(Orobanche Crenata) Management on Faba Bean
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Misganaw, AJAR, 2016; Vol. 1(2): 0029-0034 Research Article AJAR (2016), Vol. 1, Issue 02 American Journal of Agricultural Research (ISSN:2475-2002) Integrated weed (Orobanche crenata) management on faba bean Mekonnen Misganaw Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, North Wollo, Ethiopia ABSTRACT Ethiopia pulse crops are widely grown and Faba bean (Vicia faba *Correspondence to Author: L., 2n=12) is an old world grain legume of the family Legumina- Mekonnen Misganaw sae. This crop is one of the major pulses grown in the highlands Sirinka Agricultural Research Cen- of Ethiopia ranging from 1800-3000 m.a.s.l receiving an annu- ter, North Wollo, Ethiopia. E-mail: al rainfall of 700-1100 mm, and the country is now considered [email protected] as one of the secondary centers of genetic diversity. In eastern Amhara region high lands, faba bean is cultivated widely and thought to be an area for the largest collection of faba bean land- How to cite this article: races. The production of faba bean is declined from year to year Mekonnen Misganaw. Integrated due to various production constraints such as diseases, soil acid- weed (Orobanche crenata) man- ity and weeds, particularly root parasitic weeds Broomrape (Oro- agement on faba bean. American banche species). These parasitic weeds cause very high levels Journal of Agricultural Research, of crop damage in terms of both yield and quality. Yield losses 2016,1(1): 0029-0034. due to Orobanche weed ranges from 5 to 100% depending on the level of infestation and environmental conditions. Orobanche species are root parasitic flowering plants lack of leaves and to- tally dependent on their hosts for their life cycle. The parasitic is on a wide range of food legumes such as faba bean, field pea, eSciPub LLC, Houston, TX USA. lentil, vetch, Solanaceae crops, oil crops and root crops. The Website: http://escipub.com/ severe invasion of legume crops, especially faba bean and field pea are by Orobanche crenata. The physical attachment and the damage of the weed are under ground. The weed dispers- es by wind, flood, birds, animals, crop seeds, humans and farm machinery. It is propagated by seeds which can remain dormant and survive and able to viable in the soil for more than 20 years. Due to the complete devastation of faba bean by Orobanche cre- nata, farmers forced to replace pulse crops by cereals and AJAR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-agricultural-research/ 0029 Misganaw, AJAR, 2016; Vol. 1(2): 0029-0034 spice in south Wollo (Kutaber, Dessie zuria, and mung bean) are widely grown. Faba bean Tenta and Mekidela woredas); therefore, (Vicia faba L., 2n=12) is an old world grain le- gume of the family Leguminasae. It is believed farmers lost the benefits obtain from pulse that it was introduced to Ethiopia soon after its crops. The experiment was conducted us- domestication around 5000 B.C. The crop is ing completely randomized block design in one of the major pulses grown in the highlands of Ethiopia ranging from 1800-3000 m.a.s.l re- three replications with the objective of se- ceiving an annual rainfall of 700-1100 mm, and lecting the best integrated Orobanche weed the country is now considered as one of the sec- control management at Kutaber woreda 010 ondary centers of genetic diversity. Faba bean kebele (Flago-ber) using Orobanche weed is a good source of protein, starch, cellulose, minerals and the most efficient fixers of the at- tolerant faba bean(Ashenge), local variety, mospheric nitrogen and can enhance soil nitro- 0.3 l ha-1 glyphosate chemical and hand gen fertility through biological N2-fixation and is weeding for two years (2014-15) on two ranked first nationally from pulse crops (Pulse crops production is 19,531,935.01 quintals, from farmers’ fields on a plot size of 4 m * 5 m this faba bean shares is 6,977,983.87 quintals (4 m width by 5 m length). The analysis of and productivity is 15.2 quintals / ha), CSA, 2010 variance revealed highly significant different / 2011. In eastern Amhara region high lands, between treatments. Ashenge variety gave faba bean is cultivated commonly and thought to be an area for the largest collection of faba bean the maximum and minimum grain yields landraces. 3200 and 2868.8 kg ha-1, respectively, us- The production of faba bean is declined from year ing two times sprayed of 0.3 liters ha-1 Gly- to year due to various production constraints such phosate chemical in 250-300 liters ha-1 wa- as diseases (faba bean Gall, Ascochyta blight ter, the local variety obtained maximum and and Chocolate spot), soil acidity and weeds par- minimum yields 568.8 and 150 kg ha-1 with ticularly root parasitic weeds Broomrape (Oro- banche species). These parasitic weeds cause two and without sprayed, respectively. Hand very high levels of crop damage in terms of both weeding of Orobanche weed before seed yield and quality. Yield losses due to Orobanche setting was applied and has an additional weed ranges from 5 to 100% depending on the level of infestation and environmental conditions. advantage that could reduce Orobanche Because of the serious problems of Orobanche, weed seed bank. Using this integrated man- farmers shift their field to barley, wheat and spice agement plus awareness and supporting of crops; therefore, farmers lost the benefits obtain farmers by DA’s and researchers, Ashengie from pulse crops. The infected environments in Amhara region are; south Wollo (Kutaber, Des- faba bean can be cultivated on Orobanche sie zuria, Tenta and Mekidela weredas) and weed infestation area and can give 28-32 qt north Wollo (Meket and Wadila weredas), south ha-1. Gonder and in Tigray region south Tigray. The Biology of Broomrape (Orobanche spe- Key words: Attachment, Glyphosate, Haus- cies) trium, Holoparasitic , Strigolactones Orobanche species are root parasitic flowering plants lack of leaves and totally dependent on their hosts for their life cycle. When the rainy season begins, the seeds imbibe water and move into a conditioning phase which lasts for Background and justification several months until they get a chemical signal In Ethiopia pulse crops ( faba bean, field pea, from the faba bean. If the seed never receives lentil, grass pea, chickpea, haricot bean, cowpea the chemical signal, it dries out and it will return AJAR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-agricultural-research/ 0030 Misganaw, AJAR, 2016; Vol. 1(2): 0029-0034 to its dormant state. • Second as components of root exudates to pro- mote symbiotic interactions between plants and The first step in the interaction is seed germi- soil microbes, nation activated by germination signal (Strigo- lactone) of host-plant. After germination, Oro- • Third stimulate germination of parasitic weed banche seedlings produce a specialized organ seeds found closely to the root zones of host (haustorium). A haustrium serve as a bridge be- plant. tween the parasitic weed and its host and grow through the vascular system of the host plants. This third function plays a vital role for Orobanche It take away water, mineral nutrients and carbo- species’ seed germinating, but it is a weakness hydrates from the host causing drought stress, for the host plants themselves. wilting, stunted growth, leaf chlorosis and finally Symptoms of the weed yield reduction and the yield losses range from 5 to 100% depending on the level of infestation The physical attachment of the parasite occurs and environmental conditions (Besufekad et al., below ground. Affected plants show water stress, 1999). leaf yellowing, stunted growth and often do not flower or drop its flower without pod setting. The physical attachment and the damage of the Once attached to the host root, the outer part of weeds are under ground. Once attached to the the connection zone develops to a tubercle, and host root, the outer part of the connection zone then produces seeds under favorable conditions develops into a tubercle, which gives a spike within a week. (Parker and Riches 1993). Frequently require dry conditions and can attack all food legumes, Mechanism of distribution of the weed oilseeds and solanacous crops then grow among the tissues of host plants, absorb mineral nutri- The weed disperses by wind, flood, birds, ani- ents directly from the host crop and destroy them. mals, crop seeds, humans and farm machinery. It is propagated by seeds which can remain dor- Broomrapes (Orobanche species) are holopara- mant in soil for several years. They can survive sitic flowering plants native to the Mediterranean and able to remain viable in the soil for more region (North Africa, the Middle East, and south- than 20 years (Linke et al., 1989). ern Europe) and western Asia where large ar- eas ranging from 5-100% infestation have been Control measures for these noxious parasitic recorded (Besufekad et al., 1999). Their range weeds, Orobanche spss including; Late sowing, extends to similar climates in Asia, Africa, Aus- hand pulling, glyphosate spraying, catch and tralia, and North-South/America where they also trap crops have all been shown to reduce lev- cause significant crop damage. The parasitic is els of infestation, however, no totally effective on a wide range of food legumes such as faba methods have yet been introduced. Sirinka Ag- bean (Vicia faba L.), field pea(Pisum sativum L.), ricultural Research Center was conducted trials lentil (Lens culinaris), vetch (Vicia species), So- in 2004-05 and 2011cropping seasons at south lanaceae crops (eggplant, tomato, tobacco, and Wollo Kutaber woreda to control Orobanche cre- potato), oil crops sunflower (Helianthus annuus), nata, but no positive results. Noug (Guizotia abyssinia), linseed (Linum usita- tisimum) and root crops carrot (Daucus carota Orobanche crenata is found in the faba bean, L.).The severe invasion of legume crops, espe- field pea, lentil and vetch crops mostly in mid al- cially faba bean and field pea is by Orobanche titude (2620 masl) on light soils and up to the crenata (Besufekad et al., 1999).