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SERIES Even Thousands of Years to Define, Winery GEOSCIENCE CANADA Volume 31 Number 4 December 2004 167 SERIES even thousands of years to define, winery. The quality of the grape, develop, and understand their best however, is the result of the combination terroir, newer regions typically face a of five main factors: the climate, the site trial and error stage of finding the best or local topography, the nature of the variety and terroir match. This research geology and soil, the choice of the grape facilitates the process by modeling the variety, and how they are together climate and landscape in a relatively managed to produce the best crop young grape growing region in Oregon, (Fig. 1). The French have named this the Umpqua Valley appellation. The interaction between cultural practices, result is an inventory of land suitability the local environment, and the vines, the that provides both existing and new “terroir.” While there will always be growers greater insight into the best some disagreement over which aspects Geology and Wine 8. terroirs of the region. of the terroir are most influential, it is Modeling Viticultural clear that the prudent grape grower must Landscapes: A GIS SOMMAIRE understand their interactions and Le terroir est un concept holiste de controls on grape growth and quality (for Analysis of the Terroir facteurs environnementaux et culturels a good review of the concept of terroir Potential in the Umpqua agissant sur un continuum s’étendant de see Vaudour, 2002). Valley of Oregon la croissance de la vigne à la vinification. Numerous researchers have Dans le domaine des facteurs physiques, examined various aspects of terroir at il faut trouver la combinaison idéale different spatial scales providing insights entre la variété du raisin d’une part, et le into the complex inter-relationships Gregory V. Jones1, Nicholas Snead1,2, climat et les caractéristiques du site de between grape growing, quality wine and Peder Nelson3 culture comme l’élévation, la pente, production, and the site. In a 1Department of Geography, Southern l’aspect et le type de sol, d’autre part. comprehensive book on terroir, Wilson Oregon University, 1250 Siskiyou Blvd Alors qu’en certaines régions, on a eu (1998) discusses the debate of which Ashland, Oregon 97520 U.S.A. des centaines, voire des milliers d’année terroir factor is more important – nature [email protected] pour définir, développer et définir le or the winemaker’s art – with the general 2Department of Planning Public Policy & terroir idéal, dans les régions nouvelles, conclusion that the debate may never be Management, School of Architecture and on doit procéder par essais et erreur scientifically understood enough to Allied Arts, 119 Hendricks Hall, 1209 pour trouver le meilleur appariement differentiate the component University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon raisin et terroir. La recherche décrite contributions, but that its discourse has 97403-1209 U.S.A. ci-contre entend faciliter ce processus de provided greater recognition of the 3Environmental Education Program mariage idéal en modélisant les facteurs influence that geology and geological Southern Oregon University du climat et du paysage dans une région processes have relative to wine quality 1250 Siskiyou Blvd, Ashland, Oregon viticole relativement jeune de l’Orégon, traits. Haynes (1999) further discusses 97520 U.S.A. celle de la vallée de Umpqua. Le résultat the importance of the interrelationships obtenu est un inventaire des terrains of all the terroir-related factors in the SUMMARY propices, ce qui fait aussi bien l’affaire production of quality of wine, however Terroir is a holistic concept that relates des vignerons établis que des nouveaux the author makes a sound case of the to both environmental and cultural vignerons dans leur quête des meilleurs soil and subsoil being the “determining factors that together influence the grape terroirs de la région. factor controlling the taste and bouquet growing to wine production continuum. of a wine” by examining vineyard The physical factors that influence the INTRODUCTION designation differences in the Côte d’Or process include matching a given grape Overall, the quality of wine produced in region of France. Applied terroir-related variety to its ideal climate along with any viticultural region comes primarily research has resulted in examinations of optimum site characteristics of from the high quality of the grapes, individual elements such as soil (Becker, elevation, slope, aspect, and soil. While which are carefully vinified through 1988), plant growth (Tesic et al., 2002a), some regions have had hundreds and often long-held cultural practices in the viability of specific varieties (De Villars, 168 accumulation, temperature extremes (including winter freezes and spring and fall frosts), precipitation during the principal growth stages, wind, and extreme weather events such as hail. Each climate factor should be assessed from the overriding macroscale down to the site or toposcale and even into the canopy (microscale). The topography and soils of a site play important roles in grapevine growth and quality, and have interactive effects with climatic elements. Topographic factors that exert the greatest influence on a site’s climate include elevation, slope, aspect, hill isolation and how it affects air drainage, and proximity to bodies of water. A marginal climate can be mitigated to some degree by locating the vineyard on an ideal site. From a soil standpoint, Figure 1 Factors encountered in the grape growing to wine production continuum. Note that high-quality wines are made from viniculture is the study or science of making wines. grapes grown in many different types of soils with no single type considered 1997), cultural practices (Jordan et al., process that any potential grape grower ideal, however each soil imparts its own 1980), climate (Smart and Dry, 1980; will encounter when starting out (Jones unique taste and mouth-feel to a given Jackson and Cherry, 1988), and the and Hellman, 2003). Combined with variety (Wilson, 1998). Grapevines will zoning of viticultural environments matching the site to a grape variety, this tolerate a wide range of soils, with (Carey, 2001; Carey et al., 2001). decision will ultimately affect the nutrient imbalances and moisture issues Others have addressed site suitability vineyard’s yield, the quality of the wine being the principal factors to consider. issues as a collection of factors that produced, and the vineyard’s long-term Soil drainage is the most important allow insights into a region’s unknown profitability (Wolf, 1997). In addition, physical property. Waterlogged soils will potential (Tukey and Clore, 1972; site selection normally involves lead to a reduction in vine health and Sayed, 1992; Boyer and Wolf, 2000; compromises, in that few sites will added difficulties in vineyard Jones, 2001) or as a measure of possess ideal landscape and climate management. Adequate soil depth is prediction for new areas to plant in characteristics in every respect. Terroir next in importance. A minimum of 30- existing regions (Davis et al., 1984; assessment (site assessment) represents 40 inches of permeable soil and no Margary et al., 1998; Tesic et al., a complex suite of issues that must be impeding layers (shallow bedrock, 2002b). From a geology perspective, factored into any plan to establish a chemical or physical hardpans) is applied research has helped redefine successful vineyard operation. needed for optimum vine growth (Dry sub-appellations in the Niagara Numerous overviews exist that detail and Smart, 1988). Finally, soil fertility Peninsula of Canada based on a site selection in general (e.g., Dry and should be moderate for grapevines. Soil combination of bedrock geology, soil, Smart, 1988; Gladstones, 1992) or for that is too fertile along with excessive and climate, not simple climate zones as specific regions (e.g., Shaulis and vegetative growth can be problematic; originally delineated (Haynes, 2000). In Dethier, 1970; Wolf, 1997; Jones and in contrast, impoverished soils can addition, two detailed studies by Hellman, 2003) and focus mostly on require economically intensive Meinert and Busacca (2000 and 2002) climate, topography, and soil factors. applications of nutrients. Soil pH is a in the Walla Walla and Red Mountain Of all site factors, climate exerts good indicator of the availability of appellations of Washington have yielded the most profound effect on the ability nutrient cations and therefore fertility. great insight into how, over a relatively of a region or site to produce quality small area, geology combines with grapes. Over time the average climate Grape Growing in Oregon climate to yield a broad range of wine structure of an area has proven to Oregon currently ranks as the fourth styles and consistently high-rated wines. determine to a large degree the defining largest wine producer in the United wine style, with variations in wine States, growing grapes in six Assessing the Physical Aspects of production and quality being chiefly appellations (Federally designated grape Terroir controlled by husbandry decisions and growing and wine making regions, Assessing a site’s physical terroir aspects short-term climate variability. Climate called American Viticultural Areas - is arguably the single most important factors include solar radiation, heat AVAs): Applegate Valley, Columbia GEOSCIENCE CANADA Volume 31 Number 4 December 2004 169 Valley, Rogue Valley, Umpqua Valley, Walla Walla Valley, and Willamette Valley (Fig. 2). In 2002 there were 582 vineyards
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