Unbounded the Eighteenth Century Mirrored by the Present Gränslöst

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Unbounded the Eighteenth Century Mirrored by the Present Gränslöst GÖTEBORGS KONSTMUSEUMS SKRIFTSERIE GÖTEBORGS KONSTMUSEUMS SKRIFTSERIE DETTA ÄR DET ÅTTONDE NUMRET AV GÖTEBORGS KONSTMUSEUMS SKRIFTSERIE SKIASCOPE Gränslöst Gränslöst Namnet är hämtat från ett instrument som den inflytelserike museimannen Unbounded Benjamin Ives Gilman utvecklade i början av 1900-talet för att ge betraktaren 1700-tal speglat i nuet möjlighet att fokusera på konsten i de, enligt upphovsmannen, ofta alltför stora och tätt hängda museisalarna. Ett finns på Göteborgs konstmuseum, ISBN 978-91-87968-96-9 sannolikt inköpt av Axel L. Romdahl. Vad har Alexander Roslins societetsporträtt Skiascopet blev aldrig någon succé. Det blev kanske obsolet genom att en och Tobias Bernstrups fotografiska själviscen- glesare hängningsideologi vann mark under mellankrigstiden. Ändå kan nog sättningar i lack och pumps gemensamt? I slu- många museibesökare känna igen sig i det som Gilman beskriver som ett av tet av 1700-talet drogs nya gränser upp kring museiväsendets grundproblemen: den museitrötthet som infinner sig redan köns identitet, konst närsrollen, synen på naturen efter ett par salar. Redan vid sekelskiftet stod det klart att museernas själva och västerlandets förhållande till Kina. I vår tid essens – att samla och ställa ut – hotade att göra dem alltför omfattande och omöjliga för besökarna att ta till sig. Sovring blir med tiden lika viktigt som ifrågasätts och överskrids dessa gränser på nytt, samlande. vilket öppnar för nya perspektiv på konst, mode Denna skriftseries ledstjärna är just fokusering. Liksom Gilmans instru- och konsthantverk från 1700-talet. Omvänt kan ment vill vi bidra till att rama in, lyfta fram och intensivt studera frågor som 1700-talets konst säga något om vår tid. vi ser som betydelsefulla. Det kan vara enskilda verk, konstnärskap eller tidsperioder. What do Alexander Roslin’s high-society portraits and Tobias Bernstrup’s photographic self-stagings in lacquer and pumps have in common? At the THIS IS THE EIGHT ISSUE OF SKIASCOPE • Demonstration av ett skiascope, ur Benjamin Ives Gilmans, end of the eighteenth century, new boundaries Museum Ideals of Purpose and Methods, Cambridge 1918, s. 238. GOTHENBURG MUSEUM OF ART PUBLICATION SERIES were drawn regarding gender identity, the way of seeing nature, and the relationship between the • Demonstration of a skiascope, from Benjamin Ives Gilman’s, West and China. In our times, those boundaries Museum Ideals of Purpose and Methods, Cambridge 1918, p. 238. are questioned and transcended anew, which Skiascope takes its name from a contraption invented in the early twentieth cen- opens up for new perspectives on art, fashion, and tury by the influential museum curator, Benjamin Ives Gilman. Concerned handicraft of the eighteenth century. Conversely, that art was hung too close together in over-large galleries, he designed the skiascope to help visitors focus on individual works of art. The Gothenburg eighteenth- century art may tell us something about REDAKTÖR / EDITOR Museum of Art owns one, probably bought by Axel L. Romdahl. our times. KRISTOFFER ARVIDSSON Unbounded The skiascope was never much of a success. Obsolescence was certain Gränslöst once the idea gained ground in the inter-war period that galleries should be more sparsely hung. Still, many today will recognize what Gilman saw as a Unbounded fundamental problem: the museum fatigue that sets in after only a couple of rooms. Even in his day it was clear that the museums’ identity – their mis- sion to collect and exhibit – threatened to make them too comprehensive, The Eighteenth Century and overwhelming for visitors. In time, selection would become almost as important as collection. Like Gilman’s device, the guiding principle of Skiascope is focus. We will Mirrored by the Present bring select topics to public attention and study each issue in depth, be it a single work of art, an artist’s oeuvre, or an entire period. GOTHENBURG MUSEUM OF ART PUBLICATION SERIES GOTHENBURG MUSEUM OF ART PUBLICATION SERIES FIG. 1 Jean-Baptiste Gautier Dagoty, fransk 1740–1786, Jean-Baptiste Gautier Dagoty, French 1740–1786, Grevinnan av Provence, olja på duk, 89 x 71,5 cm, Grevinnan av Provence, oil on canvas, 89 x 71.5 cm, Göteborgs konstmuseum, testamentarisk gåva av Gothenburg Museum of Art, Kristina Nilsson bequest Kristina Nilsson 1922, GKM 0791. 1922, GKM 0791. FIG. 2 John Teodore Heins d.ä., tysk-engelsk 1697–1756, John Teodore Heins the Elder, German-English 1697– Damporträtt, 1752, olja på duk, 76 x 63,5 cm, 1756, Portrait of a Lady, 1752, oil on canvas, 76 x 63.5 cm, Göteborgs konstmuseum, testamentarisk gåva av Gothenburg Museum of Art, Kristina Nilsson bequest Kristina Nilsson 1922, GKM 0788. 1922, GKM 0788. FIG. 3 I de högre stånden hade porträtt en funktion att visa upp status inom givna ramar, med avseende på vad som var föreskrivet för den samhällsklass och det kön man tillhörde. Porträtt användes också på äktenskapsmarknaden. Målare excellerade i att återge dyra material men porträtten ger emellanåt också ut­ rymme för det personliga och psykologiska, som i Per­­ Kraffts damporträtt. Nicolas De Largillière, fransk 1656–1746, Stina Lillie, 1713, Nicolas De Largillière, French 1656–1746, Stina Lillie, olja på duk, 80 x 64 cm, Göteborgs konstmuseum, gåva 1713, oil on canvas, 80 x 64 cm, Gothenburg Museum of av Knut J:son Mark 1929, GKM 0890. Art, gift of Knut J:son Mark 1929, GKM 0890. FIG. 4 In the upper classes, portraits functioned to manifest status within prede­ termined parameters with respect to what was mandated for the social class and the sex in question. Portraits were also used on the marriage market. Painters excelled in reproducing expensive materials but the portraits occasionally also give room for the personal and the psychological, as in Per Krafft’s portrait of a lady. Pär Krafft d.ä., svensk 1724–1793, Damporträtt, 1768, olja Pär Krafft the Elder, Swedish 1724–1793, Portrait of på duk, 44 x 34 cm, Göteborgs konstmuseum, gåva av a Lady, 1768, oil on canvas, 44 x 34 cm, Gothenburg Werner Lundqvist 1920, WL 59. Museum of Art, gift of Werner Lundqvist 1920, WL 59. FIG. 5 Kungligheter använde porträtt i den politiska propagandan för att ge legitimitet åt sin makt. Med anspelning på antika myter lyftes dygder fram. Wertmüllers porträtt av Marie Antoinette visar fram henne inte bara som drottning iklädd det senaste modet utan också som mor i en naturlig omgivning. Carl Gustaf Pilo, svensk 1711/1714–1793, Drottning Carl Gustaf Pilo, Swedish 1711/1714–1793, Sofia Sofia Magdalena, 1766, 92 x 70 cm, Nationalmuseum, Magdalena, Queen of Sweden, 1766, 92 x 70 cm, Stockholm, överförd från Gripsholm 1865, NM 1005, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, transferred from Gripsholm foto: Nationalmuseum. 1865, NM 1005, photo: Nationalmuseum. FIG. 6 Royalties used portraits in political propaganda to legitimize their power. With allusions to ancient myths, virtues were emphasized. Wertmüller’s portrait of Marie Antoinette shows her not only as a queen dressed in the latest fashion, but also as a mother in a natural environment. Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller, svensk 1751–1811, Drottning Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller, Swedish 1751–1811, Queen Marie Marie Antoinette av Frankrike med två av sina barn Antoinette of France and Two of Her Children Walking promenerande i Trianons park, 1785, olja på duk, 276 x in the Trianon Park, 1785, oil on canvas, 276 x 194 cm, 194 cm, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, övertagande från Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, transferred from Kongl. Kongl. Museum 1866 (gåva av Marie Antoinette till Gustav Museum 1866 (gift from Marie Antoinette to Gustav III III 1786), NM 1032, foto: Nationalmuseum. 1786), NM 1032, photo: Nationalmuseum. FIG. 7 Fredrik Vilhelm I framställs i Wertmüllers kopia av Schoojants porträtt som antik krigare och en Davidgestalt i strid med Goliat. För en nutida betrak­ tare framstår den halvnakne mannen i fladdrande tyger, böljande långt hår och rosiga kinder som feminin, men dessa attribut uppfattades inte så under 1700­talet. In Wertmüller’s copy of Schoojant’s portrait, Frederick William I is presented as ancient warrior and a David figure in battle with Goliath. For contemporary viewers, the half­naked man in fluttering fabrics, flowing long hair and rosy cheeks seems feminine, but these attributes are not perceived as such in the eighteenth century. Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller, svensk 1751–1811, Fredrik Vilhelm Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller, Swedish 1751–1811, Fredrik I, 1688–1740, kung av Preussen, kopia efter Antonie Vilhelm I, 1688–1740, King of Prussia, copy after Antonie Schoojant, olja på duk, 178 x 135 cm, Nationalmuseum, Schoojant, oil on canvas, 178 x 135 cm, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, omförd från Målerisamlingen, NM 1036, Stockholm, transferred from the painting collection, NM NMGrh 1731, foto: Nationalmuseum. 1036, NMGrh 1731, photo: Nationalmuseum. FIG. 8 FIG. 10 Okänd österrikisk verksam under andra hälften av Unknown Austrian active during the second half of the Okänd fransk verksam under andra hälften av 1700-talet, Unkown French active during the second half of the 1700-talet, Figuringrupp, Kärlekspar iakttaget av en eighteenth century, Figurine Group, Lovers Observed Figurin, Jägare/Jägarinna, 1760-tal, Strasbourg, fajans eighteenth century, Figurine, Huntsman/Huntress, yngling, ca 1760–1770, Wiener Porzellanmanufaktur, by a Youth, c.1760–1770, Wiener Porzellanmanufaktur, med målad dekor, höjd 19,5/19,5 cm, Nationalmuseum, Strasbourg, 1760s, faience with painted decoration, Wien, Österrike, porslin med målad dekor, höjd 26,5 Vienna, Austria, porcelain with painted decoration, height
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