Unity and Catholicity in the Korean Presbyterian Church: an Ecumenical Reformed Assessment
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UNITY AND CATHOLICITY IN THE KOREAN PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH: AN ECUMENICAL REFORMED ASSESSMENT BY JAEGEON HA THESIS Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree: Philosophiae Doctor Department of Dogmatics & Christian Ethics In the Faculty of Theology University of Prestoria Supervisor: Prof. Daniël P. Veldsman September 2015 DECLARATION I, Jaegeon Ha, declare that the thesis, “Unity and Catholicity in the Korean Presbyterian Church: An ecumenical Reformed assessment”, which I hereby submit for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Dogmatics and Christian Ethics at the University of Pretoria, is my own work and has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other tertiaary institution. FULL NAME: JAEGEON HA SIGNATURE: DATE: SEPTEMBER 2015 i DEDICATION This work is dedicated to all members of my family, especially my dearest wife Soo Jung, who has devoted herself to my study and ministry with all her labours in love. My son, On Yoo, and my daughter, Yoo Kyung, encouraged and supported me in spite of my insufficient care for them when they needed me. My mother-in-law has been praying for me ceaselessly. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first of all thank and praise my God for giving me so great an opportunity to have studied, having empowered me during the past four years to overcome difficult conditions of old age, a weak body, different language, and disqualification for a bursary from the University. I know that this study is not for myself, but for God’s sake. He prepared and equipped me as his co-worker for furthering the work of the gospel and mission work on the Africa continent. Many people have given their support and encouragement to this academic endeavour. The following, however, deserve a mention, for without them my study could not be undertaken and completed. Firstly, I appreciate my supervisor, Prof. Daniël P. Veldsman, for his excellent help and guidance which enabled me to complete my study. Prof. Francois Malan advised and helped me with his recommendation after thoroughly reading my draft, which was a great support. I am really grateful to many of my prayerful sponsors: the Philadelphia Mission and its pastors: 4 Kims, Park, Choi, Baik, Go, and Suh, Evangelical Student Fellowship Han Yang centre and its senior pastor, MJ Chae, Dong Jak centre and its senior pastor, SD Cho, Mal Ssum Church and its pastor, KT Jung, Jesus Village Church and its pastor, CD Jung, Myung Sung Church and its senior pastor, SH Kim, Dong Il Church and its senior pastor, HH Kim, and HanSuWon Mission and its members, the ACM and its director, JY Kim. JG Hwang. In addition, D Suh, JE Kim, H Shin, Y Choi, H Song, Y Song, B Lee, D Kim, JH Kim, S Jo, S Jung, M Lee and S Kim. Finally, I would like to thank all my relatives in Korea, Korean postgraduate students, students of ESF, members of CBMC, students and staff in the International Immanuel Bible College. Thank you all very much. iii ABSTRACT UNITY AND CATHOLICITY IN THE KOREAN PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH: AN ECUMENICAL REFORMED ASSESSMENT Researcher: Jaegeon Ha Supervisor: Prof. Daniël P. Veldsman Department: Dogmatics and Christian Ethics Degree: Philosophiae Doctor The purpose of this study is to find a solution to a weak sense of unity and a weak ecclesiology in the Presbyterian Church in Korea (PCK) which is in serious disunity, divided into more than 200 denominations. This research has attempted to assess the unity and catholicity of the PCK using a Reformed criteria shaped through doctrinal affirmation on the basis of the exegesis of Ephesians, and the review of the two ecumenical creeds, the WCF and Calvin’s ecumenicity in his Institutes and ecumenical efforts. For the historical investigation of the disunity and ecumenical efforts in the PCK, the three main schisms were examined, and the three leading pastors’ views on unity were analysed and assessed. Assessment of disunity in the PCK indicated three factors that obstruct the unity of the PCK: weak recognition of the Reformed view on unity, immaturity and secularisation of the PCK. The ecclesiology in relation to the unity of the PCK was analysed and assessed in its iv confessions of faith, two marks of the church, ecumenical efforts and engagement with ecumenical bodies. Based on the result of the assessment, some suggestions were made to strengthen the Reformed ecclesiology and the unity of the PCK. As a solution of the disunity of the PCK on account of its weak ecclesiology and weak sense of unity, a mature ecclesiology is proposed grounded on “one mature man” from Ephesians: well-balanced between theoretical (sevenfold oneness) and practical (seven graces), a progressive growth and Christlike maturity by serving one another in love with Christ-given gifts. In relation to the ecumenical bodies, nationally a new paradigm of federal union, “one PCK and multiple denominations” prepared by the Council of Presbyterian Churches in Korea was advocated as an effort for unity. And in relation with the World Council of Churches, an ambivalent attitude “critical participation” is suggested. For reforming the PCK, it has to be catholic (ecumenical), confessional (apostolic) and passionate in world mission. As a basic ecumenical strategy, four family stages were presented: Presbyterian, Reformed, Christian, and universal family of God. Finally the unification between South Korea and North Korea was referred to as a hope and prayer. Key Terms 1. Church 2. Unity and Catholicity 3. Ecumenical 4. Calvin 5. Westminster Confession of Faith 7. Presbyterian Church in Korea 8. Reformed 9. Weak Ecclesiology 10. Mature Ecclesiology 11. One mature man 12. Sevenfold oneness 13. Seven graces 14. Lord’s Supper 15. God’s family 16. Critical participation v Abbreviations CCIK Communion of Churches in Korea CCK Christian Council of Korea CPCK Council of the Presbyterian Churches in Korea GA General Assembly ICCC International Council of Christian Churches Institutes Institutes of Christian Religion KTS Korea Theological Seminary NAE National Association of Evangelicals NCCK National Council of Churches in Korea PCA Presbyterian Church in Australia PCC Presbyterian Church in Canada PCK Presbyterian Church in Korea PCUS Presbyterian Church in the United States PCUSA Presbyterian Church in the United States of America PTS Presbyterian Theological Seminary at Pyeng Yang ( Pyeng Yang Presbyterian Theological Seminary ) UCC United Church of Canada WARC World Alliance of Reformed Churches WCC World Council of Churches WCRC World Communion of Reformed Churches Abbreviations of Books of the Bible Old Testament Est Esther Na Nahum Php Philippians Ge Genesis Job Job Hab Habakkuk Col Colossians Ex Exodus Ps Psalms Zep Zephaniah 1Th 1 Thessalonians Lev Leviticus Pr Proverbs Hag Haggai 2Th 2 Thessalonians Nu Numbers Ecc Ecclesiastes Zec Zechariah 1Ti 1 Timothy Dt Deuteronomy Ss Song of Songs Mal Malachi 2Ti 2 Timothy Jos Joshua Isa Isaiah New Testament Tit Titus Jdg Judges Jer Jeremiah Mt Matthew Phm Philemon Ru Ruth La Lamentations Mk Mark Heb Hebrews 1Sa 1 Samuel Eze Ezekiel Lk Luke Jas James 2Sa 2 Samuel Da Daniel Jn John 1Pe 1 Peter 1Ki 1 Kings Hos Hosea Ac Acts 2Pe 2Peters 2Ki 2 Kings Joel Joel Ro Romans 1Jn 1 John 1Ch 1 Chronicles Am Amos 1Co 1 Corinthians 2Jn 2 John 2Ch 2 Chronicles Ob Obadiah 2Co 2 Corinthians 3Jn 3 John Ezr Ezra Jnh Jonah Gal Galatians Jude Jude Ne Nehemiah Mic Micah Eph Ephesians Rev Revelation vi Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Introduction to the problem 1 1.2. Statement of the problem 3 1.3. The purpose of this research 4 1.4. The hypothesis of this research 5 1.5. The limitation of this research 6 1.6. The method of this research 6 1.7. Chapters outline 8 Chapter 2. Affirmation of the doctrine of the unity and catholicity of the church 10 2.1. Review of the biblical teaching on the unity and catholicity of the church 10 2.1.1. Calling to individual salvation by God’s grace (2:1-10) 12 2.1.2. Union of Jews and Gentiles in the church (2:11-22) 13 2.1.2.1. Disunion of Jews and Gentiles (2:11-13) 13 2.1.2.2. Union of Jews and Gentiles in the church (2:14-18) 14 vii (1) One new man 15 (2) Reconciliation to God 17 (3) Access to God 17 2.1.2.3. Consequence of the unity of the church (2:19-22) 18 (1) God’s people (citizen) 18 (2) God’s family 19 (3) The Holy Temple 19 (4) The growth of the church 21 2.1.3. Prayer for strengthening of love (3:14-19) 22 2.1.4. The basis of unity (4:1-6) 23 2.1.4.1. Seven graces to unity (4:1-3) 23 2.1.4.2. The sevenfold oneness (4:4-6) 28 2.1.5. The building up of unity (4:7-16) 30 2.1.5.1. The donation of the gifts (4:7-10) 30 2.1.5.2. The distribution of the gifts (4:11-16) 31 (1) Unity of the faith in and the knowledge of the Son of God 32 (2) A mature man 32 (3) The measure of Christ’s full stature 33 2.1.6. Interrelation between unity, catholicity and ecumenicity 36 2.1.7. Summary 40 2.2. Review of the confessions of faith 42 2.2.1. The early church’s creeds 43 2.2.1.1. The Apostles’ Creed 44 2.2.1.2. The Nicene Creed 47 2.2.2. The Westminster Confession of Faith 49 2.2.2.1. The church (chapter 25) 50 viii 2.2.2.2.