Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This project began as a natural follow-up to Canadians at War: Vol. 1, A Guide to the Battlefields and Memorials of World War I. Some schools of historical thought consider the two world wars of the twentieth century as a single war with a twenty-one year-interlude. It therefore seemed inevitable that my thoughts should turn to the second world war almost as soon as the first volume launched. I wasn’t alone in my thinking, and on a visit to the Goose Lane offices in Fredericton, publisher Susanne Alexander straightaway asked if I was interested in following up with a similar volume on World War II. Once again, in terms of knowledge I had to start almost from scratch. My high school history classes on the two world wars were but a dim memory, especially as at the time I knew my grades were high enough that I would be excused final exams, thus freeing me from the onerous chore of memorizing names, dates, and events. To make up for my past dilatory studies, I needed to do a lot of reading. My preference has always been to have my own books for referral and to annotate. For what I couldn’t find on their shelves, Bryan Prince Bookseller never let me down on special orders. I also found excellent resources in used books at Hamilton’s J.H. Gordon Books and Westdale Bookworm. Fellow author Gillian Chan gave me invaluable advice and the loan of an excellent book on the fall of Hong Kong. On the subject of Hong Kong, a huge thank you to my nephew, Peter Dostal, and his wife, Kate Hopfner, who took time out of a holiday to photograph sites in Hong Kong. Again my thanks to David Bartlett and Chris Wesley of Bartlett’s Battlefield Journeys for organizing as comprehensive a tour of Normandy as time allowed. Special thanks to Chris for the loan of his camera for a day when I mislaid the spare battery for my own camera. Beverly Bayzat and the staff of the William Ready Archives and Research Collections at McMaster University are again responsible for the scans of maps from the three volumes of the Official History of the Canadians in the Second World War. Susan Ross of the Canadian War Museum supplied the images taken of the Sherman tank and DUKW tank chosen from their wide-ranging collection of military equipment in the LeBreton Gallery. Newfoundland dogs are an uncommon breed, and I for one wanted an image to stand in for Sergeant Gander as quality contemporary photos of him are almost impossible to come by. Donavon and June Porter of Haileybury, Ontario, kindly photographed Rufus and provided his height and weight to illustrate Sergeant Gander’s impressive size. Thank you to Peterborough poet Betsy Struthers for putting me in touch with her brother. As always, friends and family had a role to play. Tony and Lynne Nutkins were again travel companions, this time to Normandy, and Tony kindly provided photographs of Dieppe. My niece Alix Dostal braved Ottawa’s bitter March winds to photograph the statue of William Lyon Mackenzie King on Parliament Hill from every angle so I would have a selection

231 from which to choose. Janice Jackson provided the stunning cover photo of the Juno Beach Centre sculpture, Remembrance and Renewal, and the charming image on the cover of the slope-shouldered veteran watching from the curb at a Warrior’s Day Parade. Military history can be highly technical and full of jargon so I owe a vote of thanks to my creative writing colleagues of the Canadian Federation of University Women, Linda Helson, Jean Rae Baxter, Debbie Welland, Alexandra Gall, Barbara Ledger, and Cathy Spencer, who critiqued various chapters and made suggestions to keep the account of events of the World War II intelligible to the general reader. Editors Barry Norris and Charles Stuart helped me polish the manuscript, providing invaluable insight and advice at the final stages of preparation. At Goose Lane Editions, Martin Ainsley, with humour and empathy, kept our collective noses to the grindstone in order to meet a very tight deadline, while Julie Scriver had the difficult task of preparing the maps and a very mixed assortment of photos to illustrate the text. I cannot thank them all enough. As I mentioned at the beginning, the whole undertaking necessitated intensive study, which I pursue to this day. Nevertheless, mistakes happen. Any errors are my own.

232 Canadians at War Illustration Credits

Full illustration credits appear with the images. All illustrations are reproduced with permission or are in the public domain. Photographs used under Creative Commons licenses are so noted in the credit lines. URLs for the licenses indicated are as follows:

CC BY-SA 3.0: Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-sa/3.0/legalcode)

CC BY-SA 2.5: Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-sa/2.5/legalcode)

CC BY-SA 2.0: Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Unported (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-sa/2.0/legalcode)

CC BY 3.0: Attribution 3.0 Unported (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ legalcode)

CC BY 2.5: Attribution 2.5 Generic (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/legalcode)

CC BY 2.0: Attribution 2.0 Generic (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)

233 Notes

Please note: Historical information for the cemeteries described in this book comes from the website of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, www.cwgc.org. Cemetery details may be accessed by putting the name of the cemetery into the search box at: http://www.cwgc.org/debt_of_honour.asp?meniud=14&searchFor=c emetery.

Preface 1 Jonathan Vance, Unlikely Soldiers: How Two Canadians Fought the Secret War Against Nazi Occupation (Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers Limited, 2008), 259. 2 Michael Ignatieff, True Patriot Love: Four Generations in Search of Canada (Toronto: Penguin Books Limited, 2009), 135.

Introduction 1 C.P. Stacey, Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific, vol. 1, Official History of the Canadians in the Second World War (Ottawa: The Queen’s Printer, 1966), 3. 2 Ibid, 4. 3 Tim Cook, The Madman and the Butcher: The Sensational Wars of Sam Hughes and General Arthur Currie (Toronto: Allen Lane Canada, 2010), 285. 4 Tim Cook, Shock Troops: Canadians Fighting the Great War 1917-1918 Volume Two (Toronto: Viking Canada, 2008), 632. 5 Daniel Dancocks, Sir Arthur Currie: A Biography (Toronto: Methuen, 1985), 205. “When the war ended, the British government generously rewarded its top soldiers: Sir Douglas Haig was given £100,000 and an earldom, Sir John French and Sir Edmund Allenby both received £50,000, while army commanders were given a grant of £30,000 each and corps commanders £10,000 each. 6 Brock died six weeks later at the family farm in Strathroy, Ontario. 7 Dancocks, Sir Arthur Currie, 280-2. 8 Robert J. Sharpe, The Last Day, the Last Hour: The Currie Libel Trial (Toronto: The Osgoode Society, 1988), 246. 9 C.P. Stacey, “The Divine Mission: Mackenzie King and Hitler.” Canadian Historical Review 61 (1980): 502-12. 10 Stacey, Six Years of War, 3. 11 Cook, Shock Troops, 611.

235 12 J.W. Pickersgill, Seeing Canada Whole: A Memoir (Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1994), 149. 13 Antony Beevor, The Second World War (New York: Little, Brown and Company Hachette Book Group, 2012), 4. 14 Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1936-1945 Nemesis (London: Penguin Books, 2001), 78-9. 15 J.W. Pickersgill, Seeing Canada Whole, 170. 16 Ibid., 172. 17 The lone dissenting voice was that of J.S. Woodsworth, who spoke not for his party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), but for himself as a lifelong conscientious pacifist. His speech was received with a respectful silence that gave hope of domestic harmony, unlike the bitterness of the 1917 Conscription Crisis.

PART I: The Eve of War 1 John Nelson Rickard, The Politics of Command: Lieutenant-General A.G.M. McNaughton and the Canadian Army 1939-1943 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press Inc., 2010), 40. 2 Stacey, Six Years of War, 35. 3 Ibid., 48. 4 Ibid., 80. 5 David J. Bercuson, Maple Leaf Against the Axis: Canada’s Second World War (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd., 1995), 273. 6 Richard Malone, A Portrait of War: 1939-1943 (Toronto: Collins Publishers, 1983), 24-5. 7 Rickard, Politics of Command, 119-20. 8 Stacy, Six Years of War, 415. 9 J.L. Granatstein, The Generals: The Canadian Army’s Senior Commanders in the Second World War (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd., 1993), 33. 10 Farley Mowat, The Regiment (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, 1955), 23. 11 John Swettenham, McNaughton: Volume 2, 1939-1943 (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1969), 12. 12 Mowat, Regiment, 26. 13 Swettenham, McNaughton, 151. 14 Terry Copp, Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 1998),17-8. 15 Stacey, Six Years of War, 243. 16 Rickard, Politics of Command, 40. 17 Stacey, Six Years of War, 280. 18 Rickard, Politics of Command, 41. 19 Swettenham, McNaughton, 106-7. 20 Mowat, The Regiment, 35. 21 Stacey, Six Years of War, 271. 22 Swettenham, McNaughton, 91-2.

236 Canadians at War 23 Ibid., 57. 24 Beevor, Second World War, 136. 25 Bercuson, Maple Leaf Against the Axis, 32. 26 Beevor, Second World War, 137. 27 Stacey, Six Years of War, 88. 28 Ibid., 413. 29 Website of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission: www.cwgc.org.

PART II: The Canadians in Hong Kong 1 John A. English, Failure in High Command: The Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign (Ottawa: The Golden Dog Press. 1995), 108. 2 Philip Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 36-7. 3 William Manchester and Paul Reid, The Last Lion; Winston Spencer Churchill Defender of the Realm 1940-1965 (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2012), 402. 4 Stacey, Six Years of War, 440-1. 5 Ibid., 447. 6 Robyn Walker, Sergeant Gander: A Canadian Hero (Toronto: Natural Heritage Books, 2009), 49. 7 Beevor, Second World War, 259-60. 8 Walker, Sergeant Gander, 66. 9 Ko Tim Keung and Jason Wordie, Ruins of War: A Guide to Hong Kong’s Battlefields and Wartime Sites (Hong Kong: Joint Publishing [H.K.] Co. Ltd., 1995), 97. 10 Snow, Fall of Hong Kong, 80-1. 11 Stacey, Six Years of War, 488. 12 Ibid., 488. 13 Ibid., 491. 14 Driving directions are from Google Maps. Transit directions are from Google Maps with the help of Ruins of War: A Guide to Hong Kong’s Battlefield and Wartime Sites by Ko Tim Keumg and Jason Wordie.

PART III: Crossing from England to Northwest Europe 1 Thomas D’Arcy McGee, “Jacques Cartier,” Canadian Ballads, and Occasional Verses (Montreal, 1858), 11. 2 Morris Bishop, Champlain: The Life of Fortitude (London: MacDonald & Co. [Publishers] Ltd., 1949), 9. 3 Ibid., 42. 4 R. Allen Brown, Dover Castle Ministry of Public Building and Works OFFICIAL GUIDEBOOK (London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1966), 45. 5 Stacey, Six Years of War, 399.

Notes 237 6 Nathan M. Greenfield, “Deconstructing Dieppe.” The Walrus 9, no. 7 (September 2012), 42. 7 Denis Whitaker and Shelagh Whitaker, Dieppe: Tragedy to Triumph, (Whitby, ON: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, 1992), 73. 8 Whitaker and Whitaker, Dieppe, 72. 9 Ibid., 87. 10 Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten: A Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), 189. 11 Whitaker and Whitaker, Dieppe, 125. 12 Stacey, Six Years of War, 349. 13 Letter to his parents and sister from Private George Kerslake of the RHLI written 18/8/42. Private Kerslake did not survive the attack at Dieppe. 14 Stacey, Six Years of War, 345. 15 Ibid., 362. 16 Ibid., 370. 17 Greenfield, “Deconstructing Dieppe,” 41-9. 18 Whitaker and Whitaker, Dieppe, 249. 19 Ibid., 253. 20 D.J. Goodspeed, Battle Royal: A History of the Royal Regiment of Canada 1862-1962 (Toronto: Charters Publishing Co. Ltd., 1962), 400-1. 21 Whitaker and Whitaker, Dieppe, 267-8. 22 Ibid.. 269. 23 Ibid., 271. 24 Winston S. Churchill, “The Hinge of Fate,” in The Second World War, Volume 4 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1950), 510. 25 Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten, 189. 26 Ibid., 196. 27 Stacey, Six Years of War, 393-4; Swettenham, McNaughton, 249. 28 The DSO is awarded for meritorious or distinguished service by officers of the armed forces during wartime, typically in actual combat. 29 Bercuson, Maple Leaf Against the Axis, 74. 30 Manchester and Reid, Last Lion, 568.

Part IV: The Canadians in Italy 1 Duncan Fraser, “Italian Countryside Site of War That Never Was,” Halifax Herald Limited, quoted in Daniel Dancocks, The D-Day Dodgers: The Canadians in Italy, 1943-45 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1991), 438. 2 Ibid., 7. 3 Ibid., 18. 4 Ibid., 9. 5 G.W.L. Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy 1943-1945, vol. 2, Official History of the Canadians in the Second World War (Ottawa: The Queen’s Printer, 1956, 19.

238 Canadians at War 6 Ibid., 20. 7 Ibid, 26. 8 Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 24. 9 Dominick Graham, The Price of Command: A Biography of General Guy Simonds (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd., 1993), 78. 10 Beevor, Second World War, 497. 11 Mowat, Regiment, 82-92; Dancocks. D-Day Dodgers, 62. 12 A reference to the sleeve patch worn by the Canadians. Battle dress for all Allied troops was the same khaki. 13 Nicholson, Canadians in Italy, 141. 14 Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 96. 15 Nicholson, Canadians in Italy, 176. 16 Beevor, Second World War, 496. 17 Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 87. 18 Ibid., 103. 19 Puzzled why Lieutenant Stewart should be buried at Agira when his unit was not serving in Sicily, the author instituted an investigation by Library and Archives Canada. Lieutenant Stewart was not serving with the Canadian Black Watch but with the British Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) which was serving in Sicily at the time. A note has been sent to the CWGC to correct the error. The LAC database will also be corrected. 20 CWGC website: www.cwgc.org. 21 Mowat, Regiment, 107. 22 Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 118. 23 Malone, Portrait of War, 176. 24 Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 114. 25 Ibid., 121. 26 Ibid., 124. 27 Ibid. 28 CWGC website: www.cwgc.org. 29 Mark Zuehlke, Ortona: Canada’s Epic World War II Battle (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd., 1999), 10-1. 30 Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 139. 31 Ibid., 143-4. 32 Zuehlke, Oronta, 52. 33 Ibid., 44-5. 34 Nicholson, Canadians in Italy, 339. 35 Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 181. 36 Richard Malone Portrait of War, 225. 37 Nicholson, Canadians in Italy, 338. 38 Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 214. 39 Ibid., 220.

Notes 239 40 Nicholson, Canadians in Italy, 374. 41 Dancocks. D-Day Dodgers, 223. 42 Ibid., 229. 43 Nicholson, Canadians in Italy, 394. 44 Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 236. 45 Ibid., 286. 46 Nicholson, Canadians in Italy, 452. 47 CWGC website: www.cwgc.org. 48 Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 296. 49 Nicholson, Canadians in Italy, 470-2. 50 Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 296. 51 CWGC website: www.cwgc.org. 52 Nicholson, Canadians in Italy, 507. 53 Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 326. 54 Ibid., 345. 55 Nicholson, Italian Campaign, 473. 56 Kershaw, Hitler, 717. 57 Princess Louise was just a foal whose mother had been killed when the 8th Hussars found her. She remained the Regimental mascot until her death in 1973. 58 Lloyd Oliver, one of the truckers, found the youngster and he and the other truckers adopted him. They made him “Corporal,” providing him with his own uniform. An officer thwarted the attempt to smuggle him out of Italy and Oliver delivered the boy to a foster family in Ravenna. In 1980, Oliver located Gino and arranged a reunion with fifteen of the truckers at his farm in Miniota, Manitoba. The farm had previously belonged to the author’s great-uncle and aunt, Jack and Gwladys Taylor. Dancocks, D-Day Dodgers, 419. 59 Ibid., 418. 60 Ibid., 270. 61 CWGC website: www.cwgc.org.

PART V: The Canadians in Northwest Europe 1 Beevor, Second World War, 571. 2 Copp, Fields of Fire, 19. 3 Colonel C.P. Stacey, The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944-1945, vol. 3 (Official History of the Canadians in the Second World War, (Ottawa: The Queen’s Printer, 1966), 48-9. 4 Ibid., 51. 5 Copp, Fields of Fire, 37. 6 Beevor, Second World War, 574. 7 Arthur Bryant, Triumph in the West, 1943-1946 (London: Collins Clear Type Press, 1959), 200.

240 Canadians at War 8 Stacey, Victory Campaign, 72. 9 Copp, Fields of Fire, 21. 10 King Whyte, Letters Home 1944-1946 (Canada: Seraphim Editions, 2007), 15. 11 Copp, Fields of Fire, 14-5. 12 Stacey, Victory Campaign, 91. 13 Ibid., 117. 14 Copp, Fields of Fire, 41. 15 Denis Whitaker and Shelagh Whitaker with Terry Copp, Victory at Falaise: The Soldiers’ Story: The Defeat of the German Army in Normandy August 1944 (Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd., 2000), 13. 16 Copp, Fields of Fire, 65. 17 Bercuson, Maple Leaf Against the Axis, 212. 18 Copp, Fields of Fire, 66-7. 19 Ibid., 75-6. 20 Stacey, Victory Campaign, 141. 21 Nigel Hamilton, Master of the Battlefield: Monty’s War Years 1942-1944 (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983), 715. 22 Stacey, Victory Campaign, 155. 23 Graham, Price of Command, 126. 24 Copp, Fields of Fire, 109-10. 25 Ibid., 135. 26 Ibid., 148. 27 Hamilton, Master of the Battlefield, 754. 28 Stacey, Victory Campaign, 191. 29 Graham, Price of Command, 146. 30 Copp, Fields of Fire, 170. 31 Ibid., 169-71. 32 Malone, World in Flames, 62. 33 “Priests” were 105 mm self-propelled guns. “Unfrocked Priests” were Priests with the guns and screens for gunners removed to become armoured personnel carriers; they were soon designated “Kangaroos.” 34 Copp, Fields of Fire, 198. 35 Stacey, Victory Campaign, 229. 36 Copp, Fields of Fire, 218. 37 Stacey, Victory Campaign, 270. 38 Ibid., 228. 39 Ibid., 277. 40 Manchester and Reid, Last Lion, 854. 41 Stacey, Victory Campaign, 282. 42 Ibid., 323-4. 43 Ibid., 301. 44 Ibid.

Notes 241 45 Ibid., 316. 46 Michael Clark, “Cinderella Army: The Canadians in North-West Europe 1944-1945” by Terry Copp. Review in Quill and Quire, September 2006. 47 Denis Whitaker and Shelagh Whitaker, Tug of War: The Canadian Victory that Opened Antwerp (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd.. 1984), 307-8. 48 Ibid., 263-4. 49 Terry Copp, Cinderella Army: The Canadians in Northwest Europe 1944-1945 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), 116. 50 Ibid., 117. 51 Stacey, Victory Campaign, 400. 52 Ibid., 383-91. 53 Copp, Cinderella Army, 166. 54 Ibid., 169-70. 55 Whitaker and Whitaker, Tug of War, 212. 56 Ibid., 216. 57 Copp, Cinderella Army, 179. 58 Whitaker and Whitaker, Tug of War, 35. 59 Copp, Cinderella Army, 244. 60 Stacey, Victory Campaign, 471. 61 Ibid., 498-501. 62 Ibid., 511. 63 Copp, Cinderella Army, 243. 64 Ibid., 200. 65 Ibid., Stacey, 529. 66 Ibid., 530. 67 Ibid., 537. 68 Copp, Cinderella Army, 257. 69 Ibid., 263-4. 70 Stacey, Victory Campaign, 587.

PART VI: Last Things 1 Stacey, Six Years of War, 297. 2 Ibid., 299. 3 Ibid., 305-6. 4 Ibid., 207-10. 5 John Bryden, Deadly Allies: Canada’s Secret War 1939-1947 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1989), 34. 6 Ibid., 34-8. 7 Ibid., 61. 8 Ibid., 256.

242 Canadians at War 9 Daniel Dancocks, In Enemy Hands: Canadian Prisoners of War (Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers Ltd., 1983), ix. 10 Ibid., 1-2. 11 John Mellor, Dieppe—Canada’s Forgotten Heroes (Toronto: Methuen Publications. First Signet Printing, 1979), 117. 12 Jonathan Vance, Objects of Concern: Canadian Prisoners of War Through the Twentieth Century (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1994), 135. 13 Dancocks, In Enemy Hands, x. 14 Mellor, Dieppe—Canada’s Forgotten Heroes, 191-2. 15 Dancocks, In Enemy Hands, 188-219. 16 Douglas LePan, Macalister, or Dying in the Dark [excerpt] (Kingston: Quarry Press Inc., 1995), 91.

Notes 243 Selected Bibliography

Barris, Ted. Days of Victory: Canadians Remember, 1939-1945 Sixtieth Anniversary Edition. Toronto: Thomas Allen Publications, 2005. Beevor, Antony. The Second World War. New York: Little, Brown and Company Hachette Book Group, 2012. Bercuson, David J. Maple Leaf Against the Axis: Canada’s Second World War. Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd., 1995. and S.F. Wise, eds. The Valour and the Horror Revisited. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994. Bishop, Morris. Champlain: The Life of Fortitude. London: MacDonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1949. Brown, R. Allen. Dover Castle: Ministry of Public Building and Works OFFICIAL GUIDEBOOK. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1966. Bryant, Sir Arthur. Triumph in the West, 1943-1946: Based on the Diaries and Autobiographical Notes of Field Marshal The Viscount Alanbrooke. (London: Collins Clear Type Press, 1959. Bryden, John. Deadly Allies: Canada’s Secret War 1937-1947. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1989. Cook, Tim. The Madman and the Butcher: The Sensational Wars of Sam Hughes and General Arthur Currie. Toronto: Allen Lane Canada, 2010. . Shock Troops: Canadians Fighting the Great War 1917-1918 Volume Two. Toronto: Viking Canada, 2008. Copp, Terry. Cinderella Army: The Canadians in Northwest Europe 1944-1945. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006. . Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 1998. Dancocks, Daniel G. The D-Day Dodgers: The Canadians in Italy, 1943-1945. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1991. . In Enemy Hands: Canadian Prisoners of War 1939-1945. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers Ltd., 1983. . Sir Arthur Currie: A Biography. Toronto: Methuen, 1985. Dunn, Hunter. Memoirs of a WWII Armoured Officer. Hunter Dunn, 2005. English, John A. Failure in High Command: The Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign. Ottawa: The Golden Dog Press, 1995. Gillies, Midge. The Barbed-Wire University: The Real Lives of Allied Prisoners of War in the Second World War. London: Aurum Press Ltd., 2012.

245 Goodspeed, D.J. Battle Royal: A History of the Royal Regiment of Canada 1862-1962. Toronto: Charters Publishing Company Limited, 1962. Graham, Dominick. The Price of Command: A Biography of General Guy Simonds. Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd., 1993. Granatstein, J.L. The Generals: The Canadian Army’s Senior Commanders in the Second World War. Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co. Limited, 1993. Greenfield, Nathan M. “Deconstructing Dieppe” in The Walrus, Vol. 9, No. 7, September 2012. Hamilton, Nigel. Master of the Battlefield: Monty’s War Years 1942-1944. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983. . Monty: Final Years of the Field Marshall 1944-1976. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986. Ignatieff, Michael. True Patriot Love: Four Generations in Search of Canada. Toronto: Viking Canada, 2009. Keegan, John. The Battle for History: Re-Fighting World War Two. The Barbara Frum Lectureship. Toronto: Vintage Books, a division of Random House of Canada Limited, 1995. . The Face of Battle. New York: The Viking Press, 1976. Kershaw, Ian. Hitler: 1936-1945 Nemesis. London: Penguin Books, 2001. Keung, Ko Tim and Jason Wordie. Ruins of War: A Guide to Hong Kong’s Battlefields and Wartime Sites. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co. Ltd., 1996. LePan, Douglas. Macalister, or Dying in the Dark. Kingston: Quarry Press Inc., 1995. Malone, Richard. A Portrait of War 1939-1943. Toronto: Collins Publishers, 1983. . A World in Flames 1944-1945: A Portrait of War: Part Two. Toronto: Collins Publishers, 1984. Manchester, William. The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill Alone 1932-1940. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc., 1989. and Paul Reid. The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill Defender of the Realm 1940-1965. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2012. Mellor, John. Dieppe–Canada’s Forgotten Heroes. Toronto: Methuen Publications. First Signet Printing, 1979. Monsarrat, Nicholas. The Cruel Sea. Toronto: Penguin Books (Canada), 2009. Mowat, Farley. And No Birds Sang. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2012. . The Regiment. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, 1973. Nicholson, G.W.L. The Canadians in Italy 1943-1945. Ottawa: The Queen’s Printer, 1966. (Official History of the Canadians in the Second World War, Volume II). Pickersgill, Frank. The Making of a Secret Agent. Edited by George H. Ford. Halifax: Goodread Biographies, James Lorimer, 1983. . The Pickersgill Letters: Written by Frank Pickersgill During the Period 1934-1943 and edited with a Memoir by George H. Ford. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1948. Pickersgill, J.W. Seeing Canada Whole: A Memoir. Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1994. Rickard, John Nelson. The Politics of Command: Lieutenant General A.G.L. McNaughton

246 Canadians at War and the Canadian Army 1939-1943. Toronto: University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 2010. Sharpe, Robert L. The Last Day, The Last Hour: The Currie Libel Trial. Toronto: The Osgood Society, 1988. Snow, Philip. The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004. Stacey, C.P. “The Divine Mission: Mackenzie King and Hitler.” Canadian Historical Review, LXI, 4, 1980. . Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific. Ottawa: The Queen’s Printer, 1966. (Official History of the Canadians in the Second World War, Volume I). . The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944-1945. Ottawa: The Queen’s Printer, 1966. (Official History of the Canadians in the Second World War, Volume III). Swettenham, John. McNaughton Volume Two 1939-1943. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1969. Vance, Jonathan F. Objects of Concern: Canadian Prisoners of War Through the Twentieth Century. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1994. . Unlikely Soldiers: How Two Canadians Fought the Secret War Against the Nazi Occupation. Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd., 2008. Walker, Robyn. Sergeant Gander: A Canadian Hero. Toronto: Natural Heritage Books, A Member of the Dundurn Group, 2009. Whitaker, Denis, and Shelagh Whitaker. Dieppe: Tragedy to Triumph. Whitby, Ontario: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, 1992. . Tug of War: The Canadian Victory that Opened Antwerp. Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co. Limited. 1984. Whitaker, Denis, and Shelagh Whitaker with Terry Copp. Victory at Falaise: The Soldiers’ Story: The Defeat of the German Army in Normandy August 1944. Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd., 2000. Whyte, King. Letters Home 1944-1946. Canada: Seraphim Editions, 2007. Ziegler, Philip. Mountbatten: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985. Zuehkle, Mark. Ortona: Canada’s Epic World War II Battle. Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co. Limited, 1999.

Selected Bibliography 247 Index

Please note: All Army units are listed by country of origin. All cemeteries and memorials are listed by category and individually. All battles, medals. operations, prisoner-of-war camps, Resistance groups, and weapons are listed by category.

A Army Show 219 Abbaye d’Ardenne 165, 176, 193 Arnhem Netherlands 179, 208-210 Abbeville France 178 Arromanches-les-Bains France 144 Aberdeen Hong Kong 50, 54 Arrow Route Cemetery 130 Active Service Force 22 Arzilla River Italy 132 Adrano Italy 98 Asbridge, Lieutenant William 229 Agira Italy 77, 239, 98, 99, 237 Aspromonte Italy 102 Agira Canadian War Cemetery 77, 99 Assoro Italy 95 Air Forces Memorial 31, 32 Atlantic Wall France 68, 89 Aldershot UK 24, 26, 27, 68, 87, 213 Aurunci Mountains Italy 124 Alençon France 174 Austria 19, 111, 129 Alexander, Field Marshal Earl 124, 132 Authie France 165, 166, 176 Alexander, General Sir Harold 132, 138 Awatea 42 Allenby, Field Marshal Edmund 235 Alpen Germany 202, 203 B Amsterdam Netherlands 190, 210, 212 Bagnacavallo Italy , 118 Anagni Italy 126 Bagshot UK 31 Ancona Italy 134, 139 Baltimore MD 221 Ancona War Cemetery 79, 134 Banting, Sir Frederick 220 Anschluss 19 Barentsberg Norway 218 Antwerp Belgium 179, 184, 185, 189, 190, Bari Italy 103, 104 201, 219 Bari War Cemetery 104 Anzio Italy , 113, 122, 123 Barneveld Netherlands 210 Anzio War Cemetery 123 Basingstoke UK 86 Apeldoorn Netherlands 209, 210 battles Archangel Soviet Union 217, 218 Amiens 17 Ardouval France 183 Bourguébus Ridge 169 Arezzo Italy 128, 130-131 Britain 30 Arezzo Line 128, 130-131 Bulge 201 Arezzo War Cemetery 131 Caen 167-169, 174 Argenta Gap War Cemetery 120, 140 Dieppe 62, 64-68, 71, 81-85 Arielli River Italy 121 Hill 70 17

249 Hong Kong 45-48, 52 Boulogne France 72, 179, 180, 182, 183, Ortona 108-111 252 Passchendaele (World War I) 121 Boulogne Eastern Cemetery 182 Rhine 205 Bourguébus France 169 Rhineland 191, 201-204 Braakman Inlet Netherlands 188 Scheldt 184-189, 191, 192 Bradley, Lieutenant-General Omar 146, 192 Somme (World War I) 169 Brecht Belgium 185 Verrières 169-171, 174 Bremen Germany 212 Vimy 17, 169 Breskens Netherlands 184, 185, 188 Vimy Ridge (World War I) 169 Breskens Pocket 184, 185, 188 Bayeux France 146, 157, 162-164, 166, 226 Breslau Germany 222 Bayeux Memorial 162-163, 226 Brest France 27, 147, 179 Bayeux War Cemetery 162-163 Bretteville-sur-Laize France 160, 170, 172, Bay of Biscay France 57 174 Beach Head War Cemetery 113, 123 Bretteville-sur-Laize Canadian War Beauregard, Lieutenant Alcide 226 Cemetery 160, 170, 174 Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Bretteville-sur-Laize Canadian War Baron 4, 85 Cemetery Memorial 160 Beechwood Cemetery 230 Brindisi Italy 104 Beechwood Cemetery Foundation 230 Britain. See United Kingdom Beesley, Regimental Sergeant-Major Harry British Army 22, 207 222 1st British Corps 168 Belgian Army 27 5th Infantry Brigade 185 Belgium 22, 26, 57, 177, 179, 180, 192 5th Wiltshire Battalion 202 Bénouville France 161 6th British Airborne Division 154 Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery 9th British Brigade 165 156, 163, 166 21st Army Group 143, 144, 184 Bergen op Zoom Netherlands 190 49th Division 210 Bergen op Zoom Canadian War Cemetery 52nd (Lowland) Division 188 190 55th British Division 213 Berlin Germany 18, 29, 147, 179, 207, 226 69th British Brigade 166 Berneval France 69, 72 Black Watch (Royal Highland Bernhard Line 108, 110 Regiment) 239 Berniѐres-sur-Mer France 89, 148, 151, British Expeditionary Force 26, 28 155 British Second Army 179 Bernouville France 149 Eighth Army 92, 93, 99, 101, 111, 121, Bieler, Major Gustave 226 125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 137 Bienen Germany 208 High Command 27 Biferno River Italy 107 Jewish Infantry Brigade Group 141 biological warfare 220-221 King’s Own Scottish Borderers 202 Blitz 30, 62 No. 3 Commandos 69, 72, 222 Bologna Italy 135, 136, 140-142 No. 4 Commandos 69, 72 Bonaparte, Napoleon 146 Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Borden, Prime Minister Robert 17 Light Infantry 149

250 Canadians at War Royal Artillery 44 22, 24, 27, 28, 31, 93, 108, 133, 143, Royal Engineers 148, 209, 213, 257 Hong Kong Defence Corps 44 1st Brigade 27 Royal Scots 47 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion 149, Second Army 143, 146 154, 162, 208 XIII Corps 124, 125 1st Canadian Tank Brigade 93 British intelligence 63, 68 1st Infantry Brigade 209, 210 Brittany France 27, 146, 147, 179 2nd Anti-Tank Regiment 171 Brooke, Field Marshal Sir Alan 213 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade 165, Brookwood UK 86 172, 193 Brookwood Canadian Memorial 86-87 2nd Canadian Corps 178, 202 Brookwood Cemetery 85-86 2nd Canadian Group Royal Artillery Brookwood Memorial 85, 226 169 Brouage France 57 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade 26, 209 Bruges Belgium 177, 178 2nd Canadian Infantry Division 66, Bruneval France 62, 65 71, 93, 143, 169, 171, 178-180, 185, Brussels Belgium 179, 201 188, 189, 201-203, 208, 213 Burghers of Calais, The 181 3rd Anti-Tank Regiment 175 Burns, General E.L.M. (Tommy) 121 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade 98, Buron France 165 209, 210 Byerly, Lieutenant Robert 226 3rd Canadian Infantry Division 143, 148, 163, 168, 202, 203 C 3rd Parachute Brigade 208 Cabourg France 146, 161 4th Armoured Car Regiment (12th Caen France 57, 145-147, 149, 161-163, Manitoba Dragoons) 178 165-169, 171, 173-176 4th Brigade 188 Calais France 57, 58, 147, 164, 177, 178, 4th Canadian Armoured Division 172, 180-183 203 Calais Canadian War Cemetery 181-183, 4th Canadian Infantry Division 177 196 5th Brigade 189 Calais Southern Cemetery 182 5th Canadian Armoured Division 118, Calpe 83 141, 210 Caltagirone Italy 95 6th Canadian Armoured Brigade 166 Cambes-en-Plaine France 165 6th Canadian Armoured Regiment 166 Camp de Brasschaet Belgium 185 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade 83, 185 Campobasso Italy 107 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade 164, Canadian-American First Special Service 166, 188 Force 122 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade 148, Canadian Army 23, 65, 92, 103, 229 168, 209 1st Canadian Armoured Division 108 8th Princess Louise’s (New Brunswick) 1st Canadian Army 143 Hussars 138, 210, 240 1st Canadian Army Tank Brigade 93 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade 164, 1st Canadian Corps 126, 143, 207, 210 165, 168, 174, 181, 188 1st Canadian Infantry Division 17, 21, 10th Armoured Division 203

Index 251 14th Canadian Army Tank Regiment No. 2 Army Group Royal Canadian (Calgary Regiment) 69, 81, 93, 138 Artillery 146 28th Armoured Brigade 172 North Nova Scotia Highlanders 165, 48th Highlanders 27, 93, 102, 133, 209 193, 203, 208 Algonquin Regiment 172 North Shore (New Brunswick) D Company 203 Regiment 168, 184, 202, 208 Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 172 Ontario Regiment 93 Army Film and Photo Unit 123 Prince Edward Regiment (Hasty Ps) 27, Black Watch (Royal Highland 93, 98 Regiment) of Canada 100, 170, 176, Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light 185, 189, 201, 237, 239 Infantry 26, 93, 102, 138, 209 British Columbia Regiment 172, 210 Queen’s Own Rifles 148, 166, 168, 202 Calgary Highlanders 185, 189 Régiment de la Chaudière 168, 202, Cameron Highlanders 69, 81, 82, 84, 204 165, 175, 185, 201 Régiment de Maisonneuve 176, 185, Canadian Corps 22, 121, 124-126, 129, 189, 201 137, 143, 169, 202, 212, 213 Regina Rifle Regiment 164 Canadian Grenadier Guards 203 Royal 22e Régiment (Van Doos) 93, Canadian Intelligence Corps 140 103, 126, 209 Canadian Postal Corps 42 Royal Canadian Army Service Corps Canadian Scottish Regiment 164 185 Canadian Special Service Battalion Royal Canadian Engineers 177 122-123 6th Field Company 175 Canadian Women’s Army Corps 219- Royal Canadian Regiment 27, 93, 95, 220 107, 133, 209 Carleton and York Regiment 93, 209 Royal Hamilton Light Infantry 69, 82- Dental Corps 42 84, 170, 171, 238 Edmonton Regiment 26, 217 Royal Marine “A” Commando 69 Essex Scottish Regiment 69, 82, 169, Royal Regiment of Canada 66, 69, 72, 171, 203 171 Fifth Division 138 Royal Rifles of Canada 42, 43, 55, 229 First Canadian Army 143, 147, 168, C Company 46 177, 207, 211 Royal Winnipeg Rifles 164, 166, 168, Forestry Corps 218 175 Fort Garry Horse 151 sappers 216, 218 Fusiliers de Mont-Royal Battalion 69, Saskatoon Light Infantry 93 83, 160, 169, 173, 185, 201 Seaforth Highlanders 93, 209 Glasgow Highlanders 189 Second Canadian Army 177 Governor General’s Foot Guards 203 Sherbrooke Fusiliers 165, 172, 193 Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment South Saskatchewan Regiment 69, 72, 27, 93, 209 81, 83, 169, 185, 201 Highland Light Infantry 164, 203, 208 Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Lake Superior Regiment 203 Highlanders 164, 203, 208 Loyal Edmonton Regiment (Loyal Three Rivers Regiment 93 Eddies) 93, 102, 209 Toronto Scottish Regiment 176

252 Canadians at War Westminster Regiment 126 Bergen op Zoom Canadian War West Nova Scotia Regiment (the Cemetery 190 Westies) 93, 209 Boulogne Eastern Cemetery 182 Winnipeg Grenadiers 42, 46, 55, 225, Bretteville-sur-Laize Canadian War 229 Cemetery 160, 170, 174 A Company 46 Brookwood Cemetery 85-86 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) Calais Canadian War Cemetery 181- 18 183, 196 Canadian Corps 121 Calais Southern Cemetery 182 Canadian Expeditionary Force 17, 19, 22, Caserta War Cemetery 74, 111-112 92 Cassino War Cemetery 80, 127-128 Canadian Military Headquarters 217 Catania War Cementery 74, 100 Canadian Militia 22 Cesena War Cemetery 117, 134 Canadian Navy Commonwealth Cemetery 123 Newfoundland Royal Naval Reserve Coriano Ridge War Cemetery 134-135 104 Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery 87- Canosa Italy 107 88 Canterbury UK 61 Florence War Cemetery 116, 130 Carpiquet France 165-168 Flushing (Vlissingen) Northern Cartier, Jacques 57 Cemetery 190-191 Casablanca Conference 92 Foiana della Chiana War Cemetery Caserta War Cemetery 74, 111-112 116-117 Cassino Italy 125, 127, 128 Foiano della Chiana War Cemetery Cassino Memorial 80, 127 130 Cassino War Cemetery 80, 127-128 Gradara War Cemetery 135-136 Catania Italy 74, 95, 99, 100 Groesbeek Canadian War Cemetery , Catania War Cemetery 74, 100 203, 205 Catanzaro Italy 102 Holten Canadian War Cemetery 212 Catenanuova Italy 98 Jonkerbos War Cemetery 206 Cattolica Italy 136 La Cambe German Cemetery 157 cemeteries Milan War Cemetery 140 Agira Canadian War Cemetery 76-77, Minturno War Cemetery 114, 128 99 Montecchio War Cemetery 116, 136 Ancona War Cemetery 79, 134 Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno Anzio War Cemetery 123 142 Arezzo War Cemetery 131 Moro River Canadian War Cemetery Argenta Gap War Cemetery 120, 140 111 Arrow Route Cemetery 130 Naples War Cemetery 112 Bari War Cemetery 104 National Military Cemetery of the Bayeux War Cemetery 162-163 Canadian Forces 230 Beach Head War Cemetery 113, 123 Padua War Cemetery 139 Beechwood Cemetery 230 Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery 200, Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery 226-227 156, 163, 166 Prague War Cemetery 228

Index 253 Protestant Cemetery 126-127 Commonwealth 10, 31, 52, 73, 77, 87, 88, Rakowicki Cemetery 200, 227 100, 104, 105, 112, 123, 126-128, 134- Ranville War Cemetery 162 136, 139-142, 162, 164, 190, 204-206, Ravenna War Cemetery 141-142 212, 226-230, 233, 235 Reichswald Forest War Cemetery 204 Commonwealth Air Force Memorial. Rheinberg War Cemetery 204-205 See Ottawa Memorial Rome War Cemetery 78, 126-127 Commonwealth Cemetery 123 Ryes War Cemetery 156, 164 Commonwealth War Graves Commission Sai Wan War Cemetery 36, 48, 51-52 10, 77, 87, 88, 104, 105, 142, 190, 227, Santerno Valley War Cemetery 120, 229, 230, 233, 235 136 concentration camps Schoonselhof Cemetery 184 Buchenwald 12, 226 Sicily-Rome American Cemetery 113, conscription 21, 92, 192 123 Conscription Crisis 236 St-Sever Cemetery Extension 88 Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Staglieno Cemetery 142 (CCF) 236 Stanley Military Cemetery 37, 49-51 Coriano Ridge Italy 133-135, 138 Syracuse War Cemetery 100 Coriano Ridge War Cemetery 134-135 Uden War Cemetery 206 Corsica Italy 101 Villanova Canadian War Cemetery Cosens, Sergeant Aubrey 202-203 118, 141 Costa dell’Ambra Italy 95 Wilnis General Cemetery 30 Courseulles France 145, 163, 164, 166, 211 Yokohama War Cemetery 228-229 Courseulles-sur-Mer France 145, 163, 164, Cenotaph War Memorial 40 211 Cervia Italy 138 Crerar, Lieutenant-General H.D.G. 23, 64, Cesena War Cemetery 117, 134 65, 69, 121, 143, 167, 168, 209, 213 Château d’Audrieu 166, 174, 175 Criquebeuf-sur-Seine France 177 chemical warfare 220-221 Crocker, Lieutenant-General John 168 Cherbourg France 57, 146-147 Cross of Sacrifice 197 Cheux France 166 Crotone Italy 102 Churchill, Clementine Spencer- 64 Currie, General Sir Arthur 17, 18, 22, 169 Churchill, Prime Minister Winston 28, 29, Currie, Garner 18 41, 42, 62, 65, 67, 84, 85, 91, 92, 132, Currie, John 18 211, 220 Czech Republic 228 Cinderella Army 180 Czechoslovakia 19 Cisterna Italy 126 Cittanova Italy 102 D Clark, General Mark 92 D-Day 13, 126, 143, 147, 148, 152, 155, Cleve Germany 202, 204 165 Cochius, Private Rudolph Albert 163 Gold Beach 146 Combined Operations Headquarters 62, Juno Beach 146, 148, 153, 164, 197, 65, 66, 68, 85 211 Omaha Beach 146 Sword Beach 146

254 Canadians at War Utah Beach 146 Evans, Frank 11 Darch, Stan 14 Evans, James Lloyd 11 de Champlain, Samuel 57 Experimental Station Suffield 220 de Gaulle, Charles 12 Delfzijl Netherlands 212 F Dempsey, Lieutenant-General Sir Miles 146 Falaise France 157, 171, 173, 174 Deniset, Captain François 226 Farnetti, Gino 138 Denmark 22, 26, 143 Ferrara Italy 140-142 Department of National Defence 230 fifth columnists 46 Deventer Netherlands 209, 212 Fiumicino River Italy 137 Dieppe France 13, 14, 57, 62-69, 71, 72, Florence Italy 116, 128-132, 138 81-85, 87-89, 91, 93, 143, 144, 146, 147, Florence War Cemetery 116, 130 170, 177, 178, 180, 183, 221-223, 236, Flushing (Vlissingen) Northern Cemetery 238 190-191 Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery 87-88 Foggia Italy 107, 111 Dives River France 167 Foiana della Chiana War Cemetery 116- Doré, Private Gérard 160 117, 130 Dover UK 27, 57-61, 144 Foote, Padre 83 Dover Castle 56, 58-61 Forli Italy 136 Drôme River France 146 Fort Frederik Hendrik Netherlands 188 Dunfermline Scotland 26 Fort Stanley Hong Kong 47 Dunkirk France 13, 26, 27, 61, 101, 179, Foulkes, Lieutenant-General Charles 189 180, 213, 222 France 12, 19-22, 26, 27, 57, 60, 62, 63, 66, 101, 103, 137, 138, 144, 145, 170, 180, E 211, 218 Eede Netherlands 188 Franceville France 144 Egham UK 31 Free French Forces 12 Église de la Trinité 157 French, Field Marshal Sir John 235 Eichstatt Germany 221 French Army Eisenhower, General Dwight 92, 192, 207, French Corps 132 210 Elbeuf France 177 G Emden Germany 212 Gaeta Italy 124 Emmerich Germany 208 Gagné, Marcel 204 Empress of Canada 217, 218 Gambalesa Italy 107 England. See United Kingdom Gambarie Italy 102 English Channel 23, 26, 27, 57, 68, 83, 92, Gander NL 43 143, 149, 167, 178, 179, 181, 146 Gander, Sergeant 43, 46, 55 Enna Italy 100 Garigliano River Italy 124 Envermeu France 222 Gari River Italy 124 Eriekom Netherlands 201 Geneva Protocol 220 Estrées-la-Campagne France 172, 173, 176 Genoa Italy 142 Evans, Diana Peacock 11, 13 George VI, King 18, 20, 126 Evans, Eric 11, 13

Index 255 German Army 13, 19, 26, 62, 68, 91, 147, Great Escape 200, 223, 226 177 Great Malvern UK 32 1st Parachute Battalion 133 Grebbe Line 210-212 1st Parachute Division 110, 124 Greek Army 6th Armoured Regiment 166 Mountain Brigade 133 6th Parachute Division 202 Green Line 133 7th Parachute Regiment 203 Grietherbusch Germany 208 9th SS Panzer Corps 171 Griffin, Major F. Philip 170 12th Panzer Division 165 Groesbeek Canadian War Cemetery 203, 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjungend 205 (Hitler Youth) 165-168, 172, 175, Groesbeek Memorial 205, 226 193 Guelph ON 12 15th Panzer Grenadier Division 95, Gulf of Gaeta Italy 124 208 Gustav Line 110, 124-125 16th Panzer SS Division 138 21st Panzer Division 145, 165 H 26th Panzer Grenadiers 133 Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas 235 29th Panzer Grenadier Division 107 Halifax NS 229 90th Panzer Grenadier Division 101, Halifax Memorial 229 110 Hamilton ON 14 352nd Mobile Infantry 145 Hamminkeln Germany 207-208 716th Division 165 Happy Valley Hong Kong 50, 54, 55 Fifteenth German Army 164, 184 Harris, Sergeant Frederick Bernard 166 Tenth Army 133 Hastings UK 213 German Luftwaffe 29, 30, 67 Hell’s Corner 174 Germany 18, 20, 22, 25, 26, 30, 62, 91, 92, Henry II, King 59-60 180, 189, 204, 207, 212, 220, 222, 224 Hilary, HMS 94, 148 Gestapo 226 Hill, Vernon 31 Gibraltar 216 Hill 67 Verrières Ridge Canadian Memorial Gibson, Colin 211 176 Gilbert, William 104 Hinge of Fate 84 Gildone Italy 107 Hitler, Adolf 12, 13, 18-20, 26, 68, 92, 103, Gin Drinkers Bay Hong Kong 53 125, 129, 137, 144-146, 164, 165, 173, Gin Drinkers Line 44, 46, 53 175, 177, 179, 192, 201, 207 Goes Netherlands 189 Hitler Line 125 Gort, Commander-in-Chief Lord John 26 Hochwald Germany 202, 203 Gothic Line 132, 133, 136 Holland 57, 207, 210, 211. See also Gouzenko, Igor 221 Netherlands Gradara War Cemetery 135-136 Holten Canadian War Cemetery 212 Graham, Corporal Alec 84 Home, Lieutenant-Colonel William James Graham, Sergeant Alex 81 42 Grammichele Italy 95 Honfleur France 57 Granarolo Italy 138 Hong Kong 9, 14, 31, 36-46, 48-53, 55 Graye-sur-Mer France 152 Hong Kong Memorial 51

256 Canadians at War Hong Kong Veterans Memorial Wall 55 Knightsbridge UK 12 Hoofdplaat Netherlands 188 Kowloon Hong Kong 46, 53 Hounslow UK 31 Kraków Poland 200, 227 Hughes-Hallet, Captain J. 84 Hughes, Sam 17 L Hunter, Raoul 19 La Cambe German Cemetery 157 Hutton, John 31 La Rochelle France 57, 179 Lago Pozzillo Italy 77 I Lamsdorf Germany 222 Ignatieff, Alison Grant 12 Laurier, Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid 18 Ignatieff, George 13 Law, Major Andrew 81, 84 Ignatieff, Michael 13 Lawson, Brigadier John Kelburne 43, 47, Ijsselmeer Netherlands 210 48, 51, 54 Imola Italy 136 Le Havre France 57, 177, 179, 180 Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Le Mans France 27, 174 Empire (IODE) 11 Le Mesnil-Patry France 166 India 44 Lecky, Lance-Corporal 83 Indian Army 44 Leese, Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver 121 Rajput Battalion 46 Lei Yue Mun Park Hong Kong 52 International Red Cross 211, 222, 224, 225 Leubringhen France 181, 183 Inverary Scotland 217 Lewes UK 214-215 Isle of Wight UK 66, 69, 148 Linz Austria 19 Italian Militia Liri Valley Italy 124-126 Black Shirts 102 Lisbon Portugal 12 Italy 9, 14, 15, 22, 31, 74, 79, 91, 92, 101- Locarno Treaties 19 108, 110, 111, 113, 121, 124-126, 128, Lochtenberg Belgium 185 129, 132, 137-139, 143, 171, 192, 207, London UK 28-32, 58, 81, 86, 147, 177, 209, 240 191, 213, 217 Lorient France 179 J Louis XIV, King 146 Jamaica 42 Lucas, Major-General John P. 122 Japan 41, 225, 228 Luftwaffe 146 Jelsi Italy 107 Jonkerbos War Cemetery 206 M Juno Beach Centre 153, 164, 197, 211 Maas River 179 Juno Beach Centre Memorial 197 Maastricht Belgium 192 Macalister, Ken 12, 226 K Macdonald, Prime Minister Sir John A. 18 Kappellen Belgium 185 MacFarland, Jack 14 Keitel, General Field Marshal Wilhelm 98 Mackenzie King, Prime Minister William Keller, Major-General R.F.L. “Rod” 143, 168 Lyon 18-22, 42, 64, 91, 92, 103, 177, Kerslake, Private George 238 192, 221 Kesselring, Field Marshal Albert 103, 107, Maginot Line 44, 53 125, 128, 129, 132, 133, 137 Mahoney, Major John 126

Index 257 Maizières France 176 Pegasus Memorial 161-162 Malta 207 Sai Wan Memorial 51-52 Maltby, Major-General Christopher Michael Sicily-Rome American Memorial 113, 44, 48 123 Marshall, General George C. 207 Val Ygot V-1 Rocket Site 180, 183, 193, Maufe, Sir Edward 31 196 McCool, Colonel Brian 66 Varaville Memorial 154, 162 McCreery, General Sir Richard 137 Verrières Ridge Canadian Memorial McGee, Thomas D’Arcy 57 157 McGill University 18 Worthington Memorial 176 McNaughton, Major-General A.G.M. (Andy) merchant seamen 229 22, 23, 26, 28, 29, 62, 64, 85, 93, 121, Merritt, Lieutenant-Colonel Cecil 81, 83 143, 192, 213, 216 Messina Italy 98, 99, 101, 102 McPartlin, Gordon 14 Metauro River Italy 132 Mechelen Belgium 189 Meyer, Colonel Kurt 165 medals Middelburg Netherlands 191 Dickin 46 Milan War Cemetery 140 Distinguished Service Order 83, 85, Militello Italy 98 225, 238 Millingen Germany 208 Military Medal 123 Miniota MB 11, 240, 238 Silver Star 123 Minturno War Cemetery 114, 128 Victoria Cross 46, 47, 72, 83, 126, 140, Mons Belgium 17, 18 203, 208 Monte Cassino Italy 80, 115, 124, 125 Medicine Hat AB 220 Monte Cassino Arch-Abbey 115 Mediterranean Sea 92, 93 Montecchio War Cemetery 116, 136 Melfa River Italy 125 Montemaggiore Italy 132 memorials Montgomery, Field Marshal Sir Bernard Abbaye d’Ardenne 176 Law 23, 65-69, 85, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99, Air Forces Memorial 31-33 110, 121, 143, 167, 168, 171, 173, 177- Bayeux Memorial 162-163, 226 179, 184, 192, 207, 209, 213 Bretteville-sur-Laize Canadian War Montreal QC 11, 18 Cemetery Memorial 160 Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno 142 Brookwood Canadian Memorial 86-87 Moore, Kay 12 Brookwood Memorial 85, 73 Mooshof Germany 202 Cassino Memorial 80, 127 Moro River Italy 110, 111 Cenotaph War Memorial 40 Moro River Canadian War Cemetery 111 Château d’Audrieu 174 Motta Montecorvino Italy 107 Groesbeek Memorial 205, 226 Mount Butler Hong Kong 46 Halifax Memorial 229 Mount Dinnammare Italy 102 Hell’s Corner 174 Mount Etna Italy 74, 100 Hill 67 Verrières Ridge Canadian Mountbatten, Admiral Lord Louis 62, 65, Memorial 176 84, 85 Hong Kong Memorial 51 Mundle, Mary 12 Hong Kong Veterans Memorial Wall 55 Munich Germany 221 Juno Beach Centre Memorial 197

258 Canadians at War N Quicksilver 147 Naples Italy 111, 112, 128, 131 Rutter 66-68, 84 Naples War Cemetery 112 Sledgehammer 65-66 Napoleonic Wars 60 Spring 170 National Defence Headquarters 219 Switchback 185 National Military Cemetery of the Canadian Totalize 171, 173 Forces 230 Varsity 207-208 National Resources Mobilization Act 191 Veritable 201 Nazi Party 18 Vitality 188 Neder Rijn Netherlands 210 Orme, Major Claude 83 Netherlands 22, 26, 29, 211. See Orne River France 146, 149 also Holland Ortona Italy 108, 110, 111, 113, 121, 124 Newhaven UK 57, 63 Osborn, Sergeant-Major John Robert 46, Nicholls, Fred 14 47, 51, 52 Nicklin, Lieutenant-Colonel Jeff Albert 208 Ossendrecht Netherlands 185 Nijmegen Netherlands 201, 205, 206 Ottawa Memorial 10 Nissenthall, Sergeant Jack 81 Ottawa ON 10, 11, 19, 29, 55, 71, 55, 230 Nissoria Italy 98 Otterlo Netherlands 210 No. 10 Canadian Stationary Hospital 182 Normandy France 89, 121, 126, 143-149, P 151-157, 160, 161, 163, 164, 166, 170, Pachino Italy 95, 96, 99 173, 174, 176, 177, 183, 184, 191, 193, Padua Italy 139 211 Padua War Cemetery 139 Norrey-en-Bessin France 166 Palermo Italy 99 North Beveland Netherlands 189 Palestine 141 Norway 22, 26, 143, 217, 218 Paris France 11, 12, 27, 258 nursing sisters 22, 42, 219, 229 Pas de Calais France 26, 144, 146, 147, 164, 177 O Patton, General George 99, 192 Oldenburg Germany 212 Pegasus Bridge Museum 161 Oliver, Lloyd 240 Pegasus Memorial 161-162 operations Pesaro Italy 136 Blockbuster 202 Philip II, King 146 Cannonshot 209 Phoney War 14, 26 Cobra 169 Piazza Armerina Italy 95 Diadem 124 Pickersgill, Frank 11-13, 226 Epsom 167 Pickersgill, J.W. 13 Faust 211 Place Gérard Doré 160 Fortitude 147 Plymouth UK 27 Husky 92, 111 Po Valley Italy 137 Jubilee 68-69, 84 Poland 20, 200, 226, 227 Market Garden 179, 184 Polish Army Neptune 143 1st Polish Armoured Division 184 Overlord 143-147, 197 Polish Corps 124 Penknife 138 Pontecorvo Italy 125

Index 259 Port-en Bessin France 146 Reichswald Forest War Cemetery 204 Port Hope Evening Star 17 Reid, Major John Anthony Gibson 225 Porteous, Captain P.A. 72 Remembrance and Renewal 211 Portsmouth UK 57, 148, 213 Resistance Potenza Italy 103, 107 Dutch 211 Potigny France 173 French 12, 37 Pourville France 69, 72, 81 Reviers France 156, 163 Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery 200, 226- Rheinberg Germany 204 227 Rheinberg War Cemetery 204-205 Prague Czech Republic 228 Rhine 179, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208 Prague War Cemetery 228 Rhineland Germany 19, 191, 201, 202, 204 Prince Robert, HMCS 42-43 Riccio River Italy 110, 121 Prince, Sergeant Tommy 123 Rimini Italy 133, 134, 135 Princess Louise 138, 240 Rimini Line 133 prisoner-of-war camps 74, 112 Riva Bella France 144 North Point 224-225 River Arno Italy 116, 128, 129, 130 Oflag VII-B 221 River Basenta Italy 103 Sham Shui Po 224-225 River Clyde Scotland 94 Stalag Luft III 223 River Elbe Germany 208 Stalag VIII-B 222-223, 227 River Foglia Italy 133 prisoners of war 218, 221-227 River Ijssel Netherlands 208, 209 Protestant Cemetery 126-127 River Lamone Italy 118, 141 Putot-en-Bessin France 166, 175 River Orne France 144 Puys France 69, 72 River Scie France 81 River Senio Italy 138 Q River Simeto Italy 98 Quebec City QC 42 Roberts, Major-General Hamilton 69, 83, Quesnay Woods France 173 85 Quiberon Bay France 147 Rockingham, Brigadier John 171 Rodin, Auguste 181 R Rome Italy 78, 108, 113, 122-128 Rakowicki Cemetery 200, 227 Rome War Cemetery 78, 126-127 Ralston, J.L. 192 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin 103, 145, Rance River France 56 146, 167, 168 Ranville France 161 Roosevelt, President Franklin Delano 62, Ranville War Cemetery 162 65, 91, 92, 211 Rapido River Italy 124 Rotondella Italy 102 Ravenna Italy 138, 140-142, 240 Rotterdam Netherlands 210 Ravenna War Cemetery 141-142 Rouen France 88, 177, 178, 182, 259 Red Army 145 Rowe, Lieutenant Terry Faulkner 123 Rees Germany 208 Royal Air Force 29, 30, 31, 61, 82, 146, 149, Regalbuto Italy 98 167, 178, 211, 223 Reggio di Calabria Italy 101 Bomber Command 149, 169, 173 Reggio Italy 103 Royal Canadian Air Force 10, 30, 100, 140, Reichswald Germany 201, 202, 204 142, 183, 190, 204, 206, 223, 227

260 Canadians at War Royal Canadian Navy 197 Somme River France 178 Royal Canadian Naval Reserve 229 South Beveland Netherlands 184, 188, 189 Royal Navy 44 Southam, Brigadier William 83 Ruhr Germany 61, 179, 192 Southampton UK 27 Ruhr Valley Germany 61 Soviet Union 216, 221. See also Russia Runnymede UK 31-33 Special Operations Executive (SOE) 12, 226 Russia 25, 62, 68, 217. See also Soviet Speldrop Germany 208 Union Spitzbergen Norway 216-218 Ryes War Cemetery 156, 164 St-Aubin France 64, 81 St-Denis France 12 S St-Lô France 169 Sablé France 27 St-Malo France 27, 56, 57 Sabourin, Lieutenant Roméo 226 St-Martin-de-Fontenay France 176 Sai Wan Battery Hong Kong 52 St-Nazaire France 62, 179 Sai Wan Fort Hong Kong 46 St-Sever Cemetery Extension 88 Sai Wan Memorial 51-52 St. Stephen’s College Hong Kong 47 Sai Wan War Cemetery 36, 48, 51-52 Staglieno Cemetery 142 Saint John NB 42 Staines UK 31 Salerno Italy 101, 105 Stalin, Joseph 20, 62 Salisbury Plain UK 25 Stanley Military Cemetery 37, 49-50 Salmon, General Harry 93 Stewart, Lieutenant George Redvers Sangro River Italy 108 Hudson Banks 100, 239 Santerno Valley War Cemetery 120, 136 Strathroy ON 235 Santvliet Netherlands 185 Sudetenland Czechoslovakia 19 Sardinia Italy 101 Surrey UK 32, 73, 85 Sark Channel Islands 83 Sussex UK 213 Scheldt River 179, 184, 188, 189, 191, 192 Sussex District Formation 213 Schoonselhof Cemetery 184 Sussex Downs UK 25 Schutzstaffel (SS) 12, 110, 136, 138, 166, Sutcliffe, Lieutenant-Colonel John Louis 226 Robert 42 Scotland 12, 26, 93, 217 Sweden 211 Seine River France 57, 87, 171, 177, 178 Syracuse Italy 100 Senio River Italy 137 Syracuse War Cemetery 100 Seyss-Inquart, Richskommissar Arthur 211 Shing Mun Park Hong Kong 54 T Shing Mun Redoubt Hong Kong 53, 54 Taiwan 41 Sicily Italy 13, 74, 77, 93, 95, 99, 111, 113, Taylor, Gwladys 240 123, 148, 171, 239 Taylor, Jack 240 Sicily-Rome American Cemetery 113, 123 Terneuzen Netherlands 188 Sicily-Rome American Memorial 113, 123 Tilston, Major Frederick Albert 203 Siegfried Line 53, 202 Tollo-Villa Grande Italy 121 Simonds, Major-General Guy Granville 93, Topham, Corporal Frederick George 208 103, 169, 171, 184, 209 Toppo Fornelli Italy 107 Slough UK 32 Toronto ON 11 Smith, Sergeant Basil 27 Torre Mucchia Italy 110

Index 261 Treaty of Versailles 19 Vokes, Major-General Chris 103, 110 Trondheim Norway 26 von Hindenburg, President Paul 18 Trun France 171 von Rundstedt, Field Marshal Gerd 145 von Vietinghoff, Heinrich 133 U Uden Germany 202, 203, 206 W Uden War Cemetery 206 Waal River 179 United Kingdom 9, 12-14, 19-22, 24-32, 42, Walcheren Island Netherlands 184, 188-190 44, 57, 58, 62, 65, 68, 71, 73, 82, 84-86, War Measures Act 20 91, 93, 101, 103, 121, 144, 146, 169, 181, War Office 26 201, 207, 213, 216-220, 223 Warsaw Poland 227 United States 25, 201, 220 Washington DC 219 United States Army weapons 8th Air Force 169 .55 anti-tank rifle 24 Air Force 146, 211, 223 amphibious trucks (DUKW) 93-94 Fifth Army 101, 126, 137 Anti-Tank (PIAT) 93, 144 First Army 146, 169 anti-tank projector 24 Seventh Army 92, 99 Bren light machine gun 24-25 University of Manitoba 11, 12 Churchill tank 152 University of Toronto 11 Halifax bombers 168 Utrecht Netherlands 61 hand grenades 24 Lancaster bombers 168 V Lewis guns 25 Val Ygot V-1 Rocket Site 180, 183, 193, 196 mortar 24 Valguarnera Italy 95 Queen Elizabeth’s Pocket Pistol 61 Vancouver BC 42 rifle and bayonet 24 Varaville France 149, 154, 161, 162 Sherman tank 93, 94, 128, 144, 171, Varaville Memorial 154, 162 202 Varengeville France 69, 72 Sten gun 24 VE-Day 212 Thompson submachine gun 24 Veen Germany 202, 203 Tiger tank 172 Verneulles France 222 Tommy guns 93 Verriéres France 157, 160, 169, 170, 173 V-1 rockets 180-181 Verriѐres Ridge Canadian Memorial 157 Wesel Germany 208 Veterans Affairs Canada 230 Western Task Force 92 Victoria Harbour Hong Kong 46 Whitaker, Lieutenant-General Denis 84, Victoria Hospital Hong Kong 47 170 Villa Grande Italy 121 White, Brigadier-General J.B. 218 Villanova Italy 137 Wilhelmshaven Germany 212 Villanova Canadian War Cemetery 118, 141 William the Conqueror 167, 173, 146 Villapiana Italy 102 Wilnis General Cemetery 30 Villons-les-Buissons France 165, 174 Windsor ON 220 Vire River France 146 Windsor UK 31 Vizzini Italy 95 Winnipeg MB 11, 42, 46, 225, 229 Vlissingen Netherlands 191 Wittmann, Hauptsturmfuhrer Michael 172

262 Canadians at War Woensdrecht Belgium 185, 188 Woodsworth, J.S. 236 World War I 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 25, 29, 51, 62, 91, 92, 98, 104, 121, 124, 142, 167, 178, 182, 183, 218, 219, 222, 226 Worthington, Lieutenant-Colonel Donald Grant 172, 173 Worthington Memorial 176

X Xanten Germany 202, 203, 208

Y Yokohama Japan 228 Yokohama War Cemetery 228-229

Z Zutphen Netherlands 208, 209

Index 263