 in Figure 2-3), resulting in a net watershed benefit in comparison to the No Action Alternative (Alternative 1). The Long Trail would be about twice the length of the Short and Scree Slope trails, but it would be designed and constructed to minimize adverse watershed effects, as opposed to the user- created trails, which would be restored, thereby reducing the overall watershed effect. The BMPs and design features would ensure that adverse effects to watershed health are minor. No addi- tional mitigation is recommended. After the initial construction impact, Alternative 3 is expected to improve overall watershed health. Existing user trails would be closed, and unbridged crossings of Little Rock Creek would be eliminated. Prohibited areas, particularly along Little Rock Creek, would be allowed to recover to natural conditions. Visitor entry would be prohibited during sensitive periods for the watershed, allowing for seasonal recov- ery of permitted areas. Post-construction adverse effects would be greatest during the late summer and fall when the Williamson Rock area is open to limited recreational access.
Criterion HS5: Project construction and subsequent human activities could alter rainfall-runoff characteristics, resulting in higher flood peaks, increased runoff volume, and more frequent runoff volume
Impact HS-5 – Project construction and subsequent human activities could alter rainfall-runoff characteristics, resulting in higher flood peaks, increased runoff volume, and more frequent runoff volume.
Removal of vegetation and compaction of the proposed Long Trail would decrease local soil porosity and permeability, and increase local runoff rates, frequencies and volumes. This would be a local occurrence restricted to the trail itself and therefore very minor in magnitude except for local manifestations related to erosion and concentration of flow. Overall, the project would have minimal to no effect on hydrology in terms of peak flow rates, runoff volumes, and frequency of runoff. Aside from the kiosk, there would be no new impervious surfaces. Increased runoff on the Long Trail would not be sufficient
July 2018 3.5-15 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
to have a measurable effect on the hydrology of the 826-acre Little Rock Creek watershed. Any increase in runoff from the Long Trail would be partially offset by a decrease in runoff from the restored Short Trail and Scree Slope Trail. Peak flow rates in Little Rock Creek would remain the same. No mitigation is recommended.
Alternative 4: PCT Reroute (Adaptive Management)
Criterion HS1: Project construction and subsequent human activities could diminish soil productivity and adversely affect soil function
Impact HS-1 – Recreational use of Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area could alter soil structure on and in the vicinity of trails, resulting in decreased productivity and function.
Given the similarity between the Alternative 3 and Alternative 4 components, all descriptions for Impact HS-1 associated with the closure of the user-created trails, construction of the Long Trail and the pro- posed stream crossings, long-term public access restrictions, and recreational use of Williamson Rock dis- cussed for Alternative 3 would be applicable to Alternative 4. The PCT under Alternative 4 would avoid crossing Little Rock Creek in MYLF critical habitat, but would still require crossing the creek further downstream. The majority (approximately 1.7 miles) of the PCT reroute would follow an old logging roadbed before it descends by means of a series of switchbacks towards the connection with the original PCT route. This construction would likely result in direct reduced soil productivity within the new PCT alignment due to compacting of the soils, but would be offset indirectly by beneficial impacts to the portions of the existing PCT that would be restored. How- ever, long-term erosion-related effects on the Alternative 4 PCT reroute would be somewhat greater than for Alternative 3 due to the steeper slopes the reroute traverses, particularly in the switchback section. BMPs and design features are the same as for Alternative 3 and would ensure that adverse effects to soil productivity are minor and over the long term limited only to the areas of new construction (the Long Trail, the new PCT, and the kiosk). No additional mitigation is recommended.
Criterion HS2: Project construction and subsequent human activities could lower the water quality in Little Rock Creek and tributaries
Impact HS-2 – Recreational use of Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area could introduce contaminants to stream waters and generate erosion leading to adverse water quality effects.
Alternative 4 water quality effects are identical to those for Alternative 3, with the exceptions that Alter- native 4 has no PCT bridge, avoids MYLF habitat along the PCT, and includes a reroute of 2.5 miles of the PCT. The PCT reroute would have similar construction-related effects to water quality as the proposed Long Trail. Construction-related water quality impacts, including from sediment production and con- struction trash and debris, would occur along the entire 2.5 miles of the reroute. The PCT reroute would have direct, short-term adverse water quality impacts from construction. Approximately 0.2 miles of the trail appears to experience slopes of 8 to 15 percent and may show signs of erosion potential once soil cover is removed. Erosion effects to water quality would be mitigated by designing the trails to have low erosion hazard rates (which would include slopes less than 6 percent), and incorporating the BMPs and design features described under Impacts HS-1 and HS-2 for Alternative 3.
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Most of the PCT reroute is at least 300 feet, and as much as 1,400 feet, from Little Rock Creek, so there is sufficient buffer for sediment and other contaminants to be filtered out by vegetation without creating an adverse impact to the quality of the creek. The last 470 feet (approximately) is within 40 to 100 feet of the stream but on a relatively flat slope. The relatively flat terrain and the vegetation buffer would reduce the amount of construction and user-generated contaminants that could reach the stream. By comparison to Alternative 3, Alternative 4 would have greater short-term impacts to water quality due to the extra 2.5-miles of construction. However, construction effects would be substantially buf- fered by the distance of the new PCT from Little Rock Creek. Further, Alternative 4 would avoid the direct disturbance of the PCT bridge proposed for Alternative 3. Long-term Alternative 4 water quality benefits would be greater than those of Alternative 3 due to the greater distance, or buffer, between the Alternative 4 PCT reroute and the existing PCT. A portion of this trail would include a series of switchbacks on a steep slope, which could result in local long-term erosion and sediment production that would be greater than for Alternative 3. As described under Alternative 3, the ANF would implement BMPs that would mitigate adverse effects on water quality (FSH 2509.22). Implementation of erosion and sediment control BMPs would ensure that adverse effects to water quality are minor. No additional mitigation is recommended. Under Alternative 4, the BMPs and design features are the same as for Alternative 3. Implementation of these measures would ensure that adverse effects to water quality are minor, and no additional mitiga- tion is recommended.
Criterion HS3: Project construction (including the establishment of new trails) and subsequent human activities could generate soil erosion, cause stream bank destabilization, alter the course of drainage, or otherwise alter channel morphology, leading to deteriorated water quality and hydrology modifications
Impact HS-3 – Recreational activities in Little Rock Creek and tributaries could disturb stream banks and generate erosion along and in the vicinity of trails.
Alternative 4 stream bank disturbance effects are identical to those for Alternative 3, with the excep- tions that the Alternative 4 PCT reroute is further removed from Little Rock Creek, and there would be no PCT bridge. Streambank disturbance effects would be similar for both alternatives except near the PCT bridge. Alternative 4 would eliminate the potential for incidental use of the stream area around the bridge. However, since closure order and permit restrictions for both alternatives would prohibit entry to the Little Rock Creek corridor, there is virtually no difference between the two alternatives for Impact HS-3. BMPs and design features are the same as for Alternative 3, and would ensure that adverse effects to stream banks and erosion are minor. No additional mitigation is recommended.
Criterion HS4: Project construction and subsequent human activities could diminish the overall watershed condition, leading to deteriorated water quality and hydrology modifications
Impact HS-4 – Recreational activities in Little Rock Creek and tributaries could adversely affect watershed health indicators resulting in diminishment of the overall watershed condition.
Alternative 4 effects are identical to those described for Alternative 3 for the Long Trail and removal of the existing user trails. The PCT bridge impacts of Alternative 3 would not occur. Alternative 4 includes a
July 2018 3.5-17 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
PCT reroute that would temporarily contribute a greater impact on watershed health due to adding 2.5 miles of new trail compared to Alternative 3. These effects would occur for as long as it would take for the decommissioned PCT to recover. Therefore, direct, short-term, construction-related adverse water- shed effects from Alternative 4 would be greater than Alternative 3. In the long-term, Alternative 4 would include the same seasonal restrictions on visitor use as Alterna- tive 3, but would reroute the PCT to a position more removed from Little Rock Creek and avoid the bridge crossing. Therefore, this alternative would have a greater indirect benefit on watershed health than Alternative 3. The BMPs and design features would ensure that adverse effects to watershed health are minor. No addi- tional mitigation is recommended.
Criterion HS5: Project construction and subsequent human activities could alter rainfall-runoff characteristics, resulting in higher flood peaks, increased runoff volume, and more frequent runoff volume
Impact HS-5 – Project construction and subsequent human activities could alter rainfall-runoff characteristics, resulting in higher flood peaks, increased runoff volume, and more frequent runoff volume.
Removal of vegetation and compaction of the proposed Long Trail and new PCT reroute would decrease local soil porosity and permeability, and locally increase runoff rates, frequencies, and volumes. This would be a local occurrence restricted to the trails themselves and therefore minor in magnitude except for local manifestations related to local erosion and concentration of flow. Overall, Alternative 4 would have a slightly more adverse effect on hydrology in terms of peak flow rates, runoff volumes, and frequency of runoff than Alternative 3, but the effect would still be minimal. Aside from the kiosk, there would be no new impervious surfaces. Increased runoff on the Long Tail and new PCT reroute would not be suffi- cient to have a measurable effect on the hydrology of the 826-acre Little Rock Creek watershed. Any increase in runoff from trail construction would be partially offset by a decrease in runoff from the restored Short Trail and Scree Slope Trail. Peak flow rates in Little Rock Creek would remain the same. No mitigation is recommended. 3.5.4 Cumulative Analysis
Spatial and Temporal Boundaries Except as otherwise indicated, the spatial boundary for cumulative watershed effects includes the Little Rock Creek watershed for all alternatives, and the Big Rock Creek watershed for Alternative 2. Adjacent watersheds would be unaffected by project effects and are therefore not considered in the cumulative analysis. Temporal effects can be long-term and can continue for as long as recreational activity at William- son Rock continues.
Cumulative Watershed Effects Cumulative watershed effects are similar to those described under Impact HS-4 in the context of the at- risk designation. This designation is determined by all the effects that have occurred previously in the watershed (see Section 3.5.1). Impact HS-4 takes into account these previous effects, but then considers the effect of the project only. The cumulative watershed effects consider all likely future effects. How- ever, because proposed cumulative disturbances are very low in a watershed which has very few equiva-
Draft EIS 3.5-18 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
lent roaded areas, a detailed cumulative watershed effects (CWE) analysis was not performed. The cumu- lative watershed effects are described qualitatively below. The cumulative project area is located within the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument, which includes the Little Rock Creek and Big Rock Creek watersheds. The Little Rock Creek and Big Rock Creek watersheds are currently classified as Functioning at Risk, primarily due to factors outside of those related to hydrology and water quality, and partially due to degraded riparian conditions, aquatic biota conditions, soil condition, and aquatic habitat condition. The Environmental Assessment for the Monu- ment Plan describes the ANF strategy for watershed management, which is to focus on maintaining water quality and quantity and on protecting watershed health from the effects of limited growth in facil- ities and recreation uses. Water and riparian resources receive protection from Monument management through the application of design criteria that would limit the extent and duration of any adverse envi- ronmental effects. The project is designed to be consistent with the Monument Plan, which is incorpo- rated by reference into this EIS (see Section 1.7, Management Direction and Additional Guidance). Alternative 1 would have no short-term cumulative effects but would contribute adversely to the long- term at-risk watershed determination by continued disturbance of riparian vegetation and forest cover from unrestricted visitor use to the Little Rock Creek area, continued use of trails in the area, and con- tinued disturbance of soils through recreational use. This effect would exist for as long as recreation is allowed in the area. Alternatives 3 and 4 would contribute a short-term adverse increment to the at-risk watershed assess- ment by creating new trails or other construction, which would reduce forest cover and add short-term effects to water quality and soil condition. These two alternatives would be cumulatively beneficial in the long term. Alternative 2 would provide the most long-term cumulative benefit by prohibiting recreational use of the Williamson Rock area and allowing the existing user trails, Little Rock Creek corridor, and area sur- rounding Williamson Rock to recover. Use of the Alternative 2 PCT reroute along existing trails would contribute little to the factors that lead to the at-risk determination. Alternative 3 would improve long-term cumulative watershed conditions by replacing user-created trails with a designed and managed ANF trail, restoring existing trails, managing access over Little Rock Creek, prohibiting access to the Little Rock Creek corridor, and limiting recreation to three and one-half months per year and by permit only with permit restrictions. These actions are expected to contribute to long- term increased soil productivity, improved water quality, and increased vegetative cover in areas to which access is restricted. Alternative 4 would improve long-term cumulative watershed conditions for the same reasons as Alter- native 3, but because the Alternative 4 PCT reroute would be farther removed from Little Rock Creek than for Alternative 3, and would not require a bridge over Little Rock Creek, the beneficial effect would be slightly greater than for Alternative 3.
Cumulative Hydrology Effects Alternatives 1 and 2 would have no direct cumulative effect on hydrology due to the lack of new con- struction for these alternatives. The Alternative 2 PCT reroute is an existing trail system, and hydrologic effects have already occurred. Alternatives 3 and 4 would have a direct but minor adverse cumulative effect due to new construction and minor related increases in discharge. The indirect, long-term contrib- ution to cumulative hydrologic effects would be adverse for Alternative 1 due to continual degradation of habitat and soil modification that would contribute to a slightly altered hydrology, with all other alter-
July 2018 3.5-19 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
natives creating a beneficial effect. Alternative 2 would provide the most long-term cumulative benefit, followed by Alternative 3, then Alternative 4. Cumulative effects on hydrology within the Little Rock Creek and Big Rock Creek watersheds, in terms of peak flow rates and runoff frequency and volume are overall considered to be minor. Roaded areas that could result in altered hydrology are relatively few and of very small area compared to the area of the entire watershed, resulting in small to negligible potential for increasing peak runoff rates and volumes. All project alternatives would have a very small effect.
Cumulative Water Quality Effects Water quality in the Little Rock Creek watershed is good (see Table 3.5-1). There are no impairments aside from those at Little Rock Reservoir, and no substantial cumulative generators of pollutants aside from roads, trails, and recreational use, to which all alternatives would contribute a small amount. Alternatives 1 and 2 would have no direct cumulative effect on water quality due to the lack of new con- struction for these alternatives. Alternatives 3 and 4 would have a direct but minor and local adverse cumulative effect resulting from new construction. The indirect, long-term contribution to cumulative water quality effects would be adverse for Alternative 1, which would continue the water quality impacts associated with ongoing unrestricted recreational use. All other alternatives would have a beneficial cumulative effect through seasonal restrictions on access, restoration of user-created trails, prohibitions on entry to the Little Rock Creek corridor, and other user permit restrictions designed to protect water quality. Alternative 2, which would prohibit all access to the Williamson Rock area, would allow the area to recover and therefore provide the most long-term cumulative benefit. The cumulative benefits of Alternative 3 and Alternative 4 are approximately equal, with Alternative 4 slightly environmentally supe- rior due to the PCT being rerouted further from the creek.
Cumulative Soils Effects The cumulative analysis area for soils is bounded by the project activity areas, where soil-disturbing activities would take place. Alternatives 1 and 2 would have no direct cumulative effect on soils due to the lack of new construction for these alternatives. Alternatives 3 and 4 would have a direct but minor and local adverse cumulative effect due to new construction, which would be offset by restoration of certain areas and seasonal and spatial access restrictions. The indirect, long-term contribution to cumulative soils effects would be adverse for Alternative 1, which would allow continued degradation of soils along the existing user trails, around Williamson Rock, and in the Little Rock Creek corridor. All other alternatives would have a beneficial cumulative effect by allowing the Little Rock Creek corridor and Williamson Rock area to recover, although recovery would be seasonal with Alternatives 3 and 4. 3.5.5 Impact Summary The hydrology and water quality analysis for Alternatives 1 through 4 has identified adverse and benefi- cial direct and indirect environmental effects that range from minor to major. The impacts associated with each alternative are summarized below and in Table 3.5-5. Alternative 1 would have the greatest impacts to watershed health and hydrology over the long-term among the alternatives due to the following causes: (1) greatest decrease in soil productivity and func- tion over the long-term; (2) greatest water quality impacts over the long-term; and (3) greatest source of erosion over the long-term.
Draft EIS 3.5-20 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
Alternative 2 would have the greatest beneficial effects on watershed health and hydrology among the alternatives due to the following reasons: (1) long-term increase of soil productivity and function; (2) beneficial effect on water quality over the long-term; and (3) beneficial effect on stream banks along the creek corridor over the long-term. Seasonal closures and restoration under Alternative 3 would result in beneficial impacts to soil produc- tivity and function, water quality, and erosion. However, establishment of the Long Trail would have minor impacts to soils and water quality over the long-term. Alternative 3 effects to watershed health would be less adverse than Alternative 1, but more adverse than Alternatives 2 and 4. Effects to hydrology under Alternative 3 would be less adverse than Alternatives 1 and 4, but more adverse than Alternative 2. Alternative 4 would have greater indirect benefits on watershed health than Alternatives 1 and 3 due to rerouting the PCT out of Little Rock Creek corridor, which would improve water quality and reduce erosion. Alternative 4 would have a less beneficial effect on hydrology than Alternative 3 due to a greater impact to soils productivity and function from constructing the PCT reroute. Alternative 4 would continue to have a more beneficial effect on hydrology than Alternative 1.
Table 3.5-5. Summary of Hydrology/Water Quality Impacts by Alternative Impact Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 HS-1: Recreational use No direct impact to soil No direct impact to soil Minor direct losses to Minor direct losses to of Williamson Rock and structure. Long-term structure except to a soil productivity on the soil productivity on the the PCT in the project soil structure and pro- minor extent along the new Long Trail. Bene- new Long Trail and area could alter soil ductivity would be PCT reroute. Long- ficial impact to soil pro- PCT reroute. Beneficial structure on and in the reduced due to recrea- term soil structure and ductivity in areas outside impact to soil produc- vicinity of trails, resulting tional use. Greatest productivity would the Long Trail due to tivity in areas outside in decreased produc- long-term impact of the increase due to project seasonal closures and the Long Trail and tivity and function. alternatives. area closure. Least restoration. PCT due to seasonal long-term impact of the closures and restora- alternatives. Impact is tion. Slightly greater beneficial. impact than Alternative 3 due to construction of the PCT reroute. HS-2: Recreational use No direct impact to Would have no direct Minor potential for Minor potential for of Williamson Rock and water quality. Long- effect on water quality, water contamination water contamination the PCT in the project term water quality but would have an due to recreation. would be mitigated by area could introduce would be reduced due indirect beneficial effect. Would be mitigated by BMPs, seasonal contaminants to stream to recreational use. Least long-term impact BMPs, seasonal closure, design waters and generate Greatest indirect and of the alternatives. closure, design features, features, and a erosion leading to long-term impacts of and development of a SWPPP. adverse water quality the alternatives. SWPPP. Water quality benefits effects. greater than Alterna- tive 3 due to the PCT reroute away from Little Rock Creek corridor.
July 2018 3.5-21 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.5 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
Table 3.5-5. Summary of Hydrology/Water Quality Impacts by Alternative Impact Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 HS-3: Recreational User-created trails and Would have no direct Minor impact of stream Minor impact of stream activities in Little Rock unrestricted access to adverse impact on bank erosion due to bank erosion from two Creek and tributaries Little Rock Creek would stream banks and trails, construction of the PCT stream crossings. could disturb stream indirectly result in local but would create an bridge and other cross- Long-term beneficial banks and generate erosion along the trails indirect and environ- ings. Long-term bene- impact from closure of erosion along and in and creek corridor. mentally beneficial ficial impact due to Little Rock Creek the vicinity of trails. Greatest long-term effect. Least long-term closure of Little Rock corridor and seasonal impact of the impact of the Creek corridor and restrictions. Slightly alternatives. alternatives. seasonal restrictions. greater benefit than Alternative 3 due to the PCT reroute away from Little Rock Creek corridor. HS-4: Recreational Would contribute to the Would have minor con- Minor impact to water- Minor impact to water- activities in Little Rock at-risk status of Little tribution to the at-risk shed health due to con- shed health due to con- Creek and tributaries Rock Creek watershed status of the Little Rock struction of the Long struction of the Long could adversely affect through continued Creek and Big Rock Trail. Long-term bene- Trail and PCT reroute. watershed health indi- disturbance of riparian Creek watersheds ficial impact due to Long-term beneficial cators resulting in dimin- vegetation and forest through use of the closure of Little Rock impact due to closure ishment of the overall cover, and continued 19-mile PCT reroute. Creek corridor, season- of Little Rock Creek watershed condition. disturbance of soils Impacts would be the al restrictions and trail corridor, seasonal through recreational least adverse among restoration. restrictions and trail use. Greatest long- the alternatives. Long- restoration. Greater term impact of the term effects on Little indirect benefit on alternatives. Rock Creek watershed watershed health than health would be Alternative 3 due to the beneficial. PCT reroute away from Little Rock Creek. HS-5: Project construc- Would have no direct Would have no direct Involves local modifica- Involves local modifica- tion and subsequent effect on hydrology. effect on hydrology. tion of hydrology along tion of hydrology along human activities could Long-term unrestricted Long-term, impact on the Long Trail. Would the Long Trail and PCT alter rainfall-runoff char- use would have an hydrologic resources have long-term bene- reroute. Would have acteristics, resulting in indirect adverse effect would be beneficial. ficial impact due to long-term beneficial higher flood peaks, on hydrology through closure of Little Rock impact due to closure increased runoff volume, continued vegetative Creek corridor, sea- of Little Rock Creek and more frequent and soil disruption, sonal restrictions and corridor, seasonal runoff volume leading to higher and trail restoration. restrictions and trail more frequent runoff. restoration. Less bene- Greatest long-term ficial impacts than impact of the Alternative 3 due to alternatives. construction of PCT reroute.
Draft EIS 3.5-22 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.6 RECREATION
3.6 Recreation This section describes the existing condition of recreational resources within the project area, and evalu- ates the potential effects on these resources for each alternative. The alternatives will be compared with each other using measurement indicators to measure and quantify the associated impact of each alternative. This section will discuss how management actions could change the desired conditions for rec- reation within the project area. 3.6.1 Methodology This report was prepared based on information collected from the ANF Land Management Plan (LMP), the ANF Recreation website, the National Visitor Use Monitoring program, and rock climbing publications and websites. Data from these sources provided the setting information in Section 3.6.2 and were used in Section 3.6.3 to compare and determine project effects on recreational resources. The impact analysis in Section 3.6.3 also considered the recreation concerns raised during Scoping (see Section 1.3), and significant issues that would be associated with the project alternatives. 3.6.2 Affected Environment The Angeles Crest Highway (CA-2) is along the southern boundary of the project area, and serves as one of the primary access routes to the interior of the ANF. The PCT travels in an east-west direction through the project area, and approximately 3.1 miles are currently closed to public access. The PCT crosses CA-2 at the location for the proposed Kratka Ridge parking lot.
Desired Conditions of the Project Area The Angeles High Country is valued for having the most picturesque national forest locations, and is described as one of the resource jewels of the ANF (USDA Forest Service, 2006). The desired conditions for the Angeles High Country Place include the following: Maintain as a natural landscape that functions as a year-round forested mountain recreation area. Built environment should portray a rustic, historic image. Improve habitat conditions for threatened, endangered, proposed, candidate and sensitive species over time. Reduce and control exotic species over time. In addition, the proposed 19-mile reroute of the PCT (see Section 2.2.2, Alternative 2) extends beyond the Angeles High Country Place and goes into the Mojave Front Country Place. The desired conditions for the Mojave Front Country Place include the following (USDA Forest Service, 2006): Maintain as a natural appearing and cultural landscape that functions as a year-round, low elevation open space for the residents of the Mojave Basin, Los Angeles County, and San Bernardino County. Preserve distinct desert views, rugged mountain background views, desert scrub, scattered pinyon pines, Joshua trees, sycamore, and cottonwood in drainages and shaded canyons, as well as the remnants of Native American history. Improve habitat conditions for threatened, endangered, proposed, candidate and sensitive species over time. Reduce and control exotic species over time.
July 2018 3.6-1 Draft EIS
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.6 RECREATION
Recreation at Williamson Rock Williamson Rock is a remote recreational resource with an elevation of 6,700 feet (Mayr, 2004). Its loca- tion is characterized by steep slopes and surrounded by small alpine valleys (USDA Forest Service, 2006). Access to the Williamson Rock area is limited to trails that either originate from CA-2, or that are connected to an extended trail system (e.g., the PCT). Prior to the project area’s closure in 2005, recreational resources at Williamson Rock included rock climbing, as well as pedestrian and equestrian access to the PCT. These resources are described below. Rock Climbing. Williamson Rock has been utilized by rock climbers since the 1960s, and is regarded as one of the unique rock climbing resources in southern California due to its mild summer temperatures and proximity to urban centers. Williamson Rock hosts over 300 mapped climbing routes that span all ranges of difficulty. As Williamson Rock is composed of fractured granite, climbers must execute tech- nical and often strenuous movements (Mayr, 2004). Climbing routes consist primarily of sport climbing, with limited opportunities for top rope climbing.1 The permanent installation of new fixed anchors at Williamson Rock under any of the alternatives would require prior Forest Service authorization, in accordance with 36 CFR Ch. 2, Section 261.9. In the absence of any developed access routes from CA-2 to Williamson Rock, the public utilized a series of intertwining user-created trails prior to the site’s closure in 2005. The Little Rock Creek stream habitat, which is located at the base of the rock, was used as the staging area for many of the popular climbing routes (e.g., the London Wall and Stream Wall). According to Access Fund’s Climbing Manage- ment Guide, the staging area is typically the most heavily impacted zone during the course of a typical climb (Access Fund, 2008). Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail. The PCT is an approximately 2,650-mile trail system that links federal, State, and private lands from Mexico to Canada, including National Forests, National Parks, Tribal Lands, Bureau of Land Management lands, and California State Parks. The Forest Service is responsible for the administration of the trail, and has entered into cooperative agreements with the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, and the State of California to define areas of trail responsibility (USDA Forest Service, 1982a). The Pacific Crest Trail Association was established as an umbrella organization to provide information to the public, as well as to promote, coordinate, improve, and maintain the trail through volunteers (MOU, 2015). Management of the PCT is guided by the Forest Service’s Comprehen- sive Management Plan for the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail (1982). Section 3.6.2 of this EIS summa- rizes the design criteria for the PCT. The trail was designated by Congress in 1968 and the route was published in the Federal Register in 1973. Approximately 176 miles of the PCT pass through the ANF, with terrain varying from high desert to sub- alpine (ANF, 2018a). The PCT enters the ANF at its northern boundary along the Antelope Valley, and follows a southeasterly route until it exits the ANF and crosses SR 14. The PCT re-enters the southern portion of the ANF, and follows an easterly route, traversing the entire width of the Angeles High Country, until it exits the ANF’s eastern boundary and enters San Bernardino National Forest. Since 2005, a 3.1-mile segment of the PCT near Williamson Rock has been closed, and the trail has been rerouted along 19 miles of existing trail through the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness (see Figure 2-2).
1 Top rope climbing is commonly found in rock climbing gyms. This method uses an anchor point at the top of the climbing route and a rope that drops down to a belayer below. The climber is attached to this rope through a harness. Sport climbing is a more advanced method, in which climbers attach to fixed anchors such as rock bolts as they ascend the climb. In sport climbing, the climber is attached to a belayer to provide for safety.
Draft EIS 3.6-2 July 2018
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.6 RECREATION
The PCT reroute follows the High Desert National Recreation Trail as it extends north from Little Rock Creek towards Devil’s Punchbowl Natural Area, and then east along the southern edge of the Devil’s Punchbowl Canyon to Southfork Campground (Hiking Project, 2018). From Southfork Campground, the PCT reroute follows the South Fork Trail towards Islip Saddle on CA-2 (ANF, 2018b). The PCT is intended to accommodate both hiker and equestrian use. As a National Scenic Trail, the location of the PCT is also intended to maximize the scenic, historic, natural and cultural qualities of the area (USDA Forest Service, 1982a). The existing visual conditions within the Williamson Rock area and along the closed PCT segment are determined to be of high visual quality. In order to examine the recreational experience of PCT hikers, and potential changes to that experience as a result of the project, Table 3.6-1 compares the ANF’s designated Scenic Integrity Objectives2 and Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS)3 as they apply to both the closed and rerouted trail segments.
Table 3.6-1. Forest Service SIO and ROS Designations along PCT Scenic Integrity PCT Segment Objectives (SIO)1 Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS)2,3 Original 3.1-mile segment (closed High North of Little Rock Creek: Semi-Primitive, Non-Motorized since 2005) (Alternatives 1 and 3) South of Little Rock Creek: Roaded Natural 19-mile reroute (Alternative 2) High Semi-Primitive, Non-Motorized 2.5-mile reroute (Alternative 4) High Roaded Natural
1 - High SIO= Landscape with very minimal disruption. 2 - Semi-Primitive, Non-Motorized= Predominately natural or natural-appearing environment. Moderate-to-large size. Interaction between users is low, but there is often evidence of other users. Minimum on-site controls and restriction may be present, but are subtle. Motorized use is not permitted. 3 - Roaded Natural= Predominately natural-appearing environment with moderate evidences of the sights and sounds of man. Interaction between users may be low to moderate, but with evidence of other users prevalent. Resource modification and utilization practices are evident, but harmonize with the natural environment. Conventional motorized use is provided for in construction standards and design of facilities. Source: USDA Forest Service, 1982b and 2006.
Other Recreation within Project Vicinity Given its location within the interior of the ANF, numerous recreational opportunities are located east and west of the project along CA-2. Table 3.6-2 lists the recreation sites that are within five miles of Williamson Rock, which would be easily accessible to recreationists in the project area. Table 3.6-2 also identifies climbing sites and hiking trails up to 10 miles from Williamson Rock, which despite their greater distance, may serve as an alternative recreation site during long-term or seasonal closures within the project area.
2 Scenic integrity indicates the degree of intactness and wholeness of the landscape character (i.e., the overall visual and cultural impression of landscape attributes, the physical appearance and cultural context of a land- scape that gives it an identity and 'sense of place’) (USDA Forest Service, 1995 and 2006). 3 The ROS classifies National Forest System lands into six management class categories, which are defined by setting (e.g., physical, social, and managerial) and the available recreation experiences and activities. ROS classes include urban, rural, roaded natural, semi-primitive motorized, semi-primitive non-motorized, and primitive (USDA Forest Service, 1982b).
July 2018 3.6-3 Draft EIS
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.6 RECREATION
Table 3.6-2. Recreation Sites within 10 Miles of Project Recreation Site Location Description1,2 High Desert National Recreation Trail The 19-mile PCT reroute under A 27-mile trail network incorporating the Alternative 2 would follow this trail following trail segments: Burkhart Trail, alignment. Devil’s Punchbowl Trail, Manzanita Trail, and Southfork Trail. Tunnel Crag 0.6 mile east of Kratka Ridge parking lot Climbing formation with 11 sport routes. along CA-2. Eagles Roost Picnic Site 0.8 miles west of Kratka Ridge parking Includes picnic tables, interpretive lot along CA-2. signage, parking, and a restroom. Access to PCT from parking lot. Jarvi Memorial Observation Site 0.9 mile east of Kratka Ridge parking lot Includes parking and a restroom. along CA-2. Islip Saddle Day Use Area 1.4 miles east of Kratka Ridge parking Includes picnic tables, parking, and a lot along CA-2. restroom. Access to hiking and equestrian trails, including the PCT. Spring Crag 1.8 mile east of Kratka Ridge parking lot Climbing formation with 1 top rope and 4 along CA-2. sport routes. Vista Picnic Site 1.9 miles west of Kratka Ridge parking Includes picnic tables, interpretive lot along CA-2. signage, parking, and a restroom. Buckhorn Campground 3.3 miles west of Kratka Ridge parking Seasonal campground with 38 lot along CA-2. campsites. Not reservable. Buckhorn Day Use Area 4 miles west of Kratka Ridge parking lot Includes picnic tables, parking, and a along CA-2. restroom. Access to hiking trails. Mount Waterman Access trails are 4.7 miles west of Climbing formation with 2 traditional Kratka Ridge parking lot along CA-2 routes. PCT Trailhead/ 6,000-foot Day Use 7.9 miles west of Kratka Ridge parking Includes picnic tables, parking, and a Area lot along CA-2. restroom. Access to PCT from parking lot. Castle Waterman Access trails are 8.5 miles west of Climbing formation with 2 traditional Kratka Ridge parking lot along CA-2. routes. Fictitioua Tree Access trails are 9 miles west of Kratka Climbing formation with 10 traditional Ridge parking lot along CA-2. and 7 top rope routes. Three Points Trailhead 9.2 miles west of Kratka Ridge parking Includes parking and a restroom. Access lot along CA-2. to hiking and equestrian trails. Horse Flats Access trails are 10 miles west of Climbing formation with 9 traditional, 30 Kratka Ridge parking lot along CA-2. top rope, and 152 boulder routes. Devil’s Punchbowl Natural Area 3.6 miles northeast of Williamson Rock. A 1,310-acre Los Angeles County Park Accessible via Devil’s Punchbowl Road, that offers 7.5 miles of hiking and south of SR 138. equestrian trails. Cimbing routes include 10 traditional, 2 top rope, and 49 sport routes. Southfork Campground 3.9 miles northeast of Williamson Rock. Campground with 21 sites. Not Accessible via Valyermo Road, south of reservable. SR 138. 1 - In traditional climbing, the climber provides their own fall protection by placing their equipment such as pitons, cams, and nuts in cracks of the rock. The climber is attached to a belayer to provide safety. For a description of top rope and sport climbing, see discussion under “Recreation at Williamson Rock.” 2 - Bouldering describes short climbs without any ropes or safety devices. Bouldering can include a pad below the climbing route to reduce the chance of injury if a climber falls. For a description of top rope and sport climbing, see discussion under “Recreation at Williamson Rock.” Source: American Trails, 2018; Los Angeles County, 2018; ANF, 2018c.
Draft EIS 3.6-4 July 2018
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.6 RECREATION
Visitor User Data To evaluate the potential effects of the project on recreational access, it is important to establish a base- line of past use. The ANF has not collected use data at this site; however, the ANF is aware of anecdotal reports of up to 300 climbers using the rock on a peak weekend day, with an average of 100 climbers per day over the climbing season (Mayr Pers comm, 2017). 3.6.3 Regulatory Framework
Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act (Public Law 108-447) The Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act authorizes the Forest Service to charge a fee for recrea- tional use of public lands. While government agencies have been authorized to collect fees prior to the passage of this Act in 2004, the Act allows an agency to charge fees for specific sites or activities, such as the use of reservation services and issuance of special recreation permits. Fees are to be reinvested in the recreation site to enhance visitor services and address maintenance needs. The authority of this Act is set to expire September 30, 2019, unless extended by Congress (16 USC § 6809 (2017)).
Comprehensive Management Plan for the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail The Forest Service prepared this 1982 Comprehensive Management Plan (CMP) to provide overall guidance, direction, and strategy for managing the PCT alignment, its use, and its significant resources. The CMP also describes the standards that are intended for the trail and its supporting facilities, which correspond to the ROS class that is traversed by a particular trail segment (USDA Forest Service, 1982a). As identified in Table 3.6-1, the PCT traverses two ROS classes within the project area: semi-primitive nonmotorized and roaded natural. The following PCT CMP standards would apply to these ROS classes. Semi-primitive Nonmotorized: Primary objective for these PCT segments is a near primitive wildland environment. Trail has a natural setting that may have subtle modifications that could be noticed, but would not draw the attention of a trail user. Trail will be at least one-half mile from all roads, rail- roads, or trails with motorized use. Users may expect to encounter no more than six to 15 parties per day on the trail. Roaded Natural: These trail segments pass through areas where modifications to the natural setting range from being easily noticed to strongly dominant. Roads may cross the trail, but no more fre- quently than one-half mile intervals. User interaction may range from moderate to high at access roads, and low to moderate on the trail away from the roads. There will be little opportunity for a feeling of remoteness. This ROS class fits well in those situations where good roads make access easy for people with a variety of interests and motivations. The CMP provides direction for establishing trail locations to provide high scenic quality, ensure quality construction and easy maintenance, and have a low impact on fragile resources (USDA Forest Service, 1982a). Appendix C of the CMP includes criteria for PCT location, design, signing, and user facilities.
2015 Memorandum of Understanding for the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail In 1993, the Forest Service first entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Pacific Crest Trail Association (PCTA), the National Park Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the California State Parks. The MOU has since been periodically updated, and was most recently renewed in 2015. Per the MOU, the PCTA and the government agencies agreed to coordinate in the management and operation of the PCT and feeder trails, including signing, condition surveys, trailhead and trail use
July 2018 3.6-5 Draft EIS
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.6 RECREATION
surveys, water development, construction, and maintenance activities (MOU, 2015). PCT management roles specific to the MOU participants include the following: The PCTA shall coordinate with the Forest Service in developing, publishing, and distributing informa- tional, educational, and interpretive materials related to the PCT. The PCTA shall also develop and maintain a toll-free information line and dedicated website; respond to informational requests via phone, fax, internet or walk-ins; and update its own PCT maps, brochures, and information. The Forest Service shall provide technical assistance to the PCTA in developing construction, recon- struction, and maintenance projects; and in developing, publishing, and distributing informational, educational, and interpretive materials related to the PCT. 3.6.4 Environmental Consequences Potential impacts to recreation that may be attributed directly or indirectly to the project are discussed for Alternatives 1 through 4, below. Cumulative impacts associated with Alternatives 1 through 4 are addressed in Section 3.6.5. Impacts would be considered adverse and would require mitigation if: Criterion REC1: Restricted access to Williamson Rock limits public use and enjoyment of a Forest climbing area. Criterion REC2: Rerouting the PCT affects public use and enjoyment of the trail.
Alternative 1: No Action
Criterion REC1: Restricted access to Williamson Rock limits public use and enjoyment of a Forest climbing area. Alternative 1 would allow unrestricted access to Williamson Rock. Under Alternative 1, there would be no impact associated with Criterion REC1.
Criterion REC2: Rerouting the PCT affects public use and enjoyment of the trail Alternative 1 would allow year-round use of the PCT in the project area, and no changes would occur to the existing PCT alignment. Under Alternative 1, there would be no impact associated with Criterion REC2.
Alternative 2: Current Closure Management
Criterion REC1: Restricted access to Williamson Rock limits public use and enjoyment of a Forest climbing area
Impact REC-1 – Restricted public access to Williamson Rock precludes recreation at a unique rock climbing site.
Year-round closure of the project area under Alternative 2 would adversely affect the population of climbers who wish to visit Williamson Rock during the climbing season (average of 100 climbers, up to 300 climbers per day). As noted in Table 3.6-2, seven alternative climbing sites are accessible within 10 miles of Williamson Rock. However, Williamson Rock is unique among other climbing areas in the region given that it includes over 300 mapped climbing routes within this one site, and these routes span all ranges of difficulty. The fractured granite that composes Williamson Rock also provides a technical
Draft EIS 3.6-6 July 2018
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.6 RECREATION
climbing experience that is characteristic of this climbing area. Given the unique climbing features at Williamson Rock, full closure of this recreational resource would create a major impact to recreation.
Criterion REC2: Rerouting the PCT affects public use and enjoyment of the trail
Impact REC-2 – PCT reroute limits public access to the trail.
Closure of the 3.1-mile segment along the PCT would require PCT hikers to use the 19-mile reroute along the High Desert National Recreation Trail. This reroute would allow continued access to the PCT as it travels through the ANF. However, day hikers have limited opportunity to access the PCT in the project area, and the 3.1-mile trail closure would preclude a primary PCT access point at Eagles Roost Picnic Site. Day hikers could continue to access the portion of the PCT extending east from Eagles Roost Picnic Site, but would not have access to the PCT as it extends west through the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness. Appendix C of the CMP identifies PCT design criteria to allow adequate trail access for pedestrian and equestrian users. The set of trails that compose the 19-mile reroute were not originally constructed to comply with the PCT requirements for trail dimensions, switchbacks, and grade, and consequently portions of the proposed reroute are not suitable for equestrian access. This reroute would create a loss of equestrian access to the PCT within the project area. The less direct route would increase distance and time of travel requiring an extra day to traverse the area. Access to the PCT for day hikers and equestrian users in the project would be limited under Alternative 2, resulting in a major impact.
Impact REC-3 – PCT reroute affects the existing scenic character or quality of the PCT.
Under Alternative 2, the PCT through the Williamson Rock area would remain closed to the public, and hikers would be rerouted along the existing High Desert National Recreation Trail. As shown in Table 3.6-1, the scenic integrity level for NFS lands along the 19-mile reroute is High, which is identical to the closed segment of the PCT. Alternative 2 does not include any further modifications to the rerouted segment other than minor vegetation clearing to allow continued use of the PCT reroute, as needed. However, any such vegetation removal is not considered to be a design feature associated with Alternative 2 and would not affect the existing scenic character or quality of the PCT. Impacts to the scenic character or quality of the PCT would be minor.
Alternative 3: Proposed Action (Adaptive Management)
Criterion REC1: Restricted access to Williamson Rock limits public use and enjoyment of a Forest climbing area
Impact REC-1 – Restricted public access to Williamson Rock precludes recreation at a unique rock climbing site.
Implementation of a visitor permit system under Alternative 3 would restrict the number of climbers who may access Williamson Rock during the climbing season. As summarized in Table 2-1, the number of daily permits issued would depend upon the measured populations of MYLF within the project area. This number would vary from a maximum of 120 individual permits per day, when MYLF populations have increased to 50% or greater above the measured baseline, to a minimum of zero permits issued, when MYLF populations have declined to 15% or less below the measured baseline. Thus, the number of daily climbers may be restricted to a level below the reported visitor use of 100 climbers per day on average.
July 2018 3.6-7 Draft EIS
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.6 RECREATION
The presence of peregrine falcon may also restrict public access to Williamson Rock under Alternative 3. In the event that a peregrine falcon nest is occupied, a 0.25-mile buffer would be established around the nest, and public access would be restricted within the buffer. These restrictions would be seasonal, and would be adjusted based on ongoing monitoring. Impacts to recreation would vary seasonally, with the severity of impacts ranging from moderate (e.g., when a limited number of daily visitor permits are issued) to major (e.g., when no permits are issued). As the visitor permit system under Alternative 3 would be an ongoing adaptive management strategy, the impact to restricted recreational access resulting from a cap on the number of issued permits would be long-term. If a decline in the MYLF population were to require seasonal closure of the climbing area, the resulting impact would be major, but temporary.
Criterion REC2: Rerouting the PCT affects public use and enjoyment of the trail Alternative 3 would allow year-round use of the PCT in the project area, and no changes would occur to the existing PCT alignment. Under Alternative 3, there would be no impact associated with Impact REC-2 (PCT reroute limits public access to the trail).
Impact REC-3 – PCT reroute affects the existing scenic character or quality of the PCT.
As described in Section 2.2.3, Alternative 3 includes the construction of a new bridge suitable for hikers and equestrians, at the point where the PCT crosses Little Rock Creek within the project area. The Forest Service has standard plans and specifications for the design, construction, and maintenance of trail bridges (USDA Forest Service, 2014). These standard plans and specifications were developed to assist with trail design, construction, maintenance, inventory, condition assessment, and the assembly of trail construction plan packages. The use of natural materials (timber) and a minimalist design would ensure the proposed PCT bridge would not alter the landform patterns, expose soil, result in erosion scars, or result in other disturbances that are considered uncharacteristic of the natural landscape. Furthermore, adherence to the Forest Service standard plans and specifications for trail bridges and adherence to Forest Service Built Environment Image Guidelines (USDA Forest Service, 2001) would ensure the pro- posed new PCT bridge would not adversely affect the current scenic integrity level of the PCT (see Table 3.6-1). Scenic impacts of the proposed PCT bridge are considered minor.
Alternative 4: PCT Reroute (Adaptive Management)
Criterion REC1: Restricted access to Williamson Rock limits public use and enjoyment of a Forest climbing area
Impact REC-1 – Restricted public access to Williamson Rock precludes recreation at a unique rock climbing site.
Impacts associated with restricted access to Williamson Rock under Alternative 4 would be identical to Alternative 3. The degree of impact under the proposed visitor permit system would vary seasonally, with the severity of impacts ranging from moderate and long-term (e.g., ongoing limitations on daily permits) to major and temporary (e.g., no permits issued for a particular season). The presence of pere- grine falcon would also continue to require seasonal restrictions to public access that would be adjusted based on ongoing monitoring, resulting in short-term impacts to recreational access.
Draft EIS 3.6-8 July 2018
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.6 RECREATION
Criterion REC2: Rerouting the PCT affects public use and enjoyment of the trail
Impact REC-2 – PCT reroute limits public access to the trail.
Alternative 4 would establish a 2.5-mile PCT reroute to allow continued access of the PCT as it travels through the ANF. The location of this reroute south of the existing trail alignment would allow day hikers to access the portion of the PCT that extends west from Eagles Roost Picnic Site through the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness. As day hiker access to the PCT would be maintained under Alternative 4, impacts to public use and enjoyment of the PCT would be minor. As described in Section 2.2.4, the ANF would work closely with the PCTA to determine the best trail construction techniques for the rerouted segment. Through this coordination, the ANF would strive to maintain equestrian access along the PCT within the project area to the extent feasible. However, if the terrain along the 2.5-mile reroute cannot accommodate equestrian access, impacts under Alternative 4 would be major.
Impact REC-3 – PCT reroute affects the existing scenic character or quality of the PCT.
As discussed under Alternative 3, the Forest Service has standard plans and specifications for the design, construction, and maintenance of NFS trails (USDA Forest Service, 2014). These plans and standards would ensure the perceived degree of change to the landscape from the proposed PCT reroute would be minimal. As shown in Table 3.6-1, the scenic integrity level for NFS lands along the proposed 2.5-mile reroute is High, which is identical to the existing PCT segment in the project area that would be closed. While Alternative 4 would result in the development of a new trail, it would be designed to have an architectural form, line, color, texture, pattern, and scale consistent with Forest Service Scenery Management System (SMS) objectives. As such, adherence to the Forest Service standard plans and specifications and adherence to Forest Service Built Environment Image Guidelines (USDA Forest Service, 2001) would ensure the proposed new trail would not adversely affect the scenic character or quality of the PCT. Impacts would be minor. 3.6.5 Cumulative Analysis
Spatial and Temporal Boundaries Spatial boundaries for this cumulative analysis are specific to the recreational resources within the project area (i.e., Williamson Rock and the PCT). Cumulative effects to Williamson Rock would include impacts to public access, while cumulative effects to the PCT would include impacts to trail access or to the scenic quality of the trail in the project area. The temporal boundary for this analysis would be equal to the number of years that public access would be restricted in the project area.
Cumulative Effects Cumulative effects to recreation would occur if a past, ongoing, or reasonably foreseeable action were to create a direct or indirect impact that could combine with the impacts of the project (Alternatives 1 through 4). None of the projects listed in Table 3.2-1 (see Section 3.2.3) would create an adverse impact on recreation within the Williamson Rock area. Cumulative Project #1 (Non-native Aquatic Species Removal in Mountain Yellow-legged Frog Habitat) and Cumulative Project #2 (Plan for Invasive Plants/Angeles National Forest) were implemented to improve habitat within their respective areas. As neither project requires current or future restrictions to recreational access, these projects would not combine with the effects of Alternatives 1 through 4 to create a cumulative effect.
July 2018 3.6-9 Draft EIS
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.6 RECREATION
3.6.6 Impact Summary The Recreation analysis for Alternatives 1 through 4 has identified direct and indirect environmental effects. These impacts are summarized below and in Table 3.6-3. Alternative 1 would not restrict public use and enjoyment of Williamson Rock or of the PCT. This alterna- tive would have no impact to recreation. Impacts would be more adverse under Alternatives 2, 3 and 4. Alternative 2 would have the greatest impacts to recreation as it would involve year-round closure of the project area as well as a PCT reroute that would be generally inaccessible to day hikers. Access to Williamson Rock would be more restricted under Alternative 3 than Alternative 1, resulting in greater impacts that range from moderate to major. Recreational impacts to Williamson Rock would be identical to Alternative 4, more adverse than Alternative 1, and less adverse than Alternative 2. Alternative 3 would have no impact to the PCT as it would not restrict public access to the PCT in the project area. PCT impacts under Alternative 3 would be identical to Alternative 1, and less adverse than Alternatives 2 and 4. Impacts to Williamson Rock under Alternative 4 would be identical to Alternative 3. Restricted access to Williamson Rock would create more adverse impacts than Alternative 1, and less adverse impacts than Alternative 2. The PCT reroute under Alternative 4 would continue to provide trail access from trailheads along CA-2. PCT impacts under Alternative 4 would be less adverse than Alternative 2, and more adverse than Alternatives 1 and 3.
Table 3.6-3. Summary of Impacts to Recreation by Alternative Impact Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 REC-1: Restricted Public access to Williamson Rock would Access to Williamson Access to Williamson public access to Williamson Rock be closed year-round. Rock would be Rock would be restricted Williamson Rock would not be restricted. Impacts would be restricted through a through a visitor permit precludes recreation at No impact would major. visitor permit system. system. Impacts would a unique rock climbing occur. Impacts would range range from moderate to site from moderate to major. major. REC-2: PCT reroute Public access to the The PCT reroute would Public access to the The PCT reroute would limits public access to PCT would not be prevent public access PCT would not be allow public access to the trail restricted. No impact to the trail from CA-2 restricted. No impact the trail from CA-2 at would occur. at Eagles Roost Picnic would occur. Eagles Roost Picnic Site. Impacts would be Site. Impacts would be major. minor. If the PCT reroute cannot accommodate equestrian access, impacts would be major. REC-3: PCT reroute The PCT route would The PCT reroute would The new PCT bridge Construction of the new affects the existing not change. No impact continue to traverse would not adversely PCT reroute would scenic character or would occur. NFS lands designated affect the High scenic adhere to Forest Service quality of the PCT with a High scenic integrity level. Impacts standards and integrity level. Impacts would be minor. guidelines. Impacts would be minor. would be minor.
Draft EIS 3.6-10 July 2018
Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.7 WILDERNESS/WILD AND SCENIC RIVER MANAGEMENT
3.7 Wilderness/Wild and Scenic River Management The Forest Service manages wilderness areas that are designated by Congress and manages wild and scenic rivers across National Forest System (NFS) lands. The Forest Service is required to identify and evaluate potential additions to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, recommend suitable rivers, and enforce interim (for eligible rivers) and permanent (for designated rivers) protection measures. This section addresses project effects to wilderness areas and wild and scenic rivers. The following discussion describes wilderness areas and wild and scenic rivers surrounding the project. Section 3.7.2 summarizes the legislation and regulations that establish the Forest Service requirements to manage and protect wilderness areas and wild and scenic rivers. Section 3.7.3 analyzes the potential impacts to these federally designated and eligible resources that may occur from the project. 3.7.1 Affected Environment
Wilderness Areas The Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness and the San Gabriel Wilderness, are two designated wilderness areas less than 0.5 mile from Williamson Rock.
Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness The Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness is valued for its majestic peaks and vistas of the San Gabriel Mountains and the Mojave Desert basin (ANF, 2017a). This wilderness area was designated by Congress in 2009 (Public Law 111-11) and includes approximately 26,757 acres of NFS lands. The Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness is north of CA-2, with its southern boundary extending approximately 0.2 mile north of Williamson Rock. Notable features within this wilderness area include Little Rock Creek, the PCT, and MYLF Critical Habitat. The location and extent of these alternative components relative to the wilderness area are summarized in Table 3.7-1, and illustrated in Figure 3.7-1 through Figure 3.7-4.
Table 3.7-1. Alternative Components within the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness Components Affecting Wilderness Area Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 PCT No change to existing Closure of 1.3 miles of No change to existing Closure of 1.3 miles of PCT alignment; 1.3 existing PCT alignment PCT alignment; 1.3 existing PCT alignment miles of the PCT is across wilderness area. miles of the PCT is across wilderness area. across wilderness area. Trail reroute includes across wilderness area. Trail reroute includes 10.2 miles of existing 1.8 miles of new trail trail through the wilder- through the wilderness ness area. area. Proposed Development No new development No new development 320 feet of proposed Same as Alternative 3 within the wilderness within the wilderness Long Trail would extend area. area. into the wilderness area. Proposed public No public closure areas 349 acres of the public 19 acres of the public Same as Alternative 3 closure areas within the wilderness closure area is within closure area is within area. the wilderness area. the wilderness area.
July 2018 3.7-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.7 WILDERNESS/WILD AND SCENIC RIVER MANAGEMENT
San Gabriel Wilderness The San Gabriel Wilderness is south of CA-2. This wilderness area is preserved for its rugged terrain and wildlife (ANF, 2017b). Designated by Congress in 1968 (Public Law 90-318), the San Gabriel Wilderness includes 36,118 acres of NFS lands, all of which are within the boundaries of the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument. Visitors to Williamson Rock would access the site via CA-2, which is adjacent to the San Gabriel Wilderness. None of the components of Alternatives 1 through 4 would be located within this wilderness area, and no change is proposed to the current management and use of the San Gabriel Wilderness under any of the alternatives.
Wild and Scenic Rivers Wild and scenic rivers are generally designated by Congress for the purpose of protecting their special character, which can include scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural, or other similar values (Rivers.gov, 2017). Each congressionally designated river, river segment, or tributary is administered by a federal or state agency to oversee its continued protection. The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act directs land management agencies to identify and evaluate additional rivers for inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. If the Forest Service determines that an identified river segment is eligible for potential inclusion based on one or more of its outstandingly remarkable values, the river segment is assigned a potential classification—wild, scenic or recreational. The final procedural step (suitability) provides the basis for determining whether to recommend to Congress an eligible river as part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Approximately 18.4 miles of Little Rock Creek and its tributary, Cooper Canyon Creek, were identified by the Forest Service as potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, given the following outstandingly remarkable values (ANF, 2018; USDA Forest Service, 2006): The undisturbed and primitive condition gives it local scenic significance. Little Rock Creek provides an important refuge for endangered amphibians such as the MYLF and arroyo toad, as well as the threatened California red-legged frog. Prehistoric sites valued by local Native American tribes are found within this portion of Little Rock Creek. The desert and high country setting attracts visitors for picnicking, water play and driving opportunities. The Forest Service has assigned a potential Scenic classification for the main fork of Little Rock Creek, and a potential Recreational classification for Cooper Canyon Creek. The eligibility study for this river concluded that both streams have outstandingly remarkable wildlife values, are free of impoundments, are largely primitive and undeveloped, and present a natural appearance (USDA Forest Service, 2006). The Forest Service has not yet initiated a suitability study for eligible rivers on the ANF (ANF, 2018). During the interim, the ANF LMP provides direction to manage Little Rock Creek and other eligible rivers to protect their free-flowing character, water quality, outstandingly remarkable values and recommended classification (USDA Forest Service, 2006). The location and extent of the alternative components relative to Little Rock Creek are described in Table 3.7-2 and shown in Figures 3.7-1 through 3.7-4. None of the activities proposed for Alternatives 1 through 4 would alter the PCT’s existing alignment along Cooper Canyon Creek, nor would the alternatives add or remove trail/stream crossings across Cooper Canyon Creek.
Draft EIS 3.7-2 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.7 WILDERNESS/WILD AND SCENIC RIVER MANAGEMENT
Table 3.7-2. Alternative Components relative to Little Rock Creek and Cooper Canyon Creek Components Affecting Streams Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 PCT No change to existing Closure of 3.1-mile No change to existing Closure of 2.4-mile PCT alignment portion of PCT align- PCT alignment adjacent portion of PCT align- adjacent to streams. ment adjacent to Little to streams. ment adjacent to Little Rock Creek. Rock Creek. Trail reroute (already New trail reroute would established) extends extend 0.15 mile south over 3.5 miles north of of the creek. the creek. Trail/Stream Continued use of Eliminates Little Rock New bridge at PCT Eliminates 2 PCT Crossings at the Short Trail and Scree Creek crossings along crossing of Little Rock crossings of Little Rock Creek Slope Trail across Short Trail, Scree Creek (0.2 miles Creek. Little Rock Creek. Slope Trail, and the southwest of Includes existing arti- PCT (0.2 miles Williamson Rock). ficial bridge and pro- southwest of Includes existing arti- posed seasonal platform Williamson Rock). ficial bridge and pro- bridge at Long Trail posed seasonal crossings of Little Rock platform bridge at Long Creek and tributary. Trail crossings of Little Rock Creek and tributary.
3.7.2 Regulatory Framework The following regulations and planning documents would be applicable to the project.
Wilderness Act of 1964 The Wilderness Act of 1964 created the National Wilderness Preservation System for the purpose of pre- serving designated wilderness resources from future development. The Wilderness Act established the role of Congress to designate wilderness. The Act also defined the role of the federal agency having jurisdiction over the wilderness area prior to its designation, to continue to manage the newly designated wilderness.
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act established a National Wild and Scenic Rivers System to protect the out- standingly remarkable values of selected rivers. This Act provides the framework for recommending additional rivers to the National System, and identifies two agencies (Department of the Interior and Department of Agriculture) responsible for studying and submitting these recommendations. Further, the agency charged with administering each component of the National System must prepare a comprehensive management plan that addresses resource protection, development of land and facilities, user capacities, and other management practices necessary to protect the river’s values (Pub. L. 90-542). 3.7.3 Environmental Consequences The impact analysis for wilderness and wild and scenic rivers begins with an identification of the boun- daries of these resources relative to the location of project components and proposed activities, as pre- sented in Section 3.7.1. The analysis also considers the guidelines and restrictions from applicable plan-
July 2018 3.7-3 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.7 WILDERNESS/WILD AND SCENIC RIVER MANAGEMENT
ning and policy documents (see Section 3.7.2). Potential impacts to wilderness areas or wild and scenic rivers that may be attributed directly or indirectly to the project are discussed below. Cumulative impacts are addressed in Section 3.7.4. Impacts would be considered adverse and would require mitigation if:
Criterion WSR1: Developed recreation within the designated wilderness area reduces its primitive character.
Criterion WSR2: Developed recreation affects the eligibility of a wild and scenic river segment.
Alternative 1: No Action
Criterion WSR1: Developed recreation within the designated wilderness area reduces its primitive character
Impact WSR-1 – New trails, facilities, and improvements within the project area that reduce the wilderness character of the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness.
Alternative 1 would not construct new trails or facilities, nor would it involve other recreational improvements to the project area. Existing recreational facilities associated with Williamson Rock would be accessible year-round under Alternative 1, specifically Scree Slope Trail, Short Trail, and Kratka Ridge parking lot. None of these facilities are located within the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness. Given that the climbing routes associated with Williamson Rock are also located outside of the wilderness area, increased visitation to Williamson Rock would not directly impact the character of this wilderness area. Alternative 1 would reopen a closed portion of the PCT, which would allow public access across 1.3 miles of trail through wilderness that has been inaccessible since 2006. Reopening this segment of the trail would contribute to reduced public use of the current PCT detour, 10.2 miles of which crosses through the wilderness area. Given the anticipated decrease in mileage of trails across wilderness that would be used by PCT hikers, this component of Alternative 1 would have a beneficial effect on improving the solitude and primitive characteristics of this wilderness area. The reestablishment of recreational access to Williamson Rock and the reopening of the primary PCT segment would be compatible with the Forest Service’s objectives for wilderness management (FSM 2320.3). Alternative 1 would also be consistent with ANF LMP Strategy SD 1, which requires the ANF to consider biophysical and social issues (e.g., MYLF habitat, access to PCT and Williamson Rock) in wilderness planning, and to develop measures to alleviate potential impacts. Neither the reopening of the primary PCT segment, nor increased public access outside of the wilderness area at Williamson Rock would substantially affect the character of the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness. Impacts under Alternative 1 would be minor.
Impact WSR-2 – Increased public access to the project area that interferes with primitive recreation opportunities within the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness.
Recreation activities that are suited for wilderness areas must support the natural and undeveloped nature of the wilderness, while allowing for solitude. The use of the 3.1-mile PCT segment that would be reopened is consistent with promoting primitive recreation within the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness. While Alternative 1 would increase public access to the Williamson Rock area, none of the facilities supporting recreation at Williamson Rock would be located within the wilderness area. Furthermore, all climbing routes currently established at Williamson Rock are outside of the wilderness area. Increased
Draft EIS 3.7-4 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.7 WILDERNESS/WILD AND SCENIC RIVER MANAGEMENT
public use of Williamson Rock would not interfere with primitive recreation opportunities. Impacts under Alternative 1 would be minor.
Criterion WSR2: Developed recreation affects the eligibility of a wild and scenic river segment
Impact WSR-3 – New development or increased public access within the project area that affects the free-flowing condition of Little Rock Creek.
The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act defines free-flowing characteristic of rivers as existing in a natural condition without impoundment, diversion, straightening, rip-rapping, or other modification of the waterway (Pub. L. 90-542). None of the proposed activities under Alternative 1 would affect the free- flowing condition of Little Rock Creek. Recreationists accessing Williamson Rock would continue to utilize natural stream crossings along Scree Slope Trail and Short Trail. Similarly, hikers on the 3.1-mile PCT segment that would be reopened under Alternative 1 would cross Little Rock Creek via a natural stream crossing. As Little Rock Creek would maintain its free-flowing condition under Alternative 1, impacts would be negligible.
Impact WSR-4 – New development or increased public access within the project area that affects the outstandingly remarkable values of Little Rock Creek.
As discussed in Section 3.7.1, Little Rock Creek was found to have outstandingly remarkable values associated with wildlife because it provides an important refuge for MYLF, arroyo toad, and California red-legged frog. These outstandingly remarkable values may be adversely impacted under Alternative 1, which would allow year-round public access along a portion of Little Rock Creek within MYLF critical habitat. As discussed in Section 3.3 (Biological Resources), MYLF is susceptible to being crushed or having its habitat adversely affected by climbers and other recreationists. Such impacts, which may occur under Alternative 1, would have a substantial and long-term adverse impact on the outstandingly remarkable values of Little Rock Creek. Under Alternative 1, the ANF would continue to apply the ANF LMP program strategies (SD 2) and stand- ards (S59) applicable to wild and scenic rivers (see Section 1.7, Management Direction and Additional Guidance). However, allowing year-round recreational access to Williamson Rock, without new adaptive management actions to protect the MYLF, would create major adverse impacts to Little Rock Creek’s outstandingly remarkable values.
Alternative 2: Current Closure Management
Criterion WSR1: Developed recreation within the designated wilderness area reduces its primitive character
Impact WSR-1 – New trails, facilities, and improvements within the project area that reduce the wilderness character of the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness.
Under Alternative 2, long-term closure of Williamson Rock would maintain the current conditions of limited recreational access to the project area. The 19-mile PCT reroute would replace the 3.1 miles of closed trail, and there is approximately 10.2 miles (out of the 19 miles) of PCT within the wilderness area. Extending the PCT throughout the wilderness area does not introduce a nonconforming use, and would be consistent with facilitating public enjoyment of the area’s notable scenic vistas. Under Alternative 2, the ANF would consider the potential impacts of recreational activities both inside and adjacent to wilderness boundaries, and would alleviate impacts through public closures. Continuing the
July 2018 3.7-5 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.7 WILDERNESS/WILD AND SCENIC RIVER MANAGEMENT
PCT reroute under Alternative 2 would not substantially affect the character of the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness, and impacts to the wilderness area under Alternative 2 would be negligible.
Impact WSR-2 – Increased public access to the project area that interferes with primitive recreation opportunities within the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness.
The use of the 19-mile PCT reroute under Alternative 2 would be consistent with promoting primitive rec- reation within the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness. As Alternative 2 would continue the existing closure of the Williamson Rock area, no additional project-related activities would interfere with existing primitive recreation opportunities. Impacts to the wilderness area under Alternative 2 would be negligible.
Criterion WSR2: Developed recreation affects the eligibility of a wild and scenic river segment
Impact WSR-3 – New development or increased public access within the project area that affects the free-flowing condition of Little Rock Creek.
None of the proposed activities under Alternative 2 would affect the free-flowing condition of Little Rock Creek. The Alternative 2 Closure Area would include Scree Slope Trail and Short Trail, which would prevent pedestrian stream crossings near Williamson Rock. Hikers along the PCT would be rerouted across Little Rock Creek via a natural stream crossing, along a 19-mile alternative trail that travels to the north of MYLF critical habitat. Alternative 2 would have a beneficial effect on the free-flowing condition of Little Rock Creek.
Impact WSR-4 – New development or increased public access within the project area that affects the outstandingly remarkable values of Little Rock Creek.
One of the outstandingly remarkable values that characterize Little Rock Creek is wildlife, specifically habitat for MYLF. Alternative 2 would protect this outstandingly remarkable value by closing portions of Little Rock Creek containing MYLF populations. Under Alternative 2, MYLF within the creek along the base of Williamson Rock would not be at risk of being crushed by climbers and other recreationists. Alternative 2 would have a beneficial effect on the outstandingly remarkable values of Little Rock Creek.
Alternative 3: Proposed Action (Adaptive Management)
Criterion WSR1: Developed recreation within the designated wilderness area reduces its primitive character
Impact WSR-1 – New trails, facilities, and improvements within the project area that reduce the wilderness character of the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness.
Under Alternative 3, existing and proposed recreational facilities associated with Williamson Rock would be open seasonally. With the exception of the 320-foot segment of Long Trail, none of these facilities would be located within the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness. The portion of Long Trail entering the wilderness area would be a minor extension of public access through the wilderness area. Alternative 3 proposes to reopen the closed portion of the PCT, which would allow public access across 1.3 miles of trail through wilderness that has been inaccessible since 2006. Reopening this segment of the trail would result in reduced public use of the current PCT detour, 10.2 miles of which crosses through the wilderness area. Given the anticipated decrease in mileage of trails across wilderness that
Draft EIS 3.7-6 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.7 WILDERNESS/WILD AND SCENIC RIVER MANAGEMENT
would be used by PCT hikers, this component of Alternative 3 would have a beneficial effect on improving the solitude and primitive characteristics of the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness.
Impact WSR-2: Increased public access to the project area that interferes with primitive recreation opportunities within the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness.
Alternative 3 would increase seasonal public access to the Williamson Rock area, including the construc- tion of a 320-foot segment of trail within the wilderness area. However, recreational access to Williamson Rock under Alternative 3 would be limited to pedestrian use of the Long Trail (i.e., not motorized), and would not create a conflict with primitive recreation opportunities. With adaptive management adjustments to the number of visitor permits issued, impacts to the wilderness area from public access to Williamson Rock would be negligible.
Criterion WSR2: Developed recreation affects the eligibility of a wild and scenic river segment
Impact WSR-3: New development or increased public access within the project area that affects the free-flowing condition of Little Rock Creek.
Several project components under Alternative 3 would cross Little Rock Creek and its tributaries. Two of the stream crossings would be located along the proposed Long Trail (see Figure 2-3). Stream Crossing #1 would utilize existing Cementous materials that have currently created an artificial bridge. No additional materials would be introduced or constructed at this stream crossing. Stream Crossing #2 would utilize a removable wooden platform (approximately four-foot wide by 14-foot long). The platform would be designed for easy removal and re-installation based on the seasonal closure period. Alternative 3 would also construct a new PCT bridge that would be proper for hikers and equestrians. The PCT bridge would be 10 to 30 feet in length, at least six feet wide, made of timber, and secured by concrete footings. As discussed in Section 3.5.3 (Hydrology and Water Quality), the proposed bridge would be designed to the 100-year discharge in order to avoid obstruction of large flows during a storm event. Given that Little Rock Creek would maintain its free-flowing condition under Alternative 3, impacts would be negligible.
Impact WSR-4 – New development or increased public access within the project area that affects the outstandingly remarkable values of Little Rock Creek.
Little Rock Creek was found to have outstandingly remarkable values associated with wildlife, given that it provides an important refuge for MYLF, arroyo toad, and California red-legged frog. As discussed in Sec- tion 3.3 (Biological Resources), populations of MYLF have been found in the creek near the base of Wil- liamson Rock, which are susceptible to being crushed or having its habitat adversely affected by climbers and other recreationists. Under Alternative 3, the ANF would implement adaptive management parameters to protect MYLF and its habitat (see Chapter 2, Section 2.2.3). The implementation of adaptive management parameters would allow the ANF to monitor the effects of recreational activities on MYLF populations, and to adjust the location and duration of public closures as needed to protect the frog and its habitat. As future impacts to the MYLF would trigger a modification to the ANF’s management strategies, the adverse effects on Little Rock Creek’s outstandingly remarkable values associated with wildlife would be short- term and minor.
July 2018 3.7-7 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.7 WILDERNESS/WILD AND SCENIC RIVER MANAGEMENT
Alternative 4: PCT Reroute (Adaptive Management)
Criterion WSR1: Developed recreation within the designated wilderness area reduces its primitive character
Impact WSR-1 – New trails, facilities, and improvements within the project area that reduce the wilderness character of the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness.
Similar to Alternative 3, existing and proposed recreational facilities would be open seasonally under Alter- native 4, and the portion of Long Trail entering the wilderness area would be a minor extension of public access through this wilderness. Alternative 4 would continue the existing PCT closure within the MYLF critical habitat and would reroute PCT hikers along a new 2.5-mile trail segment; 1.8 miles of this new trail would cross through the wilder- ness area. Establishing the 2.5-mile reroute would result in reduced public use of the current PCT detour, 10.2 miles of which crosses through wilderness. The Alternative 4 PCT reroute does not introduce a nonconforming use, and would be consistent with facilitating public enjoyment of the wilderness area’s notable scenic vistas. The 2.5-mile PCT reroute would also reduce the mileage of trails used by PCT hikers within this wilderness, as hikers would favor the Alternative 4 reroute over the existing 19-mile PCT detour. However, creating the PCT reroute under Alternative 4 would result in new development and public access within wilderness, which would represent a moderate change to the wilderness area’s solitude and primitive characteristics. Increased public access across a limited portion of the wilderness area at Williamson Rock and along the 2.5-mile PCT reroute would not substantially affect the characteristics of the Pleasant View Ridge Wil- derness. Impacts under Alternative 4 would be moderate.
Impact WSR-2 – Increased public access to the project area that interferes with primitive recreation opportunities within the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness.
Creation of a 2.5-mile PCT reroute would be outside of the MYLF critical habitat, and would be limited to pedestrian and equestrian use only. Alternative 4 would increase seasonal public access to the Williamson Rock area, including the construction of a 320-foot segment of trail within the wilderness area. However, recreational access to Williamson Rock under Alternative 4 would be limited to pedestrian use of the Long Trail (i.e., not motorized), and would not create a conflict with primitive recreation opportunities. With adaptive management adjustments to the number of visitor permits issued, impacts to the wilderness area from public access to Williamson Rock would be negligible.
Criterion WSR2: Developed recreation affects the eligibility of a wild and scenic river segment
Impact WSR-3 – New development or increased public access within the project area that affects the free-flowing condition of Little Rock Creek.
Under Alternative 4, the stream crossings along the proposed Long Trail would be identical to Alternative 3. Alternative 4 would continue the existing PCT closure, and would construct a 2.5-mile PCT reroute that would relocate the PCT away from the existing crossing of Little Rock Creek. The effect to the Little Rock Creek under Alternative 4 would be beneficial. None of the proposed stream crossings under Alternative 4 would affect the free-flowing condition of Little Rock Creek or its tributaries.
Draft EIS 3.7-8 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.7 WILDERNESS/WILD AND SCENIC RIVER MANAGEMENT
Impact WSR-4 – New development or increased public access within the project area that affects the outstandingly remarkable values of Little Rock Creek.
Similar to Alternative 2, Alternative 4 would reroute the PCT to avoid crossing Little Rock Creek in order to protect MYLF populations within the creek. Furthermore, Alternative 4 would implement the adaptive management parameters described under Alternative 3 to protect MYLF and its habitat from recreational access to Williamson Rock (see Section 2.2.3). As future impacts to the MYLF would trigger a modification to the ANF’s management strategies, the adverse effects on Little Rock Creek’s outstandingly remarkable values associated with wildlife would be short-term and minor. 3.7.4 Cumulative Analysis
Spatial and Temporal Boundaries Spatial boundaries for this cumulative analysis are specific to the protected areas delineated for the wilderness and eligible wild and scenic rivers that may be affected by the project. Cumulative effects to the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness would be limited to any direct or indirect impacts occurring within the congressionally designated wilderness boundary. Cumulative effects to Little Rock Creek would be limited to any direct or indirect impacts occurring within the river bed, river bank, and one-quarter mile on either side of the ordinary high-water mark. The temporal boundary for this analysis would be equal to the number of years that project-related public access would extend into the future, assuming that the existing wilderness continues to be designated as such, and that Little Rock Creek continues to be considered for the National Wild and Scenic River System.
Cumulative Effects Cumulative effects to wilderness or wild and scenic rivers would occur if a past, ongoing, or reasonably foreseeable action were to create a direct or indirect impact that could combine with the impacts of the project (Alternatives 1 through 4).
Wilderness Neither of the two cumulative projects identified in Table 3.2-1 (see Section 3.2.3) would create an adverse impact on the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness. Cumulative Project #1 (Non-native Aquatic Species Removal in Mountain Yellow-legged Frog Habitat) removed non-native predators from the project area to improve the habitat for MYLF, which would have a beneficial effect on the wildlife character of the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness. The purpose of Cumulative Project #2 (Plan for Invasive Plants/Angeles National Forest) was to remove invasive plant species, thereby improving the habitat of the San Gabriel Wilderness south of the project area.
Wild and Scenic Rivers Similar to the discussion for wilderness effects, none of the identified cumulative projects would create an adverse impact on wild and scenic rivers. Cumulative Project #1 (Non-native Aquatic Species Removal in Mountain Yellow-Legged Frog Habitat) would contribute a beneficial effect by improving the outstandingly remarkable values of Little Rock Creek associated with MYLF habitat. Although the com- pleted Cumulative Project #2 did not involve activities near a wild and scenic river, it contributed to improving wildlife values south of the project area.
July 2018 3.7-9 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.7 WILDERNESS/WILD AND SCENIC RIVER MANAGEMENT
3.7.5 Impact Summary The Wilderness and Wild and Scenic Rivers analysis for Alternatives 1 through 4 has identified direct and indirect environmental effects. These impacts are summarized below and in Table 3.7-3. Wilderness None of the components of Alternative 1 would substantially affect the character of the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness or conflict with wilderness management. The increased public access in the Williamson Rock area and along the PCT would have minor impacts to wilderness. These impacts are considered less adverse than Alternative 4, but more adverse than Alternatives 2 and 3. None of the components of Alternative 2 would conflict with the character of the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness or affect wilderness management. The 10.2 miles of PCT that are rerouted through the wilderness area would have negligible impacts that are less adverse than Alternatives 1 and 4. None of the components of Alternative 3 would conflict with the character of the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness or affect wilderness management. Alternative 3 would have the greatest beneficial effect on wilderness, as it would reduce the miles of trail across the wilderness area and would limit public access through adaptive management. Creating the PCT reroute under Alternative 4 would result in new development and public access within the wilderness area, which would create a moderate impact to the wilderness area’s solitude and primi- tive characteristics. Wilderness impacts would be greatest under Alternative 4. Wild and Scenic Rivers Allowing year-round access to Williamson Rock under Alternative 1, without adaptive management actions, would create major, adverse impacts to Little Rock Creek’s outstandingly remarkable values. Impacts to an eligible wild and scenic river would be the most adverse under Alternative 1 compared to Alternatives 2 through 4. Closure of Williamson Rock under Alternative 2 would include portions of Little Rock Creek, which would protect its outstandingly remarkable values. Alternative 2 would have the greatest beneficial effect on an eligible wild and scenic river than Alternatives 1, 3, or 4. Adaptive management parameters included under Alternative 3 would allow the ANF to adjust the location and duration of public closures as needed to protect Little Rock Creek’s outstandingly remarkable values related to wildlife. Impacts to this eligible wild and scenic river would be less adverse than Alternative 1, and more adverse than Alternatives 2 and 4 (due to the PCT reroute away from Little Rock Creek under Alternative 4). Adaptive management parameters under Alternative 4 would be identical to Alternative 3. However, Alternative 4 would contribute to a beneficial effect on an eligible wild and scenic river due to the reroute of the PCT away from Little Rock Creek. Impacts to wild and scenic rivers would be more beneficial than Alternatives 1 and 3, and less beneficial than Alternative 2 (due to the continued PCT crossings via the Long Trail under Alternative 4).
Draft EIS 3.7-10 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 3.7 WILDERNESS/WILD AND SCENIC RIVER MANAGEMENT
Table 3.7-3. Summary of Impacts to Wilderness/Wild and Scenic River by Alternative Impact Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 WSR-1: New trails, Reopening PCT route The PCT reroute Reducing the miles of Creation of a new 2.5- facilities, and improve- and the Williamson through the wilderness trail within the wilder- mile PCT re-route ments within the project Rock facilities would area would not sub- ness area would have would involve con- area that reduce the not occur within wilder- stantially affect the beneficial effect on struction and improve- wilderness character ness. Impacts would character of this wil- wilderness. ments within the wil- of the Pleasant View be minor. derness. Impacts derness. Impacts Ridge Wilderness would be negligible. would be moderate. WSR-2: Increased None of the Williamson Use of the PCT reroute Recreational access Recreational access public access to the Rock facilities are would be consistent to Williamson Rock to Williamson Rock project area that inter- located within wilder- with promoting primi- would be limited would be limited fere with primitive rec- ness. Impacts would tive recreation within through adaptive through adaptive reation opportunities be minor. the wilderness. Impacts management. Impacts management. Use of within the Pleasant would be negligible would be negligible. the 2.5-mile PCT View Ridge Wilderness reroute would not conflict with primitive recreation opportu- nities. Impacts would be negligible. WSR-3: New develop- Recreationists would Creek crossings along A new bridge at the The 2.5-mile PCT ment or increased pub- continue to use natural Scree Slope and Short existing stream cross- reroute would avoid lic access within the stream crossing, and trails would be closed. ing along the PCT and crossing Little Rock project area that affects the creek would remain Rerouted PCT hikers a removable platform Creek. Impacts would the free-flowing condi- free-flowing. Impacts would use a natural along Long Trail would be beneficial. tion of Little Rock Creek would be negligible. stream crossing away not affect the free- from the project area. flowing condition of The creek would Little Rock Creek. remain free-flowing Impacts would be and impacts would be negligible. beneficial. WSR-4: New develop- Allowing year-round Closure of Williamson Implementation of Same as Alternative 3. ment or increased access to Williamson Rock would include adaptive management Impacts would be public access within Rock, without adaptive portions of Little Rock parameters would pro- short-term and minor the project area that management actions, Creek, which would tect the creek’s out- through the use of affects the outstand- would create major, protect its outstand- standingly remarkable adaptive management ingly remarkable values adverse impacts to the ingly remarkable values related to wild- to limit public access. of Little Rock Creek creek’s outstanding values. Impacts would life. Impacts would be remarkable values be beneficial. short-term and minor. (wildlife).
July 2018 3.7-11 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 4. OTHER FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS
4. Other Federal Requirements Section 4 includes discussions of various topics required by NEPA, including a description of the long- term implications of the project, the project’s unavoidable adverse effects, irretrievable commitments of resources, and possible growth-inducing effects. Section 4 also discusses other applicable federal environmental regulations. 4.1 Short-term Uses and Long-term Productivity For many projects, “short term” refers to the temporary phase of construction, whereas “long term” refers to the operational life of the project. Alternatives 1 and 2 would not involve any construction, while construction under Alternatives 3 and 4 would be limited to new trails, trail facilities, and improvements. Project activities under Alternatives 1 through 4 would result in a number of adverse impacts, as well as long-term, beneficial impacts. Each of these impacts is described in detail in Section 3 (Affected Environ- ment and Environmental Consequences). Section 3 discusses the adaptive management parameters that have been incorporated into the project to avoid or reduce potential adverse impacts. Section 2 describes additional avoidance and minimization measures that have been proposed to further minimize impacts to the extent feasible. As described in Section 1.1.2 (Purpose and Need for Action), the project has been designed to create a long-term benefit of balancing recreational access to Williamson Rock while protecting natural and unique resources in the area. In general, by restoring access to the PCT and providing access to William- son Rock (with the exception of full closure under Alternative 2), the ANF would be able to enhance the recreational opportunities within the project area, and maintain the natural and unique resources for public enjoyment. 4.2 Unavoidable Adverse Effects In Section 3, the direct, indirect, and cumulative environmental effects are discussed in detail. Impacts resulting from the project that are adverse and cannot be avoided or reduced through the application of feasible mitigation measures or adaptive management parameters are summarized below. Refer to Sec- tions 3.2 through 3.7 for a complete description of these impacts. Biological Resources Under Alternative 1, impacts to MYLF and its critical habitat from unregulated recreational activity would be substantial, and could result in MYLF population decline, loss of viability, or even extirpation in upper Little Rock Creek. Additionally, under Alternative 1, impacts to sensitive plants and wildlife from unregulated recreation would be adverse, and could range from minor to substantial depending on pub- lic behavior. Finally, under Alternative 1, the increase in recreational use would likely result in the intro- duction of new weed infestations. Cultural Resources Alternatives 3 and 4 could uncover, expose, and/or damage unknown buried cultural resources and/or human remains during the implementation phase to re-route or construct new trails, construct facilities and create new stream crossings. Avoidance and minimization measures (AMMs) would be imple- mented to reduce impacts, and the effect would not be considered adverse under federal regulations.
July 2018 4-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 4. OTHER FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS
However, if encountered, the loss of context, setting, feeling, association, etc., for human burials is usually viewed as a permanent and total loss, even if project measures offer a regulatory process for managing the human remains. Hydrology and Water Quality Alternative 1 would create adverse, long-term impacts to soil productivity and erosion along user- created trails. This alternative would also contribute to year-round water quality degradation and altera- tion of water chemistry from recreational activities, resulting from direct disturbance of the streambed, trash, human and domestic animal wastes, diminishment of riparian vegetation, and the introduction of lotions and soaps. Unavoidable impacts under Alternative 1 would continue as long as unrestricted rec- reational use continues. Recreation Under Alternative 2, Williamson Rock would be closed year around, which would create unavoidable adverse effects to recreational access. The 19-mile PCT reroute would eliminate day hiker access to the portion of the PCT that extends west through the Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness from Eagles Roost Picnic Site. Recreation impacts under Alternative 2 would be substantial and long-term. Wilderness and Wild and Scenic Rivers Alternative 1 would allow year-round public access along a portion of Little Rock Creek that has been identified by the ANF as eligible for inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, and was found to have outstandingly remarkable values associated with wildlife since the creek is a refuge for MYLF. MYLF is susceptible to being crushed or having its habitat adversely affected by increased visitation. The unrestricted public access that would be permitted under this alternative would result in more impacts to MYLF. Alternative 1 would have a substantial and long-term adverse impact on the outstandingly remarkable values of Little Rock Creek. 4.3 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources Alternatives 1 and 2 would not require the use of any fuel or other energy. However, construction- related activities associated with Alternatives 3 and 4 would require a maximum of approximately 100 vehicle trips to the site for workers/materials and limited (2-3 weeks maximum) use of small gas- powered equipment (hand held augers, chainsaws, etc.). Implementation of Alternatives 3 and 4 would result in the negligible consumption of energy as it relates to the fuel needed for construction-related activities. 4.4 Growth-Inducing Effects Allowing public access to Williamson Rock is unlikely to result in population growth either directly or indi- rectly. Construction activities are very minimal and would not affect employment in the area, while project operation would not create any significant amount of new jobs. No growth-inducing effects would be associated with the project.
Draft EIS 4-2 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 4. OTHER FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS
4.5 Other Required Disclosures Endangered Species Acts The MYLF is a federally listed endangered species. This species has been fully addressed within the con- text of the EIS (see Section 3.3, Biological Resources), and adaptive management parameters have been developed to minimize potential impacts. The ANF has been consulting with USFWS regarding the effects of the project on the MYLF. As part of consultation with USFWS, the ANF is preparing and will submit a Biological Assessment for federally endangered or threatened species that could potentially be adversely affected by the project. National Historic Preservation Act Refer to Section 3.4.2 (Cultural Resources) for a full discussion of the National Historic Preservation Act. Clean Water Act The Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972 establishes regulations for point and non-point source pollution as federal policy. CWA assigns the primary responsibility for control of water pollution to the states. Under Section 404 of the CWA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers regulates the discharge of fill material into “waters of the U.S.,” which include navigable and isolated waters, headwaters, and adjacent wetlands. Any action with the potential to impact waters of the United States must be reviewed under the CWA. Impacts to the “waters of the U.S.” must be avoided if possible, and minimized and mitigated if avoid- ance is not possible. Section 401 of the CWA is administered by the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB), which for this project would be the Lahontan RWQCB. If the Army Corps of Engineers were to issue a 404 per- mit, the RWQCB would be required to certify that the project does not violate state water quality stand- ards by issuing a CWA Section 401 Water Quality Certification. The CWA also requires a Construction General Permit, which is a statewide, standing permit that regu- lates storm water runoff from construction sites of one acre or more in size. Qualifying construction activities must develop and comply with a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP), which describes best management practices that would be implemented to regulate storm water runoff. Sec- tion 3.5 (Hydrology and Water Quality) of this EIS describes steps that may be required by the ANF to comply with CWA requirements for federal agencies, and recommends the preparation of a SWPPP to sufficiently control site-specific erosion. Clean Air Act The 1990 amendments to the federal Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 176 require the U.S. EPA to promulgate rules to ensure that federal actions conform to the appropriate State Implementation Plan (SIP). These rules, known together as the General Conformity Rule (40 CFR Sections 51.850-51.860; 40 CFR Sections 93.150-93.160), require any federal agency responsible for an action in a nonattainment or attainment/maintenance area to determine that the action conforms to the applicable SIP or that the action is exempt from the General Conformity Rule requirements. This means that federally supported or funded activities will not (1) cause or contribute to any new federal air quality standard violation, (2) increase the frequency or severity of any existing federal standard violation, or (3) delay the timely attainment of any federal standard, interim emission reduction, or other milestone.
July 2018 4-3 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 4. OTHER FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS
Actions can be exempt from a conformity determination if an applicability analysis shows that the total direct and indirect emissions from project construction and operation activities would be less than spec- ified emission rate thresholds, known as de minimis limits, and that the emissions would be less than 10 percent of the area’s emission budget. Alternatives 1 and 2 would not require the use of any vehicles or equipment, resulting in no additional emissions from the project. Implementation of Alternatives 3 or 4 would result in nominal emissions from construction-related activities, primarily limited to several truck trips associated with delivering PCT bridge materials, signage, vault toilets, and equipment. Alternatives 3 or 4 would require a maxi- mum of approximately 100 vehicle trips to the site for workers/materials and limited (2-3 weeks maxi- mum) use of small gas-powered equipment (hand held augers, chainsaws, etc.). The daily emissions from this temporary short-term construction work would be substantially less than established de minimis levels for the South Coast Air Basin, which is a large geographic region that includes all of Orange County and the non-desert regions of Los Angeles County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County. Additionally, during the open climbing season, vehicle permits would be limited to 30 per day. This number of passenger vehicle trips during the open climbing period would result in emissions well below the established de minimis levels for the South Coast Air Basin. Executive Order 12898 on Environmental Justice On February 11, 1994, President Clinton issued an "Executive Order on Federal Actions to Address Envi- ronmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations" (Executive Order 12898), which was designed to focus federal attention on environmental and human health conditions in minority communities and low-income communities. The Order also intended to promote non-discrimination in Federal Programs substantially affecting human health and the environment. As defined by the “Final Guidance for Incorporating Environmental Justice Concerns” contained in EPA’s NEPA Compliance Analysis (EPA, 1998); minority (people of color) and low-income populations are iden- tified where either: The minority or low-income population of the affected area is greater than 50 percent of the affected area’s general population; or The minority or low-income population percentage of the area is meaningfully greater than the minority population percentage in the general population or other appropriate unit of geographic analysis. Minority and low-income populations include the following, utilizing the definitions outlined within the Council on Environmental Quality’s (CEQ) “Environmental Justice Guidance Under NEPA” (CEQ, 1997): Minorities are individuals who are members of the following population groups: American Indian or Alaskan Native; Asian or Pacific Islander; Black not of Hispanic origin; or Hispanic (without double- counting non-white Hispanics falling into the Black/African-American, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Native American categories). Low-income populations are identified as populations with mean annual incomes below the annual statistical poverty level. The project would be implemented within NFS lands in a recreation area with no population residing within. U.S. Census data is not applicable for the unoccupied portions of the project within NFS lands. Regarding public access, the project would not disproportionately affect any minority or low-income population given that all persons from any location would have the same level of access to the public lands under each alternative.
Draft EIS 4-4 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 5. CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION
5. Consultation and Coordination This section includes information about the consultation and coordination conducted during the planning and the preparation of the project. 5.1 Contributors Table 5.1-1 includes a list of the organizations and persons consulted, including federal, state, and local agencies and tribal governments.
Table 5.1-1. Organizations and Persons Consulted Name/Title Agency US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Diego Field Station - Adam Backlin, Ecologist Santa Ana Office Jesse Bennett, Wildlife US Fish and Wildlife Service, Carlsbad Office Biologist Lynn Valbuena San Manuel Band of Serrano Mission Indians Kathryn Montes Morgan Tejon Indian Tribe Kenneth Khan Santa Ynez Band of Mission Indians Anitra Kass, Southern California Regional Pacific Crest Trail Association Representative Greg Curtis, Legal Counsel Patagonia
Table 5.1-2 lists the USDA Forest Service personnel that reviewed this document.
Table 5.1-2. Preparers – USDA Forest Service Name Role Berkley, Ann District Wildlife Biologist Bokach, Matthew Monument Manager (San Gabriel Mountains National Monument) Boyst, Beth PCT Program Manager (Forest Service Regional 5 Office) Chen, Chinling Forest NEPA Planner Duncan, Freddie District Resource Staff Officer Henriquez-Santos, Jose Forest Landscape Architect, Project Manager Huckabee, Joanna Forest Archaeologist/Data Steward Hunner, Nikos Soil Scientist, (Forest Service Washington Office Enterprise Team) Lopez, Ricardo Forest Engineer Peebles, David Forest Heritage & Tribal Relations Program Manager Seastrand, Justin Forest Lands Staff Officer Sill, Nathan Forest Biologist Sugden, Jeremy District Recreation Specialist
July 2018 5-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 5. CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION
Table 5.1-3 provides the list of consultant team members that prepared this document.
Table 5.1-3. Preparers – Aspen Environmental Group Years of Name Project Role Education/Certifications Experience Peterson, Kathy Environmental Planning B.A. History 14 Consultant, NFWF Contract Liaison Negar Vahidi EIS/EIR Project Manager Master of Public Administration (MPA) 24 B.A. Political Science (with Highest Honors) Chris Huntley Biological Resources Technical B.A. Biology 20 Lead Sandra Alarcón- Public Involvement M.A. Architecture and Urban Planning 35 Lopez B.A. Speech and Hearing Sciences Philip Lowe Hydrology and Water Quality M.S. Watershed Management 40 B.S. Wildlife Management Professional Engineer (PE) Scott Debauche Description of Alternatives, B.S. Urban Planning and Design 22 Scenic Resources, Fire & Fuels Board Certified Environmental Planner (CEP) #12040973 Tatiana Inouye Wilderness/WSR Management, Master of Environmental Science and 13 Project Assistant Management (MESM) B.S. Biology Jennifer Lancaster Biological Resources M.S. Biology 13 B.S. Biology Sam Stewart Biological Resources B.A. Social Ecology 18 Justin Wood Biological Resources M.S. Biological Sciences 16 B.S. Biological Sciences Elizabeth Bagwell Cultural Resources, Section 106 Ph.D. Anthropology 26 Support M.A. Anthropology B.A. Anthropology Certificate in Archaeological Technology Register of Professional Archaeologists #16564 Secretary of Interior Qualifications – Prehistoric Archaeology Diana Dyste Cultural Resources, Section 106 M.A. Archaeology 18 Support B.A. Anthropology Register of Professional Archaeologists #39362477 Anton Kozhevnikov GIS Specialist B.S. Geography 20 Geographic Information Systems Professional (GISP), URISA 2009, 2014 Tracy Popiel GIS Specialist M.A. Geography 8 B.S. Biology Kellie Keefe GIS Specialist B.S. Environmental Studies 2 GIS Certificate Teresa O’Grady Technical Editing B.S. Environmental Studies 2 Mark Tangard Document Production, Word B.A. Geography 40 Processing, 508 Compliance
Draft EIS 5-2 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 5. CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION
5.2 Distribution of the Environmental Impact Statement A mailing list for noticing and distribution of project-related events and public documents was prepared. The mailing list was updated after the two public scoping periods to include all interested stakeholders. This mailing list was used to notify the public, local, state and federal agencies, tribal governments, and organizations regarding the public release of the Draft EIS for the proposed action. The ANF distributed a notification of the public release of the Draft EIS to all parties who responded during the scoping process. The notices provided a summary of the proposed action, a website address on where the Draft EIS could be reviewed, information on where written comments could be submitted on the Draft EIS, and the deadline for submitting written comments. A hard copy or electronic copy of the Draft EIS was sent to all agencies, organizations, and tribal representatives that submitted written comments during scoping. The following agencies received a copy of the Draft EIS: 1) California Highway Patrol 2) State Historic Preservation Office 3) Native American Heritage Commission 4) Regional Water Quality Control Board 5) Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors 6) Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation 7) Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department
July 2018 5-3 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 6. REFERENCES
6. References 1. Purpose and Need for Action Angeles National Forest (ANF). 2018. San Gabriel Mountains National Monument Management Plan Final Environmental Assessment. April. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nfs/11558/www/nepa/ 101660_FSPLT3_4291096.pdf. Accessed April 27, 2018. USDA Forest Service. 2015. Forest Service Handbook 1909.12- Land Management Planning Handbook. Chapter 80- Wild and Scenic Rivers. Section 84- Interim Management of Eligible or Suitable Rivers. Effective Date: January 30, 2015. _____. 2012. Forest Service Manual 5100- Fire Management. Effective Date: June 20, 2012. _____. 2011. Forest Service Manual 2900- Invasive Species Management. Effective Date: December 5, 2011. _____. 2007. Forest Service Manual 2300- Recreation, Wilderness, and Related Resource Management. Chapter 2320 – Wilderness Management. Amendment No. 2300-2007-1. Effective Date: January 22, 2007. _____. 2006. Angeles National Forest Land Management Plan, Parts 1, 2 and 3. Record of Decision issued April 2006. _____. 2005. Forest Service Handbook 2509.22- Soil and Water Conservation Practices Handbook. Effective Date: November 30, 2005. 2. Description of Alternatives Cade, T.J., J.H. Enders, and J. Linthicum (Cade et al.). 1996. Guide to management of Peregrine Falcons at the eyrie. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho. Pagel, J.E. 1992. Protocol for observing known and potential peregrine falcon eyries in the Pacific Northwest. Pp. 83-96 In Proceedings: Symposium on peregrine falcons in the Pacific Northwest. J.E. Pagel, ed. Rogue River National Forest, Medford, OR 97501. USDA Forest Service. 1982. Comprehensive Management Plan for the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail. https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5311111.pdf. Accessed January 2017. 3. Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences 3.2 Cumulative Scenario Angeles National Forest (ANF). 2017. Schedule of Proposed Actions for the Angeles National Forest. https://www.fs.fed.us/sopa/forest-level.php?110501. Accessed June. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). 2018. Personal conversation between Tim Weisberg, Public Information Officer for Caltrans District 7, and Patrick Meddaugh of Aspen Environmental Group. April 6, 2018. Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). 1997. Considering Cumulative Effects Under the National Environmental Policy Act. January.
July 2018 6-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 6. REFERENCES
3.3 Biological Resources Angeles National Forest (ANF). 2010. Williamson Rock Critical Habitat Closure Environmental Assessment. Santa Clara-Mojave Rivers Ranger District, Angeles National Forest. August 2010. Baldwin, B.G., D.H. Goldman, D.J. Keil, R. Patterson, T.J. Rosatti, D.H. Wilken (eds.) (Baldwin et al.). 2012. The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California, 2nd ed. University Press, Berkeley, California. Brambilla, M.; D. Rubolini; and F. Guidali (Brambilla et al.). 2004. Rock climbing and raven Corvus corax occurrence depress breeding success of cliff-nesting peregrines Falco peregriunus. Ardeola 51(2): 425-430. California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC). 2017. California Invasive Plant Inventory Database (online). al- IPC, Berkeley, California. http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/inventory/. Accessed July 2017. Consortium of California Herbaria (CCH). 2017. Botanical specimen data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/ California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG). 2010. Natural Communities List Arranged Alphabetically by Life Form. http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/vegcamp/natural_comm_list.asp California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW). 2017. California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB), Rarefind, Version 5. Heritage section, CDFW, Sacramento. California Native Plant Society (CNPS). 2017. Inventory of rare and endangered plants. California Native Plant Society. Sacramento. Online: rareplants.cnps.org . Accessed August 2017. eBird. 2017. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. Accessed July 2017. Faber, P.M., E. Keller, A. Sands and B.M. Massey (Faber et al.). 1989. Ecology of Riparian Habitats of the Southern California Coastal Region: A Community Profile. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 85 (7.27) 152 pp. Gertsch, M., D. Van De Water, and B. Walton (Gertsch et al.). 1994. Peregrine Falcon Pages 152-155 In: G. Thelander and M. Crabtree (editors). Life on the edge: a guide to California’s endangered natural resources: wildlife. BioSystems Books, Santa Cruz, CA. 550pp. Holland, R.F. 1986. Preliminary descriptions of the terrestrial natural communities of California. Unpublished report, Non-game Heritage Program, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento. 156 pp. Jennings, M. R., and M. P. Hayes. 1994. Amphibian and reptile species of special concern in California. California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division, Rancho Cordova, California. iii+255 pp. Jepson Flora Project (Jepson). 2017. Jepson eFlora. Accessed August 2017. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/ IJM.html Keane, J. J. 2014. Chapter 7.2 – California Spotted Owl: Scientific Considerations for Forest Planning. In Science Synthesis to Support Socioecological Resilience in the Sierra Nevada and Southern Cascade Range. USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station General Technical Report PSW-GTR-247. June 2014.
Draft EIS 6-2 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 6. REFERENCES
Longshore, K.; C. Lowrey; and D. B. Thompson (Longshore et al.). 2013. Detecting short-term responses to weekend recreation activity: Desert bighorn sheep avoidance of hiking trails. Wildlife Society Bulletin 37(4): 698-706. Luensmann, P. 2010. Falco peregrinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). https://www.feis-crs.org/feis/ [2017, July 12]. Nafis, G. 2017. California Herps - A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of California (2000-2017). http://www.californiaherps.com/ (accessed August 2017). Papouchis, C. M.; F. J. Singer; and W. B. Sloan (Papouchis et al.). 2001. Responses of bighorn sheep to increased human recreation. Journal of Wildlife Management 65: 573-582. Rossman, D.A., N.B. Ford and R.A. Seigel (Rossman et al.). 1996. The garter snakes: Evolution and ecology. Animal Natural History Series, Vol. 2. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Sawyer, J.O., T. Keeler-Wolf, and J.M. Evans (Sawyer et al.). 2009. Manual of California Vegetation, 2nd ed. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, California. 1300 pp. USDA Forest Service. 2014. Threatened, Endangered, Proposed, Candidate, and Forest Service Sensitive Plants and Animals Which May Occur Within the Angeles National Forest, Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties, California. _____. 2011. Forest Service Manual (FSM) 2900 – Invasive Species Management. Effective December 5, 2011. _____. 2006. Angeles National Forest Land Management Plan, Parts 1, 2 and 3. Record of Decision issued April 2006. United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2012. Mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa) Southern California Distinct Population Segment 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife office. July 13, 2012. United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2016. 2016 Southern California Mountain Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana muscosa) – Survey Results. White, C. M., N. J. Clum, T. J. Cade and W. G. Hunt (White et al.). 2002.Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America. https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/perfal . DOI: 10.2173/bna.660 3.4 Cultural Resources Aspen Environmental Group (Aspen). 2017. Archaeological Resources Report: Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Angeles National Forest. August. Fernandeño Tataviam Band of Mission Indians (Fernandeño Tataviam). 2017. Tataviam Villages. http:// www.tataviam-nsn.us/heritage/Tataviam-villages/. Accessed August 7, 2017. Kroeber, A. L. 1953. Handbook of the Indians of California. California Book Company, Ltd., Berkeley. Romani, G. 2000. Archaeology Resources Assessment for the Mt. waterman and Kratka/ Snowcrest Angeles Winter Development Ski Areas, Angeles National Forest, Los Angeles County, California. Report on file at the USDA, Angeles National Forest, Supervisor’s Office.
July 2018 6-3 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 6. REFERENCES
Vance, D. 2001. Heritage Resource Evaluation of the Laard SST Toilet Locations Project at Messenger Flats Campground, Eagles Roost Picnic Area, and Jarvi Memorial Vista. Report on file at the USDA, Angeles National Forest, Supervisor’s Office. 3.5 Hydrology and Water Quality State of California Regional Water Quality Control Board Lahontan Region (RWQCB). 2015. Water Quality Control Plan for the Lahontan Region. USDA Forest Service. 2011. Watershed Condition Framework. https://www.fs.fed.us/biology/resources/ pubs/watershed/maps/R05_WCC_FS_Lands_v2.pdf. Accessed June 21, 2017. Waananen, A. O., and J.R. Crippen. 1977. Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in California. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 77-21. 3.6 Recreation Access Fund. Climbing Management: A Guide to Climbing Issues and the Development of a Climbing Management Plan. 2008. American Trails. 2018. High Desert Trail. http://www.americantrails.org/NRTDatabase/trailDetail. php?recordID=103. Accessed February 25, 2018. Angeles National Forest (ANF). 2018a. Angeles National Forest, San Gabriel Mountains National Monument Visitor Guide. https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd493608.pdf. Accessed February 23, 2018. _____. 2018b. Angeles National Forest: High Desert NRT (south Fork) Trail. https://www.fs.usda.gov/ recarea/angeles/recreation/recarea?recid=42180&actid=104. Accessed February 23, 2018. _____. 2018c. Angeles National Forest: Recreation. https://www.fs.usda.gov/recmain/angeles/ recreation. Accessed February 22, 2018. Hiking Project. 2018. High Desert National Recreation Trail. https://www.hikingproject.com/trail/ 7019491/high-desert-national-recreation-trail. Accessed February 23, 2018. Los Angeles County. 2018. Department of Park and Recreation: Devil’s Punchbowl Natural Area. http://parks.lacounty.gov/wps/portal/dpr/Parks/Devils_Punchbowl_Natural_Area. Accessed February 25, 2018. Mayr, Troy. 2017 Personal communication _____. 2004. Southern California Sport Climbing. 3rd Edition. MOU. 2015. Memorandum of Understanding between US Forest Service, USDI National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, California State Park, and the Pacific Crest Trail Association. FS Agreement No. 09-MU-11052008-213. August 14. USDA Forest Service. 2014. Standard Specifications for Construction of Trails and Trail Bridges on Forest Service Projects. October 30. https://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/trail-management/ documents/plans/supporting_documents/Trail_Specifications.pdf. Accessed April 24, 2018. _____. 2006. Angeles National Forest Land Management Plan. Parts 1, 2, and 3. Record of Decision issued April 3, 2006. _____. 2001. Forest Service Built Environment Image Guide. September https://www.fs.fed.us/ recreation/programs/beig/. Accessed April 24, 2018.
Draft EIS 6-4 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 6. REFERENCES
_____. 1995. Landscape Aesthetics: A Handbook for Scenery Management. Handbook No. 701. December. _____. 1982a. Comprehensive Management Plan for the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail. January. _____. 1982b. Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) Users Guide. 3.7 Wilderness-Wild and Scenic River Management Angeles National Forest (ANF). 2018. San Gabriel Mountains National Monument Management Plan Final Environmental Assessment. April. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nfs/11558/www/nepa/ 101660_FSPLT3_4291096.pdf. Accessed April 27, 2018. _____. 2017a. Angeles National Forest Special Places: Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness. https://www.fs. usda.gov/detail/angeles/specialplaces/?cid=stelprdb5210348. Accessed June 14, 2017. _____. 2017b. Angeles National Forest Special Places: San Gabriel Wilderness Area. https://www.fs.usda. gov/detail/angeles/specialplaces/?cid=stelprdb5194633. Accessed June 14, 2017. Rivers.gov. 2017. About the Wilderness-Wild and Scenic WSR Act. https://www.rivers.gov/wsr-act.php. Accessed June 30, 2017. USDA Forest Service. 2011. Maps, GIS, and Google Earth: Pacific Crest Trail Shapefiles. Modified April 8, 2011. https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/pct/home/?cid=stelprdb5322473. Accessed July 17, 2017. _____. 2006. Angeles National Forest Land Management Plan, Parts 1, 2 and 3. Record of Decision issued April 2006. 4. Other Federal Requirements United States Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). 1997. Environmental Justice Guidance Under the National Environmental Policy Act. December 10. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1998. National Council on Environmental Quality Final Guidance for Incorporating Environmental Justice Concerns in EPA’s NEPA Compliance Analyses. April. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ej_guidance_ nepa_epa0498.pdf. Accessed August 2017.
July 2018 6-5 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 7. GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS
7. Glossary and Acronyms 7.1 Glossary Adaptive Management – A system of management practices based on clearly identified intended out- comes and monitoring to determine if management actions are meeting those outcomes; and, if not, to facilitate management changes that will best ensure that those outcomes are met or re-evaluated. Adaptive management stems from the recognition that knowledge about natural resource systems is sometimes uncertain. Baseline – A set of existing conditions against which change is to be described and measured. Channel morphology – A water channel’s shape, size, and slope. Critical Habitat (CH) (a.k.a., Designated Critical Habitat (DCH)) – Specific geographic areas, whether occupied by a listed species or not, that are essential for its conservation and that have been formally designated by rule. A species' critical habitat refers to the physical or biological features, or primary constituent elements (PCEs), essential for its survival, reproduction, and ultimately, recovery (see also Primary Constituent Elements). Cultural Resource – Any object or specific location of past human activity, occupation, or use, identifi- able through historical documentation, inventory, or oral evidence. Cultural resources are prehistoric, historic, archaeological, or architectural sites, structures, places, or objects, and traditional cultural properties. Cumulative impact – The impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (Federal or non-Federal) or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time. Designated Critical Habitat (DCH) – See Critical Habitat. Environment – The physical conditions that exist in the area and that would be affected by a proposed project, including land, air, water, minerals, flora, fauna, ambient noise, and objects of historical or aesthetic significance. The environment includes both natural and artificial conditions. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) – Federal agencies prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) if a proposed major federal action is determined to significantly affect the quality of the human environment. The regulatory requirements for an EIS are more detailed and rigorous than the require- ments for an Environmental Assessment. Erosion – The process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents. Ethnographic resource – Resources that represent the heritage of a particular ethnic or cultural group, such as Native Americans or African, European, Latino, or Asian immigrants. Groundwater – Water formed underground in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. It is stored in and moves slowly through aquifers. Impact – The effects of a proposed action that are considered in an EIS. Impacts may be direct, indirect, or cumulative. Invertebrate – Animals that lack a spinal column.
July 2018 7-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 7. GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS
Mitigation – Measures that avoid or reduce the project’s adverse impacts by rectifying or compensating for the impact after it occurs. Primary constituent element (PCE) – A physical or biological feature essential to the conservation of a species for which its designated or proposed critical habitat is based on, such as space for individual and population growth, and for normal behavior; food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or phys- iological requirements; cover or shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, rearing of offspring, germi- nation, or seed dispersal; and habitats that are protected from disturbance or are representative of the species= historic geographic and ecological distribution. Recovery Plan – Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to recover and/or protect listed species. Plans are published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and sometimes are prepared with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, state agencies, and others. Riparian area – Area adjacent to rivers and streams. Rock outcrop – The part of a rock formation that appears above the surface of the surrounding land. Runoff – Excess liquid flows across the surface of the land and into nearby creeks, streams, or ponds. Species – A group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring. Storm water runoff – Runoff from rain and snowmelt that flows over land or impervious surfaces and does not percolate into the ground. It accumulates debris, chemicals, sediment, or other pollutants that could adversely affect water quality. Terrestrial – Organisms that reside on land as opposed to living in an aquatic environment. Tributary – A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. Watershed – A region or land area drained by a single stream, river, or drainage network; a drainage basin. Wetland – Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. 7.2 Acronyms AIRFA American Indian Religious Freedom Act ANF Angeles National Forest ARPA Archaeological Resources Protection Act BAT Best available technology BCT Best conventional pollutant control technology BMPs Best Management Practices CAA Clean Air Act Cal-IPC California Invasive Plant Council CDFW California Department of Fish and Wildlife CEQ Council on Environmental Quality CFS Cubic feet per second CPCA California Porter-Cologne Act
Draft EIS 7-2 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 7. GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS
CRPR California Rare Plant Rank CWA Clean Water Act DOI U.S. Department of the Interior DPR California Department of Parks and Recreation DPS Distinct Population Segment EIS Environmental Impact Statement ESA Endangered Species Act FSH Forest Service Handbook FSM Forest Service Manual GIS Geographic information systems GPS Global positioning system IDT Interdisciplinary team LMP Land Management Plan LOP Limited operating period MBTA Migratory Bird Treaty Act MOU Memorandum of Understanding MYLF Mountain yellow-legged frog NAGPRA Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act NAHC Native American Heritage Commission NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NFS National Forest System NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NHT National Historic Trails NOA Notice of Availability NOI Notice of Intent NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service NRHP National Register of Historic Places NRRS National Recreation Reservation Service NRT National Recreation Trails NST National Scenic Trails PA Programmatic Agreement PAC Protected Activity Center PCT Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail PFR Peak Flow Rate RCA Riparian Conservation Area ROD Record of Decision RWQCB Regional Water Quality Control Board SAO Santa Ana Occurrence SIO Scenic Integrity Objective
July 2018 7-3 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 7. GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS
SIP State Implementation Plan SMS Scenery Management System SOPA Schedule of Proposed Actions SWPPP Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan SWRCB State Water Resources Control Board TCP Traditional Cultural Property TEPCS Threatened, endangered, proposed, candidate or sensitive species USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USGS U.S. Geological Survey WQMA Water Quality Management Agency
Draft EIS 7-4 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 8. INDEX
8. Index See Chapter 7 for a complete list of acronyms.
— A — Cal-IPC: See California Invasive Plant Council CDFW: See California Department of Fish and Adaptive management parameter: 2-4, 3.4-23– Wildlife 3.4-24, 3.7-7, 3.7-9–3.7-11, 4-1, 4-3 CEP: See Certified Environmental Planner AIRFA: See American Indian Religious Freedom CEQ: See Council on Environmental Quality Act Certified Environmental Planner: 5-2 American Indian Religious Freedom Act: 3.4-12 Clean Air Act: 4-3 ANF: See Angeles National Forest Clean Water Act: 3.5-4–3.5-6, 3.5-12–3.5-13, 4-3 Angeles National Forest: 1-1–1-2, 1-4–1-5, 2-1, 2-3–2-4, 2-6–2-9, 2-11–2-12, 3.1-1, 3.2-1, Cooper Canyon Creek: 3.7-2–3.7-3 3.2-3, 3.3-1–3.3-3, 3.3-6–3.3-7, 3.3-10, 3.3-15, Council on Environmental Quality: 3.2-1, 4-4 3.3-18–3.3-27, 3.3-29–3.3-30, 3.3-32–3.3-34, CPCA: See California Porter-Cologne Act 3.3-36, 3.4-1, 3.4-7–3.4-8, 3.4-10, 3.4-14– CRPR: See California Rare Plant Rank 3.4-17, 3.4-19, 3.4-21–3.4-23, 3.5-1, 3.5-3, CWA: See Clean Water Act 3.5-7–3.5-8, 3.5-12–3.5-15, 3.5-17, 3.5-19, 3.6-1–3.6-7, 3.6-9, 3.7-1–3.7-2, 3.7-4–3.7-5, 3.7-7, 3.7-9–3.7-10, 4-1–4-3, 5-3, S-1–S-2, S-4 — D — Archaeological Resources Protection Act: 3.4-12 Distinct Population Segment: 3.3-22, 3.3-24 ARPA: See Archaeological Resources Protection DOI: See U.S. Department of the Interior Act DPR: See California Department of Parks and Recreation — B — DPS: See Distinct Population Segment BAT: See Best available technology BCT: See Best conventional pollutant control — E — technology Endangered Species Act: 1-1, 3.3-1, 3.3-6, Best available technology: 3.5-6 3.3-22, 3.3-25–3.3-27, 4-3 Best conventional pollutant control Environmental Justice: 4-4 technology: 3.5-6 ESA: See Endangered Species Act Best Management Practices: 2-14, 3.5-5–3.5-6, 3.5-12–3.5-18, 3.5-21, 4-3, S-5 — F — BMPs: See Best Management Practices Forest Service Handbook: 1-5, 3.5-12, 3.5-14– 3.5-15, 3.5-17 — C — Forest Service Manual: 1-3–1-5, 3.3-4, 3.7-4 CAA: See Clean Air Act FSH: See Forest Service Handbook California Department of Fish and Wildlife: FSM: See Forest Service Manual 3.3-1, 3.3-3, 3.3-14, 3.3-21, 3.3-25 California Department of Parks and — G — Recreation: 3.4-9, 5-3 Geographic information systems: 3.4-7, 5-2 California Invasive Plant Council: 3.3-4–3.3-6 GIS: See Geographic information systems California Porter-Cologne Act: 3.5-5 Global positioning system: 3.4-9 California Rare Plant Rank: 3.3-8–3.3-15 GPS: See Global positioning system
July 2018 8-1 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 8. INDEX
National Register of Historic Places: 3.4-9– — J — 3.4-11, 3.4-16, 3.4-18, 3.4-20, 3.4-23–3.4-24 Jurisdictional waters: 3.3-25 National Scenic Trails: 1-2, 2-11, 3.4-13, 3.6-2– 3.6-3, S-1 — L — Native American Graves Protection and Land Management Plan: 1-2, 1-4, 2-1, 2-12, Repatriation Act: 2-10, 3.4-12 3.3-1–3.3-2, 3.3-6, 3.3-24, 3.3-26–3.3-28, Native American Heritage Commission: 5-3 3.3-30, 3.3-34, 3.4-14–3.4-17, 3.5-7–3.5-8, Natural Resources Conservation Service: 3.5-4 3.6-1, 3.6-6, 3.7-2, 3.7-4–3.7-5, S-2, S-4 NEPA: See National Environmental Policy Act Limited operating period: 3.3-29 NFS: See National Forest System LMP: See Land Management Plan NHPA: See National Historic Preservation Act LOP: See Limited operating period NHT: See National Historic Trails NOA: See Notice of Availability — M — NOI: See Notice of Intent MBTA: See Migratory Bird Treaty Act Notice of Availability: 1-2 Memorandum of Understanding: 3.6-2, 3.6-5 Notice of Intent: 1-2, 3.5-6, S-1 Migratory Bird Treaty Act: 3.3-24, 3.3-26 NPDES: See National Pollutant Discharge MOU: See Memorandum of Understanding Elimination System Mountain yellow-legged frog: 1-1–1-4, 2-1–2-3, NRCS: See Natural Resources Conservation 2-6–2-9, 2-11–2-13, 3.2-2, 3.3-2, 3.3-6, Service 3.3-18–3.3-19, 3.3-22–3.3-23, 3.3-25, 3.3-27– NRHP: See National Register of Historic Places 3.3-28, 3.3-30–3.3-33, 3.3-35–3.3-38, 3.5-8, NRRS: See National Recreation Reservation 3.5-11, 3.5-13, 3.5-16, 3.6-7–3.6-8, 3.7-1– Service 3.7-2, 3.7-4–3.7-9, 4-1–4-3, S-1–S-2, S-4 NRT: See National Recreation Trails MYLF: See Mountain yellow-legged frog NST: See National Scenic Trails — N — — O — NAGPRA: See Native American Graves Outstandingly Remarkable Values: 3.7-2–3.7-3, Protection and Repatriation Act 3.7-5–3.7-7, 3.7-9–3.7-11, 4-2, S-3 NAHC: See Native American Heritage Commission — P — National Environmental Policy Act: 1-1, 3.1-1, See 3.2-1, 4-1, 4-4, 5-1 PAC: Protected Activity Center National Forest System: 2-16, 3.3-4, 3.3-28, Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail: 1-1–1-2, 1-4– 3.5-1–3.5-2, 3.5-5, 3.6-3, 3.6-7, 3.6-9–3.6-10, 1-5, 2-1–2-3, 2-5–2-6, 2-8–2-16, 3.2-1, 3.3-2, 3.7-1–3.7-2, 4-4, S-7 3.3-15, 3.3-27, 3.3-30, 3.3-32–3.3-38, 3.4-8, 3.4-14–3.4-16, 3.4-18–3.4-21, 3.4-23–3.4-24, National Historic Preservation Act: 3.4-10– 3.5-2–3.5-5, 3.5-7–3.5-14, 3.5-16–3.5-22, 3.4-11, 3.4-22, 4-3 3.6-1–3.6-10, 3.7-1–3.7-11, 4-1–4-2, 4-4, 5-1, National Historic Trails: 3.4-13 S-1–S-7 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination PCT: See Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail System: 3.5-6 Protected Activity Center: 3.3-20, 3.3-29 National Recreation Reservation Service: 2-4 National Recreation Trails: 3.4-9, 3.4-13, 3.6-3– 3.6-4, 3.6-7
Draft EIS 8-2 July 2018 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project 8. INDEX
SWPPP: See Storm Water Pollution Prevention — R — Plan Record of Decision: 3.2-2 SWRCB: See State Water Resources Control Regional Water Quality Control Board: 3.5-3, Board 3.5-6, 4-3, 5-3 ROD: See Record of Decision — T — RWQCB: See Regional Water Quality Control TCP: See Traditional Cultural Property Board Traditional Cultural Property: 3.4-10, 3.4-13– 3 4-21, 3 4-23–3 4-24, S-3 — S — . . . San Gabriel Mountains National Monument: — U — 1-1, 1-4–1-5, 2-9, 3.5-19, 3.7-2, 5-1 U.S. Department of the Interior: 3.4-12–3.4-13, Scenery Management System: 3.6-9 3.7-3 Scenic Integrity Objective: 3.6-3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 1-1, 1-3, 2-6, Schedule of Proposed Actions: 3.2-1 3.3-1, 3.3-7, 3.3-21–3.3-24, 3.3-26, 4-3, S-1 SIO: See Scenic Integrity Objective U.S. Geological Survey: 2-7, 3.3-1–3.3-2, 3.3-7, SIP: See State Implementation Plan 3.3-19, 3.3-22–3.3-23, 3.4-9–3.4-10 SMS: See Scenery Management System USFWS: See U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service SOPA: See Schedule of Proposed Actions USGS: See U.S. Geological Survey State Implementation Plan: 4-3 State Water Resources Control Board: 3.5-5– — W — 3.5-6, 3.5-13 Water Quality Management Agency: 3.5-5 Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan: 2-14, WQMA: See Water Quality Management Agency 3.5-6, 3.5-13, 3.5-21, 4-3, S-5
July 2018 8-3 Draft EIS Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
Appendix A – Alternatives Report Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project
Prepared for:
USDA Forest Service, Angeles National Forest 701 North Santa Anita Avenue Arcadia, CA 91006
With Technical Assistance From:
Aspen Environmental Group 5020 Chesebro Road, Suite 200 Agoura Hills, CA 91301
i Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
Contents
1. Overview of Alternatives Evaluation Process ...... 1 1.1 Alternatives Screening Methods ...... 1 1.2 NEPA Requirements for Alternatives ...... 1 2. Alternative Descriptions and Determinations ...... 2 2.1 Alternatives Retained for Analysis in the EIS ...... 2 2.2 Alternatives Eliminated from Analysis in the EIS ...... 18 2.3 References ...... 23
Figures Figure 1. Alternative 1: No Action Figure 2. Alternative 2: Current Closure Management Figure 3. Alternative 3: Proposed Action (Adaptive Management) Figure 4. Alternative 4: PCT Reroute (Adaptive Management)
Administrative Draft EIS B-ii Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
1. Overview of Alternatives Evaluation Process This screening report presents each potential alternative identified during the planning and scoping pro- cesses and the rationale for their retention or elimination from further consideration in the Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). The range of alternatives considered in the screening analysis includes: Alternatives identified by USDA Forest Service throughout the planning and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) environmental review processes (i.e., previous Environmental Assessment (EA) and current EIS); Alternatives identified during the public scoping process; and Alternatives identified by the EIS team during review of the proposed action impacts and meetings with cooperating and affected agencies, and interested parties. 1.1 Alternatives Screening Methods The evaluation of alternatives will be done using a three-step screening process:
Step 1: Clearly define each alternative so each can be compared with other alternatives.
Step 2: Compare the alternatives against each other, using NEPA criteria (defined below).
Step 3: Based on the results of Step 2, determine the suitability of each alternative for full analysis in the EIS. If the alternative is unsuitable, eliminate it from further consideration in the EIS. 1.2 NEPA Requirements for Alternatives After completing the steps defined above, the advantages and disadvantages of the alternatives are care- fully analyzed with respect to NEPA criteria for consideration of alternatives. NEPA provides guidance on selecting a reasonable range of alternatives for evaluation in an EIS. Per the Council on Environmental Quality’s (CEQ) NEPA Regulations (40 CFR 1502.14), an EIS must present the environmental impacts of the proposed action and alternatives in comparative form, defining the issues so they may be readily understood by the public and decision makers, and contributing to a basis for an informed and reasoned decision. The alternatives section shall: (a) Rigorously explore and objectively evaluate all reasonable alternatives. For alternatives that were eliminated from detailed study, briefly discuss the reasons they were eliminated. (b) Devote substantial treatment to each alternative considered in detail including the proposed action so that reviewers may evaluate their comparative merits. (c) Include reasonable alternatives not within the jurisdiction of the lead agency. (d) Include the alternative of no action. (e) Include appropriate mitigation measures not already included in the proposed action or alternatives. The CEQ has stated that “[r]easonable alternatives include those that are practical or feasible from the tech- nical and economic standpoint and using common sense rather than simply desirable from the standpoint of the applicant,” per 48 Fed. Reg. 34263 (1983).
1 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
1.2.1 Consistency with Purpose and Need CEQ NEPA Regulations (40 CFR 1502.13) require a statement “briefly specifying the purpose and need to which the agency is responding in proposing the alternatives including the proposed action.” The Forest Service continues to receive high demand for the resumption of recreation opportunities in the William- son Rock area. Specifically, there is a need for the public use and enjoyment of the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail (PCT) where it passes through the project area, in accordance with the management objectives specified in the PCTA/Forest Service Memorandum of Understanding and Comprehensive Management Plan for the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail (USDA Forest Service, 1982). Consistent with the Angeles National Forest Land Management Plan recreation goals and objectives, there is also a need for a quality, sustainable rock climbing opportunity at Williamson Rock (USDA Forest Service, 2005). 1.2.2 Feasibility The environmental consequences of the alternatives, including the proposed action, are to be discussed in the EIS in accordance with CEQ NEPA Regulations (40 CFR 1502.16). The discussion shall include “…[p]ossible conflicts between the proposed action and the objectives of federal, regional, state, and local land use plans, policies and controls for the area concerned.” Other feasibility factors to be considered may include cost, logistics, technology, and social, environmental, and legal factors. 2. Alternative Consideration and Determinations 2.1 Alternatives Retained for Analysis in the EIS 2.1.1 Alternative 1: No Action
Consideration of NEPA Criteria
Consistency with Purpose and Need Alternative 1 would meet the need of providing public use of the PCT in the project area and rock climbing opportunities at Williamson Rock. However, it would only partially meet the purpose and need of protecting sensitive species and resources, as it would not maximize protection for the MYLF, the peregrine falcon, an eligible Wild and Scenic River, and other sensitive habitat and resources. Protection of those resources would be limited to general measures provided in the Land Management Plan, which are not specifically tailored to the project area. Because this alternative would not include a system to regulate visitor use or an adaptive management plan for recreation use, it only partially meets the purpose and need to monitor recreation activity in the area and manage compliance of natural resource protective measures. Without specific procedures to monitor and/or limit daily visitors to the Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area, compliance with Land Management Plan environmental protection measures would be difficult under Alternative 1. Such monitoring would be required under existing Forest Service funding and staff constraints without the addition of a visitor use permit system and adaptive management plan specific to the area. Under Alternative 1, there would be no management action in place to limit and monitor the number of rock climbers or to inform climbers of rules and regulations pertaining to man- agement of human activities in the area. Forest Service staff would be fiscally limited in their ability to physically monitor the area.
2 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
Feasibility This alternative is feasible to implement, with potential funding and staff constraints as considerations.
Environmental Considerations
Advantages: Recreation. Alternative 1 would allow year-round use of Williamson Rock and the PCT segment in the project area. Because this alternative would not include a visitor use permit system or other seasonal restrictions, there would be no limits to or tailored management of rock climbing at Williamson Rock, use of the PCT in the project area, and other recreational uses of the project area. Under Alternative 1, the availability of these recreational resources would be maximized.
Disadvantages: Biological Resources. This alternative would not include specific protection for the MYLF, the peregrine falcon, an eligible Wild and Scenic River (i.e., Little Rock Creek), or other sensitive resources in the project area. While general protection measures for these resources are required within the Land Management Plan or by law or policy, they are not specifically tailored to the unique project area. Under Alternative 1, year-round usage of Williamson Rock and the PCT would likely bring an initial influx of recreationists to the area that have been waiting since 2006 to access the site. But over time the use may return to what it was before the closure. Without specific management of the area, human activities such as hiking to access Williamson Rock, climbers staging in the creek bottom, and the need to utilize areas for human body waste disposal could all adversely impact MYLF and MYLF designated critical habitat and other sensitive resources. Waste Management. The nearest parking area from Williamson Rock is approximately 0.3 mile south- east (Kratka Ridge parking lot). The nearest restroom facilities are located at the Eagles Roost Picnic Area, located approximately 0.5 mile south of Williamson Rock. Given these distances, the anticipated demand for recreational use of Williamson Rock, and the nature of rock climbing activities (scaling Williamson Rock), it is assumed most recreationists would eat, generate trash, and dispose of human body waste at Williamson Rock instead of hiking to the nearest available facilities. Under the Land Management Plan, disposal of human body waste would follow Forest-wide guidelines for dispersed recreation, requiring human waste be deposited in cat-holes dug at least 200 feet from any surface freshwater source and removing toilet paper as trash. Removal of trash and other debris would also be required. However, because Alternative 1 would not include trailhead amenities, a visitor use permit system, or an adaptive management plan, monitoring of the area may prove difficult and could result in human waste and trash improperly disposed of within the project area.
Determination Retained for Analysis. This alternative has been retained for further analysis in the EIS, because it would: Be feasible for implementation; Fully meet the need of the project by providing unrestricted year-round public use of Williamson Rock and the PCT; Partially meet the purpose of the project through limited protection of MYLF, MYLF habitat, and other sensitive biological species and habitat through implementation of general measures provided in the 2005 Land Management Plan (which are not specifically tailored to the project area) or required by law or policy (e.g., Endangered Species Act of 1973, etc.). While the 2005 Land Management Plan includes
3 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
measures and strategies to protect sensitive biological species and habitat (as presented earlier), this alternative would not include a visitor use permit system, adaptive management plan for recreation, or an on-site site manager. The lack of these management programs and increased recreational activities within the project area may increase the risk of impact to sensitive biological species and habitat; Partially meet the purpose of the project through limited monitoring of recreation activity to manage compliance of natural resource protective measures. There would be no management action in place to limit and monitor the number of rock climbers, to inform climbers of rules and regulations pertaining to management of human activities in the area, or to provide Forest Service staff with financial resources to physically monitor the area; and Serve as a No Action Alternative that requires full analysis in the EIS under NEPA requirements. While Alternative 1 (No Action) would allow for the maximum recreational opportunities of the William- son Rock and the PCT in the project area, it would not include a management system specific to the area to allow recreational use while maximizing the protection of sensitive species and habitat resources. Furthermore, monitoring of the area under Alternative 1 may prove difficult, increasing the potential for human activities to potentially impact sensitive species and habitat resources, and human waste to affect wildlife/habitat. 2.1.2 Alternative 2: Current Closure Management
Consideration of NEPA Criteria
Consistency with Purpose and Need Alternative 2 would not meet the need of providing public use of the PCT in the project area and rock climbing opportunities at Williamson Rock. These areas would be closed to public access under Alternative 2. However, Alternative 2 would meet the project’s purpose of protecting sensitive species and resources, as it would maximize protection for the MYLF, the peregrine falcon, an eligible Wild and Scenic River, and other sensitive habitat and resources. This is because public access to the project area would be closed and hikers of the PCT looking to pass through the project area would be rerouted to avoid MYLF critical habitat and other sensitive resources in the project area. Because this alternative would not allow any recreational use of the project area, the project’s purpose to monitor recreation activity in the area would not apply. Alternative 2 would meet the project’s purpose to manage compliance of natural resource protective measures through limited routine monitoring.
Feasibility This alternative is feasible to implement and entails a long-term extension of the current temporary closure of the Williamson Rock area, noting that it would not fulfill the need of the project as a consider- ation. While this alternative is considered feasible, the PCT is required to provide access for both foot and equestrian traffic (USDA Forest Service, 1982). The current 19-mile PCT reroute does not provide safe access for equestrian traffic as required. Furthermore, a permanent reroute would require an act of Congress to officially re-route the PCT.
4 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
Environmental Considerations
Advantages: Biological Resources. This alternative would protect MYLF and their habitat, peregrine falcon, an eligible Wild and Scenic River (Little Rock Creek), and other sensitive resources in the project area. By eliminating public access to the project area, including use of Williamson Rock and the PCT, there would be no human intrusion or impact to these biological and habitat resources in the project area. MYLF and MYLF designated critical habitat, peregrine falcons and peregrine falcon nesting habitat, Johnston’s buckwheat, Little Rock Creek, and other areas of natural habitat would remain in an undisturbed natural state. Waste Management. By prohibiting public access to the project area, including use of Williamson Rock and the PCT, there would be no human intrusion or use of the project area. As such, no human body waste or trash would be generated within the project area that could be improperly disposed of and potentially impact wildlife and habitat. Under Alternative 2, monitoring of the project area occurs only during routine USFWS and U.S. Geological Services inspections of the project area. In the event these inspections uncover signs of human intrusion into the closure area, the USDA Forest Service would be notified by one of these agencies.
Disadvantages: Recreation. Alternative 2 would result in year-round closure of public use of Williamson Rock and would implement a long-term 19-mile reroute of a segment of the PCT outside of the project area along other existing trails. Because this alternative would not include or allow any public access, there would be no recreational opportunities in the project area. While current management of the project area has temporarily prohibited these recreational uses to the extent that public closure of the area represents the site’s existing conditions, recreational opportunities were once available in the project area, and their ongoing removal is considered a long-term adverse impact to recreation within the Angeles National Forest. Additionally, the PCT is required to provide access for both foot and equestrian traffic (USDA Forest Service, 1982). The current 19-mile PCT reroute does not provide safe access for equestrian traffic as required. A permanent reroute would require an act of Congress to officially re- route the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail.
Determination Retained for Analysis. This alternative has been retained for further analysis in the EIS, because it would: Fully meet the purpose of the project to protect MYLF, MYLF habitat, and other sensitive biological species and habitat by eliminating public access to the project area, use of Williamson Rock for rock climbing, and public use of the PCT in the project area; and Be feasible for implementation. While Alternative 2 would be feasible to implement and would provide maximum protection of biological species, habitat, and natural resources in the project area, it would not meet the following purpose and need of the project: Would not provide recreational opportunities of the Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area. Alternative 2 would result in closure of Williamson Rock for rock climbing, use of the PCT segment in the project area, and public access to the project area. Ongoing closure would not provide public use and enjoyment of the PCT (in the project area) nor would it provide quality sustainable rock climbing opportunity at Williamson Rock; and
5 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
Because Alternative 2 would result in closure of Williamson Rock for rock climbing, use of the PCT seg- ment in the project area, and public access to the project area, there would be no need to monitor recreation activity. Therefore, Alternative 2 would not meet the project’s purpose to monitor recreation activity to manage compliance of natural resource protective measures. While Alternative 2 does not fully meet the stated purpose and need of the project, it represents the maximum habitat protection that could be implemented under the adaptive management strategy included under Alternative 3 (Proposed Action), and the current management of the Williamson Rock area. Therefore, Alternative 2 represents a feasible alternative that requires full evaluation within the EIS due to the ongoing possibility of the Forest Service closing the area on a long-term basis to ensure protection of MYLF, MYLF habitat, peregrine falcon, and other sensitive habitat. 2.1.3 Alternative 3: Proposed Action (Adaptive Management)
Consideration of NEPA Criteria
Consistency with Purpose and Need Alternative 3 (Proposed Action) would meet the need of providing public use of the PCT in the project area and rock climbing opportunities at Williamson Rock. Additionally, it would meet the project’s purpose of protecting sensitive species and resources, as it would provide protection for the MYLF, the peregrine falcon, an eligible Wild and Scenic River, and other sensitive habitat and resources. Protection of those resources would be provided by permanent and seasonal closures of areas specifically tailored to these species and natural habitat. Additionally, the proposed visitor use permit system and management action under Alternative 3 would limit and monitor the number of rock climbers, as well as inform users of rules and regulations pertaining to management of human activities in the area. Because Alternative 3 includes a visitor use permit system, ANF site managers present during the open use season, and an adaptive management plan, it meets the purpose and need to provide for and monitor recreation activity in the area, and to manage compliance of natural resource protective measures.
Feasibility Alternative 3 is feasible to implement. The Forest Service and other federal agencies have a long-standing working relationship with NRRS for establishing visitor use permit systems specific to a recreational area. While the proposed onsite ANF site managers are critical to the success of the purpose and need to provide for and monitor recreation activity in the area and manage compliance of natural resource protective measures, funding for this position comes from practical sustainable sources, including a combination of grants, partner contributions, and federal budget allocations.
Environmental Considerations
Advantages: Recreation. Alternative 3 would allow year-round use of the PCT segment in the project area. Further- more, it would allow use of Williamson Rock for rock climbing from August 1 to November 15 to holders of a valid visitor use permit. The visitor use permit system established under Alternative 3 would limit the number of permits issued each day based on adaptive management results and parking area capacity. Biological Resources. Long-term closures in the project area would prohibit public access to critical and sensitive habitat to protect MYLF and its habitat, peregrine falcon, an eligible Wild and Scenic River,
6 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
and other sensitive resources. The establishment of the Long Trail, Williamson Rock Kiosk, visitor use permit system, and adaptive management strategy under Alternative 3 would ensure allowable year- round use of the PCT and seasonal public use of Williamson Rock while significantly reducing the potential for adverse impacts to biological and habitat resources in the project area. Waste Management. The Forest Service would use the NRRS system to provide permit users with educational information about human waste disposal requirements and resource protection concerns and requirements. Under Alternative 3, a vault toilet disposal container would be installed at the Kratka Ridge trailhead/parking area that would be utilized by permit holders at Williamson Rock who are required to bag and remove all human waste (feces) and toilet paper. The presence of human waste in these areas would be monitored by the ANF site managers to determine compliance.
Disadvantages: Recreation. Under Alternative 3, the Williamson Rock Visitor Use Permit Area (i.e., Williamson Rock, Long Trail, and Kratka Ridge parking lot) would be closed to the public from November 16 to July 31, annually. As discussed, adaptive management of the area would allow this closure period to be adjusted, as needed, by the USDA Forest Service. However, having a seasonal closure period of any duration provides limited availability of rock climbing opportunities, with no access likely available during the spring and early summer. Rock climbing opportunities would also be reduced under Alter- native 3 due to the long-term closure of stream-based rock climbing routes (e.g., the “Stream Wall” and the “London Wall”).
Determination Retained for Analysis. This alternative has been retained for further analysis in the EIS, because it would: Fully meet the need of the project by providing year-round public use of the PCT and seasonal use of Williamson Rock for rock climbing; Fully meet the purpose of the project through limited protection of MYLF, MYLF habitat, and other sensitive biological species and habitat through implementation of seasonal closure areas, establish- ment of the Long Trail, Williamson Rock Kiosk, visitor use permit system, and adaptive management strategy; Fully meet the purpose of the project through ANF site manager monitoring of recreation activity, establishment of the Williamson Rock Kiosk, visitor use permit system, and adaptive management strategy to manage compliance of natural resource protective measures; and Be feasible for implementation. Alternative 3 would allow for seasonal recreational opportunities at Williamson Rock and year-round use of the PCT in the project area, while including a management system specific to the area to maximize the protection of sensitive species and habitat resources. The adaptive management components of Alternative 3 would reduce the potential for human activities to impact sensitive species and habitat, and for human waste to affect wildlife/habitat. 2.1.4 Alternative 4: PCT Reroute (Adaptive Management)
Consideration of NEPA Criteria Alternative 4 would meet the need of providing public use of the PCT in the project area and rock climbing opportunities at Williamson Rock. Additionally, it would meet the project’s purpose of protecting sensitive
7 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
species and resources, as it would provide protection for the MYLF, the peregrine falcon, an eligible Wild and Scenic River, and other sensitive habitat and resources. Protection of those resources would be provided by permanent and seasonal closures of areas specifically tailored to these species and natural habitat. Additionally, the proposed visitor use permit system and management action under Alternatives 3 and 4 would limit and monitor the number of rock climbers, as well as inform users of rules and regulations pertaining to management of human activities in the area. Because Alternative 4 includes a visitor use permit system, ANF site manager presence during the open use season, and an adaptive management plan, it meets the purpose and need to provide for and monitor recreation activity in the area, and to manage compliance of natural resource protective measures.
Feasibility Rerouting a 2.5-mile segment of the PCT in the project area between Eagles Roost and Cooper Canyon to avoid crossing Little Rock Creek and to divert hiking traffic away from Williamson Rock is feasible to implement. Furthermore, establishing a visitor use permit system in conjunction with the other compo- nents of the adaptive management plan described in detail under Alternatives 3 and 4 is feasible to implement. The Forest Service has a long-standing working relationship with NRRS for establishing visitor use permit systems specific to a recreational area. The ANF site managers proposed under Alternatives 3 and 4 could be funded from practical sustainable sources, including a combination of grants, partner contributions, and federal budget allocations. The feasibility of Alternative 4 assumes the PCT provides access for both foot and equestrian traffic. Furthermore, a permanent reroute would require an act of Congress to officially re-route the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail.
Environmental Considerations
Advantages: Biological Resources. The proposed 2.5-mile reroute of the PCT from Eagles Roost on the east end to Cooper Canyon on the west end would eliminate crossing Little Rock Creek within MYLF designated critical habitat and would divert PCT hiking traffic away from Williamson Rock. This reroute would reduce the potential for hikers to encounter MYLF along the existing PCT route in the project area. Furthermore, it would deter hikers from leaving the PCT for unauthorized access to the Williamson Rock area. Such unauthorized access may increase the potential for adverse impacts to biological and habitat resources in the project area. The establishment of the Long Trail, Williamson Rock Kiosk, visitor use permit system, and adaptive management strategy components under Alternative 4 would also ensure allowable year-round use of the PCT and seasonal public use of Williamson Rock while reducing the potential for adverse impacts to biological and habitat resources in the project area. Recreation. Alternative 4 would allow use of Williamson Rock for rock climbing from August 1 to November 15 to holders of a valid visitor use permit. The visitor use permit system established under Alternative 4 would limit the number of permits issued each day based on adaptive management resultsand parking area capacity. Waste Management. The Forest Service would use the NRRS system to provide permit users with educational information about human waste disposal requirements and resource protection concerns and requirements. Under Alternative 4, a vault toilet disposal container would be installed at the Kratka Ridge trailhead/parking area that would be utilized by permit holders at Williamson Rock who are required to bag and remove all human waste (feces) and toilet paper. The presence of human waste in these areas would be monitored by the ANF site managers to determine compliance.
8 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
Disadvantages: Recreation. The proposed 2.5-mile reroute of the PCT would eliminate use of this historic trail segment through Little Rock Creek. Hikers would no longer experience this segment and the natural resources and views currently available between Eagles Roost and Cooper Canyon. While the new route would be scenic, the revised route was specifically designed to eliminate crossing Little Rock Creek and to divert PCT hiking traffic away from Williamson Rock. Recreational experiences and views of these resources along this segment of the PCT would be eliminated. Further, Alternative 4 would close public access to the Williamson Rock Visitor Use Permit Area (i.e., Williamson Rock, Long Trail, and Kratka Ridge parking lot) from November 16 to July 31, annually. This annual closure provides limited availability of rock climbing opportunities, with no access available during the spring and early summer.
Determination Retained for Analysis. This alternative has been retained for further analysis in the EIS, because it would: Fully meet the need of the project by providing year-round public use of the PCT and seasonal use of Williamson Rock for rock climbing; Fully meet the purpose of the project through limited protection of MYLF, MYLF habitat, and other sensitive biological species and habitat, and through implementation of seasonal closure areas and the establishment of the Williamson Rock Visitor Use Permit Area; Fully meet the purpose of the project through ANF site manager monitoring of recreation activity to manage compliance of natural resource protective measures and to monitor the success of the adaptive management strategy; and Be feasible for implementation. Alternative 4 would allow for seasonal recreational opportunities at Williamson Rock and year-round use of the PCT in the project area, while including a management system specific to the area to maximize the protection of sensitive species and habitat resources. Rerouting a 2.5-mile segment of the PCT in the project area between Eagles Roost and Cooper Canyon to avoid crossing Little Rock Creek and to divert hiking traffic away from Williamson Rock would additionally reduce potential biological and habitat impacts. Furthermore, the adaptive management components of Alternative 4 would reduce the potential for human activities to potentially impact sensitive species and habitat resources, and for human waste to affect wildlife/habitat. 2.2 Alternatives Eliminated from Analysis in the EIS 2.2.1 Long-term Closure with Exceptions
Consideration of NEPA Criteria Consistency with Purpose and Need The Forest Service developed this alternative to analyze the impacts of allowing public use of the PCT and the Williamson Rock Area while also implementing protective measures for the MYLF critical habitat and other listed species in the project area. Many members of the climbing community expressed favor in allowing year-round access to Williamson Rock based on concerns that the seasonal closures described
9 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
under Alternative 3 (Proposed Action) only allowed rock climbing access during half of the normal climbing season. This alternative would meet the need of providing public use of the PCT in the project area and rock climbing opportunities at Williamson Rock. However, it would not fully meet the project’s purpose of protecting sensitive species and resources, as it would not maximize protection for the MYLF, the peregrine falcon, an eligible Wild and Scenic River, and other sensitive habitat and resources. Although this alternative would establish a long-term closure area (i.e., public access to Williamson Rock would only be permitted via the proposed Long Trail from the Kratka Ridge parking lot), the visitor use permit system under this alternative would not limit the number of visitors or days for public access. Consequently, public access would be permitted to the project area during sensitive mating and/or nesting periods for MYLF and peregrine falcon. Protection measures for these sensitive resources would include informative signage and barriers within the Visitor Use Permit Area, as well as educational information about the area, regulations and requirements, and resource protection concerns provided through the visitor use permit system. As two ANF site managers (one with citation authorization) would be onsite each day, this alternative would meet the project’s purpose to monitor recreation activity in the area and manage compliance of natural resource protective measures.
Feasibility This alternative is feasible to implement, but staffing and funding constraints may restrict monitoring ability. While this alternative includes a visitor use permit system, it would allow year-round access and use of Williamson Rock. Without a limited open season for rock climbing, the expected number of daily permits sold under this alternative is expected to be less than under Alternative 3 (Proposed Action). However, two ANF site managers (one with citation authorization) would be required onsite each day, making this alternative considerably costlier to fund than Alternative 3 (Proposed Action). Without long- term consistent grants or another funding mechanism in partnership with climbing groups, this alternative is not considered feasible for long-term implementation.
Environmental Considerations This alternative is a variation of Alternative 3 (Proposed Action) and includes all components described in Section 2.1.3, with the exception that the permit system would not limit the number of daily visitors and would allow year-round access to the Williamson Rock climbing area. The following describes the environmental advantages and disadvantages of this alternative:
Advantages: Recreation. This alternative would provide for greater public access to Williamson Rock and the PCT segment in the project area by allowing year-round use. Though this alternative maintains a long-term closure area, there would be no limits to the number of daily rock climbers allowed at Williamson Rock or use of the PCT in the project area. All other areas within the long-term closure boundary would be restricted from public recreational use. Under this alternative, public access to recreational activities at Williamson rock and the PCT are maximized. Waste Management. The Forest Service would use the NRRS system to provide permit users with educational information about human waste disposal requirements and resource protection concerns and requirements. Under this alternative, a vault toilet disposal container would be installed at the Kratka Ridge trailhead/parking area that would be utilized by permit holders at Williamson Rock who are required to bag and remove all human waste (feces) and toilet paper. The presence of human waste in these areas would be monitored by the ANF site managers to determine compliance.
10 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
Disadvantages: Biological Resources. Though this alternative would implement a long-term closure area and a visitor use permit system, year-round access to Williamson Rock would bring recreationist traffic to the area during sensitive mating and/or nesting periods for MYLF, the peregrine falcon, and use of sensitive habitat areas. Even with a permit system and ANF site managers to help manage and monitor the area, it may be difficult to ensure that rock climbers and other visitors do not travel outside of the Visitor Use Permit Area into the environmental protection areas with no restrictions on the number of permits issued daily and no seasonal restrictions on use of Williamson Rock. Such intrusions may adversely threaten sensitive species and habitat.
Determination Eliminated from Analysis. This alternative has been eliminated for further analysis in the EIS, because it would: Not meet the project’s purpose to manage compliance of natural resource protective measures. With unlimited year-round use of Williamson Rock, compliance with the closure boundaries and manage- ment rules would exceed the abilities of two ANF site managers. Additionally, the Forest Service would be fiscally limited in their ability to provide additional monitoring services and provide winter access to the Williamson Rock area. Although this alternative would allow increased access to recreational opportunities in the Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area compared to Alternative 3 (Proposed Action), the difficulties in monitoring the closure area would not provide maximum protection of sensitive species and habitat resources. 2.2.2 Smaller Area of Long-Term Closure with No Seasonal Closures, No Adaptive Management, and No Permit System
Consideration of NEPA Criteria
Consistency with Purpose and Need This alternative would meet the need of providing public use of the PCT in the project area and rock climbing opportunities at Williamson Rock. However, it would not fully meet the project’s purpose of protecting sensitive species and resources. While a smaller permanent protection area would be estab- lished, this alternative would not maximize protection for the MYLF, the peregrine falcon, an eligible Wild and Scenic River, and other sensitive habitat and resources. Protection of those resources would be limited to the smaller long-term closure area and reliance on interpretive, educational signage and barriers within the project area. As this alternative would not include a visitor use permit system, it would not meet the project’s purpose of monitoring recreation activity in the area and managing compliance of natural resource protective measures beyond interpretive signage. In reducing the size of the long-term closure area and allowing year-round unrestricted access to the PCT and Williamson Rock without a means for monitoring or limiting the number of visitors, it would be difficult to ensure that the environmental protection measures for the closure area are abided. Furthermore, without a means to ensure that recreationists do not cross into the long-term closure area, sensitive species and habitat could potentially be impacted.
11 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
Feasibility This alternative is feasible to implement, but would likely result in the need for supplemental monitoring services, which could be constrained by Forest Service funding capacity.
Environmental Considerations Compared to Alternative 3 (Proposed Action), this alternative reduces the long-term closure area, allows year-round use of Williamson Rock, and eliminates the proposed visitor permit system and ANF site managers. The following describes the environmental advantages and disadvantages of this alternative:
Advantages: Recreation. This alternative would allow year-round use of Williamson Rock, with the exceptions of Stream Wall and London Wall located within the reduced long-term closure area. As this alternative would not include a visitor use permit system or other seasonal restrictions, the availability of recrea- tional use of Williamson Rock would be maximized. Waste Management. Under this alternative, a vault toilet disposal container would be installed at the Kratka Ridge trailhead/parking area that would be utilized by recreationists and climbers accessing Williamson Rock via the new Long Trail. Compliance monitoring by the ANF site managers would be limited under this alternative.
Disadvantages: Biological Resources. The reduced long-term closure area would provide minimal protection for the MYLF, the peregrine falcon, an eligible Wild and Scenic River (Little Rock Creek), or other sensitive resources in the project area. Further, compliance with the closure boundaries would be entirely reliant on use of educational and informative signage to alert rock climbers and other recreationists of envi- ronmentally sensitive areas. In allowing year-round access to Williamson Rock, this alternative could generate visitation and recreational use during sensitive biological periods (mating and nesting), which would not be monitored or managed specific to the needs of the area. Without human activity management provisions and monitoring, there is potential risk for recreationists to stray into the long- term closure area. Such intrusion could adversely impact MYLF and MYLF designated critical habitat, peregrine falcons and peregrine falcon nesting habitat, Johnston’s buckwheat, Little Rock Creek, and other areas of natural habitat.
Determination Eliminated from Analysis. This alternative has been eliminated for further analysis in the EIS, because it would: Not meet the project’s purpose to monitor recreation activity to manage compliance of natural resource protective measures. There would be no mechanism for restricting or monitoring the use of Williamson Rock or the PCT, compliance with the closure boundaries and management rules would only rely on the use of informational signage, and Forest Service staff would be fiscally limited in their ability to provide monitoring services if the need for compliance enforcement is required. Although this alternative would allow maximum access to recreational opportunities in the Williamson Rock and the PCT in the project area, the reduced long-term closure area would not provide maximum protection of sensitive species and habitat resources. The reduced closure area and lack of onsite compliance monitoring may increase the potential for human activities to intrude into environmental protection areas, and impact sensitive species and habitat resources.
12 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
2.2.3 Reroute PCT: Outside of Mountain Yellow-legged Frog Designated Critical Habitat with Williamson Rock Access Gateway
Consideration of NEPA Criteria
Consistency with Purpose and Need This alternative would meet the need of providing public use of the PCT in the project area and rock climbing opportunities at Williamson Rock. Furthermore, it would meet the project’s purpose of pro- tecting sensitive species and resources as it would maximize protection for the MYLF, the peregrine falcon, an eligible Wild and Scenic River, and other sensitive habitat and resources by rerouting the PCT and creating a new gateway trail access to Williamson Rock that remains outside of MYLF designated critical habitat. By completely avoiding this habitat, MYLF populations would be protected from potential impacts due to hikers along the PCT and those accessing Williamson rock for rock climbing. Further, the visitor use permit system would limit visitor use of the rock climbing area, and the number of daily users could be adjusted based on impacts to sensitive species, compliance with visitor use regulations, and available funding for onsite Forest Service Management. This alternative would also ensure two ANF site managers (one with citation authorization) would be onsite each day that the Visitor Use Permit Area is open. Therefore, this alternative would include a specific adaptive management strategy that would meet the project’s purpose to monitor recreation activity in the area and to manage compliance of natural resource protective measures.
Feasibility
The proposed PCT reroutes associated with this alternative are not feasible to implement, with the primary constraint being the infeasibility of creating an adequate gateway trail connecting the PCT to Williamson Rock. In addition, the PCT is required to provide access for both foot and equestrian traffic (USDA Forest Service, 1982); the slopes associated with these proposed trail routes would not be feasible for equestrian traffic and would pose difficulties to foot traffic and USDA Forest Service maintenance requirements of the PCT. Additionally, compared to historically used access trails to Williamson Rock, this alternative would require rock climbers to first hike the PCT to the proposed new gateway trail junction to access Williamson Rock. It is unclear if this additional hiking distance would deter rock climbing use of Williamson Rock versus the shorter Long Trail connection proposed in other alternatives. Therefore, this alternative may not feasibly provide adequate access to Williamson Rock for recreational use.
Environmental Considerations
Advantages: Biological Resources. This alternative would provide protection for the MYLF, the peregrine falcon, an eligible Wild and Scenic River, and other sensitive resources in the project area by using the current reroute of the PCT and proposed new gateway trail to Williamson Rock. These trail routes would permanently close MYLF designated critical habitat to recreation activities. Bridge construction over Little Rock Creek would not be needed under this alternative, and the rerouted PCT would eliminate year-round recreational use of the PCT within critical habitat areas. This alternative would also establish a visitor use permit system that would limit the number of daily visitors to the rock climbing area, and could be adjusted depending on impacts to sensitive species and habitat from recreation activities. Recreation. This alternative would allow year-round use of the PCT by means of a 19-mile reroute, but may only allow seasonal use of Williamson Rock in the project area. Although a decision to incorporate
13 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
seasonal closure of Williamson Rock under this alternative has not been determined by the Forest Service, any restriction is likely similar to the seasonal closure time frame described for Alternative 3 (Proposed Action). Regardless, this alternative provides greater public use of Williamson Rock compared to the current long-term closure conditions, but may not maximize public availability of Williamson Rock for rock climbing opportunities.
Disadvantages: Recreation. This alternative would require access to Williamson Rock via a new gateway trail from the PCT. Under this alternative, access to Williamson Rock would require a longer hike compared to other alternatives that include the proposed Long Trail from the nearby Kratka Ridge parking lot. This additional hike time may deter rock climbing, as accessing Williamson Rock would require significantly more effort. While this alternative provides greater public use of Williamson Rock compared to the current long-term closure conditions, it would not maximize ease of public availability of Williamson Rock for rock climbing opportunities. Alternative 2 would also result in a long-term 19-mile reroute of a segment of the PCT outside of the project area. Waste management. This alternative would require access to Williamson Rock via a new gateway trail from PCT. Under this alternative, access to Williamson Rock would require a longer hike compared to other alternatives that include the proposed Long Trail from the nearby Kratka Ridge parking lot. Absent recreationists carrying human waste back to the distant Kratka Ridge parking lot, such waste would be required to be deposited in cat-holes dug at least 200 feet from any surface freshwater source and toilet paper would need to be removed as trash. Given the distance between Williamson Rock and the nearest facilities absent the proposed Long Trail, it could be assumed most rock climbers would eat, generate trash and dispose of human body waste at Williamson Rock instead of hiking back to the nearest available facilities. Though the visitor use permit system could limit the number of rock climbers at Williamson Rock, it may be difficult to monitor their human activities in the project area, which could result in human waste and trash being improperly discarded.
Determination Eliminated from Analysis. This alternative has been eliminated from further analysis in the EIS because it was found to be infeasible in providing an adequate trail system necessary for PCT designation and providing recreational access to Williamson Rock (a purpose of the project). 2.3 References Cade, T.J., J.H. Enders, and J. Linthicum (Cade et al.). 1996. Guide to management of Peregrine Falcons at the eyrie. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho. Pagel, J.E. 1992. Protocol for observing known and potential peregrine falcon eyries in the Pacific Northwest. Pp. 83-96 In Proceedings: Symposium on peregrine falcons in the Pacific Northwest. J.E. Pagel, ed. Rogue River National Forest, Medford, OR 97501. USDA Forest Service. 1982. Comprehensive Management Plan for the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail. [online]: https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5311111.pdf. Accessed January 2017. _____. 2004. Standard 6 Foot Bridge Design for Cooper Canyon Crossing. _____. 2005. Land Management Plan. Part 2 Angeles National Forest Strategy. [online]: https://www.fs. usda.gov/main/angeles/landmanagement/planning.
14 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
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Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest i Alternative 1 : 1,000 0 2,000 No Action National Scenic Trail Project Feet Data Sources: USGS, USFS, Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Coordinate System: NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, AeroGRID, and IGN Figure 1 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
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Alternative 2 : Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest i Current Closure Management 2,000 0 2,000 National Scenic Trail Project Feet Data Sources: USGS, USFS, Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, Coordinate System: NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N AeroGRID, and IGN Figure 2 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
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Alternative 3 : i Proposed Action Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest 1,000 0 1,000 (Adaptive Management) National Scenic Trail Project Feet Data Sources: USGS, USFS, Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, Coordinate System: NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N AeroGRID, and IGN Figure 3 Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Project ALTERNATIVES REPORT
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Alternative 4 : i PCT Reroute Williamson Rock/Pacific Crest 1,000 0 1,000 (Adaptive Management) National Scenic Trail Project Feet Data Sources: USGS, USFS, Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, Coordinate System: NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N USDA, AeroGRID, and IGN Figure 4