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Clé Des Gastéromycètes Épigés D'europe Clé des gastéromycètes épigés d'Europe (genres sécotioïdes exclus) Version 3d (pdf) du 05/2017 Serge Poumarat Bovista acuminata PETIT GLOSSAIRE (En complément du glossaire illustré à la suite) Voir aussi JOSSERAND (1952) et ALLARD (1992). Apophyse : (dessin p. 3) saillie annulaire, obtuse ou aiguë, à la base de l’endopéridium d’un Geastrum sec. Arqué : (dessin p. 3) qualifie l’exopéridium mûr d’un Geastrum lorsque sa partie centrale est convexe, le basidiome reposant alors sur les pointes des lanières qui ne sont pas liées à la marge d’une coupelle formée par la couche mycélienne détachée. Basidiome : appareil reproducteur dans laquelle se forment les basides. Aussi appelé basidiocarpe ou carpophore. Capillitium : (dessin p. 5) ensemble d'hyphes à parois épaisses, souvent colorées, généralement cyanophiles (c'est la paroi qui doit être fortement colorée en bleu et pas seulement l'intérieur des hyphes), non septées ou à cloisons rares, très espacées, non bouclées, mêlées aux spores à maturité. Le capillitium peut être élastique ou fragile, se désarticulant facilement : mettre un prélèvement de gléba entre lame et lamelle dans un milieu d'observation et avec le doigt faire tourner la lamelle en appuyant à peine, dans le premier cas les hyphes s'enroulent sans se désarticuler (ou peu), dans le second cas les hyphes se désarticulent et on observe beaucoup d'extrémités libres. Couronne : parfois la couche interne charnue de l’exopéridium d’un Geastrum se détache tangentiellement du reste de l’exopéridium et forme une sorte de couronne charnue basse ou de cupule dans laquelle paraît posé l’endopéridium. Déhiscence : action d'ouverture du basidiome par un pore ou par une ou des déchirures régulières ou irrégulières. Ectospore : couche externe de la paroi sporique qui peut être visible chez certaines espèces car légèrement décollée (souvent seulement en partie) des autres couches. Exopéridium : voir péridium. Dans le genre Tulostoma, on distingue un exopéridium arachnéen, c'est-à-dire un lacis lâche d'hyphes englobant des grains de sable ou autres particules, d'un exopéridium membraneux, ayant l'aspect d'une fine membrane. Fimbrié : (dessin p. 5) comme le bord d'un papier grossier déchiré. Forniqué : (dessin p. 3) qualifie l’exopéridium mûr d’un Geastrum lorsqu’il est arqué (voir ce mot) et que les pointes des lanières sont liées à la marge d’une coupelle formée par la couche mycélienne détachée. Gléba : (dessin p. 4) tissu sporogène. A maturité, ensemble des spores mêlées ou non au capillitium et/ou au paracapillitium. Hyalin : employé ici dans le sens de translucide et incolore. Hygroscopique : qualifie l’exopéridium mûr d’un Geastraceae lorsqu’il réagit aux changements d’humidité, les lanières se refermant sur l’endopéridium par temps sec et se déroulant à nouveau dans une atmosphère humide. Hyménium : tissu formé par les basides régulièrement disposées en une couche avec leur grand axe perpendiculaire à la surface : hyménium palissadique. Incrustant : qualifie la couche externe d’un péridium (souvent la couche mycélienne) lorsqu’elle agglomère ± fortement les débris de la litière ou du sol. Locule : Chez les Gasteromycetes, la gléba peut être divisée par des membranes en petits compartiments pleins (ou logettes), appelés locules qui souvent ne sont visibles qu’avant la maturité complète. Elles sont spectaculaires chez Pisolithus arhizus. 2 Ostiole : (dessin p. 4) ouverture ± régulière et limitée du péridium. il est entouré par le péristome qui peut être ± remarquable. Paracapillitium : ensemble d'hyphes à paroi souvent épaisse et incolore, non cyanophiles, régulièrement septées, bouclées ou non, mêlées aux spores à maturité. Péridium : (dessin p. 4) enveloppe ± épaisse du basidiome. Il se compose généralement de 2 couches distinctes, l'exopéridium pour la couche externe, l'endopéridium pour la couche interne. Péristome : (dessin p. 3) partie entourant l'ouverture (ostiole) et pouvant être remarquable du reste du péridium par un relief, une couleur ou un dessin particuliers. Pseudoparenchymateux (couche) : tissu ou couche d’un tissu composé de cellules isodiamétriques ou subisodiamétriques et par extension de cellules courtes et larges. Pseudorhize : gros cordon mycélien imitant une racine pivotante unique. Rhizomorphes : (dessin p. 4) ensemble de cordons mycéliens ± ramifiés formant un lacis dense et souvent agglomérant. Sacciforme : (dessin p. 3) qualifie l’exopéridium mûr d’un Geastrum lorsque sa partie centrale est concave et forme une sorte de sac ou mieux de cupule emboîtant la base de l’endopéridium. Les lanières peuvent être, ou non, enroulées au-dessous de cette partie centrale. Subéreux : qui a la consistance du liège. Turbiné : en forme de toupie. GLOSSAIRE ILLUSTRÉ Geastrum a : apophyse c : columelle cc : couche charnue de l’exopéridium cf : couche fibreuse de l’exopéridium cm : couche mycélienne de l’exopéridium End : endopéridium Exo : exopéridium g : gléba o : ostiole Coupe longitudinale dans un basidiome ouvert p : péristome s : stipe (ou pédicelle) Péristomes : Formes particulières que peut prendre l’exopéridium : sillonné lisse, fimbrié, , déterminé mamelonné conique arqué sacciforme forniqué 3 4 5 RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Pour 2 auteurs la citation est complète, au-delà seul le premier auteur est mentionné suivi de "et al." avec éventuellement un numéro d'ordre (lettre minuscule). Des ouvrages illustrés, tels que : MARCHAND 1976, PEGLER et al. 1995 n'ont pas été répétés dans les références bibliographiques lorsqu’ils sont cités dans l’iconographie. Abréviations utilisées dans les références iconographiques Un nom d'auteur suivit d'une date renvoie à l'index de la bibliographie page : 72 AMER 20-21 : 28 : Bollettino dell' Associazione Micologica ed Ecologica Romana, n° du bulletin et page. An : 21 + ph. : Antonín & Bieberova 1995 page 21 et photo. Ar 197 : Arora 1986, n° de la photo. At 41 : Lazzari 1985, n° de la page. BC 633 : Bolets de Catalunya (Societat Catalana de Micologia 1982-2000), n° de la planche. BK 2-506 : Breitenbach & Kränzlin 1986, tome 2 et n° de la planche. Bol 1986, 29 (3-4) : 184 : Boll. Gr. Micol. G. Bresadola, année, tome (fascicule), n° de la page. Bon 303 : Bon 1988, n° page. Boud 185 : Boudier 1904-1910, tome 1, n° de la planche. BH 109 : Borgarino et Hurtado 2004, n° de la page. Bres 1881 pl. 72 : Bresadola 1881 et n° de la planche. Bres pl. 11441 : Bresadola 1927-1933, vol. 5 et n° de la planche. BSM 2007 (1) : Bulletin Suisse de Mycologie, 2007 fascicule 1 BVM 28 : Bulletin Valaisan de Mycologie, n° du bulletin, n° de la page. Cal 287 : Calonge 1975, n° de la page. Cal 1990 pl. 230 : Calonge 1990 a, n° de la planche. Cat 14-15 : Butl. Soc. Catalana Micol, n° du tome, n° de la page. CCD 49 : Cacialli, Caroti & Doveri 1995 et n° de la fiche (Schede). CD 1724 : Courtecuisse & Duhem 1994, n° de l'espèce. Ce 357 : Cetto Funghi dal Vero, n° de la planche. CS 410 : Constantino & Siquier 1996, n° de la page. D 1091 : Dähncke 1993, n° de la page. DM 92 pl. 2B : 65 : Documents Mycologiques, n° de fascicule et n° de la planche suivi de la page. DS 76 : Bulletin de la Fédération Dauphiné-Savoie, n° du bulletin. FAMM 1 : 36 : Bulletin de la Fédération des Associations Mycologiques Méditerranéennes, nouvelle série, n° du bulletin et page. F i Q 4 : 51 : Bull. Ass. Micol. Font i Quer, n° 4 : 51. 6 FND 7-7 : Fungi Non Delineati n° Pars et n° photo. FGMM 177 : Franchi et al. 2001, n° de page. GLV 897 : Gerhardt et al. 2000 : 957. HJ 208 : Jahn 1979, n° de la planche. Im 501 : Imazeki et al.et al. 1991, n° de la page. J 30 : Jeppson 2018, n° de la page Li 642 : Lincoff 1981, n° de la planche. Ma 183 : Marchand 1976 tome 4, n° de la planche. Madrid 16 : 167 : Boletín de la Sociedad Micológica de Madrid, n° du bulletin et page. MI 1998 (3) : Micologia Italania, année (n° du fascicule), n° de la page. MJ 3 : Moser & Jülich 1990-2000, n° de la planche (entre parenthèses le nom du genre utilisé par les 2 auteurs s'il est différent de celui utilisé ici). ML 310 : Montecchi & Lazzari 1993, n° de la page. MMZ 572 : Moreno, Manjón & Zugaza 1986, n° de la planche. Mtg 202 : Montégut 1992, vol. 1, n° de l'espèce. MvM 11 (2) : 117 : Micologia e vegetazione Mediterranea, n° du tome, (n° du fascicule), n° de la page. Mz 381 : Mazza 1994, n° de la planche. P 18 : Pegler, Læssøe & Spooner 1995, n° de la planche. PF 2001 : Parliamo di funghi, année, n° de la page. PL 608 : Palazón Lozano 2001, n° de la page. Ph 251 : Phillips 1981, n° de la page. Ph Am 284 : Phillips 1991, n° de la page. R 1141 : Roux 2006, n° de la page. RH 585 : Ryman & Holmåsen 1984, n° de la page. RM 1990 (2) : 187 : Rivista di Micologia, année, (n° du fascicule), n° de la page. Sa 69 : Sarasini 2005, n° de la page. Sh 236 A : Sunhede 1989, n° de la figure. SM 37 : Setas de Madrid, 2. Gasteromycetes, n° de la page. SMF 90 (2) pl. 193 : Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France, n° du tome (n° du fascicule), n° de la planche. Zu 440 : Zuccherelli 1993, n° de l'espèce. Abréviations des noms de pays A Autriche I Italie B Belgique MA Maroc CH Suisse N Norvège CZ Tchéquie et Slovaquie NL Pays-Bas D Allemagne P Portugal DK Danemark PL Pologne E Espagne RO Roumanie F France S Suède Finl. Finlande URSS ex-Union Soviétique GB Grande-Bretagne YU ex-Yougoslavie H Hongrie 7 PRÉPARATIONS MICROSCOPIQUES : TECHNIQUES UTILISÉES Les différents tissus sont d’abord montés dans le SDS1 1% sans colorant pour observer les colorations des différentes cellules. Puis, aussi bien sur le frais que sur exsiccatum, les prélèvements sont observés dans le rouge congo dissous dans le SDS 1% immédiatement ou après quelques mn de trempage.
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