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Women's Experiences During Armed Conflict in Southern WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES DURING ARMED CONFLICT IN SOUTHERN SUDAN, 1983-2005 THE CASE OF JUBA COUNTY CENTRAL EQUATORIAL STATE WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES DURING ARMED CONFLICT IN SOUTHERN SUDAN, 1983 - 2005: THE CASE OF JUBA COUNTY - CENTRAL EQUATORIAL STATE AN Isis-WICCE RESEARCH REPORT IN COLLABORATION WITH CENTRAL EQUATORIAL STATE, JUBA AND TOTTO CHAN TRAUMA CENTRE WITH FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM DANIDA EED HIVOS NORWEGIAN COUNCIL FOR AFRICA/FOKUS SIGRID RAUSING TRUST UNIFEM SEPTEMBER, 2007 N E W S U D A N Central Equatorial Totto Chan We Link Women Internationally State Trauma Centre I Women’s Experiences during Armed Conflict in Southern Sudan, 1983 – 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations........................................................................ iv List of Tables.......................................................................... v Authorship and Acknowledgement............................................ vi Executive Summary................................................................ ix CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.1 Introduction ............................................................... 1 1.2 Isis-WICCE Documentation........................................... 4 1.3 The Pre-Study Process ............................................... 4 1.4 Southern Sudan- Socio-Demographic Aspects .............. 4 1.5 Statement of the Problem .......................................... 5 1.6 Objectives .....................……………………………………… 7 1.7 Key Questions ............................................................ 7 1.8 Utility of Documentation ............................................. 8 CHAPTER TWO METHODS AND PROCESS 2.1 Study Design ............................................................. 10 2.2 Study Area ................................................................ 10 2.3 Sampling Procedure .................................................... 12 2.4 Study Population ......................................................... 15 2.5 Data Collection ........................................................... 15 2.6 Data Analysis ............................................................. 19 2.7 Training the Research Team .......................................... 19 2.8 Problems Encountered................................................. 22 CHAPTER THREE LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Armed Conflict, Gender and Women’s Experiences ......... 24 3.1.1 Global Perspectives ................................................... 24 3.1.2 Gender Based Violence (GBV) in Armed Conflict ............. 25 3.1.3 Women’s Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in conflict ................. 28 3.1.4 The Threat of HIV/AIDS ............................................... 31 3.2 Torture Experiences .................................................... 32 3.2.1 Armed Conflict Torture ................................................ 32 3.2.2 Reproductive Health Problems ..................................... 35 3.2.3 Surgical Problems ...................................................... 36 III 3.2.4 Mental Health Problems .............................................. 36 3.2.5 Impact of Armed Conflict on the Health System ............ 37 3.3 The Southern Sudan Context........................................ 38 3.4 Post-Conflict Challenges ............................................. 38 CHAPTER FOUR THE FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction .............................................................. 39 4.2 The Pre-Armed Conflict Environment and Experience ..... 40 4.2.1 Causes of the Sudanese Civil Conflict from 1983 - 2005 40 4.2.2 The Beginning of the Conflict ....................................... 41 4.3 Social and Demographic Profile of the Respondents ...... 43 4.3.1 Age of Respondents ................................................... 44 4.3.2 Religion ................................................................. 45 4.3.3 Education ................................................................. 45 4.3.4 Employment Status .................................................... 46 4.3.5 Marital Status ............................................................ 47 4.3.6 Age at First Marriage ................................................. 47 4.3.7 Contraceptive Use ..................................................... 48 4.3.8 Children Lost During the Conflict ................................. 49 4.4 Changing Socio-economic Context of Respondents ......... 50 4.5 Changing Gender Perspectives .................................... 53 4.5.1 Income Generating Activities ...................................... 53 4.5.2 Gender Roles ............................................................ 56 4.6 Women’s Contribution and Survival Strategies/Coping Mechanisms During the Armed Conflict ....................... 59 4.6.1 Introduction ................................................................ 59 4.6.2 Accessing Basic Needs ................................................ 60 4.6.3 Life in Camps .............................................................. 62 4.6.4 Sexuality...................................................................... 63 4.7 Contribution of Women as Combatants ........................ 63 4.8 Health Situation of Respondents .................................. 65 4.8.1 Exposure to Armed Conflict Related Torture/Trauma ....... 65 4.8.2 Sexual Abuse and Gender Based Violence during the Conflict 67 4.8.3 Physical Torture Experiences ....................................... 70 4.8.4 Psychological Torture Experiences ............................... 71 4.8.5 Perpetrators of Armed Conflict Torture ........................ 73 IIIII Women’s Experiences during Armed Conflict in Southern Sudan, 1983 – 2005 4.8.6 Psychological and Medical Consequences of Torture......... 74 4.8.7 Suicidal and Homicidal Ideas/Behaviour ......................... 78 4.8.8 Gynecological Problems ............................................... 79 4.8.9 Surgical Complaints .................................................... 81 4.8.10 Knowledge, Attitudes and Services for HIV/AIDS ........... 83 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, CHALLENGES AND recommendations 5.1 Discussion ................................................................. 86 5.2 Challenges and Recommendations ................................ 89 5.3 Conclusion ................................................................. 91 References ................................................................. 93 Appendix I – Map of Sudan .................................................. 97 Appendix II – Map of Southern Sudan .................................... 98 Appendix III – Map of Central Equatoria ................................. 99 Appendix IV – Questionnaire .................................................. 100 IVIII ABBREVIATIONS ACTV African Centre for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture Victims CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement DRC Democratic Republic of Congo FGD Focus Group Discussion FGM Female Genital Mutilation GBV Gender Based Violence GOS Government of Sudan GOSS Government of Southern Sudan HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/Syndrome Isis-WICCE Isis-Women’s International Cross Cultural Exchange IDP Internally Displaced People KII Key Informant Interviews NGO Non-governmental Organisation PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder SPLM/A Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement/Army STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees WFP World Food Program IVV Women’s Experiences during Armed Conflict in Southern Sudan, 1983 – 2005 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Social and demographic profile of respondents .............. 44 Table 2: Age at first marriage by gender ................................... 47 Table 3: Use of contraceptives ................................................. 49 Table 4 Lost children, still births, miscarriages among women respondents ..................................................... 49 Table5: Social and economic context of respondents in the conflict, pre-and post conflict periods ....................................... 51 Table 6: Gender roles/activities and relations before, during and after the conflict ........................................................ 54 Table 7: Customary land ownership ........................................... 56 Table 8: Gender roles of women before, during and after the conflict 57 Table 9: Gender roles of men before, during and after the conflict . 58 Table 10: Gender roles of girls before, during and after the conflict . 58 Table 11 Gender roles of boys before, during and after the conflict 59 Table 12: Loss of family member ................................................ 66 Table 13: Cause of spouse loss .................................................. 66 Table 14: Sexual and physical violence experienced by females ....... 67 Table 15: Types of torture suffered by respondent ....................... 71 Table 16: Psychological torture experiences of respondents ......... 72 Table 17: Perpetrators of war torture ........................................ 73 Table 18: Psychological symptoms experienced by respondents .... 74 Table 19: Level of psychological distress among respondents ....... 75 Table 20: Previous health seeking behavior or respondents for psychological distress ................................................. 76 Table 21: Substance abuse among respondents .......................... 77 Table 22: Suicidal behaviour among respondents ......................... 78 Table 23: Homicidal Ideation among respondents ........................
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