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Home , Auriculariaceae, Cenangium, Discina (fungus), Exidia glandulosa, Favolus, Geoglossum

MOULDS

NDMILDEWSA

A GUIDETOTHESYSTEMATICSTUDYOFTHEFUNGI ANDMYCETOZOAANDTHEIRLITERATURE

LUCIEN MARCUSUNDERWOOD Professorf o Botany,ColumbiaUniversity

NEW YORK HENRYHOLTANDCOMPANY 1899 Copyright,1899,

LUcIENMARCUSUNDERWOOD

THEEWN ERAPRINTINGCOMPANY LANCASTER,PA. PREFACE

The increasinginterestthathasbeendevelopedinfungidur ingthe pastfewyears,togetherwiththefactthatthereisnoguide writtenintheEnglishlanguagetothemodernclassificationof thegroupanditsextensivebutscatteredliterature,hasledthe writertopreparethisintroductionfortheuseofthosewhowish toknowsomethingofthisinterestingseriesofplants. Withnearlya thousandgeneraoffungirepresentedinour countryalone,itwasmanifestlyimpossibletoincludethemallin apocketguide.Alinemustbedrawnsomewhere,anditwas decidedtoinclude: (1)Conspicuousfleshyandwoodyfungi,(2) Thecup-fungi,so sincelittleliteraturetreatingofAmerican formswasavailable,and(3)Generacontainingparasiticspecies. Mostof thegeneraof theso-calledPyrenomycetesandmanyof thesaprophyticfungiimferfectiarethereforeomittedfromspecial consideration. Its i hopedthatforthegroupstreated,thesynopseswillbesuf ficientlysimpletoenabletheaveragestudenttodistinguishgen- ericallytheordinaryfungithatheislikelytofind.Inevery order,referencestotheleadingsystematicliteraturehavebeen freelygiven,inthehopethatsomewillbe encouragedtotakeup thesystematicstudyofsomegroupandpursueitasexhaustively aspossible.Withallthediversityofinterestinglinesofresearch thatareconstantlyopeningbeforethestudentofbotanyofto-day, thereisnonemoreinvitingtoastudent,orbetteradaptedto bringintoactivityalltheresourcesofhisjudgment,thanthesys tematicstudyofthespeciesofsomelimitedgroup,providedthis isproperlycombinedwithastudyofthemorphology,develop ment,andecologicrelationsofsucharelatedseries.Withvery fewexceptions,thereisnogroupoffungithatisnotincryingneed ofthoroughandoriginalsystematicstudy. iii

257373 iv PREFACE The attempthasalsobeenmadeinthefollowingpagestomeet thepopularinterestinfungiasanarticleoffood,bytreatingthe fleshyformswithagreaterdegreeoffulnessthanothers,andone shouldbeablefromthistreatmenttodiscriminateordinary the edible,suspicious,andpoisonousspecies,andrecognizewithsuf ficientcertaintywhatformsaresafetotestforfood.Those whose interestcentersinediblespeciesalone,willfindthegroupsthat interestthemonpages63-66,97-129,and136-145.Itissug gestedthat,inthefieldofexplorationforediblespecies,itissafest tomakehasteslowly,andthenoviceisherebywarnedofthe dangerofeatinganyspecieswhichisnotthoroughlyknown. Inthegeneralarrangementofthesystemthewriterhaslargely followedthetreatmentinDienaticrlichenPflanzenfamilien,tho deviationsfromthesequenceofgroupsthereadoptedwillfre quentlyappear,andgroupnames—ordersandfamilies—aremade rigidlytoconformtothesystemproposedatBerlin,butindiffer entlyfollowedintheirrecentpublications. The writerisdeeplyindebtedtohisfriendandformercol league,ProfessorF.S.Earle,forhiskindnessinreadingthose partsoftheproofrelatingespeciallytoparasiticspecies,andfor makingmanyvaluablesuggestions; andtohisassistant,Dr. MarshallA.Howe,formuchkindlyassistanceandmanyuseful suggestions. Thecoloredplatewhichintroducesthebookwaspaintedfrom naturebyaformerstudent,MissJuliaE.Clearwaters,andhas beenfaithfullyreproducedin sixcolorsbytheHeliotypePrinting CompanyofBoston.Thenineplateswhichconcludethework weredrawnunderthewriter'sdirectionbyMissM.E.Baker; thesearefromvarioussourceswhicharedulycreditedintheex planationsoffigures; afewweredrawndirectfromnature. ColumbiaUniversity, 20July,1899. CONTENTS

Morchellaesculenta-Frontispiece ChapterI. Introductory,...... i ChapterII. TheRelationsofFungitootherPlants, 8 ChapterIII.Reproduction,Constituents,andHabits, 13 ChapterIV.ClassI. Phycomycetes,....22 ChapterV. ClassI. I Ascomycetes 34 ChapterVI.The FungiImperfecti,....68 ChapterVII. ThelowerBasidiomycetes, 80 Chapter VIII.The higherBasidiomycetes, 94 ChapterIX.FungusAllies—theMyxomycetes,. 146 ChapterX. TheStudyofMycologyingeneralandits Studyn i Americainparticular,. 155 ChapterXI. TheGeographicDistributionofAmerican • Fungi,...... 165 ChapterXII.Methodsof CollectionandPreservationof Fungi —HintsforfurtherStudy,. 201 Indexes I. IndextoLatinNames,.....209 II. IndextoHostPlants,.....216 III.IndexofAuthorsandCollectors,. . . 218 IV. GeneralIndexandExplanationofTerms,. 221 Plates 1-9withExplanations,.....228

V I' MOULDS, MILDEWSANDMUSHROOMS

CHAPTERI

INTRODUCTORY

Theworldisfullofsurprisesoneveryhand.Toonewhose familiaritywithplantsislimitedtothetreesandshrubsofparks andgroves,ortheherbaceousplantsindoor of cultivation,orthe grassesoflimitedplotsandlawns,oreventoonewhosewalks morehappilyincludethefieldsandwoodlands,itmayseemper plexing,perhaps,tobetoldthatthegreenslimeswithwhich Naturepaintstheshadedwallsandtree-trunks,orthatfloatasa greenscumonthesurfaceofpools,or thatcoverthepotsand benchesingreen-houses,arelikewiseplants,eachinitssimpler, lessassumingmannercarryingonthesamefunctionsas themore conspicuoustreesandshrubs.Thesurprisemaybestillgreater whenhelearnsthatthegray-greenlichensonfencesandrocks, thetoadstoolsspringingfromthegroundoroldtree-trunks,the puff-ballsclusteredonoldlogsthe orlargeronesgrowingsingly inpasturesarealsoplants.Afterthishewillbemoreableto believethatthemouldsthatgrowoncheeseor preserves,the mildewsandblightsthatspreadcultivated over plantstotheir injury,thesmutofcornandoats,therustofwheatandother cereals,arealllikewiseplants,eachwithitsownpeculiarlifehis tory,eachwithitspeculiarmethodofreproduction,eachoccupy ingitsdefiniteplaceintheeconomyofNature.Andprobably thesurprisewillbegreatestofalltothosefortunatepersonswho havenotlearnedtodependonthebakeralonefortheirsupplyof thestaffoflifeandtowhomtheprocessofbread-makingisnotan obsoletefeatureofhouseholdwork,tobegravelyinformedthat theveryyeastbywhichtheir flourandwaterismadetoriseinto theporousspongydoughisjustastrulyaplantasisthegeranium 1 2 INTRODUCTORY growingat thekitchenwindoworthemaplethatshadesthe kitchenporch,andthattheentireprocessofbread-raisingisdue tothegrowth,developmentandrapidreproductionofa plant quickenedintoactivitybythepresenceofmoistureandasuitable degreeofwarmth.Surprisemaythencedegenerateintoashock whenpersons,eventhoseofthemostrefinedhabits,cometolearn thatintheirownpersonstheysupportvariedandinterestingcolo niesofextremelyminuteplantswhichfindperhapsthemostsuit able conditionsfortheirdevelopmentandmultiplicationamong thepapillaeofthetongueandaboutthecrownsof theteeth. Somehowmanypeopleassociatelifewithlocomotionandwhile theythinkofanimalsasalive,they lookuponplantsasdead,and uponbotanyasthestudyofthedeadratherthanoftheliving. Therecanbe nogreatermistake,forplantsequallywithanimals arenotonlythoroughlyalive,butfromthegreatersimplicityof theirstructureofferevenbetterfacilitiesfortheworkingoutof problemsconnectedwithgeneralbiology,the sciencenotofani malsalone,butofalllivingthings. Whenacompoundmicroscopebecomesasmuchofahouse holdnecessityasaclockorapiano; whenchildren are early taughtthenaturestudyofevery-daylife,andbecomefamiliar withthecommonthingsinnaturearoundthem,theseideasasto whatthetermplantlifeincludeswillnotonlyceasetostrikeus asmysterious,butourrangeofavailableinformationwillbein finitelyextended.Thereisnoreasonwhateverwhyacompound microscopeoflowmagnifyingpowershouldnotbejustasmuch acommonappurtenanceof awell-regulatedhouseholdasa piano oramusic-box.Notasaninstrumenttobekeptunderaglass casetoshowtostrangers,notan aselaboratepieceofmechanism liabletobecomedisarrangedbyuse,butasimpleapparatussuita bletobeusedbyintelligentchildrenandaneverydaysourceof instructionandenjoyment. In ourearlychildhoodmanyof usacquirecertainbitsof in formation,toooftenasthedirectresultofteaching,thatinafter lifewefindourselvesto forcedunlearn.Someoftheseprinci are ples thatthebooksconspiredtoimpressuponus.Thedogma thattheinterioroftheearthismoltenandthattheexterioris crust thinnerproportionatelythananegg-shellwasstatedtousinthe geographieswithallthegravityofestablishedtruth,andyetitis INTRODUCTORY 3 supportedbythemostflimsyevidenceandnooneatpresent thinksofitseriouslyasapossibletheoryeven.Weweretold thattherewerejustfiveracesman, ofandtheimpressionwas leftuponusthattheseweresharplydefined.Wenowknow thatthiswasmerelyBlumenbach'sclassificationofaseriesof closelyintergradingtypeswitheveryshadeofcolorfromthe blackestAustraliantothewhitestCaucasian,andthatanyone ofadozenotherclassificationsofracebasedonwiderdatamay bevastlymorerational.Anotherunsupporteddogmathatwe learnedwasthattherearethreekingdomsofnature,theanimal, thevegetable,andthe mineral,andthusthatafundamentaldif ferenceexistedbetweenanimalsandplants.Allthisweare obligedtounlearnandthis"sciencefalselyso-called"ofour earlyyouthmustretreatbeforethelightofmoderninvestigation. The establishmentoftheidentitybetweenwhathadbeenknown asanimalsarcodeandvegetableprotoplasm,followedbythe propositionsofDarwinandWallacerelativetotheoriginof speciesgaveanimpetustothestudyoflivingthingswhichhasre sultedinthebuildingupofourpresentknowledge.Theincreased useofthemicroscopeinthestudyofminuteformsoflife,and thediscoveryofconnectingtypeshasdrivenustothecon clusionthatthereisfundamentallynodefinabledifferencebe tweenanimalsandplants,anditisuselesstoattempttomanu facturedistinctionswheretheydonotexist.Thereisonekingdom oflivingthings,andwehavecometolookuponplantandanimal charactersassimplymarkingtendencieswhichoneitherhand becomemorepronouncedaswepassfromsimpleonecelled organismstowardsthosethataremorehighlyspecialized.No linesdrawnbetweentheseriesofplantandanimalformswill serveasapermanentandsatisfactoryboundaryline; someforms orsomestagesdevelopment of inthelifehistoryofformswillbe suretooverleapanysuchartificialboundaries,fortheydonot existinnature. eIfw believe,aswesurelymust,thatthe varioushigherforms oflivingthingshavebeenderivedfromlowerforms,thatnew creations,inotherwords,aresimplynewbirthsorgrowthsfrom earlierandsimplerformsandsoonbacktothesimplestorgan ismsthatfirstappeared,thenweshouldexpecttofindinnature connectingtypesbetweenspecies oneandanother,onefamilyand 4 INTR0DLC70RY another, andevenoneofthegreatergroupsandothersmoreor lessdistinctlyseparated.Thisisexactlytheconditionthatwe findtoexist,andaswedescendfromthehigherandmore specializedformstothosethatarelowerandsimpler,wefindthese connectinglinksmoreandmorepronouncedandconnectinglarger andlargergroupsoforganisms.Classificationinsteadofbeing simplyameansofseparatingforms,hasbecomeamethodof studyingaffinities,andtracingthephylogeniesorracehistories ofgroupsoforganismsthroughouttheircomplicatedalliances. Withtheunderstandingthenthatnohardandfastlinescanbe drawnbetweenanyofthegreatergroupsoflivingthings,wewill endeavortoshowthethreelinesofevolutionwhichhavebeenat workandhavegivenusthreetypesoforganismseachwithits peculiartendenciesleadingittowardadifferentgoal. Whethern a organismbehighorlow,therearecertaincommon principlesinvolvedinitsexistence.Inthefirstplaceitfindsitself facetofacewithatremendousstruggleforexistence,andsecondly itputsforthapowerfuleffortnotonlytomaintainits life,butalso toperpetuateitskind.Asinglegardenweedproducesathousand orevententhousandseeds,andyetmostweedsare notpromi nentlyincreasinginthetotalnumberofindividualsfromyearto year; a plantoftherarehart'stonguefernproducesperhaps 50,000,000sporesinaseasonandyetisbarelyholdingitsownin thestruggleforexistence,andinourowncountryisfoundonlyin afewfavoredledgesofrockmostlyofacertaingeologicperiod; the sporesofthegiantpuff-ballnumberuntoldmillionsandeach microscopicsporeunderfavoringconditionswouldbeabletopro duceanewplant,butthegiantpuff-ballisfarfrombeingcom mon.Whenweconsiderthefactthateachplantinitslifetime hasbeforeitthenecessitytoproduceonlyoneseedorsporethat shallcometomaturity,inorderthattheplantmayholditsown, andwhenweconsider,moreover,thatmoreplantsaregrowing scarcerthanareincreasinginnumber,wecancomprehendsome thingoftheterriblestruggleforexistencethatiseverywhereand alwaysinprogressandfaceseverylivingthingfrommonadto man,fromtheinstantitappearsonthefacethe ofearth. To perpetuateitskind,then,isthefirstgreatinstinctofaliv ingthingandmethodsofreproductionare thefunctionsdevel opedsimultaneouslywithassimilationandgrowth.Amongall INTRODUCTORY 5 the simplestformsoflifewhosestructureislargelyconfinedwithin thelimitsofasinglecell,asexualreproductionor multiplication bydivisionisthecommonrule,whiletheideaof sexwasmore fullydevelopedamongslightlyhigherformsastheresultofnew anddistinctlyhighernecessitiesinthestruggleforlife. The distinctionsbetweenthesimpleformsofgreenplantsand animalsarephysiologicalratherthanstructural,sincebothare simplemassesofprotoplasm,envelopedornotinacellwallas thecasemaybe.Butthepossessionofchlorophylbythegreen plantrendersitapeculiarorganismwiththeabilityutilize to the strictlyinorganiccomponentsofair,waterandmineralsalts,and throughtheenergyofsunlightmanufacturethemintocomplex organiccompounds.Thechemicalfunctionofgreenplantsis thussynthetic,producingcomplexmoleculesfrommuchmore simpleones. Animals,n o thecontrary,dependfortheirlifeonorganicfood, firstmanufacturedbythegreenplants.Thissimpledifference offunctioninthesimpleonecelledorganismshasresultedinthe importantdistinctionsthatrapidlyappearedastheone-celled organismsincreasedincomplexityandbecamethehigheranimals andhigherplants.Inthestruggleforfood,whilethe plants foundtheirsupplyintheairandwaterinwhichtheywerebathed, theanimalswereforcedtoseektheirsupplyandhencearose the principleoflocomotionandwiththisascomplexityofstructure increased,came therethenecessityforanelaboratebutcompact digestive,circulatoryandrespiratorysystem; withlocomotion alsocamethenecessityinthestruggleforlifetoseeksafetyand avoiddanger,hencetheelaboratesystemofspecialsensesthat are thepeculiarendowmentofallthehigheranimals. On theotherhand,sincetheplanthadnonecessitytoseekits food,ithadno needforlocomotion,andexceptinthecaseofa fewspecialorgansithasneverdevelopedthepower.Beingsta tionary,compactnesscutnofigureinitsneeds,andinproportion asitssizeincreased,itspreaditselfoutinrootandleaftoofferas wideanabsorptivesurfaceaspossibletothemediafromwhichit drawsitssustenance.Beingstationaryithashadnoneedof sightorhearingortheotherspecialsensesofanimals,becauseit couldneitheravoiddangernorretreattoaplaceofsafetyhad theybeendeveloped.Onthecontrary,ithasdevelopedspecial 6 INTRODUCTORV fsenseso itsown,nonethelessremarkablethanthoseofthe animalandfarbetteradaptedtoitsownpeculiardevelopment. Ithas,forinstance,evolvedamarvelousrelationtogravityanda peculiarsensitivenessto lightunknownamonganimallife,besides otherspecial senses. Bothanimalsandgreenplantshavedevelopedandmaintained sexreproduction.Moreovertheanimal has developedsexindi vidualitytoaverymarkeddegree.Amongtheplants,ahighde greeofcomplexitybecamepossible,onlywhentheprincipleof alternationofgenerationsreducedthesexualgrowthtoaminimum, andcorrespondinglymagnifiedthepossibilitiesofasexualdevelop ment.Althoughtheanimallostitsphysicalindependencewhen itceasedtoproduceitsownfoodfrominorganicmatter,byper sistentlymaintainingtheideaof sexandsexualindividuality, andperfectingitsmethodoflocomotion,andwiththistheacute- nessofitsspecialsenses,ithasmadepossiblethelaterevolution ofthehighestpossibledevelopmentoflife,refinedandperfected inourselves. Wehavethusemphasizedthedistinctionsbetweengreenplants andanimalsbecausetherehasbeenathirdlineofevolutionlead ingfromthesimplergreenplantswhichcommenceditsdivergence innearlythesamepointsthe asanimals,butwhichhashadafar differenthistoryandhasattainedawidelydifferentdevelopment. Whethere w areawareoftheirexistenceornot,therearein theworldaboutusavastarrayofmoreorlessinconspicuous organismsthatareknowntobotanistsunderthenameoffungi. Thesedifferamongthemselvesinsizeandstructurefarmore widelythandoa violetandanoak,andmanyofthemat firstsightwouldseemtobearsolittleresemblancetoone anotherastopossessnorealrelationship.Manyofthemare knownmoreorlesspopularlyundercommonnamessuchas moulds,mildews,mushrooms,toadstools,puff-balls,rusts,smuts, leaf-spots,blights—eachpopularnameindicatingamoreorless indefinitegroupofplants,moreorlesscloselyrelatedtoone an other.Theygrowineveryconceivableplacewhereverorganic mattercanbefoundwhichwillserveastheirfood,andamoderate degreeofheatandmoisturearepresenttofurnishthenecessary conditionsofgrowth.Decayingfruitsorvegetables,oilybones, oldmustyshoes,wetpaper,thedeadstemsofherbaceousorsemi INTRODUCTORY 7 woodyplants,thedeadordyingbranchesoftrees,standing stumpsandtreetrunksandfallenlogsallfurnishthematrixin whichfungiofvarioussorts,afewconspicuous,manymorein conspicuous,thriveandmultiply.Withalltheirdifferencesfungi agreeintwocharacters,onepositiveandtheothernegative,that willenablethemtoberecognizedevenbythenovice: (1)They possessnoneof thegreencoloringmatterofordinaryvegetation, and(2)Theyreproducebyspores.Thelattercharacterwill distinguishthemfromthefeworchids,broom-rapes,doddersand otherseedplantswhichsharewithfungitheabsenceofchloro- phyl,whilethefirstcharacterseparatesthemphysiologically fromordinarygreenplantswidely as asthelatterareseparated fromtheanimals,sincewithoutchlorophyltheyhavelosttheir powerto liveontheconstituentsofairandwater. Fungi, likeanimals,earlylost thispowertoappropriateinorganic food,andthus,likeanimals,becamedependentonorganicmatter fortheirverylife,butunlikeanimalsthey(1)Neverdevelopedthe poweroflocomotion,and(2)Soonlostthepowerofsexreproduc tionwhichtheyhaddevelopedincommonwithalllivingforms. Insteadof thehighdevelopmentreachedbyanimals,thefungi haveeverremainedeitherscavengersorparasites,andfulfilla lowlyandevendegradedcalling;attimesneutral,attimesdan gerous,butinmanycasesbeneficialtotheworldoflifeatlarge. We havethentwodifferentiationsfromthelowestlife,alikein manyparticularssincetheyarebothdependentongreenplants forfoodandarebothdestructiveinsteadofconstructivechemical agents—theanimalrisingstepbysteptothehighestscaleof or ganicandsentientbeing; thefungusdelightingindecay,degraded anddestinedtothehumblestplaneofexistence. CHAPTERII

THERELATIONSOFFUNGITOOTHERPLANTS

Thewholearrayofplantsknowntoscience,ofwhichthereare sometwohundredthousanddifferentspecies,maybeconveni entlygroupedinthreegreatdivisions,eachofwhichcanbefairly wellcharacterizedbycertainmoreorlesseasilyrecognizedmarks. Thecommonherbs,shrubsandtreesthatconstitutevegetationin theordinarysense,eachproducesomestructurerecognizableas afloweranddevelopseedsintheirprocessofgeneration.Such plantsformaconvenientandeasily-recognizedgroupknownas seed-producingplantsorspermaphytes. Thesecondgreatdivisionisnotcharacterizedbycommon structuressowellknownasseeds,butmayberecognizedascon tainingplantswhichdonotdevelopseedsbutstillpossessaleafy axis.Thehigherformswithwoodytissuesarewellknownasthe fernsandtheirallies,andthelowerandsimplerformsareknownas mosses.Fromthecommonformoftheeggapparatusfoundinall theseplantstheyhavebeencalledcollectivelyarchegoniates.Pass ingstilllowerdownthescaleofplantexistencewefindaseriesof plantsofstillsimplerstructureswhichdonotdevelopaleafyaxis, butwhichareformedofmassesofcellulartissueranginginvari ousspeciesfromaflatleaf-likeexpansionofcells,throughthread likeforms,toseriesofsinglemicroscopiccellsentirelyseparate fromeachother.Suchanirregularexpansionofvegetationwecall athallus,andithasbecomeconvenienttospeakofallsuchplants asthallophytes.Herethegreenslimes,thepond-scums,thesea lettuce,therock-weeds,theredalga:andallthehostsoffungi fromyeasttomushroomsareincluded,althotheplantsthus associatedformamostunwieldlyandheterogeneousassemblage oforganisms. Summarizedandarrangedinreverseordersoastogroupthe simplerformsfirst,wehavethefollowingtabularsurveyofthe vegetablekingdom: 8 RELATIONSOFFUNGITOOTHERPLANTS. 9

f Alg,e (pond-scums,diatoms,sea weeds). I.THALLOPHYTA \ Fungi (moulds,mildews,mush rooms). Bryophyta(liverworts,mosses andtheirallies). II.ARCHEGONIATA Pteridophyta(fernsandtheir allies). Gymnospermae(,junipers, yews,etc.). III.SPERMAPHYTAMonocotyledonae(grasses, K lilies,palms,etc.). Dicotyledonae(,roses, clover,sunflowers,etc.).

Thissimpletablewillaidusin fixingtheplaceof thefungiin theplantworld. Thefirstcharactertobenotedinalltheseplants,greatorsmall, highinorganizationorsimpleinstructure,isthefactthatthey breathe.Inorderforanorganismtoliveitmustfirstbreathe, andwehavesaidthatlikeanimals,plantsarelivingthings. Furthermore,theybreatheforexactlythesamepurposeasani malsandtheirbreathinghasthesameeffectbothontheairthat istakenin,andonthemselves.Theoxygenoftheairistaken up bytheplantthesameaswetakeitintooursystem,andonce inthesystemitcombineswith thecarbonof theplantstructure andreappearsascarbonicoxide,justastheoxygeninourarterial bloodcombineswithcarbon the ofourtissuesandisthrownoutin theairlikewisecarbonic as oxide.Theprocessofrespirationin otherwords,isanidenticalprocessinbothplantsandanimals. Weemphasizethispointbecauseitisastumblingblockintheway ofacorrectunderstandingoftherelationsoflivingthingstoeach other,andmuchofthepopularteachingof thedaystillcontinues topresentthemistakenideathattherespirationprocessisexactly oppositeinplantsandanimals. Plantslikeanimalsmustalsohavefoodtorenewtheirtissuesand provideforwasteandgrowth.Theanimaldependsfor hisfoodon 10 RELATIONSOFFUNGI organic substancesalreadypreparedforhim.Noanimaliscapable oflivingonpurelymineralfood,andwehaveseen,ontheother hand,thatinadditiontotheirrespiration,greenplants—anoak,a rose,amoss,andeventhemicroscopicgreenalgae—havethepower ofdecomposingthecarbonicoxideoftheair,and,withtheelements ofwateradded,actuallymanufactureorganicfood.Aswehave seen,thisisthecommonfunctionofgreenplantsandatonce distinguishesthemfromanimalsontheoneside,andfungiand othercolorlessplantsontheOther.Fungi,likeanimals,require organizedfoodonwhichtoliveandtheymust,therefore,like animals,dependongreenplantstomanufactureforthemorganic foodfromtheconstituentsofairandwaterandmineralsalts. Thereasonswhyfungiarenotanimals,are theveryimportant ones,thatinstructure,inthechemicalcompositionoftheircell- walls,andintheirmethodsofreproductionthefungiareclosely relatedtothealgae. Some 35,000or40,000speciesareknownatpresentofwhich perhaps8,000areknowntoinhabitNorthAmerica.Theyvary insizefromsinglemicroscopiccellstosystemsofentangled threadsmanyfeetinextentwhichdevelopreproductivebodies aslargeasaman'shead,orevenlarger.Incolortheyvary fromwhitethroughyellow,blueandredtoblack.Although someofthemaregreentheyneverpossesschlorophyl,andthis onenegativecharacteristheirchiefdistinguishingcharacteristic. Thespeciesoffungi,smallasmanyofthemare,areusually wellcharacterized,atleastaswellasthespeciesofthehigher plants.Someofthedifficultiesthatareexperiencedinrecognizing ourspeciesdoesnotarisesomuchfromthelackofinherentdiffer ences,butcomesfromthefactthatthereismuchsimilaritybe tweenthefungousfloraofEuropeandAmericaandmanyof theirspeciesandsomeofourswerepoorlydefinedatthebegin ning,andmanyofthedescriptionsoftheearlywritersaredifficult tointerpret,andtoassigntoexistingforms.Thereareotherdiffi cultiesofanentirelydifferentcharactertowhichwewillallude later.Wearesometimesaccustomedtogroupfungiasparasitic whentheydrawtheirsustenancefromotherlivingorganisms, andsaprophyticwhentheyliveondecayingmatter,butthereare variousgradesintermediatebetweentheseartificialgroups.It willbeconvenientforourpurpose,however,torefertothemin thisway. TO OTHERPLANTS 11 Thevariousformsofsaprophyticfungigrowonallsortsofdead anddecomposingmatter; thevariousformsofmouldonbread, oncheese,onchestnutsandonfruitaremoreorlessfamiliar objectstoeveryoneandyetfewstoptothinkofthemasgenuine plants,eachwithitspeculiarmodeofperpetuatingitskind,each withtastesandhabitspeculiartoitself,andeachasdistinctfrom otherformsofmouldaspinesandhemlocksarefromoaksand maples.Moreorlessfamiliaralsoare themoreconspicuous formspopularlyknownastoad-stootsorpuff-balls,orformingin-..i' vertedbracketsonthestumpsandhalfdeadtrunksofstanding trees.Lessknownarethemyriadminuteformsfoundontwigs andbranchesanddeadherbaceousstemsandpresentingasdiverse formsofstructureasdothebetterknownandmorefamiliarflow eringplants. eWhenw passtotheparasiticformsoffungi,wefindscarcelyany limittotheirhabitat.Frompresentindicationsitisprobablethat nearlyeveryspeciesofthehigherplantshasgrowinguponitsome fungusspeciesthathasadopteditasahostandlivesatitsex pense.Someofthehigherplantshavethreeorfourparasites preyinguponthem.Thecommonspringanemone,forexample, besidesfightingitswayinthestruggleforexistencewithother plantsofitsownsizeandlarger,supportsamildew,acluster- cup,arust,asmut,andaSynchytriumasparasites,andwehave foundthreeoftheseinfestingthesameleafandthepoorthingstill alive,ifnotflourishing! Certainspeciesofparasiticfungiexistunderwidelydifferent formsatdifferentseasons,andfrequentlyalternatefromonehost planttoanotheracircumstance— whichaddsgreatlytothediffi cultyofstudyandidentification.Certainformswhich wereform erlyrecognizedasdistinctspecies,andevenasmembersofdif ferentgeneraarenowknowntobesimplythediversestagesof thesameparasitepreyinguponwidelydifferenthostsatdifferent seasons. eSincew havespokenoftheevidentrelationoffungiandalgae itisbesttomakeasinglereferenceheretotheprobableoriginof ofthefungi. I. It isclearthatthelowertypesoffungiknownasalgal-fungi have beenderivedfromtheirnearestalliesamongthegreen plants.Some,doubtless,bycontinuedlivingwheretherewas 13 RELATIONSOFFUNGITOOTHERPLANTS morer o lessofasupplyoforganicmatterinthewaterreadyto beappropriated,founditeasiertoabsorbthantoconstruct,and graduallylessenedtheiramountofchlorophyluntiltheycame ultimatelytoliveentirelyonwhattheyabsorbed.Asamong higher beingsthestepfromindependenceandproductivenessto indolenceandbeggarywasa simpleone.Inothercasesthe simplealgaedoubtlessassumedtheparasiticconditioninorderto receiveprotectionfromtheirhost; onceinside,whereanabundant supplyofnutritionwaspresenttobehadforthetaking,thestep fromparasiticalgawithgreenchlorophylofitsowntoaparasitic funguswithoutchlorophylwasnaturalandalmostinevitable. 2.t I islikewiseprobablethat certainofthehigherformsof fungithathavelosttheirsexualmethodsofreproductionhave beenderivedfromthelowerfungi.Whiletheyhavebecome moredifferentiatedstructurally, theyhavelosttheonlyfunctional activitythatwouldinsurethemthepossibilityofrisingabove mediocrity,andwithoutsexualityandwithoutthepowerofloco motion,theyhaveleftonlythepossibilityofsquattersovereignty andtheirinferiorpositioninthevegetableworldisforeverfixed. 3. Thenearapproachofcertainofthespore-sacfungi(As- comycetcs)tothe redalgaerendersithighlyprobablethatsome ofthehigheralgaehaveinlikemannerbecomephysiologically degeneratedintosomeofthehigherfungi. 4.f O theconflictingschoolsofbeliefrespectingtheoriginof thehigherfungiitislikely,asinmostcaseswherethereiscon tention,thatbothpartiesarepartiallyright,andthatthehigher fungiinsteadofrepresentingacompactgroupwithcommon a origin,tooktheirrisefromseveralwidelydifferentsources. CHAPTERIII

REPRODUcTION,cONSTITUENTSANDHABITS Structurallyafungusconsistsofacellorcellsmadeupofsemi fluidprotoplasmsurroundedbyathinwallofcellulose.*Thecell maybespherical,ovalorelongate,oriscommonlyunitedwith othersintoathread-likestructureknownasa .Many hyphae,moreorlessentangled,formwhatisknownasmycelium, whichmaybecobwebbyorflocculentorspreadoutinanirregu larcompactlayer.Mosthyphaeareformedofmanycellsby thedivisionoftheoriginalcellandtheformationofseptaorcross partitions.Incertaincasesnoseptaareformedandtheboundary betweenthecellsisobscure,inwhichcasewehaveacoenocyte; thisconditionfacilitatestherapidtransferoffoodmaterialfrom oneplacetoanother.Thehyphaemaybesimpleorbranched, andasinhigherplantsbranching the maybemonopodialor dichotomous.Truerootsareneverproducedbutfrequently root-likestructuresaredevelopedashold-faststoanchorthe planttothesubstratumonwhichitgrows. In parasiticforms,irregulartubercularorroot-likeprojections aredevelopedwhichsometimespenetratethecellwallsoftheir host,forthepurposeofabsorbingthenutrimentthatwouldother wiseserveasfoodforthehostplantitself; thesearecalledhaus- toria.Hyphaearesometimesunitedtoformcord-likestructures knownasmycelialstrandsandoftenbecomemattedtogether intoafelt-likemassoraresometimeshardenedintoacorky, hornyorevenwoodystructuretoserveasaprotectiontomore delicateexposedparts,particularlyinformsthatareperennialin theirhabits. Reproductionisaccomplishedinvariousways.Inunicellular formsittakes placebybudding(gemmation)asintheyeast plant,byself-division(fission)asinbacteria,orbyfreecellfor- *This funguscelluloseapparentlydiffersslightlyfromnormal cellulose,yieldinglessreadilytostandardteststhanthecelluloseof greenplants. 13 14 REPRODUCTION mation(internalcelldivision).Inoneofthegreatclassesof thefungithesporesareproducedinmembranoussacscalled asci(PLi,f.if); inthecommonmushroomandalliedfungi thesporesareborneonspicules(sterigmata)whichrisefrom largecellsknownasbasidia(PLi,f.18,19).Invariousgroups offungireproductivebodies*areproducedinavarietyofways, someofthemorecommonbeingasfollows: 1. Sexualformsofreproduction. ya.B theunionofsimilarelements(conjugation)resultingin. theformationofa zygospore(blackmould,PL2,f.4, 7,9). yb.B theunionofdissimilarelementsresultinginthefor mationofanoospore(downymildew,PL3,f.j). c.y B theunionofdissimilarelementswhich,followedbythe growthofanalternatestage(knownasasporophyte)resultsin theformationofasporocarp(powderymildew,PL4,f.j). 2.Asexualformsofreproduction. a. Theformationofciliatedswarmsporeswithinthecellby theordinaryprdcessofinternalcelldivision. b.Theformationofsolitaryconidiaonsimpleorbranching hyphae (downymildew,PL3,f.4). c. Theformationofconidiainchainsbythesuccessive cuttingoffoftheendsof certainhyphae(greenmould,powdery mildew,PL4,f.2,4). d.Theformationofsporangiaormembranousreceptacles containinglargenumbersofspores (blackmould,PL2,f.2,8.) e. Theformationofpyenidiaorspecialreceptaclesofmore orlesselaboratestructure,fromthewallsofwhichtheconidiaare produced(manyleafspotfungi,PLj,f.2). The endofahyphawhichbearsconidiaisknownasaconidio- phore; itmaybemerelyofthesamethicknessasthehyphaitself *In SyllogeFungorum,Saccardousesdifferenttermsforreproductive bodiesaccordingtotheirmethodofformationandthegroupinwhichthey occur,e.g., sporaeintheHymenomycetesandGastromycetes; sporidiain thePyrenomycetesandDiscomycetes; sporulaeintheSphaeropsideae; and conidiaintheMelanconieaeandHyphomycetes.Forthepresentweshall useonlysporesandconidiaforthesereproductivebodies.Itmustbe rememberedthatwhiletheirfunctionispracticallythesame,theycannot beregardedashomologousorganssincetheiroriginandmethodoffor mationisoftenwidelydifferent. CONSTITUENTSANDHABITS or maybevariouslyenlarged.Sporesandconidiaareproduced singlyinrarecases,morecommonlyinmasses,sometimesinpro digiousquantities. Thereproductivebodies(sporesorconidia)areofvariousforms. Thesimplestone arecelledandinformmaybespherical, (PL1,f.i),oval(PLi,f.2,3,4),elongate,allantoid(PLi,f.6), rod-like,worm-likeorthread-like(PLI,f.14).Othersbyacross- partitionbecometwinor2-celled(didymoid)(PL1,f.7, 8,9); othersbyfurtherparallelcross-partitionsbecomearowofcells (phragmoid)(PLi,f.10-13);othersstillbyadivisionofcells inmorethanoneplanebecomemany-celled(dictyoid,muriform) (PL1,f.13).Somesporesarehyalineorcolorless,othersare variouslycolored,usuallysomeshadeofyelloworbrown.*The sporesofagaricsrangefromwhite,throughpinkorsalmon-col oredtorustyyellowish-brown,andontodarkbrownandblack. LepiotaMorganiisananomalousspecieswithgreenspores. Certain sporeformsreadilycharacterizespecialgroupsoffungi andmaketheirrecognitionaneasymatter; sucharethesporesof theordinarygrainrust(PL6,f.3); manysporeformshaveno specialdistinctivecharacter.Inaquaticformsthesporesarefre quentlyprovidedwithciliaorothermeansoflocomotion,andthis featureisalsopresentincertainstagesthe ofdevelopmentofcer tainparasitesoflandplants. ChemistryofFungi.Besidesthecellulosethatformsthecell walls,theprotoplasmofvariousfungidevelopsgreat avariety *In certaingroupsoffungi,Saccaido,loc.cit.,hasmadeuseofarti ficialgroup-namesbasedonsporecharacterswhichshouldbefamiliarto anyoneattemptingtousehiswork: Allantosporae: Sporessimple,cylindric,curved. Phaeosporae: Sporessimple,ovoid,brown. Hyalosporae: Sporessimple,ovoid,oroblong,hyaline. Hyalodidymae: Spores1-septate,hyaline. Phaeodidymae: Spores1-septate,brownish. Phaeophragmiae: Spores2-many-septate,brownish. Hyalophragmiae: Spores2-many-septate,hyaline. Dictyosporae: -transverselyandlongitudinallyseptate. Scolecosporae: Sporesrod-likefiliform. or Staurosporae(Asterosporae): Sporesangular,forkedorstellate. Amerosporae: Sporesglobosetocylindric,hyalineorcolored. is adertbek

a rtrform

'Hie

CONSTITUENTSANDHABITS r7 (notablyCollybiavelufyes)willdevelopinweatherthatisonlya littleabovethefreezingpoint,itcommonlyrequireswarmwet weathertofacilitatethegrowthofanabundantcropoffungi,and intemperateclimatesthemonthsJuly fromtoOctoberaremost prolificinthegrowthofthehigherfleshyforms.Ontheother hand,manyoftheblack fungi(Sphaeriales)developtheirasco- sporesduringthewinter,theperiodfromFebruarytoMaybeing particularlyfavorablefortheircollection. Fungi inhabitnearlyeveryformofmatterlivingordead.De cayingwoodandothervegetablematter,deadfliesandfish,sac charinefluidslikepreservedfruits,greasybones,foodstuffslike breadandcheese,allfurnishthemediuminwhichsaprophytic speciesdevelopandthrive.Parasiticformsliveonflies,grass hoppers,fish,birdsandevenmanamongtheanimals;others attackpollengrain]diatoms,pondscumsandotheralgae,and evenotherfungi,andeveryspermaphytefromtheconiferstothe compositeshas oneormoreparasiticspecieslivingatitsexpense. Wehaverusts,mildews,moulds,smutsandleafspotsnotonly oneveryknowncultivatedplant,butonthewildplantsofmoor", offorestandofbog,theirnameislegion.Wecandistinguishthree ordinarytypesofparasitism: 1.Thatofinternalfreeparasitesfloatingorswimminginthe cellsapofplantsorthejuicesofanimals.Tothisgroupbelong" •-nanyofthebacteria.Alliedtotheseinhabitaretheunicellular myxosandSynchytriawhichoftenliveinsidethewallsofasingle celloftheirhost. 2.Thatofinternalfixedparasitesformingmyceliumwithinthe tissuesofotherplantsandappearingatthesurfaceonlyforpur posesofreproduction.Suchare therustsandsmutsofgrain andmostofthecommoninjuriousfungousdiseasesofcultivated plants.Theirpresenceisshownbydiscoloration(yellowingor browning)ofthetissuesoftheplantattacked,andoftenbythick eningorotherdeformationofthetissues,sometimes,evenbythe formationofgalls.Insomecases,asinmanyoftherusts,the affectedareaisslightandconfinedtotheimmediateregionabout thepointwheresporesareultimatelyformed.Inothercases,as Vtvsomeofthesmuts,themyceliumoftheparasiteismoreex tendedthroughoutthetissuesoftheplantandtheparasitedoesnot discloseitspresenceinthehostuntilthetimewhensporesarepro- 2 i6 REPRODUCTION of compounds.Thesemaybebrieflysummarizedunderthefol lowinggroups: 1. Hydrocarbons,includingsugaroftheglucosetype,glycogen, gums(notablylichenin),mannite,andanumberofotherforms. 2. Organicacids,amongwhichareoxalic,malic,citricandlac ticacid. 3. Aromaticacids.NineteenformsaredescribedbyZopf.* 4. Fats. 5. Etherealoils. 6.Resins. 7. Coloringmattersingreatvariety.Overthirtyformsare describedbyZopf.fTheseincludevariousshadesofbrown, blues,purples,yellows,redsandgreens. 8.Alkaloids,amongwhichmuscarinandergotinareamongthe bestknown.Theformerisfoundabundantinthefly-agaric, andisprobablyacommoncauseofmushroompoisoning.The latterformsthebasisoftheergotpoisoninginanimals,andis oneofthedeadlydrugsofthepharmacists.Zopf% enumerates twelvedifferentalkaloidsfoundinfungi. 9.Cholesterin. 10. Albuminoidsofvariousforms. Besides theordinaryelementsoforganicfood,carbon,hydrogen, oxygenandnitrogen,fungirequiresulphur,phosphorus,oneof thealkalimetals(commonlypotassium),andoneofthealkali earthmetals(morecommonlycalcium).Thesefoodstuffsare obtained(1)Fromdecayingorganicsubstances,or(2)Fromthe livingcellsofotherplantsoranimals.Fungi whichobtaintheir nourishmentbytheformermethodarecalledsaprophytic.Those preyingonotherorganismsarecalledparasitic.Aplantorani malswhichsupportsaparasiteiscommonlycalleditshost. Fungirequireforprofusegrowthconsiderablemoistureanda moderatedegreeofwarmth.Theoptimumtemperatureforthe growthoftheconidiaofthecommongreenmould(Penicillium crustaceum)accordingtoWiesneris22°C,theminimumbeing l.5°-2°C,andthemaximumbeing4o°-43°C. Otherfungi varyafewdegreesfromthesefigures.Whilecertainfleshyfungi *DiePilze,131-138.Schenk,HandbuchderBotanik,4: 401-408. fLoc.cit.,143-163.(Schenk,loc.cit.,413-433). \Loc.cit.,163-166.(Schenk,loc.cit.,433-436.) CONSTITUENTSANDHABITS 17 (notablyCollybiavelutipes)willdevelopinweatherthatisonlya littleabovethefreezingpoint,itcommonlyrequireswarmwet weathertofacilitatethegrowthofanabundantcropoffungi,and intemperateclimatesthemonthsfromJulytoOctoberaremost prolificinthegrowthofthehigherfleshyforms.Ontheother hand,manyoftheblackfungi(Sphaeriales)developtheirasco- sporesduringthewinter,theperiodfrom FebruarytoMaybeing particularlyfavorablefortheircollection. Fungiinhabitnearlyeveryformofmatterlivingordead.De cayingwoodandothervegetablematter,deadfliesandfish,sac charinefluidslikepreservedfruits,greasybones,stuffs foodlike breadandcheese,allfurnishthemediuminwhichsaprophytic speciesdevelopandthrive.Parasiticformsliveonflies,grass hoppers,fish,birdsandevenmanamongtheanimals; others attackpollengrain'diatoms,pondscumsandotheralgae,and evenotherfungi,andeveryspermaphytefromtheconiferstothe compositeshasoneormoreparasiticspecieslivingatitsexpense. Wehaverusts,mildews,moulds,smutsandleafspotsnotonly oneveryknowncultivatedplant,butonthewildplantsofmoor, offorestandofbog,theirnameislegion.Wecandistinguishthree ordinarytypesof parasitism: 1.Thatofinternalfreeparasitesfloatingorswimminginthe cellsapofplantsorthejuicesofanimals.Tothisgroupbelong manyofthebacteria.Alliedtotheseinhabitaretheunicellular myxosandSynchytriawhichoftenliveinsidethewallsofasingle celloftheirhost. 2.Thatofinternalfixedparasitesformingmyceliumwithinthe tissuesofotherplantsandappearingatthesurfaceonlyforpur posesofreproduction.Sucharetherustsandsmutsofgrain andmostofthecommoninjuriousfungousdiseasescultivated of plants.Theirpresenceisshownbydiscoloration(yellowingor browning)of thetissuesoftheplantattacked,andoftenbythick eningorotherdeformationofthetissues,sometimes,evenbythe formationofgalls.Insomecases,asinmanyoftherusts,the affectedareaisslightandconfinedtotheimmediateregionabout thepointwheresporesultimately are formed.In othercases,as insomeofthesmuts, the oftheparasiteismoreex tendedthroughoutthetissuesof the plantandtheparasitedoesnot discloseitspresenceinthehostuntilthetimewhensporespro are 2 X8 REPRODUCTION fduced.O suchatypeistheordinarysmutofcereals; thespores ofthefungusgerminatewiththegerminationofthe grainanden tertheyoungplantasitemergesfromtheseed.Little,ifany traceofitspresencecandiscovered be untilthegraincomesto formitsspikeorpanicle,wheninplaceofovariestheblack smuttysporesoftheparasitearedeveloped. 3. Thatofexternalparasitesthatformmyceliumonthesurface ofleavesorfruit,penetratingtheexteriorcellsforpurposesof nutrition.Suchare thepowderymildewswhichformcobwebby orpowderypatchesonmanyleavesasthoseofrosescultivated ingreenhouse,lilacs,dandelionsandmanycultivatedplants. Suchtooare theblackformsofMeliolafoundonleavesintrop icalandwarmtemperateregions. Certainparasiticfungiarepeculiartothehostonwhichthey dwell; otherparasitesseemtothriveequallywellonavarietyof hosts.Insomeinstances,thespeciesofcertainfungusgenera affectcertaingeneraoralliedgeneraofthehigherplants.The Leguminosae,e.g., areparasitizedbyrustsbelongingtothegenera UromycesandRavenelia,thospeciesofthefirstgenusoccuron otherplants; theapplesandhaws(Pomaceae)bythevarious speciesofRoestelia; thepinesandsprucesbythespeciesof Peridermium; theroses,bramblesandPotentilleaebythespecies ofPhragmidium; theEricaceaebyspeciesofExobasidium;Juni- perusandCupressusbythespeciesofGymnosporangium. Asa tentativearrangementwemayrecognizeamongthe fungi: (1)Agroupof plantssimple ofstructureinwhichthe algalcharacteristicsincludingsexualmethodsofreproduction arestillmanifest,and(2)Ahighergroupinwhichamorecom plicatedstructureiscommonlyassociatedwithalossofsexualre production; asthesehigherformsmanifesttwomarkedmethods ofsporeproduction,(a)Thoseenclosedinsacsasci or (PL1, f.if),and(b)Thosedevelopedfreeonenlargedbasidia(PL1, f, ig),wemayrecognizethreeconvenientclassesoffungiasfol lows: 1. Phycomycetes(theloweroralgalfungi). 2.Ascomycetes(thesac-sporefungi). 3.Basidiomycetes(thebasidialsporefungi). Inhe t firstgroupsexualreproductioniscommon.Inthe CONSTITUENTSANDHABITS 19 second,it occasionallyoccurs,andinthethird,itisnotcertainly knowntoexist. Besidestheaboveclasses,therearetwo groupsofloworganisms, thebacteriaandslimemoulds,whichareoftenassociatedwith the truefungi.Thetendencyatpresentistotreatthemseparately. Manybotanists,indeed,regardtheslimemouldsasanimals.If treatedwiththetruefungitheywouldformtwoclassesadditional tothoseabovenotedandstandbelowthem: theMyxomycetes andtheSchizomycetes.Itisbetter,however,toregardthe Mycetozoa(slimemoulds)asagroupoforganismscoordinatewith thephylumThallophyta,andthebacteriawiththeirevident closealliancetothebluegreenalgae(Cyanopnyceae)maybebest regardedasformingtogetheragroup(Schizophyta)coordinate withthetruealgaeontheonehand,andthetruefungionthe other.• It mustbeconstantlyborneinmindthattheselargergroups areheterogeneousassortmentsofplantsunitedtogether,notso muchbecauseofactualphylogeneticrelationshipsasfromthe possessionofcertaincharactersthatindicateareal,thoughsome whatartificial,resemblance. Sincesomeslightinnovationsingroupnamesaretobeintro ducedinsucceedingchapters,itis,perhaps,welltointerpolatea generalstatementongroupnomenclature.Speciesamongfungi, aselsewhere,arerecognizedas thesmallestgroupsofdistinct things,suchasmighthavebeenproducedfromthesamespores ormycelium; associatedspecieswithlikecharactersform genera.Tothegenusandspecieswegive thedouble Latin nameasamongallotherorganicformsoflife,e.g.,Amanita caesarea.Itisfortunatethatforthemajorityoffungi thereare nocommonor"popular"names,forthereisnonecessityfor adoubleseries.Amanitacaesarea containsnomorelettersthan "Caesar'smushroom,"andisatonceamoredirectandelegant methodofcitation.Likegeneraareunitedintofamilieswhich arenormallynamedfromsomecharacteristicorrepresentative ,withtheuniformtermination—e.g.,Agaricaceaeaceae, fromthegenusAgaricus,HydnaceaefromthegenusHydnum. Closelyrelatedfamiliesareunitedintoorderswhosenameislike wisederivedfromthenameofacharacteristicgenus.Theordinal nameaccordingtoarecent,butimportantinnovation,hastheter 20 REPRODUCTION mination—ales,e.g., Mucorales,fromthegenusMucorofthe familyMucoraceae.Ordersaretheprimarysubdivisionsof classes.* The germinationoffungimaybepreventedbytheuseofcer tainmineralsalts.Thoseofcopperaremorecommonlyused, especiallythesulphate,carbonateandacetate,eitheraloneor mixedwith othersubstances.Twopoundsofcoppersulphate, dissolvedinfiftygallonsofwater,canbeusedasasprayonvines andtreesbeforetheopeningofthebuds.Aftertrees theor vinesareinfullleaftheBordeauxmixtureisused.Thisismade bydissolvingsixpoundsofcoppersulphateinahalfbarrelof waterbyhangingnearthesurfaceinapieceofgunnysack,in anotherbarrelfourtosixpoundsofbeststonelimeareslakedin aquantityof water,strained,anddilutedtoahalfbarrel.The twosubstancesarenowturnedtogetherslowly,mixedthoroughly withconstantstirringandusedforaspray.Itshouldbe used thesamedayitismade,alwaysstirringthoroughlyjustbefore using.Thismixturehasbeenusedsuccessfullyinamoredi lutecondition,evenuptofiftygallonsfortheaboveamounts, orevenwithonlyfourpoundsofcoppersulphateandanequal amountoflime.Thisisusedonpeaches,plums,pears,quinces andgrapesjustbeforetheblossomsopenandjustaftertheyoung fruithasset,andamongorchardandvinegrowersisawell-known applicationforthepreventionofmanyfungousdiseases,suchas thepeachandplumrot(MoniliafrucHgend),pearleafblight (Entomosporiummaculatum),andthevariousmildews,rotsand anthracnosesofthegrapeaswellasmanyothers. Ammoniacalcoppercarbonate-)-andasolutionofcopperacetateJ areoftenusedaslaterspraysintheprogressoffruitgrowth; the latterisspeciallyrecommendedforsprayingpeachandplumtrees afterthefruithascommencedtoturncolorsinceitdoesnotdis- *TheabovesystemhasbeenannouncedatBerlinasthestandardfor Germanpractice,butintherecentpublicationsissuingfromtheHof- Museum,therehasbeenglaringinconsistencyintheirusage.Inthefol lowingpagesaneffortismadetosecurerigiduniformity. f Madebydissolvingounces fourofcoppercarbonateintwoquartsof ammonia,andaddingthesolutiontofiftygallonsofwater. \Fourouncesofcopperacetateinfiftygallonsofwater. CONSTITUENTSANDHABITS 21 figurethefruit,whileitisequallyeffectiveinpreventingthe growthof therot.* In somecaseswheretheseedwillenduretheheat,seedsare dippedinhotwaterforashorttimebeforesowing.Tobeeffec tiveindestroyingthevitalityofthesporesthetemperatureofthe water,mustnotfallbelow1300F.; ifthetemperaturerisesabove 1350F.the hotwaterisliabletoinjuretheseed.Thismethod hasbeenusedeffectivelyinpreventingthesmutinoatsandother grains. Inf aewcaseswherethediseaseislargelyconfinedtothesur face,asoakingforashorttimeinadilutesolutionofcorrosive sublimatefhasbeeneffectiveinpreventingspreadofdisease. Anotherfluidforsoakingseedsisasolutionofpotassiumsulphide inwater.J This hasalsobeenusedeffectivelyforthesmutof oatsandothergrains. Theamountofattentionthathasbeengiventothefungous diseasesofplantshasbeenveryextensive,andinthiscountryhas quiterevolutionizedcertainphasesofagricultureandhorticulture. In1885abureauwasestablishedbytheDepartmentofAgricul tureatWashingtonforthepurposeofstudyingplantdiseases,and nowemploysseveraltrainedbotanistsforthispurpose.Many investigationshavealsobeencarriedonbytheAgriculturalEx perimentStationsinthevariousstatesandtheliteraturegood,in different,andbadthathasaccumulatedonthissubjectisenor mous^ * Thosedesiringfurtherinformationinthisdirectionreferred areto Lodeman.TheSprayingofPlants.NewYork,1896.(Macmillan&Co.) fTwoandone-halfouncesdissolvedintwogallonsofhotwater. \ Oneandone-halfpoundsofpotassiumsulphide(liverofsulphur)in twenty-fivegallonsofwater. .§Dr.W C.Sturgis(ReportConn.Exper.Sta.1897: 182-222)has publishedamostvaluableindextothediseasesofcultivatedplantswhich willservetoacquaintonewiththenatureandextentofthisliteratureand theeffectoftreatmentlookingtowardsthecontrolof plantdiseases. CHAPTERIV

CLASSI. PHYCOMYCETES (TheAlga-likeFungi.) The PHYCOMYCETESoralgalfungiarecharacterizedasfollows: 1. Theplantbodyrangesfromanundifferentiatedmassof protoplasmlivingparasiticallyinsideasinglecelltowellde velopedhyphaewithhorizontalandverticalbranchesasseenin thecommonblackmouldofbread. 2. Themethodofreproductioniscommonlyasexualeitherby theformationofsporangiaor conidia.Insomeof thelower formsthese areonly themethods.Inthehigherforms,sexual reproductionbyconjugationorbythenormalprocessoffertiliza tionbyantheridsisoccasionallyorinsomespeciescommonly found. • n3.I habitsomearesaprophytic,likemanyofthecommon moulds,*othersparasitic. are Anumberofwell-knowndiseases ofcultivatedplantsproduced are bymembersofthisclassof fungi,notablythedownymildewofthegrape,thepotatorot,and someofthediversephenomenaknownasdampingoff.Thefish mouldorsalmondisease,oftenverydestructivetoyoungfishin hatcheriesalsobelongstothisgroupoffungi. TheclassPhycomycetescontainsfivewell-markedordersar rangedinthreesub-classesdistinguishedbytheirmethodofsexual reproduction. 1. Archimycetes.Sexualreproductionrarelydeveloped;my celium wantingorpoorlydeveloped. 1. Chytridiales.(Mostlyparasiticonalgae.) 2.Zygomycetes.Sexualreproductioni>yconjugation. 2. Mucorales.(Saprophyticmoulds,orparasiteson othermoulds.) 3.Entomophthorales.(Insectparasites.) * Aconsiderablenumberofmouldsthataremoreorlesscommonbelong totheMoniliales; thecommongreenmouldbelongstotheAspergillales. 22 CHYTRIDIALES 23 3.Oomycetes.Sexualreproductionaccomplishedbythefer tilizationofanegg-cellby anantherid. 4. Saprolegniales.(Mostlyaquaticmoulds.) 5. Peronosporales.(Parasitesonspermaphytes.) The ordersmaybemoreeasilydistinguishedbythe following somewhatartificialkey,basedonmoreeasilynotedcharacters: Myceliumwantingorpoorlydeveloped; sexualreproductionusually wanting; parasitesonalgae,protozoansorrarelyonspermaphytes. Chytridiales. Myceliumwelldeveloped. Asexual reproductionbyzoospores;aquaticmoulds(onespeciespar asiticonseedlings). Saprolegniales. Asexualreproductionbyaerialconidiasporangia. or Parasiticn o spermaphytes. Peronosporales. nParasitico insects. Entomophthorales. Saprophyticmouldsorparasiticonothermoulds.Mucorales. Order1. CHYTRIDIALES. The Chytridialesareparasiticplantsofloworganizationoften confinedtoasinglecell.Theypreyforthegreaterpartonin fusoriaandother protozoans,desmids,diatoms(cf.PI.2,f.1), filamentousalgaeandotherfungi.Afewliveinpollengrains, andothers,notablymembersofthegenusSynchytrium,arepara siticinthefoliageofthehigherplants. The speciesofSynchytriumhaveno mycelium,the plantbody consistingofasinglecelllivingparasiticeitherinasingleepider malcellofitshostwhichitgreatlyenlargesintoagall(PL2,/.2), orformingagallfromanumberofcells(PI.2,f.1). Thepara siteeitherbecomesarestingsporeorasporangium.Ineithercase reproductionisaccomplishedbytheformationofzoospores.A commonspeciesis-S'.decipienswhichisfoundontheleavesof Falcataduringtheentireseason,andbearsasuperficialresem blancetoa redrust(Uredd)inwhichgenusinfact,itwas originallydescribed.AnalliedspeciesisfoundonOenothera. OneofthespeciesparasiticinasinglecellisfoundonAnemone inearlyspring,forminglittlereddishpapilliformgallsonthe uppersurfacestheleaf. of Certainof themembersofthisorderdonotformcell awall even,whilesomedevelopa sortofimperfectmycelium.In PHYCOMYCETES fnoneo themisthereanythingmorethanarudimentaryformof sexuality. Thereismuchdifferenceofopinioninthematterofclassifica tion.Overtwohundredspeciesarrangedinsomefortygenera areusuallyrecognized.Variousmembersofthisgroupshow affinitieswith theMyxomycetcsandotherswithcertainformsof Basidiomycetes(Ustilaginales).ExceptSynchytrium,theAmeri canformsofthisorderhavescarcelybeenstudied. LITERATURE. Fischer.Rabenhorst'sKryptogamenFloraDeutschland, OesterreichundderSchweiz.i4: 3-5,11-160.1892,is the bestmonographoftheseforms.Asomewhatdifferentgeneric arrangementappearsin Schroeter.DienaturlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1: 64-92.1892-3. Inbothoftheseworkscitationsoftheextendedbutwidelyscat teredEuropeanliteraturewillbefound. Descriptionsofthespecieswillalsobefoundin Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,7: 286-322; 9: 357-363; 11: 246-251. The AmericanformsofSynchytriumaredescribedin Farlow.TheSynchytriaof theUnitedStates.Bot.Gaz.10: 235-245.PL4.1885. Order. 2 MUCORALES. The orderMucoralesincludesthemorecommonmouldswhich arefoundonvariousorganicsubstances,withtheexceptionofthe ordinarygreenmouldwhichbelongstoanotherorderoffungi. Thesetruemouldsareeithersaprophyticonvariousorganicsub stancesorareparasitesonothermoulds.ThecommonMucor stolonifer*willillustratewellthehabitandstructureoftheorder. Theplantbodyconsistsofirregularbranchinghyphaefromwhich ariselateralbrancheswhichformatintervalstwosortsofsecond ary branches,theonedescendingandformingroot-likeholdfasts, the otherserectandbearingsporangia.Thesesporangiacontain alargenumberofconidiawhicharedarkcoloredatmaturityand give theripesporangiuma blackappearance.Theseconidia asexuallyproducedaretheordinarymethodofreproductionin *AlsoknownunderthenameofRhizopusnigricans. MbCORALES 25 the plant,andtheyretaintheirgerminatingpowerfora long time.Sexualreproductiontakesplacebytheadvanceoftwo shorthyphalbranchestowardeachotherwhichuniteandfuse aftereachhasformedaspecialreproductivecell.Asaresultof thisunion,azygosporewithathickprotectivecoveringisborne ontheunitedhyphaewhicharethenknownas suspensors.(PL 2,f.2,3,4.) Another commonmouldgrowingmostlyonhorsedung(PL2, f.8,9)illustratesadifferenttypeofgrowth.Thecreepingmy celiumsendsupslendercrystallinecolumnseachofwhichformsa singleurn-shapedbodyatthesummitendinginaglobularor lene-shapedblacksporangium.Bytheaccumulationandulti matecompressionofthegasesofdecompositioninthisurn,the sporangiumisshotupwardswithconsiderableforceandwitha slightreport.Byholdingthehandpalmdownwardovermass a ofthesematuremoulds,thedischargecandistinctly be feltandthe sporangiaaresometimespropelledtothedistanceofseveralfeet. ThisfungusisknownasPiloboluscrystallinus. Othergeneracan befoundgrowingonmouldswhichhave beenforsometimeundercultivation,ChaetocladiumJonesiiis oneofthecommonspeciesandPiptocephalisFriesii(PL2,f. j,6,7)isanotherfrequentlyfound. Insomegenerathesporangiumbecomesreducedinsizeand itscontentsinsteadofdividingtoformnumerousspores,remains entireandsohavetheappearanceofsimpleconidium; these conidia-likesporangiaaresometimessingly, bornesometimesin clusters.Insomegenerathesuspensorsproducebranchesafter conjugationwhichformasortofprotectivecoveringtothezygo .Inmostcasessexual thereproductiononcreeping occurs hyphae; inSporodinia,aformcomparativelycommoninsummer onthelargerfleshyfungi(notablytheBoleti),theconjugation occursonaerialhyphae. Themouldscaneasily be developedonvariouskindsofmedia, likedungofvarioussorts(freshhorsedungisthesimplestand mostthoroughlyproductive),andformanexceedinglyinteresting groupforstudy.Muchhasyettobelearnedofthedevelopment ofmanyofthespecies,andwhilemanyformsareknowntooccur inAmerica,onlyafewofourformshave beenstudiedwithany degreeofcare. 26 PI/YCOMYCETES ThefamiliesandgeneraoftheMucoralescanbedistinguished bythefollowingtable,adaptedandabridgedfromSchroeter: 1.Asexually-formedsporesexclusivelyorpredominatelydevelopedin sporangia whichsometimesresembleconidia 2. Asexually-formedsporesproducedasconidia; sporangiaonlyexcep tionallydeveloped.(Speciesparasiticonothermoulds.) 11. 2.Sporangia(atleasttheprincipalones)withcolumella; conidiaforma tionwantingorslightlydeveloped; zygosporenakedorcovered withaloosegrowthfromthesuspensors.Fam.1.Mucoraceae.3. Sporangiawithout columella; conidia present; zygosporesencasedin athickcovering.(Speciesparasiticonothermoulds). .Fam.3 Mortierellaceae.10.

Family1. Mucoraceae. Sporangiummembraneuniformlydeveloped,notcuticularized,break ing ormeltingaway. 4. Sporangiummembranecuticuliarizedintheupperhalfandpersistent, thinandmeltingawayinthelowerhalf. 9. Sporangiaallsimilarfurnishedwithcolumella(onlyexceptionallyin smalllateralsporangia). 5. Sporangiaoftwokinds,principalandsecondary; principalattheend ofhyphaealwayswithacolumella. 8. Sporangiophoressimpleorbranchedbutnotrepeatedlydichotomous; zygosporesformedonthehorizontalmycellium. 6. Sporangiophoresrepeatedlydichotomous; zygosporesonaerial hyphae. Sporodinia. Suspensorswithnooutgrowthatmaturity. Mucor. Suspensorswithathornyoutgrowthatmaturity. 7. fThornso suspensorprojecting; zygosporenaked. Phycomyces. Thornsclosedoverthezygosporeformingaloosecovering.Absidia. Principalsporangiawithcolumella,secondarywithout; sporesuniform inboth. Thamnidium. Principalsporangiawithcolumella,thoseof thesecondarytongue- shaped; sporesdifferentintwokindsofsporangia.Dicranophora. Sporangiophoresuniformlycylindricunderthesporangium; sporangia notdischarged. Pilaira. Sporangiophoresswollenunderthesporangium; sporangiaforcibly dischargedatmaturity. Pilobolus. MUCORALES 27 Family2. Mortierellaceae. 10.Sporangiophoreserect; branchestaperingattheapex.Mortierella. Sporangiophorestwining,formingnumerouslateralbranchesevery whereequallythick. Herpocladiella. 11. Conidiaformedsingly(i.e.,notinchains); zygosporesformed directlyfromthegametes.Fam.3.Choanophoraceae.12. Conidiainchains; zygosporesdevelopedattheapexofthearched gametes. Fam.5.Piptocephalidaceae.13. Family3. Choanophoraceae. 12.Sporangiapresent(OnegenusofEastIndiaspecies).Choanophora. Family4. Chaetocladiaceae. Sporangiawanting(asomewhatcommongenus).Chaetocladium. Family5. Piptocephalidaceae. 13. Endsoftheconidiophoresonwhichthebasidialcells restofthesame thicknessasthebranches. Piptocephai.is. Endoftheconidiophoresenlarged,capitate. 14. 14.Conidiophoresnotbranched. Syncephai.is. Conidiophoresbranched. Syncephalastrum. Of theabove,Mucoristhelargestgenuswithsomefiftyspecies. WiththeexceptionofThamnidium,tenspecies, Pilobolus,seven ,Mortierella,sixteenspecies,Piptoceplialis,eightspecies, andSyncephalis,seventeenspecies,mostofthegeneraaresmall, severalofthemconsistingofasinglespecies. LITERATURE. Theliteratureofthemostvalueinthe systematicstudyofthis groupis: Fischer.Loc.cit.6,7,161-310. Schroeter.Loc.cit.119-134. Brefeld.BotanischeUntersuchungeniiberSchimmelpilze,1: 1872;: 1881. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,7: 182-233;9:335-340;n: 239-242. Van TieghemetLeMonnier.RecherchessurlesMucorinees. Ann.Sc.Nat.V.17: 261-399.PL20-23.1873. VanTieghem.NouvellesrecherchessurlesMucorinees.Ann. Sc.Nat.VI.1 : 1-175.PL1-4.1875. 28 PHYCOMYCETES VanTieghem.Troisiememe'moiresurlesMucorinees.Ann. Sc.Nat.VI.4: 312-398.PI.10-13.1876. fSomeo theAmericanspecieshavebeencataloguedby Pound.ARevisionoftheMucoraceaewithespecialReference toSpeciesreportedfromNorthAmerica.Minn.Bot.Studies,1 : 81-104.1894. .Order3 ENTOMOPHTHORALES. The Entomophthoralesareparasiticonflies,grasshoppers,the larvaeofbeetlesandotherinsects.Theysometimesproduce destructionofinsectsinlargenumbers.ThecommonEmpusa muscaeorflyfungusisoneofthemostfamiliarexamplesofthis order.It isacommonthinginautumntoseeflieswithwhite swollenbodieshangingdeadonwallsandwindowswithawhite radianthalosurroundingthem.Theseare thevictimsofthefly .Withinthebodyisthemyceliumofthefunguspro ducingthedeathofthevictimanddevelopingsimpleconidiawhich arethrowntosomedistanceandformthehalo.Sexualrepro ductiontakesplacebyconjugationandinsomespeciesonly zygosporesareproduced.Inlatesummeritiscommontosee grasshopperswearilycrawlupthestemsofmulleinsorthistles, turnblackinthefaceanddie,clingingwithadeathgriptothestem on whichtheyhaveclimbed.Theseinsectsarefullofthemycelium ofamouldwhichhasbeenslowlysappingtheirvitality.After theirdeath,sporesareformedwhicharemoreeasilydistributed becauseofthelastactoftheinsectseekinganelevatedposition. Athirdinstanceisseeninaparasiteofthecloverweevil.The fungusaffectstheinsectinthelarvalcondition,inwhichstatethe insectfeedsontherootsofclover; whenacertainstageinthe growthofthefungusisreached,thelarvabecomeswearyoflife andlazilycrawlsupa bladeofgrass,coilshorizontallyaroundthe tip(PL3.f.7)anddies;fromhiselevatedpositionsporedis seminationissimple.Overfiftyspeciesareknownbelongingto sevengenera;four-fifthsofthespeciesbelongtothegeneraEm pusaandEntomophthora.TheAmericanformshavebeen carefullystudiedbyThaxter. LITERATURE. Schroeter.Loc.cit.134-141. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,7: 280-286; 9: 349-357. SAPROLEGNIALES29 Brefeld.BotanischeUntersuchungeniiberSchimmelpilze,4: 1881; 6: 1884. Thaxter. TheEntomophthoreaeoftheUnitedStates.Mem. BostonSoc.Nat.Hist.4: 133-201.PL14-21.1888. .Order4 SAPROLEGNIALES. The orderSaprolegnialescontainsmostlyaquaticmouldswhich liveondeadflies,deadfish,oxquitecommonlyattackliving aquaticanimals,commonlyyoungfish.Theyhave beencalled fish-moulds,andthediseasetheyengenderhasbeenknownin Englandasthesalmondisease.Sometimestheybecomevery conspicuous,formingbranchingmassestwoorthreeinches, high.Theyarecommonlymuchlessconspicuous,however. Certainspeciesarecapableoflivinginthetissuesofvarious plants,oneofwhich,ArtotrogusDeBaryanus,*isacommoncause ofthephenomenonofdampingoff,commonlyknowntogar denersasadestructivediseaseofyoungseedlings,thoughsev eralotherfungiwillproduceasimilardisease.Inthetrulyaquatic speciestheasexualreproductionisaccomplishedbyzoospores. Inthesemi-aerialforms(Pythiaceae).ftheasexualreproduction asaccomplishedbyconidia.Thesexualmethodofreproduction inbothfamiliesisaccomplishedbymeansofthefertilizationof egg-cellsbyantherids. LITERATURE. Schroeter.Loc.cit93-197. Fischer.Loc.cit.310-383. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,7: 264-280; 9: 345-349; 11: 244-245. Humphrey.TheSaprolegniaceaeoftheUnitedStates,with notesontheotherspecies.Trans.Amer.Philos.Soc.17: 63- 148.PI.14-20.1892. Thaxter.ObservationsonthegenusNaegeliaofReinsch. Bot.Gaz.19: 49-55.PI.5. 1894. Thaxter. Neworpeculiaraquaticfungi.Bot.Gaz.20: 433- 440,PL29;477-485-PI.31-1895. * FormerlyknownasPythiumDeBaryanum. fFischer(loc.cit.),withapparentlygoodreasonunitestheconidia-bear- ingPythiaceaewiththePeronosporalesandalsounitestheaquaticMono- blepharidaceaewiththeSaprolegniales. 30 PHYCOMYCETES Atkinson.Dampingoff.Bull.CornellUniv.Agric.Exper. Sta.94:233-272.PL1-6.1895. Order. 5 PERONOSPORALES. The Peronosporalesareparasiticplantspreyingmostlyonthe higherplantsandformanextensiveanddestructivegroupof fungi.Therearetwotypesrepresentingtwofamilies.Onetype commonlyknownaswhiterust,formsmilk-whiteglisteningclus tersofconidiaundertheepidermisofshepherd'spurseandother crucifers,andthe otherformswhitishmould-likemassesofbranch ingconidiophoresontheundersurfaceofleavesofvariousplants. Thelattertypeincludestwoofthemostdestructivediseasesofcul tivatedplantsaffectingthegrapeandtheIrishpotatorespectively, andcommonlyknownasdownymildews.Thespeciesinfesting the potatohasbeenknowntodestroyfromone-thirdtoone-half oftheentirecropofpotatoesofawholestate; andtheoneaffect ingthegrapeafteritsintroductionintoFrancein1878caused consternationamongthevineyardownersofsouthernEurope untilmethodsoftreatmentwerefoundforthepreventionofits ravages.Inthiscountryitcausedtheabandonmentofnumerous vineyardsduringthesameperiod. Thedownymildewofthegrapeattacksallgreenportionsof thevine,itsmyceliumgrowingasaninternalparasiteanddraw ingitsnourishmentbymeansofhaustoria(PL3,f. 3).The symptomsare: 1. Yellowishspotsontheuppersurfaceoftheleafwithmould likeconidiophoresonthecorrespondingsurface, lowerthespots ultimatelybecomingbrownanddead.Inbadcasestheentire leafmaybecomeinvolvedinwhichcaseitsoonshrivelsasif burned. 2. Theberriesifattackedearlydonotattainone-fourththeir normalsizeandturnbrownorgrayifconidiaareformed.If attackedlaterthefull-grownberrieswillshowthesamecolors. Thisissometimesknownasthebrownrot,butmustbeclearly distinguishedfromtheblackrot,whichis duetoanentirely differentparasite. Thedownymildewofthegrape,incommonwith otherspecies oftheorder,producestwokindsofsporeswhicharedifferentin origin,formandfunction. PERONOSPORALES31 1. Conidia.Theseareasexuallyproducedonbranchingco- nidiophoreswhichprojectfromthestomataontheundersideof theleaf(PL3,f.4). Theygerminatesoonaftertheyarepro ducedandtheirfunctionistorapidlyspreadthefungusduring favoringconditions.Forthisreasontheyareoftencalledsum merspores.Ingerminating,thecontentsoftheconidiumbreak upintoanumberofzoosporeswhichswiminthemoisturecover ingtheleaflikeafilm,sprout,penetrateleafthrough the oneof thestomataanddevelopnewcentresofgrowth.Thedistribution oftheconidiaisaidedbythewind. 2. Oospores.Theseareproducedwithinthehostbythefertil izationofanegg-cellanoogone of byasmallerorganknownas anantherid(PL3,f.5).Thisresultsintheformationofanew cell,whichbecomingsurroundedwithathickwallandisknownas the oospore.Fromthefactthatthisremainsdormantsometime beforegerminationitisoftencalledaresting-spore,sinceits functionistocarrythelifeofthefungusoveranunfavorable period,itisalsocalleda winterspore.Itremainswithinthe tissuesofitshostuntilthe springoruntiltheirdecayoccurswhen itgerminatesafteramannersimilartotheconidia. Theremedyforthediseaseisfoundinsprayingthevineswith coppersaltstopreventthegerminationofthesummerspores. TherotoftheIrishpotatoisduetoasimilarfunguswhichpro ducesawiltoftheleaves,accompaniedbytheformationofconid iasimilartothoseofthegrape.Theseconidia,however,are producedinaslightlydifferentmanner,theconidiophoreproduc ingbranchesonlyaftertheterminalconidiaaredeveloped.The diseaseextendstothetubers,formingbrownorblackdiscolora- tions,whichendinthe extensivedecayoftheentiretuber.The myceliumisperennial,livingfromyeartoyearinthetuber,and willbreakoutintoanepidemicwheneverfavorableconditions occur. Thediseaseistobecontrolledmorebythe judiciousselection ofseedandlandandtheproperdestructionofdiseasedpotatoes, thoughsprayingmaypreventthespreadofthediseasebymeans oftheconidia. The familiesandgeneraofthePeronosporalesmaybedistin guishedbythefollowingtable: 32 PUYCOMYCETES Family1. Albuginaceae. 1. Conidiophoresclub-shaped,formedundertheepidermisofthehost; conidia formedinchainsinwhitemassesundertheepidermisofthe host. Albugo*. Conidiophoresformedoutsidetheepidermisofthehost; conidiaformed singly,neverinchains. 2. Family2. Peronosporaceae. 2.Conidiaformingzoospores,oratleastdischargingtheircontentsasa whole. 3. Conidiagerminatingwithaprimordialmembrane. 6. 3. Conidiophoressimpleuptotheformationofthefirstconidia,laterpro ducing lateralbranchesandconidia. Phytophthora. Conidiophoreswithconidia-bearingbranches,completelyformedbefore thedevelopmentofthe oospores. 4. 4. Conidiophoreformedofa singlehypha,whichbearssmalluniform branchesn o theswollenend. Basidiophora. Conidiophoreswithbranchesrisingfromdifferentparts. 5. 5. Oosporesgrownfasttothewallsoftheo8gone. ScLEROSpoRA. Oosporeslyingfreeintheoogone. Plasmopara. 6. Conidiawithapapillaontheupperendthroughwhichtheprimitive hypha develops. Bremia. Conidiawithoutpapilla,germinatingfromtheside. Peronospora. Of theabovegeneraAlbugohassixspecies.BesidesA. Candida*growingonvariousCruciferae,wehaveportulaccae A. onpurslane; A.ipomoeae-panduranaeonsweetpotatoesand variousspeciesofConvolvulaceae; A.tragopogonisonthistles, salsifyandafewotherCompositae; A.blitionAmarantus widelydistributed,andA.platensisonvariousNyctaginaceae, moreorlesscommoninNewMexico. PhytophthorahasP. infestansalreadydiscussedonthepotato, andotherSolanaceae,andP.phaseolionLimabeans.Basidio phorahasa singlespeciesonErigeron,AsterandSolidago. Selerosporahasasinglespeciesonvariousgrasses.Plasmopara hasP.viticolaalreadydiscussedonvariousformsofnativeandcul tivatedgrapes,P.geraniionthewildgeranium(G.Carolinianuni), *UntilrecentlymorecommonlyknownunderthelaternameofCystopus candidus. PERONOSPORALES33 P. pygmaeaonvariousRanunculaceae,P.Halstediionvarious Compositae,P.australisonCucurbitaceae,P.obducensonthe cotyledonsofseedlingImpatiens,andseveralotherspecieson varioushosts.Oftheformswhichgerminatewithoutzoospores, Bremiahasa singlespeciesparasiticonlettuceandallied plants,whilePeronosporahasnumerousspeciesparasiticona wide rangeofhostplants.

LITERATURE. Fischer.oc.cit. L383-489. Schroeter.Loc.cit.108-119. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,7:233-264;9:340-345;11: 242-244. Thefollowingincludemoreorlesscompleteenumerations, descriptionsandnotesonAmericanspecies: Farlow. Enumerationof thePeronosporeaeoftheUnited States.Bot.Gaz.8: 305-315;327-337.1883. Farlow.AdditionstothePeronosporeaeof theUnitedStates. Bot.Gaz.9: 37-40.1884. Swingle. SomePeronosporaceaeintheHerbariumof theDivi sionofVegetablePathology.Jour.Mycol.7: 109-130.1892.

ThePhycomycetesmayproperlyberegardedasthedescend antsofdegeneratealgaewhichhavelosttheirpowerofinde pendentexistencethroughparasitism.Theyhaveprobably descendednotfromanysingleancestralalgalstock,butdifferent membershaverisenfromvariousparentstocks.

3 CHAPTERV

cLASSII. ASCOMYCETES

(The Spore-sacFungi.)

ThemembersofthesecondclassofFungi,theAscomycetes, arecharacterizedbytheirmethodofproducingsporesindelicate membranoussacscalledasci.Theseasci,atleastinthehigher formsarecollectedtogetherinabodywhichmaybespherical, flask-like,cup-shapedordisc-like; thisbodyisvariouslyknownin thedifferentordersasaperithecium,anascoma,areceptacleor anapothecium.Wemayspeakofitingeneralasanascocarp. Mixedwiththeasciaresimpleorbranchedbodiesknownas.the paraphyses.(PL4,f.10.)Theascomycetesvarygreatlyin size,habitandstructure; myceliumisusuallyabundantlyde velopedandisusuallybranchedandwithcellsclearlymarked bytransverseorpartition septawalls.Themyceliumisarach noid(cobwebby)inafewforms,butinmostspeciesitisusually concealedorburied,whilethespore-producingbodybecomes theconspicuousfeatureoftheplant.Insizethemembersofthis classoffungirangefromone-celledorganisms,liketheyeast plantfloatingaliquid in medium,tolargefleshyformsseveral inchesinheight,orinsomecaseshard,almostwoodystructures aredeveloped,formingconspicuousmasses.Most,however,are inconspicuousmembersoftheplantworld.Manyofthemare saprophytic,livinginrichsoil,ormorecommonlyondeadstems ortrunksoftrees; afewaresubterranean; anumberof fleshy formsareedible,likethemorelandtruffles.Alargenumberof formsareparasiticandproduceavarietyofdiseasesamongculti vatedplantsliketheleaf curlofthepeach,plumpockets,the blackknotof thecherryandplum,andthevariouspowdery mildews. Besidestheascospores,manyspeciesproduceconidiawhich aredevelopedinagreatvarietyofways; somealsoproduce pycnidiaandoccasionallyotherformsofreproductivebodies are 34 ASCOMYCETES 35 developed.In thiswayasinglespeciesmayhavefourfive or formsofspores,withdifferentshapes,functions,methodsofpro ductionandperiodsofgermination.Insomeinstancesthe conidia areproducedononehostandtheascocarpsonanother, the formerbeingfrequentlyparasiticandthelattersaprophytic.A largenumberofconidia-andpycnidia-bearingspeciesisknown whoserelationtoascus-bearingspeciesisunknown; insome casesitisprobablethattheascosporic conditiondoesnotexist. TheseformshavecommonlybeencalledFungiimperfectifrom theirrealorapparentresemblancetotheconidialandpycnidial formsofascus-bearingfungi.It ismorethanprobablethatmany formsthathavebeenclassifiedinthisconvenientcatch-allare speciesperfectinthemselves. CountingtheFungiimperfectithereareseventeenordersof Ascomycetesallbutoneofwhicharewellrepresentedin America.*Theseordersmaybedistinguishedbymeansofthe followingsynopticaltable: 1. Asciseparatefrom eachother,notunitinginaspecialperitheciumor ascoma, andwithoutaspecialcovering. 2. Ascigroupedorfasciculate,surroundedbyaspherical,cylindricor pyriformshellorperithecium. 3. Ascicollectedinahymeniallayer,remainingenclosedinatuber-like ascoma;habit subterranean.(.) 10.Tuberales. Asci collectedinaflattenedorconcavehymeniallayer(ascoma)often yborderedb adistinctlayer.(Discomycetes.) 8. 2.Ascientirelyisolatedorformedatdifferentpartsofthemyceliumwhich is oftenundeveloped; vegetativereproductionaccomplishedbygem mation.(Yeastplants.) 2.Saccharomycetales. Asciapproximateandforminganindefinitehymenium.(Ourforms aremostlyparasitic,deformingtheirhosts,formingbladder plums, leafcurls,etc.) 3.Exoascales. 3.Peritheciaborneonashortpedicel; microscopicfungiparasiticonbee tlesandotherinsects, 9.Laboulbeniales. Peritheciasessile,eithersolitaryandfree,orunitedandimbeddedina stroma. 4. *TheProtomycetales(Hemiasci)arelowformsoffungiwithusually amany-sporedascus.Ofthese,oneform,Protomycespolysporus,hasbeen reportedfromthiscountryparasiticonAmbrosiatrifida.Forliteratureon thethreefamiliesofthisorderseeSchroeter,loc.cit.143-149. 36 ASCOMYCETES 4. Asciarrangedatdifferentlevelsintheperithecium,sometimes forming skein-likemasses. 4.Aspergillales. Ascin i fasciclesarisingfromacommonlevel.(Pyrenomycetes.) 5. 5. Peritheciaglobose,scattered,withoutapparentostioles,mostlyattached ton a apparentmyceliumormembrane; orflattenedandostiolatein onefamily. 5.Perisporiales.' Peritheciawithdistinctostioles. 6. 6.Perithecia(andstromaifpresent)fleshyormembranous,brightcolored (white, yellow,red,or blue). 6.Hypocreales. Perithecia(andstromaifpresent)hardened,neverfleshy,rarelymem branous,dark-colored(blackordarkbrown). 7- 7.Wallsofperitheciascarcelydistinguishablefromthestroma. 7. Dothideales. Peritheciawithdistinctwalls,eitherfreeorimbeddedina stroma. 8. Sphaeriales,.'," 8. Ascomamoreorlesscompletelyclosedatfirst,openingfreeatmaturity, andplane,concave,orrarelyconvex.(Cupfungi.) 9. Ascomaopenfromthefirst,normallyclavateorconvex,orpitted,orwith gyrosefurrows.(Morels,lorchels.) 14.Helvellales.' 9.Ascomalongenclosedinatoughcoveringwhichbecomestornopenat the maturityofthespores. 10. Ascomasoonbecomingfree,withoutspecialcovering; mostlyfleshy cup-likefungi. 13.. 10.Ascomamostlyelongate,thecoveropeningbyalongitudinalfis sure. 11.Hysteriales. Ascomaroundish,thecoverrupturingbyradiatingorstellatefissures. 12.Phacidiales. Order. 2 SACCHAROMYCETALES. This groupoforganismsincludestheyeastplantstogetherwith afewotherlowfungiwhichuptothistimehavenotbeenre portedfromthiscountry.Theyeastplantisconcernedinthe processofalcoholicfermentationandisequallyusefulinthe manufactureofbreadandbeer.Yeastplantsareunicellular, growinsaccharinesolutionsandreproducebygemmation(PL4, f.f). Underrarecircumstances,mostlywhenthereisasudden diminutionoftheirfoodsupply,*theyreproduce endogenously,a * Thisconditioncanreadilybesecuredbyremoving''topyeast'' from asolutioninwhichgrowthisrapid,andplacingitonamoistslabofplas terparisorafragmentofunglazedporousearthenware.Theendogenous sporeformationoughttobeseeninforty-eighthoursorless. EXOASCALES 37 condition whichbysomeissupposedtoallythemtotheascomy- cetesofwhichtheyarecommonlyregardedalowdegradedform; thereishoweverlittlemorereasonforconsideringtheseasasci thanassporangia.Thesporesthusproducedpossessgreater powersofresistancetodesiccation; theygerminatetoformbud dingyeastcells.Theyeastplantistheactiveagentofallforms ofyeast,tho variousspeciesofbacteriaareusuallymixedwith themandshareinthefunctionofraisingbread.Therelationof thevariousformsof yeasttotheprocessofbrewinghasbecome asubjectofspecialstudy.Besidesthe familySaccharomycetaceae, containingtheyeastfungi,theordercontainsfamily theEndo- mycetaceaewithfourgenerawhichhaveheretoforebeenreported onlyfromEurope. LITERATURE.* Schroeter.DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilieni1: 150-156. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,8:916-922. Zopf.DiePilze,411-425.1890. Bay. Thespore-formingSpeciesoftheGenusSaccharomyces. Amer.Nat.27:685-696.1893. Golden.FermentationinBread.Bot.Gaz.15:204-209. 1890. Pasteur.StudiesonFermentation.(Englishtranslation.) Macmillan&Co.1879.

Order. 3 EXOASCALES. TheorderExoascalesincludesanumberofparasiticfungithat attackvariousplants,notablythedrupaceousfruittrees.Oneof themostcommonproducesthe" peachcurl"frequentlyseenin theyoungleavesofthepeach.Inthisdiseasetheleavesbecome variouslydistortedanddeformedandarecoveredwithpatchesof areddishorsometimesawhitishcolor.Inbadlyaffectedleaves theleaffinallywithersandshrivelsupasifburned.Otherspecies arefoundonvariousplumandcherrytreesproducingdeformities * Thetechnicalliteraturebearingonyeastasaneconomicfactorinthe productionofbeerisenormous,andthecontinuousstudyofitsconditions andphysiologicalactivitiesconstitutestheworkofspecialistsinevery largebrewery. 3« ASCOMYCETES in thefruitknownasbladderplums,andoccasionallyontheyoung branches. The plantsthis oforderarecharacterizedbytheproductionof asciseparatefromeachother,usuallystandingsidebysideonthe surfaceoftheaffectedleaforotherportionofthehost. Thefamiliesandgeneramaybedistinguishedbythefollowing: Familyi. Ascocorticiaceae. 1.Saprophytic; ascistandingclosetogetheronabasalmembrane.A singlegenusandspecies. Ascocorticium. Family. 2 Exoascaceae. Parasitic; asci freefromeachother,breakingoutdirectlyfromthesur faceofthehostwithnodistinctmembranebeneath. 2. 2. Asciformedasswellingsattheendsofmycelialthreadswhichproject betweenthecellsofthehost. Magnusieli.a. Ascispringingfromamoreorlessdevelopedsubcuticularmycelial layer. 3. 3. Ascieight-(orsometimesfour-)spored; myceliumperennial. Exoascus Asci many-sporedthroughthebuddingofthesporeswithintheascus. Taphria. MagnusiellacontainstwoAmericanspeciesproducingdeformi ties,theone onPotentillaCanadensisandthe otheronBetula populifera.Exoascushasnumerousspeciesandincludesthose producingdeformitiesindrupaceousfruits.Mostcommonare E.deformanscausingtheleaf-curl,andthe variousspeciespro ducing"bladder-plums"or"plum-pockets"fromtheovariesof variousspeciesofplumandcherry.Taphria*containsseveral speciesparasiticonQuercus,Populus,Rhuscopallina,etc. LITERATURE. Schroeter.Loc.cit.I56-161. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,8:811-820;10:67-72;11: 435-439- * Thisistheoriginalformofthegenericname.Itwaschangedto TaphrinabecauseoftheexistenceofagenusTaphriainzoology.This limitationinnomenclaturenolongerexists,hencethe returntotheoriginal name. ASPERGILLALES 39 Sadebeck.DieparasitischenExoasceen.Jahrb.wiss.Anstalten Hamb.10: i-iio.PLi-3.1893. Schroeter.DienaturlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1: 156-161. Robinson.NotesonthegenusTaphrina.Ann.Bot.1: 163- 176.1887. Atkinson.NotesonsomeExoasceaeoftheUnitedStates. Bull.Torr.Bot.Club,21: 372-379.1894. Leaf curlandPlumpockets.Bull.CornellUniv. Agric. Exp.Sta.73: 319-355.PL1-20.1894. Patterson.AstudyofNorthAmericanparasiticExoasceae. Bull.Lab.Nat.Hist.IowaStateUniv.3: 89-135.PL1-4.1895. Order. 4 ASPERGILLALES. The fungiassociatedinthisorderare plantsofverydiverse habits.Onegroupismadeupofsubterraneanfungiwhichre semblethetruffles.Amongthecommonestofthesearespecies ofElaphomycesaboutthesizeofhickorynutswhichgrowtwoor threeinchesbelowthesurfaceofthesoil; theseareoftenpara sitizedbyaspeciesofCordycepswhichprojectsabovetheground andrevealsthepresenceof theElaphomyceswhichotherwise makesnovisiblesign. The secondgroupcontainsthecommongreenmould(Penicil- liumcruslaceum)which growsondecayingorpreservedfruit, cheeseorotherformsoforganicmatter.Thegreen,dustyportion representstheconidialstage(PL4.f.2)whiletheascosporic stageisfoundinsmallascocarpswhichdevelopastheprobable resultofsexualreproduction(PL4.f.3).*Withthisfamily Meliolaisincluded,agenuslargelyrepresentedintheSouthand intropicalregionsgenerally,whichhasanexternalmyceliumsimi lartotheErysibaceaebutblack,oftenforminglargeareason leaves.TherelationsofMeliolaandsomeotheralliedgenerais, however,doubtful.TheorderisknownasthePlectascineaeof theEngler-Prantlrevision.Wehavesixfamiliesasfollows: 1.Peridiummadeupofloosefloccosehyphae. Gymnoascaceae. Peridiumcompact,closed. 2. *Similartothisisthecommonherbariummould(Aspergillusher- bariorum)whichfrequentlydevelopsonplantsunderpressurefortheher bariumwhenthedriersarenotfrequentlychanged. 40 ASCOMYCETES 2.Ascocarpssubterranean,mostlyenlarged,tuberous. 3. Ascocarpsnotsubterranean,mostlysmall. 4. 3. Peridiumclearlydistinctfromthewallsthe ofascocarp; sporemasses powderyatmaturity. Elaphomycetaceae. Peridiumnotclearlylimited,continuouswiththe wallstheascocarp of ; sporemassesneverpowdery. . 4.Ascocarpsmostlysessile; peridiausuallyremainingclosed. Aspergillaceae. Ascocarpsmostlystalked; peridiaopeningatmaturitybylobesor irregularly. Onygenaceae. Ascocarpssessile,thesporemassesexudingincolumnarmassesfrom thegoblet-shapedperidia. Trichocomaceae. Of theabovefamilies,theElaphomycetaceae,Onygenaceae andTrichocomaceaeareeachmadeupofasinglegenus from whichtherespectivefamiliesreceivetheirnames.Thesubter raneanTerfeziaceaearemadeupofeightgenera,whilethemould likeGymnoascaceaeandAspergillaceaearemorenumerous,the formerwithfiveandthelatterwithfourteengenera.

LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,1: 60-71; 8: 863-87219:413- 431; 11: 441. Fischer.DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,it:290-320. Ellis&Everhart.NorthAmericanPyrenomycetes,45-49. 1892. Martin.SynopsisoftheNorthAmericanSpeciesofAsterina, DimerosporiumandMeliola.Jour.Myc.1:133-139,145-148. 1885. Order. 5 PERISPORIALES. ThePerisporialesformasmallgroupofpartlyparasiticand partlysaprophyticfungisomeofwhichformasimpleandeasily studiedgroup,astheyareabundantandwidelydistributed.To illustratethegeneralcharactersthisgroup ofwecando nobetter thantodescribethestructureofthepowderymildews.These arethemosttypicalexamplesofexternalparasitesandtaketheir popularnamefromthewhitepowderyconidiathatareproduced earlyintheseason.Theparasiteformsmassesofcobwebby myceliumonthesurfacesofvariousleaves.Acommonex PERISPORIALES 4* ampleisseenontheleavesof thecommonlilacwhichisalmost universallycoveredwithoneofthespeciesofthisorder.Some speciessometimesappearonyoungstemsandfruitaswellas leaves.Onespeciesiscommononthepeculiarknot-likefascicles oftwigsthatdisfigurethehackberrytreeof theMississippivalley region,andanotherisconfinedtothebrownrust-likemasses commonontheleavesof thebeech.Thefungusdrawsnourish mentfromitshostbymeansofhaustoria,whicharemereex pansionsofitshyphae.Twokindsofreproductivebodiesare present: (1)Conidia,whichareproducedbythesuccessivecut tingoffof theendsoferecthyphae.(PL4.f. 4.)Theseconsti tutethesummerspores,andareblowntootherleaves,germinate quicklyandrapidlyspreadthegrowthoftheparasiteduringthe growingseason.(2)Perithecia,whicharesphericalbodieswith athickenedprotectivewallandcontaintheascosporesenclosed inmembranoussacs(asci).(PL4.f.j.)Thesefirstappearas minutewhitishbodiessoonchangingtoyellow,brownandfinally black; theycan beeasilyseenwithahandlens; allstages canfrequentlybeseenatthesametimeon oneleaf.Ithas beensupposedthattheseperitheciaareproducedastheresultof sexuality.(PL4.f.6,7,8.)Inanyeventtheascocarpisdeveloped afteraplansimilartothehomologousorganinsomeofthe higheralgaewheresexualityistheexcitingcause.Theasco sporesremainoverwinterandgerminatethefollowingspring. Theperitheciaaremostlyprovidedwithaseriesofappendages whichhavedifferentformsandserveinpartasthebasisofsepar ationofgenera.Someoftheseappendagesareneedle-likeand providedwithabulbousenlargementattheirbase,someare coiledorhookedattheend,othersaredichotomouslydivided oftenintoanelaboratepattern,othersstillaresimilartothe ordinarymycelium,thooftendifferentlycolored. One speciesproducesthecommonpowderymildewofthe grape,whichisalsoverycommonontheVirginiacreeper; another producesacommondiseaseonyoungcherryandplumtrees; an otherformsthedestructivehop-mildew,afourthattackswheat andothergrasses,andstillanotherthegooseberry.Thereare speciesfoundonthemaple,elm,,basswood,hackberryand numerousothertrees; onthelilac,willow,huckleberry,hawand variousothershrubs,andonagreatvarietyofherbaceousplants 42 ASCOMYCETES commencingwiththedandelionandthecockle-bur,andinclud inghostsfromwidelyseparatedorders.Theycanusuallybe readilyrecognizedbythecobwebbymyceliumonthe surfaceof theleafandarenotlikelytobemistakenforanyotherfungus; insomespecies,however,themyceliumisnotconspicuousand sosomecommonspeciesareoftenpassedby; thisisnotably trueofthespeciesgrowingbasswood. on Somespeciesliveon awiderangeofhosts,whileothersareseeminglyconfinedtoa singlehostplant. The Perisporialesarerepresentedbythreefamilieswhichcan bedistinguishedasfollows: 1. Peritheciamostlyspherical,imperforate. 2. Peritheciaflattened,shield-shaped,ostiolate.Microthyriaceae. 2.Myceliumexternal,white; peritheciawithappendages.Erysibaceae. Externalmyceliumdark-coloredorwanting; peritheciawithoutap pendages. Perisporiaceae. Thegeneraof theErysibaceaecanbereadilydistinguishedby thefollowingsynopsis:* 1. Sporesone-celled,hyaline. 2. Sporesmuriform; appendagessimilartothemyceliumorwanting. Saccardia. 2. Appendagesneedlelike,enlargedatbase. Phyllactinia. Appendagesdichotomousattheapex. 3. Appendageshookedorcoiledattheapex. Uncinui.a. Appendagesindeterminate,similartothemycelium. 1 4. 3. Peritheciacontainingasingleascus. Podosphaera. Peritheciacontainingseveralasci. Microsphaera. 4.Peritheciacontainingasingleascus. Sphaerotheca. Peritheciacontainingseveralasci. Erysibe.f The genusSaccardiaisrepresentedwithby usasinglespecies fromFloridaonQuercuslaicrifolia;theothergeneracontainsev eralspecieseach. * Fromtheeasilyaccessibleliterature,thisgrouphasbeenthe simplest withwhichtocommencelaboratorystudyamongtheparasiticfungi.Its speciesareconsequentlythebestknownofanyofourparasiticfungi. f Thisappearstobetheoriginalorthography.Thegenusisoften knownasErysiphe,andthefamilyasErysiphaceae. HYPOCREALES 43

ThefamilyPerisporiaceaecontainssometwentygeneraandthe Microthyriaceaeasmanymore. LITERATURE. Lindau.DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1:325-343. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,1:1-87;2: 658-671;9:364- 442,1053-1072;ii:252-271, 379-382. Leville.Organisationetdispositionmethodiquedesespeces quicomponentlesgenreerysiphe.Ann.Sc.Nat.III.15:109- 179.PL6-11. 1851. Tulasne.SelectaFungorumCarpologia.1: 1861. Burrill&Earle.TheparasiticFungiofIllinois.PartII. Bull.111.StateLab.Nat.Hist.2:387-432.1887. Ellis&Everhart.NorthAmericanPyrenomycetes,2-58. 1892.(TheErysiphaceaearebyBurrill.) Harper.DieEntwickelungdesPeritheciumsbeiSphaerotheca Castagnei.Berichtedeutsch.bot.Gesell.13:475-481.PI.39. 1895. Martin.Synopsisof theNorthAmericanSpeciesofAsterina, DimerosporiumandMeliola.Jour.Myc.i:133-139, 145-148. 1885. .Order6 HYPOCREALES. The Hypocrealesareforthegreaterpartlightcoloredfungiof varioushabits,someparasiticonthehigherplants,otherspara siticonfleshy fungi,othersstilloninsects,whilenumerousspecies aresaprophytic.Theircolorrangesindifferentspeciesfrom whitetoyellowandontopurple,scarletandcinnabarred.A fewareplainbrownbutnoneofthemarereallyblack,asome whatartificialdistinctionthatseparatesthisorderfromtheSphae- riales. Among themembersofthisgroupof onethemostcommonis knownasergot.Thisfungusproducesenlargedhardbodiesinthe kernelsofryeandothergrasses; theseareknownassclerotia* andinthisconditiontheypasswinter the season.In the springthe myceliumofthesclerotiumbecomesactiveandproducesaseries *Sclerotiaareproducedonanumberofspeciesoffungibelongingto widelydifferentgroups.Theyarereceptaclesofnutritioninadormant conditionintendedtocarrytheorganismoveranunfavorableperiod. 44 ASCOMYCETES ofstalkedstromatawithbrightcoloredheadsbearingembedded perithecia.Theperitheciaarepear-shapedandperforatedbyan ostioleatthenarrowend; thesporesarefiliform.Whenthese germinateinthepistilsoftheryeflowerstheyproduceamassof myceliumthatfillseverypartofthekernelandformsawhite coveringfromwhichconidiaareproduced; thisisknownas thesphaceliastage; withtheseasaccharinefluidisdeveloped whichisattractivetobees; inthiswaythefungusisspreadfrom oneflowertoanother,thebeescarryingtheconidiawhichare mixedwiththisfluid,theconidiasoongerminatingandproducing newcentresfortheergot.Thesclerotiumthenformsinthemidst ofthemycelium-infestedkernelandreachesitsdormantcondition bythetimethegrainisripe. Fromtheergotofryeapowerfulpoisonousdrugisproduced whichisfrequentlyusedinmedicine.Anumberofourcommon grassesareaffectedwithergotbutthestromaticstagehasbeen littlestudied.Itissupposedthatcattlefeedingontheergotwill becomepoisonedfromitseffects,thediseasebeingknownas ergotism. Cordycepsisagenusoffungisomewhatalliedtothelast,but insteadofgrowingfromsclerotiaitbecomesparasiticeitherupon insectsorupontruffle-likesubterraneanfungi(Elaphomyces).The mostcommonformoninsectsisaclub-likebodyaninchormore longofacinnabarredcolorwhichattacksthepupaeofvarious mothsburiedbeneathdeadleaves,theclubrisingabovethesur face.Otherspeciesattackthelarvaeofbeetlesandaminute oneisfoundonscaleinsects.InNewZealandasimilarfungus attackslivingcaterpillarswhichcarrythefungusontheirbacksfor aconsiderabletime,beforeitresultsintheirdeath.Theforms growingontrufflesaresomewhatfleshystructureswithaconical stromawhichpushesupabovethesurfaceoftheground.The Americanspeciesofthisgrouphaveneverbeenthoroughlystudied. Anumberofotherinterestinggeneracommonlyoccur.One (Epichloetyphind)formsawhitishoryellowishcoveringonthe culmsofvariousgrassescausingthemtoappearlikeminiature spikesofcat-tails; another(Hypocreelld)formstuberclesonthe stemsofcane(Arundinarid); themembersofathirdgenus(Hy- pomyces)areparasiticonvariousformsofthehigherfleshy,corky orgelatinousfungi,oneofwhichattacksspeciesofLactariustrans DOTHWEALES 45 formingthegillsandcausingthesurfacetoappearabrightreddish orangecolor; severalotherspeciesofvariouscolorsarefoundon Russula;stillanothergenus(Nectria)appearsintheformofsmall orminuteredtubercleson deadbranchesortrunks.Inall,the singlefamilyHypocreaceae*containssomesixtygeneraandover 800species,onefourthperhapsofwhicharefromtheUnited States. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,2: 447-587; 9: 941-1004; 11: 354-368. Lindau.DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,i':343-372. Tulasne.SelectaFungorumCarpologia,3: 1865. Tulasne.Memoiresur1'ergotdesGlumacees.Ann.Sc.Nat. III.20:1-56.PL1-4.1853. Massee.ARevisionoftheGenusCordyceps.Ann.Bot.9: 1-44.PL1-2.1895. Ellis&Everhart.Synopsisof theNorthAmericanHypocre aceae.Jour.Mycol.2:28-31,49-51, 61-69,73-8°.97-99.io9- iii,121-125, 133-137.1886;3:1-6.1887. . AdditionstoHypocreaceae.Jour.Myc.3: 113-116. 1887. The NorthAmericanPyrenomycetes,58-122.1892.

Order. 7 DOTHIDEALES. This order,consistingasingle offamilyDothideaceaewithsome 25generaand400species,ismadeupofspeciesgrowingmostly ondeadordyingplanttissues,theperitheciabeingburiedina blackorblackishstroma,thewallof theperitheciumbeingin distinctandfusedwiththestromaticsubstance.Nearlyhalfthe speciesbelongtothegenusPhyllachora,verycommononthe leavesof grassesandotherplantsandforminglinesandpatches superficiallyplacedlikethoseoftheblackrusts.Whilemostof thespeciesaresaprophytic,afewaregenuineparasites; among themostnotoriousistheblackknotoftheplumandcherry whichwellrepresentsthestromaticcondition.Thisfungusap- *Somemycologistsregardthisorderasmadeupofseveralwell- markedfamilies.Lindau,loc.cit, arrangesthegenerainsixtribes;some aredisposedtoregardtheseasfamilies. 46 ASCOMYCETES pearss a adestructivediseaseinmanypartsof thecountryoc casionallydestroyingentireorchards.Themyceliumofthe fungusspreadsitselfwithininterior the oftheyoungbranchesand manifestsitselfbytheformationofelongategray-brownorblack ishdeformitieswhichgivethenametothefungus.Thesesome timesattainalengthoffiveorsixinches.Inthe springthese arecoveredwithavelvetysurfacewhichismadeupofaseriesof shortthread-likehyphaebearingconidia; theseconidiaserveto extendtheinfectiontootherpartsof thetreewheretheyarecar ried.Latertheknotsarecoveredwithroundedbodieswhichare theprojectingportionsoftheperitheciamostlyimbeddedinthe stromata; thesecontaintheascosporeswhichmaturelateinthe winterandescapebya poreattheupperendoftheasci.Besides conidiaandascosporestwootherreproductivebodieshave been foundbuttheirfunctionsarelittleknown. LITERATURE. The literaturerelatingtotheDothidealesismostlyassociated withthatofthenextorder. Lindau.DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1: 372-383. Winter.Rabenhorst'sKryptogamenFloraDeutschlands,u. s.w.is: 893-918. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,2: 588-657; 9: 1004-1053; 11: 368-379. Ellis &Everhart.TheNorthAmericanPyrenomycetes,596- 621.1892. Farlow. Theblackknot.Bull.BusseyInst.440-454.PL 4-6.1876. Order. 8 SPHAERIALES. Thefungibelongingtothisorderareprobablythemostnumer ousofallthegroups,therebeingnearlyorquitetwo thousand speciesknownfromourowncountryalonethomanyofthemare knownveryimperfectly.Theyrangeinhabitfromleafparasites toterrestrialformsthothe greatmajoritygrowonwoodorother vegetablestems.ExceptinafewfamiliesliketheChaetomiaceae themyceliumischieflyconfinedtothesubstratum. Somespeciespossessnostromaandtheperitheciaareeither attachedtoamembranoussubiculumorareentirelyseparatefrom SPHAERIALES 47 eachother.Acommonsaprophyticformofthistypeisseenin theblackconicpapillaeoftenfoundontheinnersurfaceofthe halvesofoldpeachstoneslongexposedtotheweather; theseare thescattering peritheciaofablackfungus(Caryosporaputami- num,PI.4,f.75,16)whichcontainthelargepeculiartwo-celled spores.Acommonparasiticformof thesametypeisseenin late summeronthe leaves of; inthis hazelspecies(Mamianacoryli) theblackpear-shapedperitheciaareseparatelyon locateddefinite areasontheundersurfaceoftheleaf. In otherspeciestheperitheciamaybeunitedinasomewhat woodystromaasinthenumerousblackorredbrowntuberclesof Hypoxyloneverywherecommononbeech,birch,alder,oakand manyotherwoods; otherformsareseeninthesmallertubercles erumpentthroughthebarkoftwigsandbranchesofwoodyplants orinthepersistenthalfwoodystemsofherbaceousplants. Insomegenerathemouth(ostiole)of theperitheciaisflat, whileinotherstheperitheciabecomeconiceven or rostrate (PI.4,f.if).Inmanycasestheformationofconidiaprecedes thedevelopmentoftheascospores,andinafewofthesethereis asuperficialresemblancetofungiofthenextojpsswhichhas deceivedevenbotanistsfamiliarwiththeseplants. Inafewcaseswherethereisnodefinitestromaa blacklayeris formedaboutthemouthof thesunkenperitheciaintheshapeof aroundeddisc.Thisisknownas theclypeus,andcharacterizes anentirefamily. Thefamilies*maybeseparatedasfollows: 1. Peritheciafree,eitherwithoutastroma,partlysunkeninaloosemass ofmycelium,orsessileaboveanimperfect stroma.„ 2. Peritheciasunkeninthesubstratum,withouta stroma,rarelyunited abovebyablacktissue(clypeus). 9. Peritheciafullyimbeddedinastroma,themouthsonlyprojecting,or becomingfreebythebreakingawayoftheouterstromaticlayers.13. *eW haveomittedgenericsynopsesinthisnumerousorderforseveral reasons.(1) Becauseoftheirgreatnumber,whichwouldundulyextend thelimitsofsmall a work.(2)Becauseof thedifficultyforabeginnerto distinguishcloselyalliedgenera,and(3)Becauseanyonesufficientlyin terestedinthespecieswillneedtheliteraturecitedatthecloseofthesec tion,inwhichdescriptionsofthespeciesaswellassynopsesof thegenera maybefound.Inspiteofallthathasbeenwritten,however,manyof ourspeciesareimperfectlyknown,evenintheirascosporicstages,and thereisscarcelyagenusthatisnotincryingneedofarevision. 48 ASCOMYCETES 2.Wallsoftheperitheciathinandmembranous; ascisoondisappearing.3. Wallsof theperitheciacoriaceousorcarbonaceous. 4. 3. Peritheciaalwayssuperficial,withcopioustuftsofhairatthemouth. Chaetomiaceae.(2gen.)*-f Peritheciausuallysunken,withshorthairsaboutthemouthornone; growingonmanure. Sordariaceae.(7 gen.) y 4.Peritheciaeitherentirelyfree,oratmostwiththebaseslightlysunken in thesubstratumorstromaticlayer. 5- Peritheciamoreorlessdeeplysunkeninthesubstratumatbase,free above. 8. 5. Stromawantingormerelythread-likeortomentose. 6. Stromapresent. 7. 6. Mouthsoftheperitheciamostlyintheformofshortpapillae. Sphaeriaceae.(25gen.)J\ Mouthsoftheperitheciamoreorlesselongate,oftenhair-like. Ceratostomaceae.(8gen.)y. 7.Stromamostlywelldevelopedwithanindefiniteborder; peritheciain close rregular i masses,neverflask-likenorfunnel-likeatthe apex. Cucurbitariaceae.(9gen.)*y Stromasmall,sharplybordered; peritheciainrowsorinregularrounded masses,flask-shaped,withfunnel-formedmouths. Coryneliaceae.(3gen.) 8.Mouthsoftheperitheciacircularinoutline. Amphisphaeriaceae.(9gen.)X Mouthsoftheperithecialaterallycompressed. Lophiostomaceae.(8gen.) 9. Asciusuallythickenedattheapex,breakingopenbyapore; mouths of theperitheciamostlybeaked(rarelyonlyrounded). 10. Ascinotthickenedattheapex,mostlyprojectingatmaturity.11. 10. Peritheciawithaclypeus. Clypeosphaeriaceae.(8gen.) Peritheciawithoutaclypeus. Gnomoniaceae.(10gen.) 11.Wallsoftheperitheciathin,coriaceous;mouthmostlyshortor plane. 12. Wallsof theperitheciacarbonaceousorthickcoriaceous; sporeslarge, mostlyenvelopedingelatine. Massariaceae.(10gen.) 12. Asciclingingtogetherinfascicles,withoutparaphyses. Mycosphaerellaceae.(12gen.) Ascinotfascicled; paraphysespresent.Pleosporaceae.(23gen.) ¥ *oT givesomeideathe ofrelativesizeofthefamilieswehaveadded thenumberofgeneraineachinparenthesis. SPHAERIALES 49 13. Stromafusedwiththesubstratum. 14. Stromaformedalmostwhollyofhardenedfungalhyphae. 1S- 14. Conidiadevelopedinpycnidia. Valsaceae.(iogen.) Conidiadevelopedfromaflattenedsurface. Melanconidaceae.(9gen.)' 15. Sporessmall,cylindric,1-celled,mostlycurved,hyalineoryellowish- brown. Diatrypaceae.(8gen.). Sporesratherlarge,1-many-celled,hyalineorbrown; conidiamostly incavitiesof the stroma.Melagrammataceae.(9 gen.) Spores 1-celled(rarely2-celled),blackishbrown; conidiadeveloped ontheuppersurfaceoftheyoungstromata. Xylariaceae.(14gen.)

It willbecomeapparentinusingtheabovesynopsisthatmany ofthe charactersusedtodistinguishsomeof thefamiliesgradually shadeintoeachother.Thisarisesinpartfromtheexistenceof numerousintermediateorconnectingformsinthisorder,andin partfromourlackofpositiveinformationrelativetomanyofthe genera.Inthedeterminationofgeneraitissometimessimpler tofollowartificial the arrangementofSaccardoinwhoseSylloge Fungorumnaturalalliancesarelargelypassedoverandgenera arearrangedaccordingtotheirsporeformsandcolors. Withtheexceptionof theXylariaceaemostofthe plantsofthe entireorderarecomparativelyinconspicuous.Besidesthespecies ofHypoxylon,notedabove,thefamilyXylariaceaecontainsDal- diniawShthreeorfourspecieswhichformblackishorbrownish masses,oftenaslargeasbutternuts,ofanovoidorsphericalform. D.concentricashowsaseriesofconcentricbrownlayerswithin thestroma,whileD.vernicosawhenyoungshowsasimilarseries oflayers,themainportionsofeachbeingcomposedofwhitish membranoussepta.Botharecomparativelycommon.Other generaareUstulina,whichformsflattish,irregular,crust-like massesgrowingcommonlyonmaples; Nummulariaformsmore regularcrust-like,smoothmassesburstingthroughtheyoungbark ofsaplingoaksorsometimesoccursonthebranchesoflarger trees; Xylariaformssimpleorbranchingclub-likemassesgrow ingonlogs,oratthebasesoftreesorstumpsattachedtothewood beneaththesurfaceoftheground; X.pofymorpha(PI.4.f.1i, 12)isacommonspeciesoftengrowinginlargeclusters; Poronia 4 ASCOMYCETES containscuriousstalkedblackishbodiesgrowingonmanure mainlyintheSouthernStates. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,i: 88-754; 2: 1-446; 672- 720; 9: 442-940; 11: 271-353, 382-385. Lindau.DienaturlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1:384-491. Winter&, Rehm.Rabenhorst'sKryptogamenfloraDeutsch- land,u.s.w.i": 152-893. Tulasne.SelectaFungorumCarpologia,2: Ellis &Everhart.NorthAmericanPyrenomycetes,122-673. 1892. Berlese.IconesFungorum(current).1891—. Ellis &Everhart.SynopsisoftheNorthAmericanspeciesof XylariaandPoronia.Jour.Mycol.3:97-102,109-113.1887. SynopsisoftheNorthAmericanspeciesofHypoxylon andNummularia.Jour.Mycol.4:38-44,66-70,85-93,109- 113.1888; 5: 19-23.1889.

.Order9 LABOULBENIALES. TheLaboulbenialesformagroupoffunginotcloselyrelatedto anyotherorders.Theyareparasiticonvariousspeciesofinsects, morecommonlybeetles,andareexceedinglyminute.From theirapparentsexualmethodofreproductionandthesemi-aquatic habitssome ofofthespeciestheyappeartofindtheirnearestre lationswithsomeoftheredalgae.Theyareconnectedwith theirhostbymeansofadark-coloredhornypiecewhichserves bothasahold-fastandasanorganofnutrition.Thefungus consistsofasomewhatclub-shapedreceptaclemadeupofafew cellsandbearingatitsendoneormoreperithecia,inwhichthe asciaredevelopedbysuccessivesproutingfrombasalcells.The systematicrelationsoftheorderarenotwellknown.Theyhave beenmadeasubjectofspecialstudybyDr.RolandThaxter,of Cambridge,Mass.,whohasbroughttolightmanymoreforms fromthiscountrythanareknownfromalltherestof theworld. Nearly150speciesarenowknown,mainlythroughhisstudies. Ofthetwenty-eightrecognizedgeneraDr.Thaxterhasproposed twenty-four. TUBERALES

LITERATURE. nThaxter.O someNorthAmerican.speciesofLaboulbeni- aceae.Proc.Amer.Acad.ArtsandSci.26: 5-14.1890. SupplementarynoteonNorthAmericanLaboulbeni- aceae.Ibid.261-270.1891. FurtheradditionstotheNorthAmericanspeciesof Laboulbeniaceae.Ibid.27: 29-45.1892. New speciesofLaboulbeniaceaefromvariouslocalities. Ibid.8 2 : 156-188.1893 NewgeneraandspeciesofLaboulbeniaceaewitha synopsisof theknownspecies.Ibid.29:92-111. 1894. nNoteso Laboulbeniaceae,withdescriptionsofnew species.Ibid.30: 467-481.1895. All theaboveareshortpapers,simplypreliminarytothenext elaboratemonograph. ContributiontowardsaMonographoftheLaboulbeni aceae.Mem.Amer.Acad.12: 187-429.PI.1-26.1896. Order 10. TUBERALES. The membersofthisorderaresubterraneanfungiresembling tubers.Someofthespeciesknownastrufflesarehighlyprized forfoodandcommandhighpricesinEuropeanmarkets,two averagesizedcannedtrufflesoftenretailingforthreefrancs.The trufflevariesfromthesizeofanacorntothesizeofafistand hasawartyappearancetheoutside. on Theasciareformedon theinteriorofthefungus.Littleisknownofthemethodof sporedissemination.Theediblespecieshavenotyetbeenfound inAmerica,butseveralsmallerandunimportantformshaveoc casionallybeenfound.Thetrufflesarenottobeconfounded withthevariousformsofsubterraneanpuff-ballswhicharecom parativelycommonintheSouthernStates,norwithcertainof thesubterraneanAspergillaleswhichresemblethemevenmore closelysincetheyproducetheirsporesinasci.InSouthern Europethetruetrufflesarehuntedeitherbydogsorpigstrained forthepurpose. The twofamiliesofTuberalesaredistinguishedasfollows: Ascocarpsformedofseverallabyrinthinepassagesopeningoutwardat maturity. . Ascocarpswithasingleorseveralclosedcavitiesnotopeningoutwardat maturity. Balsamiaceae. ASCOMYCETES

OftheTuberaceae,PseudhydnotryaHarknessiisreportedfrom California,andTubermacrosporumfromtheEasternStates. AmongtheBalsamiaceae,GeoporaCooperiisknownfromCali fornia. LITERATURE. Fischer,. E DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1: 278-290. Rabenhorst'sKryptogamenfloraDeutschlandu.s.w. -is:1 131. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,8:872-908;10:80-83,11: 442-445. Chatin.a L truffe.Paris.1892.

Order 11. HYSTERIALES. TheHysterialesarerepresentedbysmallspecies,elongateor oftenboat-shaped,possessingacoveringtotheascoma,which rupturesatlength,openingbyalongitudinalslit.Someofthe speciesareparasiticonleavesandresemblescale-insects.The membersofthisorderaremoretropicalintheirdistributionand manyofthemmaybeexpectedinthegulfregionofAmerica. Quiteanumber,however,arefoundinthenorthernstates,mostly occurringassaprophytesondrydecorticatedtwigsandrotting wood.Dichaenafagineaiscommoneverywhereonbeechtrees, forminglargeblackishblotchesonthegraybark.Thefamilies maybedistinguishedasfollows: 1.Ascocarpsimmersed; wallsthe ofascocarpsconnatewiththemem branouscovering. Hypodermataceae. Ascocarpsimmersedatfirst,erumpentatmaturity; wallsfree,mem branousorcarbonaceous. 2. Ascocarpsfree; wallscarbonaceousormembranous. 3. 2. Wallsmembranousorcoriaceous,black. Dichaenaceae. Wallsthick,almostcorky,grayorblack. Ostropaceae. 3. Wallscarbonaceous,black; shieldround,ovalormorecommonly linear. Hysteriaceae. Wallsmembranousorhorny,brown; ascocarpsvertical,clavate. Acrospermaceae. Of theabovefamiliestheDichaenaceaeandtheAcrosperma ceae,eachcontainasinglegenusfromwhichthefamiliesarere spectivelynamed.ThefamilyOstropaceaecontainstwogenera. PHACIDIALES 53 Theremainingfamilies, twoHypodermataceaewithninegenera andtheHysteriaceae,bestknownofall,withfourteengenera containthemajorityof thespeciesfromAmericaandelsewhere. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,2:721-813;9:1094-1129; 11: 385-390- Rehm.Rabenhorst'sKryptogamenFloraDeutschlands,u.s. w.13: 1-56. Ellis&Everhart.NorthAmericanPyrenomycetes,673-727. 1892. Duby. MemoiresurlaTribudesHysterinees.Mem.Soc. Phys.etd'Hist.Nat.Geneve,16:15-70.pi.1,2. 1861. Lindau.DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilieni1: 265^-278.

Order 12. PHACIDIALES. ThePhacidialesarepartlysaprophyticandpartlyparasitic plantsinwhichtheascomaisusuallyroundishorstellateand remainsenclosedfora long timeinatoughcoveringwhichbe comestornatmaturityof thespores.Theorderiscomposedof threefamilieswhichmaybedistinguishedasfollows: 1. Ascocarpssoft,fleshy,bright-colored; discmostlybright-colored,sur yroundedb thelobesoftheascocarp(saprophytic)Stictidaceae. Ascocarpleatheryorcarbonaceous,alwaysblack. 2. 2.Ascocarpsatfirstsunken,laterstronglyerumpent,hypotheciumthick (saprophytic). Tryblidiaceae. Ascocarpsremainingsunkeninthesubstratum; hypotheciumthin, poorlydeveloped(parasiticorsaprophytic).Phacidiaceae. Alltheabovefamiliesareofconsiderablesize,theStictidaceae havingtwenty-twogenera,theTriblidiaceaesix,andthePha cidiaceaeseventeen.Amongtheparasiticmembersofthelast namedfamily,Rhytismaisoneofthemostfamiliargenera,spe ciesoccurringonthe leavesofmaple,holly,willowandandro- meda,formingraisedblackblotches; oneofthetwospecieson mapleleavesisoftenabundantandconspicuous.Aspeciesof Phacidiumcausesthebrownspotsfrequentlyseenontheleaves ofsweetclover.Trochilaalsocontainssomeleaf-inhabiting parasites. 54 ASCOMYCETES TheAmericangeneraandspeciesoftheorderhaveneverbeen systematicallystudied. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,8: 705-811; 10:48-67;11: 431-435- Lindau.DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1:243-265. Rehm.Rabenhorst'sKryptogamenFloraDeutschlandu.s. w.i':59-212.

Order13. PEZIZALES. The Pezizalesorcupfungiformaveryextensivegroupof mostlysaprophyticplants.Theyaretypicallydisc-shapedor cup-shapedandwhenyoungareclosedornearlyso,openingas theymature.Theyvaryinsizefromminutespeciesscarcelyvisi bletothenakedeyetolargefleshyformsthreeor fourinchesin diameter.Afewspeciespossessastalkofconsiderablelength butthegreaternumberareeithersessileorshort-stalked.[PI. 4.f.9,14.)Mostgroweitheronthegroundoronvariousde cayingvegetablesubstances.Afewformsareparasiticonliving plants. In substancetheascocarpmaybefleshy,waxy,leathery,horny orinafewcasesgelatinous.Theparaphysesmaybeeitherfree orunitedintoasortofcoveringtotheascomaknownastheepi- thecium.Thecupordisc-shapedascomaisoftenseparableinto twolayers,oneknownasthehypotheciumwhichcontainsthe stratumofasci,andtheothertheperidiumwhichformstheouter portion.Inmanycasesthesetwolayersarenotclearlydistin guishable.Inanumberofinstancesthesporesejected arefrom theasciwithanexplosiveforceandinanentirefamilytheasci themselvesare projectedfromtheirbedoftenwithanaudibleex plosion. Of thetenfamiliesofPezizales,nine*arerepresentedinNorth America.Theymaybedistinguishedbythefollowingsynoptic table: * TheCyttariaceaeof thesouthernhemispherearecuriouscompound ascomataarrangedinaglobularstroma.Thefungusgrowsattachedto bushes. PEZIZALES 55 1. Ascocarpsfree,solitaryorcespitose. 2. Ascocarpsaffixedtotheendsofthebranchesofacord-likestroma. Family9. Cordieritidaceae.* 2. Ascocarpsfleshyorwaxy,rarelygelatinous; endsofparaphysesfree.3. Ascocarpsleathery,hornyorcartilaginous; endsofparaphysesunited nintoa epithecium. 7. 3.Peridiumandhypotheciumwithoutdistinctlineofjunction. 4. Peridiumformingamoreorlessdifferentiatedmembrane. 6. 4.Ascomataopenandconvexfromthebeginning; peridiumwantingor poorlydeveloped. Family1.Pyronemaceae.f Ascomataconcaveatfirst; peridiumfleshy. 5. 5. Asciformingauniformstratumatmaturity.Family2.Pezizaceae./ Asciprojectedfromtheascomaatmaturity.Family3.Ascobolaceae. 6 Peridiumformedofelongateparallelpseudo-parenchymawithclearand thin-walledcells. Family4../ Peridiumfirm,ofroundishorangularpseudo-parenchyma,withmostly thickanddark-coloredcellwalls. Family5.Mollisiaceae.. 7.Peridiumwantingorpoorlydeveloped.Family6.Celidiaceae. Peridiumwelldeveloped,mostlyleatheryorhorny. 8. 8. Ascocarpsfreefromthebeginning,dishorplate-shaped,neverenclosed byamembrane. Family7.Patellariaceae. Ascocarpsatfirstembeddedinthematrix,thenerumpent,urceolateor cup-shaped,atfirstoftenenclosedinamembranewhichdisappears later. Family8.Cenangiaceae. Family2 Pezizaceae.:£ OurgeneraofPezizaceaewhichcontainmanyofthemorecon spicuousof thefleshycupfungimaybeseparatedasfollows: 1. Sporesglobose. 2. Sporesellipsoid,bluntormorerarelyacute. 4. * AsinglespeciesofCordieritisisfoundintheSouthernStates. fO thefourgeneracomposingthisfamilytherearewithusonlyfour speciesofPyronema. \ SincethereisnoavailableEnglishsynopsisgenera of theofPezizales andastheAmericanspecieshavehithertobeenneglectedandneedcareful systematicstudyinthefieldandlaboratory,wegiverathermorespaceto themthantosomegroupsinwhichmanualsareaccessible.Itishoped thatmoreattentionwillthusbecalledtowardthisinvitinggroup. ASCOMYCETES

2.Ascomatahairyoutside. 3 Ascomatasmoothoutside. Plicariella 3. Hairslong,sharp-pointed; ascomabrightcolored.Sphaerospora Hairsfine,short; ascomadarkcolored. Pseudoplectania. 4.Ascomatahairy. 5 Ascomatasmooth. 6. 5. Ascomatacircular. Lachnea Ascomatastellatelylobed,partlyunderground.. 6. Ascomataregularlysaucer-shapedorcup-shaped,circular..* Ascomatastellatelylobedpartlyunderground. Sarcosphaera. Ascomatairregular,dimidiateorear-shaped. Otidea. Of theabovegenera,LachneaandPezizaespeciallycontain manyspecies. Family3. Ascobolaceae. The Ascobolaceaearepeculiarintheirhabitofdischarging theirasciso astomorewidelydisseminatetheirspores.They arecommonlyfoundgrowingonoldcowdungandsimilarloca tions.Ourgeneracanquite be readilydistinguished: 1.Sporeshyaline,spherical. Cubonia. Spores hyaline,ellipsoid. 2. Spore satlengthvioletorbrownish. 5. *ThelargegenusPezizaismadeupofseveralgroupsofspecies(sub genera), whichareoftenregardedsagenera.Theymaybeseparatedas follows: 1. Juicecoloredandmilky,exudingwhenwounded.GalactiNIA. Juicewatery,colorless. 2 2. Asci bluewhentreatedwithiodine. 3 Ascinotbecomingbluewhentreatedwithiodine. 4 3.Ascomatasessile. Ascomataonastalk. Tazetta 4.Sporessmoothorirregularlytuberculateorwarty. 5 Sporesatlengthcoveredwithreticulations. Aleuria 5. Ascomataentirelysessile. Humaria. Ascomatamoreorlessstalked. 6. 6. Stalkshort,thick,smooth 7 Stalkshort,flutedorgrooved. Acetabula Stalklong,thin,mealyorroughtuberculateoutside.Macropodia 7. Ascomatagoblet-shapedorcup-shaped. Geopyxis. Ascomataatlengthbecomingspreadoutlikeadisc. . PEZIZALES 57 2. Peridiumdeveloped. 3- Peridiumwanting. ZUKALINA.* 3. Asci8-spored. 4- Asci16-oo-spored. RHYPAROBIUS.f 4.Ascomatahairy. Lasiobolus. Ascomatasmooth. ascophanus. 5.Sporesspherical. . Spores ellipsoid,joinedinaballwithintheascus. Sarcobolus. Sporesellipsoid,free. ascobolus. Family. 4 Helotiaceae. ThisfamilydiffersfromthePezizaceaemainlyinthepossession ofadistinctperidiallayer,aconditionwhichisusuallyeasilyde terminedbymakingaverticalsectionthroughthecup.This conditionrendersthefungusofatougherconsistencyandhence lessperishableandmorepersistent.Thebrightscarletcupsthat arefoundsticks on inearlyspring(Sarcoscyphacoccined),the equallyhandsomehairygoblet-likecupsofmidsummer(Sar coscyphafloccosa)andthesmallbrightegg-yellowdisc-like fungi(Helotiumcitrinutri)thatarecommonallsummerunder logs,chipsandthelike,arerepresentativespecies.Onespecies, Chlorospleniumaeruginosum,ispeculiarinitscolor,thefungus, mycelium,ascocarpandallbeipgaverdigrisgreen; theasco- carpsnot areverycommonbutthemyceliumisverycommonin decayingwoodstainingthewholewoodysubstanceapeculiar copper-greencolor.TheAmericangeneraofthisratherlarge familycanbedistinguishedbythefollowingsynopsis: 1. Ascocarpswaxyorfleshy-waxy,thickormembranous. 2. Ascocarpsgelatinousgristly,hornywhendry. 21. 2.Ascocarpsfleshy-waxy,brittlewhenfresh,leatherywhendry. 3, Ascocarpswaxy,thick,toughormembranous. 7. 3.Ascocarpsfelty,hairyexternally. SARCOSCYPHA. Ascocarpscoveredwithbristle-likehairs externally.Pilocratera. Ascocarpsexternallynaked. 4. *ThegenusGloeopezizafromAustriaisdistinguishedfromthisby hav ing thedisccoveredwithagelatinouslayerwhenyoung. f ThegenusStreptothecaofEuropeisdistinguishedfromthisbythe ascibeingprovidedwitha ringbelowtheapex. ss ASCOMYCETES Ascocarpsspringingfromasclerotium. ScLEROTINIA. Ascocarpsnotspringingfromasclerotium. 5. Sporesone-celled. 6. Sporesatlength2-4-celled. RUTSTROEMIA. Substratumcoloredgreen. CH LOROSPLEN1UM. Substratumuncolored. ClBORIA.* Ascocarpshairyexternally. 8. Ascocarpsnaked. '5- Ascomatarestingonanextendedarachnoidmycelium. 9- Ascomatawithoutarachnoidmycelium. 10. 9.Sporesremainingone-celled. Eriopeziza. Sporesbecomingseveralcelled. Arachnopeziza. 10. Sporesglobose. Lachnellula. Sporesellipsoidorelongate. 11. 11. Discsurroundedwithblackhairs. Desmazierella. Discsmooth. 12. 12. Paraphysesobtuseattheapex. 13- Paraphyseslancet-shapedattheapex. 14- 13.Wallsofascomadelicate; sporesmostlyone-celled,sometimestwo- celledt a maturity. Dasyscypha. Wallsofascomathick; sporestwo-celledatmaturity.Lachnella. 14. Sporesremainingone-celled. Lachnum. Sporesatlengthseveral-celled. Erinella. 15. Sporesglobose. PlTYA. Sporesellipsoidorfusiform. 16. Sporesfiliform. 20. 16. Sporesremainingone-celled. 17- Sporesatlengthtwo-four-celled. 18. 17. Borderofdiscsmooth. Hymenoscypha.f Borderofdisctoothed. Cyathicula. 18.Ascocarpssessile,rarelycompressedatbase. Belonium. Ascocarpsstalked,oratleastcompressedlikeastalk. 9. 19.Wallsf o ascomawaxy; stemshortanddelicate.Belonioscypha. Wallsofascomawaxy,thick; stemthick. Helotium. * SomespeciesofPilocrateramayalsobesoughthere, fSomeformsofHelotiummaybesoughthere. PEZIZALES 59 20. Ascocarpssessile. Gorgoniceps. Ascocarpsstalked. Pocillum. 21.Sporesremainingone-celled 22. Sporesatlengthmany-celled. CORYNE. 22. Ascocarpsglobose,atfirstsessile,atlengthcup-shapedwithashort stalk,small(1mm.wide). Stammaria. Ascocarpsstalkedfromthefirst,clavate; discatlengthoftensaucer- shaped,larger. OMBROrHILA. While manyof theabovegeneraaresmall,Sarcoscyphaand Krinellahaveabouttwentyspecieseach,Ombrophilathirty, SclerotiniaandLachnellaeachforty,DasyscyphaandLachnum eachonehundredandfiftyandHymenoscyphaandHelotium eachtwohundred.Theseincludespeciesfromthewholeworld. Thespeciesfromourowncountryareveryimperfectlyknown.

Family5. Mollisiaceae. The numerousspeciesofthisfamilyaremostlyinconspicuous cupfungigrowingstems, onfallenleavesor,asinsomespeciesof PseudopezizaandPyrenopeziza,parasiticonlivingplants;Pseudo- pezizatrifoliionthe leavesdover ofisacommonandinjurious parasite.Thegeneracanbedistinguishedasfollows: 1. Ascocarpsfleshy,waxyorrarelymembranous. 2. Ascocarpsgelatinousgristly,hornywhendry. 11. 2. Ascocarpssunkeninthesubstratumatfirst,atlengtherumpent.3. Ascocarpsnotsunkeninthesubstratum. 7. 3. Ascocarpsbrightcolored,onlyslightlyerumpent. 4. Ascocarpsdarkcolored,atlengthstronglyerumpent. 5. 4.Sporesellipsoidorelongate,rounded,one-celled.Pseudopeziza. Sporesbecomingmanycelled. Fabraea. 5. Sporesellipsoidor fusiformone-celled. 6. Sporesmany-celledbytransversesepta. Beloniella. 6.Ascocarpsbristlyexternallyandonthemargin. Pirottaea. Ascocarpsexternallysmooth,themarginatmostmerelyshredded. Pyrenopeziza. 7-Ascocarpsseatedonanoftenradiatemycelium. 8. Ascocarpsnotseatedonavisiblemycelium. 9- 8. Sporeselongate,oftenfusiform,one-celled. Tapesia. Sporesfiliform,many-celled. Trichobelonium. 6o ASCOMYCETES 9. Sporesremainingone-celled. 1O. Sporesbecoming2-celled. NlPTERA. Sporeselongate-fusiform,4-oo-celled. Belonidium. Sporesfiliform,oo-celled. Belonopsis. 10. Sporesspherical. mollisiella. Sporeselongate. MOLL1SIA. 11. Sporesremainingone-celled. Orbilia. Sporesfinally2-4-celled. Calloria.

Family6. Celidiaceae. This familycontainsafewinconspicuousgeneramostlygrowing onlichens,rarelyonwoodorbark.Thoseveralofthegenera havenotyetbeenreportedfromNorthAmerica,asynopsisishere givensinceanyofthemarelikelytobefoundhere. 1. Sporesone-celled. 2. Spores2-celled. 3. Spores4-6-celIed; growinglichens. on Celidium. 2. Growingonwoodorbark. Agyrium. Growingonlichens. Phacopsis. 3.Growingonwoodorbark. Lecideopsis. Growingonlichens. Conida.

Family. 7 Patellariaceae. 1. Wallsoftheascomathin; hypotheciumonlyslightlydeveloped.2. Wallsofascomathickened; hypotheciumwelldeveloped.3. 2. Sporeshyaline,1-celledoratmaturity,sometimes2celled.Patellea. Sporeshyaline,4-6-celled. Durella. Sporesbrown,2-celled. Caldesia. 3.Asci8-spored. 4. Asci16-spored; spores2-celled. Ravenelula. Ascimany-spored. 14. 4.Sporesremaining1-celledatmaturity. 5. Sporesbecoming2-celledatmaturity. 7. Sporeselongate,needle-shapedorfiliform,4-many-celled.11. 5.Paraphysesnotbroadenedabove,wavy. Starbaeckia. Paraphysesenlargedupwards(clavate). 6. 6.Ascocarpssuperficialfromthebeginning(saprophytic).Patinella. Ascocarpsimmersedatfirst,thenerumpent(parasitic).Nesolechia. PEZIZALES 61 7. Ascocarpsnaked. 8. Ascocarpshairy,parasiticonlivingleaves. Johansonia. 8. Sporeshyalineatmaturity. ScUTULA. Sportsatfirsthyaline,thenbrownorbrownish. 9. 9. Ascocarpssuperficialorrarelyslightlyimmersed(saprophytic).10. Ascocarpsatfirstimmersed,thenerumpent(parasitic).Abrothallus. 10. Discround. Karschia. Discelongateorirregular. Mei.aspilea. Disclinearorsometimesstellatelybranched.Hysteropatella. X1.Sporesnotbreakingupintosinglecellsintheasci. 12. Sporesfiliform,many-celled,breakingupintosinglecellsintheasci. Bactrospora. 12.Sporesellipsoid,mostly4-(rarely6-8) celled,hyaline,thenbrown (mostlyparasitic). Leciographa. Sporesfusiform,4-ormorecelled,hyaline(saprophytic). Patellaria. Sporesfiliform,elongate. 13. 13.Ascocarpssessile; sporesbacillate,4-6-celled.PragmoporA. Ascocarpssessile; sporesfiliform,many-celled.Scutularia. Ascocarpstop-shaped,stalked. Lahmia. 14. Sporesroundish,i-celled. . Biatorella. Sporeselongate,4-celled. Baggea. The Patellariaceaearemostlyinconspicuoussaprophyticplants; theAmericanspecieshaveneverbeensystematicallystudied.

Family8. Cenangiaceae. 1. Ascocarpscoriaceous,corneousorwaxywhenfresh. 2 Ascocarpsgelatinouswhenfresh. 8 2. Ascocarpsatfirstimmersed,withoutastroma. 3 Ascocarpsspringingfromamoreorlessdevelopedstroma. 7 3. Sporesone-celled. 4 Sporeselongate,2-4-celled. 5 Sporesfiliform,many-celled. Godronia 4.Ascocarpsexternallybrightcolored,downy. Velutaria Ascocarpsexternallydark,smooth; sporeshyaline.Cenangium Ascocarpsexternallydark,downy; sporescolored.Schweinitzia. 5. Sporeshyaline,always2-celled; ascocarpssmooth.Cenangeli.a Sporeshyaline,2-4-celled; ascocarpsdownyexternally.Crumenula Sporesatlengthbrownorblackish. 6. 62 ASCOMYCETES 6.Discelongatewithathickrim. Tryblidiella. Discroundishwithathinrim; spores2-celled.Pseudotryblidium. Discroundishwithaninvoluterim; spores4-celled.Rhytidopeziza. 7. Spores8,notsproutingintheascus. Dermatea. Sporessproutingintheasciwhichbecomefilledwithsmallconidia. Tympanis. 8. Ascocarpssessileorstalkedwithsmooth,saucer-shapeddisc. 9. Ascocarpswithconvolute,tremelliformdiscs. 12. 9. Spores1-celled,round. Pulparia. Sporesi-celled,elongate. 10. Spores2-celled. 11. Sporesfiliform. HoLWAYA. Spores muriform. Sarcomyces. 10.Ascocarpssoft,gelatinousinside,sessile,thin. Bulgariella. Ascocarpssoft,gelatinous,stalked,thick. Bulgaria. Ascocarpswaterygelatinous. Sarcosoma. 11.Sporesunequally2-celled,roundedattheends(parasiticonalgae growingn o bryophytes). Paryphedria. Sporeselongate,acuteattheends(growingonwood).Sorokina. 12. Spores1-celled,hyaline. Haematomyces. Sporesmuriform,blackish. Haematomyxa. fSpecieso Bulgariaarecommononoakandchestnutforming top-shapedmasseswhicharesoftgelatinouswhenwetbutshrivel intoharddryshapelessknobs.AspeciesofDermateaiscom mononstemsofAlnusbreakingoutfromunderneaththebark. Someofthegelatinousspeciesbearasuperficialresemblanceto certainof thetruetremellines()butcanbereadilydis tinguishedbythesporesinasci.

LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,8: 53-646,768-811; 10: 3-44, 52-67; 11: 393-427,433-435- Lindau.DienaturlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1: 173-273. Rehm.Rabenhorst'sKryptogamenFloraDeutschlands,u.s. w.i3: 191-1134. Cooke. Mycographia.PL1-113.London,1879. Gillet. LesChampignons.Discomycetes.PL1-102.Alencon, 1879; Suites.PLi-3j.1890. HEL VELLALES 63 Phillips.SynopsisoftheBritishDiscomycetes.PLi-fj. London,1877. The onlylistofAmericanspecies,nowmuchoutofdateis: Cooke.Synopsisof theDiscomycetousFungiof theUnited States.Bull.BuffaloSoc.Nat.Sci.2: 285-300;3: 21-37.1875.

Order 14. HELVELLALES. TheHelvellalesarefleshyfungiwithanascomaopenfromthe earlieststageofitsdevelopment.Theasciareformedatthe endsofhyphaewhichare variouslyinterlacedtoproduceanasco- carpofadefiniteform.Theasciformadefinitelayerandare usuallymingledwithsterilehyphaeofvariouslymodifiedforms (paraphyses). Threefamiliesareknown,allwellrepresentedinAmericaas follows: 1. Ascocarpsflatorarched,stemless; asciopeningbyopercula. Rhizinaceae. Ascocarpsformedofstemandascoma,orcolumnarandstemless.2. 2.Ascomaclavateorcapitate; asciopeningbyaterminalpore. Geogloss'aceae. Ascomaconicorpileate; asciopeningbyopercula.. TheRhizinaceaecontaintwogeneraof ratherunusualspecies andformalinkwiththecup-fungioftheprecedingorder.They maybeseparatedasfollows: Ascomafleshy,flattish,smoothbeneath. Psilopezia. Ascomaarchedwithrootlikefibrilsbeneath. Rhizina. The secondfamily,theGeoglossaceae,arerepresentedin Americabyninegenera,andformyellow,greenorblackclub likeformsrangingfromlessthananinchtothreeinchesin height.Theyarecommonlyterrestrial,growinginrich leaf mould,oroftenondecayinglogs.Superficiallytheyresemble someofsimpleclubfungi()withwhichindeedthe earliermycologistsunitedthem.Asection,however,readilydis closesthesporesborneinasciwhileintheClavariaceaethespores areborneexternallyonbasidia. TheAmericangeneramaybeseparatedasfollows: 64 ASCOMYCETES 1. Ascomataclavateor subcapitate,continuouswiththestipe. 2. Ascomataflat; decurrentonbothsidesofthestipe; sporesrod-like. Spathularia. Ascomacapitateorhollow-discoid,usuallywithafreemargin. 5 2.Sporesone-celled,colorless. 3 Spores2-many-celled,withcross septa. 4 3.Lightcolored,usuallyyellowishorlightbrown; ascomatasharply separatedfromthestipe. Mitrula lirightordarkcolored; ascomatanotclearlyseparatedfromthestipe. MlcROGLOSSUM. 4.Sporescolorless. Leptoglossum. Sporesbrown. Geoglossum 5. Sporesellipsoid. 6. Sporeselongate-filiform. 7 6. Gelatinous-gristly. Leotia Waxy. Cudoniella. 7. Fleshy; ascomataconcave,hat-shaped,themarginfree,incurved. Cudonia. Waxy ; ascomatadiscoidabove,themarginadnatetothestipe. Vibrissea. Of theabovegenerawehaveonespeciesinVibrissea,twoeach inCudonia,Cudoniella,andSpathularia,fiveinLeotiaand sixinMitrula(PL4.f.13).Theothergeneraarelargerand maybedividedintowellmarkedsections.Geoglossumisrepre sentedbytenspeciesarrangedintwosections: § Eugeoglossum withsmoothstipes,containingfivespecies,and§ withhairyorbristlystipes,alsocontainingfivespecies. Leptoglossumalsocontainstwosections: § Euleptoglossum- blackish,containingtwospecies,and§ Xanthoglossum,yellow ishoryellowish-brown,containingonlyL.luteum. Microglossumis likewiseformedoftwosections: § Eumicro- glossum,containingthedarkcolored(olive-green)species,M. viride,and§ Geomitrula,containingthesevenbrightcolored (yellowishorreddish)species.ThesewereallunitedtoMitrula bySaccardo. OfthisfamilyonlyLeotialubricaisknowntobeedible.We havefrequentlyseenthisspeciesgrowinginwetwoodsinCon necticutsoabundantthatseveralquartscouldbegathered from anareaofafewsquarerods. HEL VELLALES 65 TheHelvellaceaecontainthelargestAscomycetesknown,some speciesofGyromitraweighingoverapound,andformsofMor- chellaareoccasionallyafoothigh.Amongthemostcommon generaareMorchellaandGyromitra,bothofwhichareregarded asgreatdelicaciesinEuropeandarequitegenerallyeateninthis country.Themorel(seefrontispiece)isknowninsomepartsof thecountryas"thespringmushroom,"andintheupperMissis sippivalleywhereitisusuallyverycommoninspringinwoods, lowground,oraboutoldstumpsinorchards,itismorecommonly knownas"themushroom"totheexclusionofotherspecies. Helveliaalsocontainsseveralediblespecies.Thesixgeneramay bereadilyrecognizedbythe followingsynopsis: 1. Ascomatawithadistinctstalk. 2. Ascomatacolumnar,notstalked,theinteriorformedofseverallongi tudinalchambers. . 2. Ascomataconicalorgyrose,hollowatleastintheupperportion.3. Ascomatacampanulateorsaddle-shaped,tothe attachedstipeatthe middle. 4. 3. Pileusovalconic, or theuppersurfaceconsistingofdeeppitsformedby longitudinalandtransverseridges. . Pileusirregularorlobed,theuppersurfacecoveredwithgyrosewrinkles. . 4. Pileuscampanulate. Verpa. Pileus flator arched,almostdiscoid. Cidaris. Pileuslobed,irregularorsaddle-shaped. . OftheabovegeneraCidarisisknownonlybythesinglespecies decribedbySchweinitz,whichhasnotsincebeenfound.Un derwoodiaalsocontainsasinglerarespeciesonlysparinglyfound inasinglelocality.* Verpa containstwospeciesandpossiblyathirdrepresenting twowellmarkedsections: § Ptychoverpa,withthick,simpleor forked,longitudinalridgesonthepileus,isrepresentedbyV. bohemica,and§ Euverpawitha smoothpileusrepresentedby V.conica,andasecondspecieswithadarkcoloredpileusthatmay beidenticalwithV.atro-albaFries. *Kirkville,OnondagaCounty,NewYork.Onlysixplantswerefound inthreedifferentyears.Schroeterplacedthisanomalousgenusinthe Rhizinaceae,butitsaffinitiesaremoreclearlyinthisfamily. 5 66 ASCOMYCETES The remaininggeneracontainanumberofspecies.Helvella isthelargestgenus,representedinthiscountrybytwelvespecies. Thesearedividedintothreesomewhatnaturalgroupsaccording tothenatureofthestipe, (i) thick,sulcateorfurrowed. (2)Stipethick,smooth.(3)Stipeslender,smooth(1.e.,not sulcate).ThesecondcontainsonlyH.monachella,whilethe remainingspeciesareaboutequallydividedbetweentheremain ingsections. Morchellacontainsthemorelsofwhichwehaveseveralspecies representingtwodistinctsections.(1)Thosewiththelowerpart ofthepileusfreeandsurroundingthestems(§Mitrophord);and (2)thosewithpileuscontinuouswiththestem(§Eumorchella). TheformersectionincludesthetwocloselyalliedspeciesM.hy- bridaandM.rimosipes.Thelattersectioncontainsanumberof species,someofwhichareapparentlywellmarkedandothersap peartobegrowthmodificationsofthecommonM.esculentawhich wehaveselectedforafrontispiece.TheAmericanspeciesde servecarefulstudyandcomparisoninthefield. Gyromitracontainssevenspeciessomeofwhicharethelargest membersoftheorderandperhapsoftheentireclassAscomycetes. G.esculentaiseatenwithus,andinGermanyitiscannedun derthename''Morcheln"; G.brunneaisamuchlargerspecies fromIndiana,OhioandKentucky.

LITERATURE. Schroeter.DienaturlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1: 162-172. Rehm. Rabenhorst'sKryptogamenfloraDeutschlands,u.s. w.i3: 1134-1208. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,8: 7-53; 10: 1-3; 11: 391- 393- Cooke.Mycographia,1-10,87-104,179-206,215-220.PL 1-4,41-46,81-96,101,102.1879. Massee.AMonographoftheGeoglosseae.Ann.Bot.11: 225-306.PL12,13. 1897. Underwood.OntheDistributionof theNorthAmericanHel- vellales.Minn.Bot.Studies,483-500. 1: 1896. Burt.AlistoftheVermontHelvelleae,withdescriptivenotes Rhadora,1:59-67,PL4. 1899. LICHENES 67 * * * The Lichensareascomycetousfungienclosingintheirmy celiumunicellularorfilamentousalgaeonwhichtheylivepara- sitically.Onaccountofa supposedsymbiosisof thetwogroups inthesameindividuallichen,therehasbeenhesitancy a toplace thelichensintheirtruepositioninthesystemamongthePezi- zales,SphaerialesandotherordersoftheAscomycetes.Thereis everygradationfromformsregularlyenclosingalgaetothosein whichalgaeareonlyincidentallypresent,andthestrongest reasonsforkeepinglichensinadistinctclassarecustomand convenience,neitherofwhichshouldhaveweightinanatural system. Afewbasidiomycetousfungialsoenclosealgaeinasimilarway, sothatthereareAscolichenes,HymenolichenesandGastrolichenes. ThegreaterpartofourfamiliarspeciesarealliedtothePezizales. CHAPTERVI

THE FUNGI IMPERFEcTI BesidesthetrueAscomycetestherearealargeseriesofforms thatareanalogousinsomecasestotheknownconidialstagesof ascomycetes.Someoftheseareundoubtedlytheconidialformor stageofsomeascomycetousspecies,buttherelationbetweenconi dialandascosporicformshasnotyetbeendiscovered; others mayatsometimehavebeenthusconnectedbuthavingbecome perennialtheyhavelosttheirascomycetousform; othersstillare withoutdoubtperfectspecieswhoserelationshavenotyetbeen determined.Thespeciesclassedinthisextensivegrouparear rangedinthreeordersasfollows: 1.Conidiainperithecia-likecavities(pycnidia).1.Sphaeropsidales. Conidiasuperficial,borneonlooseorinnatehyphae; nopycnidia.2. 2. Hyphaeinnatewiththematrix 2.Melanconiales. Hyphaesomewhatsuperficial,oftenfloccose. 3.Moniliales. Exceptn i thecaseofcertaingeneraofleafparasites,andafew speciesinjurioustocultivatedplants,noconsiderableamountof studyhasbeengiventotheAmericanspeciesoftheseorders. Ourknowledgeofthemconsistsofmiscellaneousdescriptionsof specieswhosecharactershaveneverbeencomparedwitheach other.Theaddeddifficultyexistsintheseorders,thatmanyof itsmembersareonlystagesinthelifehistoryofsomefungusex istingunderanothername.Thisrelationisdifficulttodiscover andmustbediscoveredoftenbyacombinationofcultureexperi mentswithacarefulstudyofitsoccurrenceinthefield.While weknowthatmanyof theseso-calledgeneraaremerely form-genera,weareobligedtotreatthemaswedoothergenera untilthetruerelationsoftheirlastremainingspecieshasbeen workedout.Itwouldbevaluable a aidtotheirstudyifcom pileddescriptionsevenofAmericangeneraandspecieswereac cessibletostudents.Asitis,,wearepracticallyforcedtorelyon aLatincompilationnotonlyoftheAmericanspeciesbutallthe 68 SPHAR E OPSIDALES 69 others fromtheknownworld.Nearlyfourhundredandfifty namedgeneraareincludedinthethreeorders.

Order1. SPHAEROPSIDALES. AmongthefungiimperfectitheSphaeropsidalesaresonamed becauseofthefactthattheyproducestructuresresemblingthe peritheciaproducedbytheSphaeriales.Theseperithecialike bodiesarethepycnidia(PL5,f.2),andthe sporesinsteadof developingin asciareproducedfromthewallsofthepycnidium direct.Thegroupisa veryextensiveoneincludinganumberof leaf-spotdiseasesofcultivatedplants.Amongthesearethoseof theapple,catalpa,maple,celery,sweetpotatoandvioletcaused byspeciesPhyllosticta of ; thoseofcurrants,raspberries,carna tions,horseradishandlettucecausedbyspeciesof Scptoria;that oftherosecausedbyActinonema,andanumberofothers. Whilethegreaternumberofthespeciesaresaprophyticonstems, branches,etc.,thereare extensivegeneraofparasiticforms. AmongthesePhyllosticta are withover400speciesandScptoria withover600species,afairproportionofwhicharefoundin America.Inmostofthespeciesthepycnidiaareblack,butin thesmallfamilyZythiaceaetheyarelightcolored. Thefourfamiliescandistinguished be asfollows: 1. Pycnidiaglobose,conicorlenticular. 2. Pycnidiamoreorlessdimidiate,irregularorshield-shaped,black. Leptostromataceae. Pycnidiacup-shapedorpatelliform,black. Excipulaceae. 2. Membranous,carbonaceousorcoriaceous,black.Sphaeropsidaceae. Fleshyorwaxy,lightcolored. Zythiaceae. Among theSphaeropsidaceaethelargergenerawithsimple hyalinesporesPhoma are andVcrmiculariawhicharesapro phytic,andPhyllostictaparasiticonleaves.Ampclomycesisa minuteformparasiticonthehyphaeof variousErysibaceae.* (PLJ.f.3.)SphacropsishassimplebrownsporesandDiplodia hastwo-celledbrownspores. Amongthegenerawithhyalinetwo-celledsporesareAscochyta andActinonema,oneofthespeciesofthelatterformingblack * Cf.Griffiths.ThecommonParasiteofthePowderyMildews.Bull. TorreyBot.Club,26: 184-188.//.3jS.1899. 70 FUNGIIMPERFECT! radiatingspotsontheleavesofroses.Darlucafilumwithsimilar sporesisacommonparasiteontherusts(Uredinales).Septoria, oneofthelargestgenerainthefamily,hasslenderfiliformorrod likesporeswhichareeitherdividedintonumerouscellsbycross septaoraremarkedwithcleardots(guttulate)(PI.J. f.i,2). Amongtheeighty-sevengeneraofthisfamilythefollowingleaf parasitescanbedistinguishedbythisbriefsynopsis: 1.Spores1-celled,ovoidoroblong,hyaline. Phyllosticta. Spores1-celled,ovoidoroblong,fuscousorsmoky. 2. Spores2-celled,hyaline. 4. Sporeswithtransversseptaonly,3-many-celled,oblongorfusiform. 5- Sporesmuriform,ovoidoroblong; pycnidiasubcutaneousorerumpent. Camarosporum. Sporeselongate-fusiform,continuousorseptate. 6. 2.Pycnidiasmooth. 3. Pycnidiasetose. Chaetomella. 3. Sporeslarge(15-30/ilong)stipitate. Sphaeropsis. Sporessmaller(3-10/1long)scarcelystipitate. Coniothyrium. 4. Pycnidiaondefinitediscoloredspots. Ascochyta. Pyenidianotondefinitewith spots,aradiatearachnoidsubiculum. ACTINONEMA. 5 Sporessmokyorolivaceous,muticous; pycnidiasubcutaneous. Hendersonia. Spores smokyorolivaceous,ciliate. Cryptostictis. Sporeshyaline; pycnidiasubglobose. Stagnospora. 6.Pyenidiausuallyondefinitespots; sporesusuallyverynarrow. Septoria. Pycnidiararelyonspots; sporesthickened. Phleospora. The remaininggeneraaremainlysaprophytic,growinginsimi- ilarsituationsastheSphaerialesandlikethemexistingfree,im beddedanderumpentfrombeneaththebarkofstemsortwigs, or theymayevenbeimbeddedinastroma.Sincetheascusinthe Sphaerialesissometimesasomewhatevanescentstructure,itis occasionallydifficultinpracticetodistinguishmembersofthis familyfromthe Sphaeriales.Themainstructuraldifferencebe tweenpyenidiaandperitheciaisfoundinthemethodofbearing thesporesdirectlyfromthewallsintheformerandindistinct asciinthelatter; usuallybysuitablechoiceofmaterial,however, SPHAEROPSIDALES71 it willbepossibletodemonstratethepresenceofascithose in speciesinwhichtheyarenormallyproducedso thatoneneednot ordinarilybeindoubtastothetruepositionof theplantunder examination. ThestrikingsimilarityofcertainoftheSphaeropsidaceaetothe Sphaerialesleadsonetosuspectthatinsomecasesformer the arereallymembersoftheSphaerialesinwhichtheascushasbe comeabortive.Inanumberofspecies,however,thetrueasco- sporicconditionisknowninadditiontothe pycnidialstage,and probablyasimilarrelationexistsbetweenmanyspeciesofSphae ropsidaceaeontheonehand,withdescribedSphaerialesonthe other.Thediscoveryofsuchrelationsisnosimplematter,and withourpresentknowledgeofmethodsofcultivation,thecertain demonstrationofrelationshipisoftenimpossible. Th,eZythiaceae*withlightcoloredpycnidiabearthesame relationtotheHypocreales,thatthelastfamilydoestothe Sphaeriales.Thespeciesofthe fourteengeneraaremainly saprophytic.Thegeneraaremostlysmall,Zythia,thelargest havingtenspecies,onlytwoofwhicharereportedfromthis countrywithathirdfromCuba. The Leptostromataceaewithshield-shapedpycnidia,while notdistinctivelyleaf-parasites,includenumerousspeciesamong thethirteengenerathatinhabitthelivingorlanguidleavesof someofthehigherplantsThegeneracontainingsuchleaf- parasitesmaybedistinguishedasfollows: 1. Sporesone-celled,hyaline,globoseorellipsoid. 2. Spores2-many-celled,hyaline,fusiform. Discosia. Spores4-celled,thecellsarrangedintheformofanirregularcross. Entomosporium. 2. Wallsofthepycnidiadistinctlyparenchymatous. 3. Wallsofthepycnidianotparenchymatous. Sacidium. 3. Pycnidiasplittinglongitudinally,somewhathysterioid. 4. Pycnidiawithoutamouth,neversplittinglongitudinally.5. 4.Pycnidialanceolateorelongate. Leptostroma. Pycnidianearlycircular. Labrella. *ThisfamilyhascommonlybeenknownasNectrioideae,butasthis nameisnotderivedfromthatofarepresentativegenusofthefamily,and furtherdoesnothavetheregularfamilyending,wemaketheabovesubsti tution. 7a FUNGIIMPERFECTI 5. Pycnidiashield-shaped,separatingreadily;basidiaobsolete. Leptothyrium. Pycnidiairregular; basidiacolumnar. Piggotia. Pycnidiairregular; basidiaobsolete. Melasmia. Entomosporium(PLj,f.4),so-calledfromtheresemblanceof theciliatedsporestoinsects,isacommonparasiteofpearsand quinces; aspeciesofPiggotiaismoreorlessabundantontheash; andaspeciesofMelasmiaisfoundontheAmericanelm. The Excipulaceaearecup-shapedorlenticular,eithermembra nousorcarbonaceous,smoothorpilose; inexceptionalgenerathe pycnidiaaremoreorlesselongate,simulatingspeciesoftheHyster- iaceae.Twenty-twogeneraareknown,mostofwhicharesmall, exceptExcipulaandDinemosporiumwithone-celledhyaline spores,theformerwithsmoothishpycnidiaandthelatterwith pilosepycnidiaandsporesendinginabristle.(PL5. /.j.)Both thegeneranamedareamongthefewcontainingleaf-parasites. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,3: 3-695;10: 100-444;n: 472- 561. Martin.ThePhyllostictasofNorthAmerica.Jour.Mycol. 2: 13-20,25-27.1886. EnumerationandDescriptionsofthe SeptoriasofNorth America.Jour.Mycol.3: 37-41,49-53, 61-69,73_82,85-94. 1887. Allescher.Rabenhorst'sKryptogamenFloraDeutschlands, u.s.w. i6: 1-. 1898.(Current.) ThepartsofDienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilienrelatingtothe FungiImperfectihavenotyetappeared.

Order2. MELANCONIALES. The orderMelanconialescontainsasinglefamily,theMelan- coniaceae,madeupofa comparativelysmallnumberofspecies inwhichneitherascinorpycnidiaaredeveloped.Asarulethe sporesarebornein cavitieswithoutspecialwalls,oftenrising fromlittlemassesofshorthyphae.Thegreaternumberofthe speciesaresaprophyticondecayingvegetablesubstancesbuta fewareparasiticandoccasionanumberofdestructivediseases. MELANCONIALES 73 Thediseasescausedbythefungiofthisorderareknownas anthracnoseandarechieflyproducedbyspeciesofthegenera GloeosporiumandColletotrichum.Amongthesearetheanthrac noseofthebean,cotton,hollyhock,melon,pepper,spinach,to matoandwatermeloncausedbymembersofthelattergenus; and thoseof theapple,*blackberry,cucumber,currant,peach,a secondonpepper,persimmon,raspberry,roseandasecondon tomatocausedbyspeciesofGloeosporium.Theanthracnoseof thechestnutiscausedbyaspeciesofMarsonia. Of thethirtysixgenerathefollowingtheprincipal are onescon tainingleafparasites: 1. Conidia1-celled,globose,ovoidorshortcylindric,hyaline. 2. Conidiafiliform,oftentwisted; acervulipale. Cylindrosporium. Conidiafusiform-falcate; acervuliblackorgray. Cryptosporium. Conidia2-celled,solitary. Marsonia. Conidia3-many-celled,smoky. , 5. Conidia3-many-celled,hyaline; acervulipale. Septogj.oeum. 2. Conidiawithbranchedbristlesatapex. Festalozziella. Conidianotspiny. 3. 3.Acervulibristlyatthemargins. Colletotrichum. Acervulinotprovidedwithbristles. 4. 4.Acervulisoonerumpent,minute,brightcolored. Hainesia. Acervulilongcovered,grayorpallid,somewhatwaxy.Gloeosporium. 5.Conidiawithhyalineciliaatapex. Pestalozzia. Conidiaoblong,notciliateorrostrate. Coryneum. OftheabovegeneraGloeosporiumisthelargestwithsomeone hundredandtwentyfivespeciesandPestalozziafollowsnextwith aboutninety.Besidestheleafparasitesacommontwigparasite maybeseenonyoungtwigsofCornuscausingthemtoturnyel lowanddie,whentheyarecoveredwiththeerumpentacervuliof Myxosporiumnitidum. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,3: 696-812; 10: 446-509; 11: 562-585. Ellis &Everhart.TheNorthAmericanSpeciesofGloeospo rium.Jour.Mycol.1 : 109-120.1885. *Alsocalledriperot. 74 FVNGIIMPERFECTI North AmericanSpeciesofCylindrosporium.Jour. Mycol.i: 126-128.1885. Additionsto Cercospora,GloeosporiumandCylin drosporium.Jour.Mycol.3: 13-22.1887. Stoneman.AcomparativeStudyoftheDevelopmentofsome Anthracnoses.Bot.Gaz26:69-120,7-18.1898.

Order. 3 MONILIALES. Thelargestorderofthefungi imperfectiisthegroupoffungi oftenknownastheHyphomycetes,andcalled"Hyphos"for short. Inthisgroupa largenumberofformshave beenplacedthat havelaterbeenfoundtorepresentmerelytheconidialstageof ascomycetousfungi.AmongtheseisthegenusOidiumwhich containsmildewsthathavedevelopedonlyaconidialreproduc tion.Assomeofthemembersofthesevariousform-generaare notyetidentifiedwithascomycetous the condition,itisnecessary toretainthemasamatterofconvenience,althoughweknowthat theycannotrankasgenerainanystrictbiologicalsense.There arealsonumerousformsthatareonlypartiallyknownandthese havebeenplacedinthisgrouptemporarilyasamatterofcon venience.Infacttheorderhasbeenaconvenientcatch-allfor nondescriptfungiofallsorts,sothattheorderhasbecomeasort ofby-wordamongmycologists.Butbesidesthesereallyim perfectformstherearealargenumberthatprobablyrepresent formsthatareunconnectedwithanyotherstageofgrowthand arethusinthemselvesperfectfungi; theyaresimplyinbad company.Byfarthegreaterpartof theorderaresaprophytic butaconsiderablenumberareparasitic; amongthelatteristhe genusCercosporainwhichover450specieshavebeendescribed, alargepartfromtheUnitedStates.Herealsobelongsthesmut ofSporobolusIndicuswhichhastakenthenameofsmutgrassin theSouthfromthealmostuniversalprevalenceof thefungus.* Afewfungiinjurioustocultivatedplantsarefoundtobedueto speciesofthisorderandamongthem someofthemostvirulentof theirkind.Amongthesearethevariousleaf-blightsdueto speciesofCercospora,Ramularia,MacrosporiumandHelmintho- * Thissmutmustnotbeconfusedwiththeordinarysmutsofgrainand grasseswhicharemembersoftheorderUstilaginales. MONILIALES 75 sporiumwhichaffectalargenumberofcultivatedplants.Here alsoaretobefoundthecausesofvariousdiseasesknownasscab. Amongthesearetheblackblotchesonapplesandpearsdueto speciesofFusicladium;thescabofpotatoesandbeetscausedby Oosporascabies; thescabof thefigcausedbyaFusarium;and theleafblightsof theplum,peach,cherry,tomatoandspinach causedbyspeciesofCladosporium.Tothesameorderalsobe longstheverydestructiverotofplumsandpeacheswhichprob ablycausesasmuchlosstofruitgrowersasallotherdiseases of thesefruitscombined.ThisiscausedbyMoniliafructigena (.PlS-f-9)- Theorderismadeupoffourfamilieswhichmaybedistin guishedasfollows: 1. Hyphaemoreorlessfloccoseormould-like. 2. Hyphaecloselyunitedintoanelongate,columnarfascicle.Stilbaceae. Hyphaecloselyconglutinateinatubercularmass.Tuberculariaceae. 2. Paleorlightcolored,oftenquicklycollapsing. Moniliaceae. Fuscousorblack,usuallyratherrigid. Dematiaceae. Among themanygeneraof theMoniliaceae,*Ramularia withovate-cylindricconidiaisprobablythelargestgenus,inwhich overonehundredspecieshavebeendescribed; theyaremainly parasiticonleaves(PLj.f.n). Thegeneracontaining speciesparasiticonleavesmaybedistinguishedasfollows: 1. Sporesvaryingfromsphericaltoshortcylindric,one-celled,hyaline.2. Spores2-celled,hyalineorlightcolored. 5' Spores 3-many-celled,hyalineorlightcolored. 6. 2.Hyphaeveryshort,itscellsscarcelydistinctfromtheconidia. 3. Hyphaeelongate,distinctfromthesmoothconidia. 4. 3. Conidiaborneinheads.(ParasiteonCornusCanadensis.) Glomerulars. Conidiainchains,lemonshaped,verylarge; hyphaebranching(often saprophytic). MONILIA. Conidiainchains,ellipsoid,flattenedatbase. Oidium. 4. Conidiagloboseorovoid,onascendingfertilebranches(mostlysapro phytic). Botrytis. Conidiaonsuberectbrancheswhicharedenticulateabove.Ovularia. * ThisfamilycalledbySaccardotheMucedineaefromtheirresemblance tothetruephycomycelousmoulds(Mucormucedo,et.al.)isgiventhe abovenameinaccordancewiththeprinciplestatedonp.19,andasfol lowedintheZythiaceae(note,p.71). 76 FUNGIIMPERFECTI 5.Hyphaespirallytwisted. BOSTRICHONEMA. Hyphaenotspirallytwisted. D1DYMARIA. 6. Conidiaovate-cylindric. RAMULARIA. Conidiaobclavate-pyriform. PlRICULARIA. Conidiavermiformorfiliform. CeRCOSPORELLA. Oftheabovegenera,Botrytisisoftenseengrowingondying plantsingreenhouses,particularlyonslipsjustplantedwhich havebeenkeptoverwarmandmoist; italsoappearstobesome whatparasitic(PI.j.f.id).Mostofthegeneraaresmall. OidiumismadeupmostlyofconidialstagesoftheErysibaceae. Kesidesthegeneramentionedtherearesomeeighty-fiveothers mostlysaprophytic,almostanyofwhichmaybefoundwithus, thoughmanyhavenotyetbeenreportedasAmerican. The familyDematiaceaewithfuscousorblackfloccosehy phaeisalargeone; whilethesporesareoccasionallynearlyor quitehyalinethehyphaearealwaysfuscousordark brown.The generacontainingleafparasitescanbedistinguishedbythefol lowingsynopsis: 1.Conidia1 celled,ovoidoroblong,blackishorsub-hyalineonfuscous hyphae. 2. Conidia2-celled,ovoidoroblong. 6. Conidiavaryingfromovoidtovermiform,3-many-celledbyseptaat right anglestothelongaxis,fuscous. 8. Conidiagloboseoroblong,muriform(dictyoid). 13. 2. Hyphaeshort,scarcelydistinctfromthegloboseorovoidconidia.3. Hyphaelonger,distinctfromtheconidia. 4. 3. Conidiasolitary. Coniosporium. Conidiainchains. TORUI.A. 4. Conidiafuscous. 5. Conidiahyalineonfuscoushyphae,erumpent,fusoid.Ellisiella. 5. Hyphaecreeping,withcurvedbranches. Campsotrichum. Hyphaeerect,fasciculate,rathershort. Hadrotrichum. 6.Hyphaeerect,short,somewhatfasciculate. 7. Hyphaeerect,short,flexuose(parasiticonclover).Polythrincium. Hyphaemoreorlessspreading,branched; conidiaofteninshort chains(moreoftensaprophytic). Cladosporium. 7. Conidiaborneonlyatapex. Fusicladium. Conidiabothapicalandlateral. ScoLECOTRICHUM. MONILIALES 77 8.Fertilehyphaeshortoronlyslightlydistinctfromthesolitaryconidia.9. Hyphaelongeranddistinctfromconidia. 11. 9.Conidiasmooth. 10. Conidiawithaslenderappendage. Ceratophorum.* 10. Conidiacylindric(moreoftensaprophytic).Clasterosporium. Conidiaovoid,intufts. Stigmina. 11. Conidiasmooth,elongateorvermiform. 12. Conidiaechinulate,oblong. Heterosporium. 12. Hyphaerigid(morecommonlysaprophytic).Helminthosporium. Hyphaesoft,simpleorbranched,oftenformingleaf-spots. Cercospora. 13. Conidiasolitary; hyphaeerect,somewhatfasciculate,soft. Macrosporium. Conidiainchains; hyphaevelvety,erect. Alternakia. Conidiainchains; hyphaecrustaceousinterwoven. or Fumago. Of theabovegenerasomeareverynumerousinnominalspe ciesbutitismorethanprobablethatmanyof thedescribed specieswillproveidenticalaftertheyhavehadmorecarefulstudy andcultivation.Cercosporaisthelargestgenusofstrictlyleaf parasites.Ofoverfourhundredandfiftyspecies,nearlyhalf are foundintheUnitedStates,nearlyeveryfamilyof floweringplants furnishingoneormorehosts.Thegenusisspeciallyabundant intheSouthernStates(PL3.f.12).BesidesCercospora,Macro sporiumhas overeightyspecies,Cladosporiumhasoverhundred, a andHelminthosporiumoverahundredandtwenty-five.Allthese threegenera,however,aremorecommonlysaprophyticandusually appearasleaffungionlyafterthedeathofthetissues.The speciesofFumagoaredoubtlessrelatedtoCapnodium,asthe ascosporicstage. Besides thegenerawhichareregularlyoroccasionallyparasitic onleavesthereareoveronehundredotherswhicharenormally saprophyticondeadwoodandothersubstrata.Amongthe formswithsimplespores,Streptothrixwithshorttwistedhyphae' oftenformsnumbersofbrownroundedheapsonthebarkoffallen lindentreesandsometimesthoseother of species.Glenospora CurtisiiisalsocommonintheSouth,formingblackpatcheson livingtwigsandbranchesofMagnoliaandothertrees. *Cf.Pl.S-f-14- 78 FUNGIIMPERFECT! The Stilbaceaearemainlysaprophytic.Amongthegenera withsimplehyalineconidia/sarincontainsseveralspeciespara siticoninsectswhichprobablyrepresentconidial thestageof speciesofCordyceps.Thefamilycontainsaboutsixteenmoreor lessclearlydefinedgenera. TheTuberculariaceae,withoverfortygenera,arealsochiefly saprophyticin habit.Fusariumisthelargestgenuswithover onehundredandeightyspecies.Someofourworstdiseasesof cultivatedplantsareduetospeciesofthisgenus,particularlyin theSouthernStates; amongtheseare thewiltofcotton,water melonandcowpeas.Fusariumminiatumformstheredslimy fungusthatoftenappearsonthesapoozinginspringfromstumps ofrecentlycuttrees.Itoftengrowsinmassesonthetrunksof theironwood(Ostrya)whosebarkhasbeenpiercedbywood peckers. ThespeciesofTuberculariafromtheconidialstagesof species ofNectriaamongtheHypocreales.Someof thespeciesofIllo- sporiumformpinkparasitesonvariousfoliaceouslichens.Tu- berculinapersicinaisacommonparasiteonvariousUredinales causingthesoritoassumeapurplishtint. TheentireorderofMonilialesthusformsanimmensehetero geneousandimperfectlyknowngroupoffungiwhichhaslong beenthebetenoireof mycologists.Aswillbeseenfromthecita tionsofAmericanliteratureonlyafewofthemoreconspicuous generaofleaf-parasiteshaveeverbeenstudiedcomparativelyand thefieldisopenformuchseriousstudy. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,4:1-807;10:510-739;11:586- 656. Corda. cones IFungorum,1-6: 64pi.1837-1854. Ellis &Everhart.Enumerationof theNorthAmericanCerco- sporae.Jour.Mycol.1: 17-24,33-40,49-56,61-67.1885. NorthAmericanspeciesofRamularia.Jour.Mycol. 1 : 73-83.1885. SupplementaryenumerationoftheCercosporae. Jour. Mycol.2:1-2.1886. AdditionstoCercospora,GloeosporiumandCylindro- sporium.Jour.Mycol.3: 13-22.1887. MONILIALES 79 Additionsto RamulariaandCercospora.Jour. Mycol.4: 1-7.1888. Atkinson. SomeCercosporaefromAlabama.Journ.Elisha MitchellSci.Soc.8:—(1-35).1892. Morgan.NorthAmericanHelicosporae.Journ. Cincinnati Soc.Nat.Hist.15:39-52. Two newgeneraofHyphomycetes.Bot.Gaz.17: 190-192.1892. Thaxter.n O certainneworpeculiarNorthAmericanHypho mycetes.I.Bot.Gaz.16:15-261891. Pettit.StudiesinartificialCulturesofEntomogenousFungi. Bull.CornellUniv.Agric.Exper.Sta.97: 339-378.PL1-11. 1895. PoundandClements.ARearrangementoftheNorthAmeri canHyphomycetes.Minn.Bot.Studies,1:644-673.1896;726- 738.1897. The abovepapersarenearlyalldescriptive,givingmorethan mereenumerationsofspecies.NogeneralworkontheAmerican speciesoftheorderhasyetappeared,andsuchaworkisgreatly needed. CHAPTERVII

THE LOWERBASIDIOMYCETES

(RustsandSmuts) The third classoffungiknownas theBasidiomycetescontains twoseriesoforganismsverydissimilarinhabit,thefirstseriespara siticonplants,andthesecondseriesformingthesaprophyticforms ofmushroomsandpuffballsthat constitutenotonlythehighest typesfungi ofbutatthesametimethosethatarepopularlymost widelyknown.TheclassBasidiomycetesiscomposedoftwelve orderswhichmaybeseparatedasfollows: 1.Parasiticonspermaphytes,oftendeformingthehost; mostlyinconspicu ous ; (rustsandsmuts). 2. Saprophytic,mostlygelatinous,fleshyorwoodyfungi,usuallyconspicu ous; terrestrialorepixylous,rarelyparasiticonother fungioftheir ownclass. 3. 2.Producinginovariesorleaves,smut-likechlamydosporesfromwhichthe basidia-likeconidiophoresariseingermination.1.Ustilaginales. Producingblack,brownoryellowrust-likepustulesundertheepidermis ofleavesorstems,ordevelopingclustersofcrater-likeopenings with sporesformedinchainsinsideamembranouspseudoperidium. 2. Uredinales. Producingwhitishspots,pustulesorinflatedgallsmostlyonEricaceae; basidia clavatewithsmallsterigmata. 6.Exobasidiales. 3.Gelatinousfungiwithdividedbasidia. 4. Gelatinousfungiwithlongclavatetwo-forkedbasidia; sporesdividing before germination. 5.Dacryomycetales. Fleshy,coriaceousorwoodyfungiwithundividedbasidia. 5. 4. Basidiadividedcrosswise(septate). 3.. Basidiadividedobliquelyorlengthwise,commonlyintofourparts. 4. Tremellales. 5 Sporesarisingfrombasidiawhichformadistinctmembranoushymenium> nakedatmaturity,andcoveringthesurfaceofgills,pores,orspines. (Hymenomycetes; mushrooms,bracketfungi.) 7.. Sporesarisingfrombasidiaenclosedwithinadefiniteperidium.(Gas- teromycetes.) 6. 80 VSTILAGINALES 81 6. Sporesborneina moreorlessdeliquescentglebawhichisatfirsten closedn i anegg-likesac(peridium),butatmaturityelevatedon an elasticallyexpandingreceptacle; (stinkhorns).8.. Spores remainingwithintheperidiumuntilmaturity 7. 7.Basidiaunitedintoahymeniumwhichlinesthewallsofirregular cavities. 8. Basidiauniformlydistributedthroughtheperidium,orformingskein likemasses. 12.Sclerodermatales. 8. Hymenialcavitiesremainingtogetherwithintheperidium,theirbound aries mostlydisappearingatmaturity. 9. Hymenialcavities(sporangioles)separatingatmaturityfromthecup likeperidium; (bird'snestfungi). 11.Nidulariales. 9.Remainingfleshyuntilthematurityofthe spores; nocapillitium. 9.Hymenogastrales. Fleshywhenyoung,atmaturityfilledwithdust-likesporemassesmixed withcapillitium; (puff-balls). 10.Lycoperdales. Theabovegroupingisnecessarilyartificialandshouldbe con trastedwiththefollowingmorenaturalarrangement: 1.Hemibasidii: Ustilaginales. 2.Protobasidii: Uredinales,Auriculariales,Tremellales. 3.Autobasidii: All theremainingorders. The relationsofsomeof thelowesttypesarenotyetclearly known,the andrelationsof theentiregrouptootherplantsare evenmoreobscure. Order1. USTILAGINALES. Thesmutsformagroupofparasiticfungitoowellknowntothe farmersincetheyresultinthelossofalargepercentofhiscrops annually,notablyamongthecereals.Thecommoncornsmutisa familiarexample.Itcommencestomakeitsappearanceassmall distortednoduleseitherintheyoungkernels,inthetassels,or quitefrequentlyatthejointsofthestems.Thesenodulesin creaseinsize,becomingspongy,white,andglistening; sporefor mationisprogressing,meanwhile,andtheentiretissuesoon be comesfilledwitha blackmassofgreasysporeswhichformthe reproductivebodiesofthefungus.Otherspeciesareparasiticin theheadsofwheat, barleyandoats; othersstillarefoundinthe leavesofvarious grassesforminglonglinesofblacksporesandex ternallyresemblingblackrust,butreadilydistinguishedbytheform 6 82 BASrDIOMYCETES of thespores; stillothersarefoundintheovariesofvariousplants, andoccasionallyinotherparts.Afewhavelightcoloredspores, amongthemoneaffectingtheovariesofOxalis; anotherspecies isparasiticintheanthersofpinks.Thesporesthusformed, commonlycalledchlamydospores,germinate,developingashort promyceliumandformingthe sporesproperwhichinturnproduce themyceliumof thefungus.In the caseofthecommonsmuts ofcerealsthesmutsporesliedormantinthefurrowofthekernel untilthegerminationof theseeds; thefungusthengerminates producingitsspores,whosemyceliumpenetratestheyoungplant- letandextendsthroughoutitstissues.Asarule,aparasiteof thiskindshowslittleevidenceofitspresenceinthehostplant untilthe sporescommencetoform,usuallyintheyoungovaries wherelargequantitiesofavailablenutrimentarebeingcarriedfor thesupremeeffortoffloweringandproducingseed.Thisnutri mentthefungusappropriatesandtheredevelopsitsspores.Two familiesaredistinguishedbythemethodofbearingsporesfrom thegerminationof thechlamydosporesasfollows: Chlamydosporesgerminatinga several-celled with promyceliumwhich bearsspores theattheendsofthecells.(PI.6.f.i,2.) Family1. Ustilaginaceae. Chlamydosporesgerminatingwithanundividedpromyceliumwhichbears thesporesinaclusteratthe apex.(/V.6.f.3.) Family2. Tilletiaceae. Familyi. Ustilaginaceae. The smutsofthisfamilyexceptthoseofcertaingeneracannot bedistinguishedbytheirgrossappearanceorbytheirmicroscopic charactersfromthemembersofthenextfamily.Thebiological charactersgermination of andsporeproductionmustberesorted toinordertodistinguishthem.Somegerminatesoonafterpro duction,somegerminateafteraperiodofrest,andsomeretain theirpowerofgerminationforseveralyearsbutthisissomewhat unusual.Theircultivationisasimplematterwhenconductedin adropcultureinnutrientfluid.Thegeneraaredistinguishedas follows: 1. Chlamydosporessimple. 2. Chlamydosporesunitedin2'sbyanarrowisthmus.SCHIZONELLA. Chlamydosporesinmassesofthreeormore. 3- VSTILAGINALES 83 2.Promycelium1-5-ceHed,bearinglateralandterminalspores; (parasitic on varioushosts). Ustilago.* Promycelium2-celled,eachbearinganumberofsporesonsterigmata; (parasiticonCyperaceae). AnThracoidea. 3.Spore-massescomposedofa fewcells; (asingleCalifornianspecies on Atriplex.) Poikilosporium. Spore-massescomposedofnumerousclusteredcells. 4. 4.Chlamydosporeslooselyunited,oftenfallingapartatmaturity. Sorosporium.f Chlamydosporescloselyunitedtogether. 5, 5. Promyceliumwith bothlateralandterminalspores.Tolyposporium. Promyceliumbranched,withsinglelateralspores.Tolyposporella. Promyceliumwithasingleterminalspore. Thecaphora. Oftheabovegenera,Ustilagoisbyfarthelargest,containing nearlytwohundredspeciesofwhichatleastone-thirdareAmer ican.(PL6.f.1,2.)zeae U. formsthesmutofcorn,U.avenae thecommonsmutofoats,U.triticithecommonsmutofwheat; U.longissimaformslongbrownlinesontheleavesGlycerin; of U. violaceaappearsintheanthersofDianthusandothermembers ofthepinkfamily,U.oxalidisintheovariesofOxalis,and manyothergrassesanddicotyledonousplantssimilarly are af fected.OurAmericanspeciesneedacarefulcomparativestudy, astatementequallytruefortheentire order. Schizonellaisrepresentedbyasinglespeciesparasiticonthe leavesofCarexPennsylvaniaformingnarrowinterruptedblack linesinearlyspring.Sorosporiumhasseveralspeciesongrasses, besides5.saponariaefoundintheovariesofSaponariaandother pinks.Tolyposporellahasasinglespeciesformedunderneath theleafsheathofChrysopogonnutans,Tolyposporiumhassev eralspeciesonJuncusandvariousgrasses,whileThecaphorahas afewspeciesonConvolvulusandvariousmembersof thepea family. Family2. Tilletiaceae. Thisfamilycontainsgenerastillmorediversefromeachother. WhilesomelikeTilletiaandUrocystisaresimilaringeneralap- * ThegenusCintractiaissometimesseparatedfromUstilago. \ Inthisconditionthereisoftendifficultyindistinguishingthisgenus fromUstilago. 84 BASIDIOMYCETES pearanceto membersoftheprecedingfamily,Entylomaand othergenerabearlittlesuperficialresemblancetoordinarysmuts andforthemthisnameseemsamisnomer.Thegeneramaybe distinguishedbythefollowingsynopsis: 1. Chlamydosporessimple; sporesinaterminalclusterofnotmorethan twelve. 2. Chlamydosporescompound,severalormanycellsunitedinamass.3. 2.Chlamydosporesindustymassesmostlydark-colored.Tilletia. Chlamydosporesformedinsmallormediumsizedoftenwhitishspots sunken intothetissuesofthehost,mostlylightcolored.Entyloma.* 3. Allthecellsofthemasssimilarandfertile;(parasiticonTrientalis), Tuburcinia. Outer cellssterile,ortheouterfertilewithsterilecellswithinthe mass. 4. 4.Sporecellsfew;theoutercellssterile. Urocystis. Sporecellsnumerous; theoutercellssterile. Dassansia. Sporecellsnumerous; asingleordoublelayerofoutercellsfertile.5. 5. Interiorofspore-massfilledwithcloselypackedparenchymatouscells. Doassansiopsis. fInterioro sporemasshollowcontaininganetworkofunitedhyphae; (parasiticonLemna). Cornuei.la. Of thesegenera,Tilletiacontainsa considerablenumberof speciesonvariousgrassesandcereals.(PL6.f.3.)Among theseareT.triticiformingthebuntorstinkingsmutintheheads ofwheat,T.secalisfoundrye, onandT.striaefornrisforming parallelbrownlinesontheleavesofvariousgrasses,t Entylomaisrepresented.bynumerousspeciesonMenispermum, Physalis,Myosotis,Ranunculusandvariousotherplants. UrocystisisatypicalsmutandhasadozenormoreAmerican species.(PL6.f.4.) U.agropyriformsparallellinesonthe leavesofquackgrass,U.occultaappearsinthestemsandleaves ofrye,U.anemonesiscommoninthe leavesofHepatica,U. cepulaeformsthedestructiveonionsmutandthereareothers. *Farlow(Bot.Gaz.8: 271-278.1883)givesasynopsisUnited of the StatesofEntylomathenknown; severalothershavesincebeendescribed. IeW haveinthiscountryanUstilago,aUrocystisandaTilletia,allpos sessingthishabit.Thefungusineachcaseapparentlyfollowsthetrendof theparallelvenationofthehost. VREDINALES 85 Doassansiahasseveralspeciesmostlyinmarshorwaterplants likeAlismaandSagittaria,thelattersupportingtwospecies. Doassansiopsisaffectssimilarplants; amongthemSagittariahas twospecies,oneforminggall-likebodiesonthestems; other speciesarefoundinPotamogetonandGlyceria. Theentireorderformsa mostinterestingeconomicgroup. WiththeexceptionofDoassansiaanditsallies,theAmerican specieshaveneverbeenmonographed.Thebiologicalstudyof certainspecieshasbeenveryextensive. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,7: 449-527;9:282-291;n: 174-230. Winter.Rabenhorst'sKryptogamenFloraDeutschlands,u. s.w.i':80-131. Plowright.AMonographoftheBritishUredineaeandUs- tilagineae,58-118,272-301.1889. Brefeld. UntersuchungenausdemGesammtgebietederMy- kologie,11and12:1895. Setchell.PreliminaryNotesontheSpeciesofDoassansia Cornu.Proc.Am.AcadSci.26:13-19.1891. An ExaminationoftheSpeciesof theGenusDoas sansiaCornu.Ann.Bot.6:1-48.PL/,2. 1892. Dietel.DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1**:2-24.1897. .Order2 UREDINALES. TheorderUredinalescontainsthelargestarrayofparasitic fungiofanyexistingorderandoneinwhichthereisanextensive economicinterestbecauseofthefactthatseveralveryimportant productsarediminishedbytheravagesofthesefungi; wheat andoatsamongthecereals,applesandquincesamongthefruits, rosesandcarnationsamongtheornamentalplants,areonlyafew examplesofplantsofeconomicimportancethatareparasitized bymembersofJ.hisorder. The rustsarefurtherinterestingbecauseofthepeculiarchange ofhostwhichtakesplaceincertainofthespecies.Toillustrate thishabit,thesomewhatfamiliarexamplesofwheat-rustand orchard-rustmaybecitedsincethetwoparasitescometobeof economicimportanceindifferentstagesoftheirlifehistory,sim 86 BASIDIOMYCETES ply fromthefactthatthehostplantsaffectedhappentobeofim portancethemselvesandthefungusineitherstagedetractsfrom itsfreegrowth.Thecommonwheat-rustcommencesitslifehis toryasaparasiteonthebarberry(Bcrberis);inMayorJunethick enedyellowspotsappearontheleavesofthebarberryandfrom theseaseriesofroundedyellowishbodiespushtheirwaythrough theepidermisandopenupaslittlecupsorcraters; fromtheir habitofgrowththeyhavetakenthenameofcluster-cups.Be foretheirtruerelationswereknowntheyweredescribedasdefinite fungusspeciesunderthenameofAecidium.Thesporesare producedinchains,numbersofwhicharepackedsoclosely withinmembranous the pseudoperidiumwhichcoversthem,as torenderthemangularfrompressure.Thesesporesareone- celledandthin-walled.Theygerminateinthepresenceofmois ture,butwillcometonaughtunlesstheyarecarriedbythewind orotherwisetoyoungplantsthe ofwheat whichtheyparasitize, themyceliumfromthegerminatingsporeenteringthehostplant throughoneof thestomata.Onceinside,growthtakes placeand induetimethemyceliumaccumulatesundertheepidermisand thereproducesamassofsporeswhosegrowthfinallyrupturesthe epidermisandappearsasasorusofone-celled,yellowish-brown orrustysporeswhichhavea deciduousstalk,andaremadeupof a singlecell.(PL6.f.5.)Thisstageisknownasredrustby thefarmersand,liketheclustercup,wasdescribed,beforeitsrela tionshadbeenmadeout,asamemberofafungusgenus, Uredo. Itisbymeansofthesethin-celledsummersporesthatthewheat- rustmakessuchhavocinawheatfield.Thesporesareloosened fromtheirstalksatmaturityandarecarriedbythewindtoother wheatplants; afewfavorablesultrydayswillfurnishthecondi tionsnecessaryforrapidgerminationandwhatwasasinglecen treofinfectionhasbecomeathousand,eachrapidlyproducing newcropsof sporesandcontinuingevertowidentheamountof infection; shouldthisattackcomeatthetimewhentheyoung kernelsofwheatwereforming,thenutritionthatwouldnaturally gotothemwouldbeabsorbedbythemyceliumof thefungus andthekernelswouldbecomeshriveledandworthless.Alittle latereitherfromthesamesoriinwhichtheredrustsporeswere producedorinothers,blacksporesappear.Thesedifferfrom thepreceding(i)Inhavingapermanentstalk; (2)Inhaving UREDINALES 87 twocellsinsteadof one,and(3)Inhavingthickwalls.(PL6.f.6.) Thesesporesareknownastheteleutosporesandtheirfunctionis normallythatofarestingsporewhichwillcarrythelifeofthefun gusoveranunfavorableperiod,namely,thewinterseason.This blackrustremainsonthestraworstubbleuntiltheearlywarm daysofthefollowingspring,whentheteleutosporesgerminate, developingashortpromyceliumonwhichasonbasidiathefourth formofsporesis produced.(PL6.f.9.)Theseso-called sporidsarecarriedbythewindandifanyofthemchancetofall ontheyoungleavesofthebarberryjustunfolding,they germinate, andtheirmyceliumentersastomaandbecomesaparasiteinthe barberrywhichwillin likemannerdevelopcluster-cupsasbefore. Thusinanendlesscycledoesthewheatrustcarryonitsround ofmiserabledependentexistence.Otheraecidialformshavea similarrelationtospeciesofthegenusUromyceswhichdiffersfrom Pucciniainhavingone-celledteleutospores.(PI.6.f.10.) Anothercaseisseenintheorchard-rust.Insummermany appletreesshowbrightyellowspotsoftena quarterofaninch wideonthesurfaceoftheleaves.Thisso-calledrustisoftenso abundantthatthefoliageoftheapple-treehasdistinct a yellow tintinmidsummer.Alittlelaterintheseasontheseyellowspots produceaseriesoftubesveryliketheshorteronesofthecluster- cupsexceptthattheyopenbya seriesofchinksorfissures. Theirsporesscatteredbythewindwillgerminateonthered cedar(Juniperus)andproducegall-likeswellings,popularly knownascedar-appleswhichshowthemselvesinearlyspringand laterbecomecoveredwith yellowishbrownprojectingmassesof spores.Asthelaterspringrainscomeon,thesespore-masses swell intolonggelatinousbodiesinwhichthesporestheycon taingerminateandproducethesecondarysporesinamanner quiteanalogoustotheteleutosporesofthewheat-rust.These sporidsbecomefreeandmaybecarriedbackbythewindtothe appleandthereproduceanewthecentersofinfectionofthe apple- rust.Themorecommoncedar-apple,Gymnosporangiumma- cropus,isanannualgallsothatthereisanecessityforadouble transferof the sporesfromhosttohosteachseason.Gglo- In bosumthegallisperennialandsuccessivecropsofteleutosporesare producedyearafteryearinthesamegall. Notallrustsshowthisheteroecism,butproducetheirsucces 88 BASIDIOMYCETES sive stagesonthesamehost.Wehavea familiarinstancein theNorthernStatesinthecommonmandrakeormay-apple(Podo- phyllumpeltatuni); inthespringbrilliantyellowclustercupsappear ontheyoungleavesincertaindefinitecentresofinfection; from thesethesporesarescatteredtoothermandrakeplantsandin earlysummertheirbrightgreenleavesbecomemottledwithyel lowishorbrownishareasinwhichtheteleutosporesofthefungus soonappear.(PL6.f.8.)Inthisrusttherearenosummerspores ((/redo)sincetheirfunctioniscarriedonbytheaecidiospores.In otherrustsasinPucciniagraminellateleutosporesandaecid iosporesarenotonlyproducedthesame on plant,butfromthe samemycelium.(PL6.f.ij.) Not allrustspossessaecidia.Insometheteleutosporesrarely formowingtothefactthatthemyceliumhasbecomeperennial probablyinundergroundparts—a departurefromtheusual habitofthefungusinwhichthemyceliumiscommonlyconfined toalimitedareanotfarfromthepointwherethesorusisformed. Withtheaecidiaorsometimesindependentofthemaseriesof structuresareformedwhosefunctionisnotknown.Thesearethe spermogoniawhichappeartothenakedeyeasblackishpoints usuallyontheoppositesideoftheleaffromtheclustercups.In sectiontheyshowpycnidia-likecavitiesfromthemouthsofwhich smalltuftsofhairsemerge; within,thespore-likebodies(sper matia)aredevelopedattheendsofslendermycelialthreads. The varioushabitsproduction of ofone,twoorthreeformsof reproductivebodieshasledtotheestablishmentofsubgeneric groupsinsomeofthelargergenera.Forinstance,inthegenus Pucciniathefollowinggroupshavebeenproposed: * Eupuccinia: producingaecidia,uredospores£mdteleuto spores. *Sinceinourowncountryalonetherearesomeonehundredand twenty-fiveaecidialformswhoserelationstoour300speciesofPuccinia and100speciesofUromycesareunknown,thepositionofanygivenspe ciesthese in groupsis,tosaytheleast,veryuncertain.Thereisabundant opportunityforbotanicalstudentseverywheretoinstituteacarefulstudyof therelationsoftheaecidiatoteleutosporicforms.Thestudymustbe takenupfirstinthefieldtoestablishsuspicionsfromproximityofgrowth andthentosupplementfieldworkwithactualculture(inoculation)ex periments. VREDINALES 89 Pucciniopsis: producingaecidiaandteleutospores. Brachypuccinia: producingspermogones,uredosporesand teleutospores. Hemipuccinia: producinguredosporesandteleutospores. Micropuccinia: producingonlyteleutosporeswhich remain overwinterbeforegerminating. Leptopuccinia: producingonlyteleutosporeswhichgerminate soonaftermaturity. sIt icustomaryforbrevitytodesignatetheaecidiaasI,the uredoasII,andthe teleutosporeasIII. The rustsaregroupedinfourfamiliesofwhichonlytwo*are knownfromtheUnitedSlates.Thesemaybeseparatedas follows: Teleutosporesinflattenedorcushion-likemasses,orlooseinthetissuesof theirhost; stemless. Fam.1.Melampsoraceae. Teleutosporesstalked(rarelythestalkisveryshort),separateorunitedin soriofdefinite a form. Fam.2.Pucciniaceae. Family1. Melampsoraceae. ThisfamilyhasthefollowinggeneraintheUnitedStates:— 1.Teleutosporesformedinrowssuccessive by divisionofthesporophore. bursting throughthetissuesoftheirhost. Teleutosporesnotformedinrows; soriremainingcoveredbytheepider misorcuticleoftheir host. 3 2.Teleutosporesformedincushions. Chrysomyxa Teleutosporesformedincolumnarorfiliformmasses.Cronartium 3. Teleutosporesformedinwaxymasses,dividingintofourcellsofwhich theuppermostbearsterigmata. Coi.EOsPoRiUM. Teleutosporesgerminatingwithnormalpromycelium. 4. 4.Teleutosporesone-celled(rarely2-celledwithonecellabovethe other) uniting laterallyinanirregularcrust. MelamPSORA. Teleutosporesmostly2-4-celled,thecellssidebyside. 5.Teleutosporesunitedinathickcrustformedeitherintheepidermal cellsr o immediatelyunderthem. 6. Teleutosporessingleorinlooselyunitedgroups,buriedintheparen chymaoftheirhost; (parasiticonferns.) Uredinopsis * SpeciesofthegenusEndophyttumwhichproduceteleutospores withinapseudoperidiumwillbefound,doubtless,onsomeofourfleshy plants.ThethreeknownEuropeanspeciesgrowonSedum,Semptrvivum, andlikeplants; theyformthetypea ofdistinctfamily. oo BASIDIOMYCETES 6.Soriinlimitedareasoccasionallyanastomosingontheleaves. PUccINIASTRUM. Soriformingexpandedareasmostlyonstems. Calyptospora. The generaofthisfamilyaremostlycomposedoffewspecies. Chrysomyxais mainlyconfinedtotheEricaceae; C.pirolae iscommononspeciesofPyrola.SpeciesofCronartiumare foundonComandra,RibesandQuercus.SpeciesofColeo- sporiumareabundantonvariousCompositaeandareoccasional onthecommonbellwort(Campanula).Theaecidialformsofthe lastthreegeneraaremembersoftheform-genusPeridermium, whichareformedonvariousconifers.Severalof these inhabit theleavesof pines* andoneormorespeciesformlargeror smallerswellingsonthebranchesoreventhe"trunksofpinetrees; wehaveseentheseonpinesinAlabamafifteeninchesindiam eter.OtherspeciesofPeridermiumarefoundonspeciesofAbies. ThespeciesofMelampsoraareparasiticonwillow,poplarand birch,aswellasonvariousherbaceousdicotyledonousgeneraas Linum,EuphorbiaandCroton.Theuredoformsarebestknown butareinsufficientfordistinguishingthespecies.Thewillow- inhabitingspeciesofthiscountryespeciallyneedcarefulstudy. Pucciniastrumis bestknownin thiscountryfromthecommon speciesparasiticonAgrimoniawhoseuredoformiseverywhere common; otherspeciesarefoundPrimus on andcertainErica ceae.Calyptosporahasasinglespeciesparasiticonspeciesof Vacciniumcausingenlargmentofthestems; Uredinopsishasa fewspeciesparasiticonferns.

Family2. Pucciniaceae. Thisfamilycontainsbyfarthelargestnumberoftherusts,in cludingthosethatrepresentparasiticdiseasesofcultivatedplants. Besidesthegrain-rustbelongingtothegenusPucciniawith severalspecies,wehaveotherspeciesparasiticonAsparagus, hollyhocks,corn,sunflower,plumandpeach,besidesnumerous speciesonweedsandvariouswildplantsnearly of everyfamily. SpeciesofUromycesareparasiticonclover,onbeans,oncarna tions,andonbeets,besidesnumerousspeciesonweedsandvari- * Cf.Underwood&Earle.Notesonthepine-inhabitingSpeciesof Peridermium.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,23: 400-405.1896. UREDINALES 9* ouswildplants.OfthespeciesofGymnosporangium,which producecedar-applesorotherdeformitiesonJuniperuswehave alreadyspoken; sixspeciesarefoundonJuniperusVirgin- iana*alone; otherspeciesarefoundonJ.communis,J. occidin- talis,andChamaecyparisthyoides. ThegenerafoundintheUnitedStatesmaybedistinguishedas follows: 1.Teleutosporesimbeddedinmassesofjelly;mostly2-celled;(parasiticon Cupressinae). Gymnosporangium.t Teleutosporesindefinitesori,notimbeddedinjelly. 2. 2. Teleutosporeswithsimple a stalkwhichisoccasionallyobsolete.3. Teleutosporesunitedincushion-likebodiesformedofseveralormany cells;stemsformedofseveralunitedorseparatestalks.Raveneu\. 3.Teleutospores1-celled. UROMYCES.f Teleutosporesnormally2-celled. 4. Teleutospores3-several-celled. 1 6. 4. Endosporeofteleutosporesbecomingmucilaginousandswollen. Uropyxis. Endosporeofteleutosporeswithouta mucilaginouslayer. 5' 5. Aecidiawithoutapseudoperidium; spermogonesspherical;(asingle species parasiticonRubus). Gymnoconia. Aecidia,whenpresent,withapseudoperidium,oftenwanting. PuCCINIA.f 6.Septaat rightanglestotheaxisofthespore. 7. Septa3,unitingintriangles. Triphragmium. * Cf.Underwood&Earle.TheDistributionof theSpeciesofGymno sporangium.Bot.Gaz.22: 255-258.1896. f Amongtheunfortunatefeaturesconnectedwithsystematicstudyarethe troublesomequestionssynonymy of andpriority.Asinmanyotherthings, weof the presentgenerationsufferfromthelackofsystemofthegenera tionsbehindus.AsaGraystatedsuccinctlythebasisforthedifficulty: ''Foreachplantorgrouptherecanbeonlyonevalidnameandthat alwaysthemostancientifitistenable."Now,itisclaimed,Micheli in1729establishedthegenusPucciniaforagelatinousparasiteofthe Juniper(=Gymnosporangiumasusedabove),andAdansonin1763 adoptedthisuseofthenamelongbeforeitwasdivertedtoitspresentusage. Ifthesearetherealfacts,PucciniamayhavetoreplaceGymnosporangium asanoldername.InasimilarwayDicaeomamayhavetostandforPuc cinia,CaeomurusforUromycesandAregmaforPhragmidium.Thisis 02 £ASIDIOMYCETPS 7.Endosporeofteleutosporel>ecomingmucilaginousandswolleninwater; (parasiticonLeguminosae). Phragmopyxis. Endosporeofteleutosporewithoutamucilaginouslayer;(parasiticon Rosaceae). Phragmidium.* OftheabovegeneraPucciniacontainsaboutthreehundred specieswithinourlimitsandVromycesaboutonehundred.Uro- pyxis*andPhragmopyxiseachcontainasinglespecies,thefor meronAmorphaandthelatteronaTexanleguminousplantof unknowngenus.Gymnoconiaisthecauseofthecommonblack berryorraspberryrustwhichiseverywhereabundantcausing wholeplantstobecoveredinspringwith thebrightorangesori oftheaecidialstageofthefungusTriphragmium f isasmall genus6. (PLf. 13),oneofthebestknownspeciesbeingfoundon Aralianudicaulisbutthisdoesnotseemtoappearbelowa certainaltitude. Phragmidiumhasseveral speciesonRosa,PotentillaandRubus, thespeciesoncultivatedrosesbeingveryabundantinsome localitiesandoftencausingconsiderabledamage(PL6.f.14). RaveneliahasseveralAmericanspeciesmostlyonmembersof theLeguminosae(PL6.f.11,12). Besidesthegeneraabovenamedthereisalargeresidueofim perfectformsthatmustremaininthevariousform-genera-until theirtruerelationsareknown.Thegreaterpartoftheseare cluster-cupsbelongingtothegenusAecidiumwhosecharacters havebeenalreadysetforth(PL6.f. 18).Othersforthesame reasonmuststandinRoestelia.Someaecidialformswithouta pseudoperidiumbelongtothegenusCaeoma.Afewisolated formsrepresenttheuredostageandthesemustremaininlike mannerinthegenusUredo.AmongtheseisUredoficuswhich causestherustofthefig. not theplacetointroducenoveltiesingenericnomenclaturenortoadopt namesthathavenotbeensomewhatgenerallyadopted,butitisdesirable tocallattentiontothesepossiblechangeswhichareonlypartof thosethat mustcomewhenfungusnomenclatureisreducedtoarationalsystemand isharmonizedwiththatofthehigherplants. * DietelinDienatilrlichenPflanzenfamiliennot accept doesthisgenus whileheadoptsPhragmopyxiswhichisdistinguishedbypreciselythe samecharacters. f ThisfungushasbeenvariouslyknownasCaeomanitensandPuccinia interstifialis. UREDINALES 93 LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,7:528-882;9:291-334;": 174-230. Dietel.DienatUrlichenPfianzenfamilien,ii**: 24-81.1897. Winter.Rabenhorst'sKryptogamenFloraDeutschlandsu. s.w.i1: Plowright.AMonographoftheBritishUredineaeandUsti- lagneae,1-57,105-271.1889. Farlow.TheGymnosporangiaorCedar-applesoftheUnited States.Anniv.Mem.BostonSoc. Nat.Hist.1-38.PLi,2. 1880 nThaxter.O certainCulturesofGymnosporangiumwithNotes ontheirRoesteliae.Proc.Am.Acad.22:259-2691887. Burrill& [ Seymour].ParasiticFungiofIllinois.PartI. Uredineae.Bull.111.StateLab.NatHist.2: 141-255.1885. Dietel. DieGattungRavenelia.HedA-igia,33: 22-69. 1-5-1894- Arthur&Holway.UredineaeExsiccataeetIcones.(Current.) Two fascidesofthisseriesofspecimensandillustrationshave appeared.Theyareof thegreatestvaluetoanyoneinves tigatingtheorder. CHAPTERVIII

THEHIGHERBASIDIOMYCETES* (Bracket-fungi,MushroomsandPuffballs.) Althoughsomeofthefirstorderstobetreatedherepossessvery closemorphologicalrelationshipswith thosetreatedinthelast chapter,theirsaprophytichabitlinksthemwiththeorderstofol low.Thisisespeciallytrueofthenextordertreated. Order. 3 AURICULARIALES. Two familiescomposethisorderdistinguishedasfollows: Hymeniumgymnocarpous(open),ear-shapedortubercular. . Hymeniumangiocarpous(closedbefore maturity),moreorlessglobular, stalked. Pilacraceae. ThefamilyAuriculariaceaewithuscontainsAuricularia, theJew'sear,agelatinousear-likefungusgrowingsinglyorin clusteredmassesonSambucus,FraxinusorHicoria,representing oneormorespecies,andMylittopsisanunusualtubercularform thatis littleknownandofuncertainrelations.SpeciesofAuri culariaalliedtoourownbutlarger,areusedforfoodbythe Chinese. The familyPilacraceaecontainstwogeneraofwhichPilacre isrepresentedwithby usaninconspicuouscapitatefungusgrow ingonbeech(Fagus)orCarpinus. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,4:579-581 ; 6:760-771; xi: 142-146. Lindau. DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1**: 82-88.1897. Tulasne.NouvellesnotessurlesFungiTremellinietleurs allies.AnnSc.Nat.V.15:215-235.1872. Brefeld.UntersuchungenausdemGesammtgebietederMy- kologie,7= 27-80.PI.1-4.,1888. Forsynopsisorders oftreatedinthischapter,see pp.80,81. 94 7REMELLALES 95 Order. 4 TREMELLALES. This order,whichcontainsgreater the portionofthegelatinous fungi,iscomposedoftwosmalltropicalfamilieseachcontaining asinglegenus,inadditiontothewidelydistributedTremellaceae. Themembersofthisfamilyaremadeupofsoftwaterygelatinous massesrangingincolorfromwhiteandpinktoorange-yellowor black.Acommonwhitespeciesoftenformsextensivemasses on oldstumps; acommonyellowonewithbrain-likefoldsisfound insmallermassesonhemlockintheNorthernStatesandondead branchesofvarioussortsinthe South.Acommonblackspecies, Exidiaglandulosa,formsextensiveflattishpatcheson dead branches.Alloftheseformsdrydowntoathinfilm,butmost willreviveagainwhenmoistened. The Americangeneramaybedistinguishedasfollows: 1.Formingathinsmoothishcrust,withmould-likeconidiophores. Sebacina. . Thick,gelatinous,smooth,plicateorwithbrain-likeconvolutions.2. Plicate,withteethunderneath. Tremellodon. Funnel-shapedwiththehymeniuminferior. Gyrocephalus. 2.Blackish,smoothorslightlyplicate,papillate;conidia*hook-shaped. . Yellowish-brown,foliaceous; conidiastraight,capitate.Ui.ocolla. Yellowishorwhitishwithbrain-likeconvolutionsorfolds; conidia -like. . Ulocolla foliaceaformslargepalebrownishfoliaceousmasses growinginthevicinityofstumps.Oneof thespeciesofTremella occasionallyoccursasaparasiteonthestalksorpileusofagarics. Tremellodonisa'clearcrystallinestructureresemblingaHyd- num; infactseveralofthetremellineforms,particularlythose oftropicalregions,seemtosimulateformsofthehighercori aceousorfleshyspeciesoftheAgaricales.Veryfewofour speciesareeitherwellknownorwellcharacterized,thoughmany ofthemarequitecommon.Theyofferaninterestingfieldfor someenthusiasticandcarefulinvestigator. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,6:772-796;9:257-259;11: 146-149. * Theseareformedatthegerminationoftheordinaryspores. 96 BASIDIOMYCETES Lindau.DienaturlichenPflanzenfaniilien,i1**:88-96.1897. Tulasne.Observationssur1'organisationdesTremellinees. Ann.Sc.Nat.III.19:193-231.PL10-13.'853. Brefeld. UntersuchungenausdemGesammtgebietederMy- kologie,7: 80-138.PLj-8.- 1888. Order5. DACRYOMYCETALES. This orderisquitecloselyalliedtothelastinhabit,butdiffers intheundividedbasidiawhichallyitmorecloselywiththe higherformsofAgaricales.Thespeciesaremostlysmalland comparativelyinconspicuous,someareflatandeffused,others areelongateandresembleflattenedclubs. The Americangeneramaybedistinguishedasfollows: 1. Sessile,depressedorresupinate. 2. Elongateorwithadistinctstipe. 4. 2.Mould-likewithawaxysmoothishhymenium. Arrhytidia. Thin, formingawaxyeffusedcrust. CERAcEA. Cushion-shapedorglobular,gelatinous. 3. 3. Conidiaglobular. Hormomyces. Conidiaelliptic. Dacryomyces. 4.Hymeniumcoveringaportion onlyofthefungus. 5. Hymeniumextendingtoallpartsofthefungus. 6. 5. Cartilaginousorfleshy,capitate. Ditiola. Gelatinousorfleshywhendry,spatulateorgoblet-shaped.. 6. Capitate; sporesultimatelyseptate. Dacryopsis. Capitate; sporessimple,oneoneachbasidium. Collyria. Awl-shaped,simpleorbranched. Calocera. The speciesofCaloceraresemblesmallspeciesoftheclub fungi().Guepiniahasacommonyellowspeciesthat growsinthecracksofrailsandlogs,formingslenderspatulate formsahalfaninchormorehigh.Likethemembersofthe precedingorder,thespeciesarepoorlyknown. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorurr,6:796-815;9:259-261; 11: 149-151. Hennings.DienaturlichenPflanzenfamilien,96-102. 1898. AGARICALES 97 Tulasne.Observationssurl'organizationdesTremellinees. Ann.Sc.Nat.III.19:193-231.PL10-13.1853. Tulasne.NouvellesnotessurlesFungiTremellinietleurs allies,Ann.Sc.Nat.V.15:215-235.1872. Brefeld.UntersuchungenausdemGesammtgebietederMy- kologie,7: 138-167.PLjo, 11.1888. .Order6 EXOBASIDIALES. This orderiscomposedofasinglefamily,theExobasidiaceae, andcontainsparasiticspecieswhichproducedeformitiesandgalls chieflyonmembersoftheEricaceae,thataresuperficiallycom parabletothedeformitiesproducedbyspeciesofExoascus on theplums.Oneof thecommonspeciesproduceslargeswollen whitishpinkish or gallson Azaleawhichhaveaslightlyacid tasteandaresometimeseatenunderthenameofMayapples; othersproducedisk-likedeformitiesonleavesofthesameplant. OthersstillarefoundonCassandra,cranberrriesandvariousspe ciesofVacciniumandGaylussacia,eitherdeformingtheleaves, inwhichpocketsareformed,ortheflowersandyoungfruit,which becomeenormouslyswollenandassumea pinkishwhitetint. Certaincultureshave beenmadethatseemtoindicatethatsev eralofthesevariousformsmaybemembersofasinglepoly morphicspecies. BesidesthegenusExobasidiumwithfour-sporedbasidia,a secondgenus,Microstroma,hasrecentlybeenplacedinthisfamily, distinguishedbyitsmostlysix-sporedbasidia.Twospeciesare known,onegrowingonoakleavesandthe othercommonon Ju- glansandHicoriaformingwhitishpatchesontheundersurfaceof theleaves. LITERATURE. Hennings.DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1**: 103-105. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,6: 664-666; 9: 244,245; 11: 130,131. Richards.1NotesonCulturesofExobasidiumandromedae andofExobasidiumvacinii.Bot.Gaz.21:101-108.PL6. 1896. Order. 7 AGARICALES. This extensiveorderhasbeencommonlyknownunderthe nameHymenomycetes,thenamea-isingfromthefactthatthe 98 BASIDIOMYCETES basidia whichbearthesporesarranged are inasortofmembrane (hymeniuni)whichcoversvariousexposedportionsofthefungus eithertheendsof clubsorcoral-likebranchesasinClavaria,or spreadoutoverflattish a surfaceasinStereum,orcoveringthe surfaceofspines,teethorthinplatesorlamellaeasinHydnum andAgaricus,orliningtheinteriorsurfaceofporesortubesas inBoletusandPolyporus.Inthisordergenericandfamilydis tinctionsareoftenconfusedsinceexceptionalformsstandonthe boundarylinesoftwogeneraorevenoftwofamilies.Thefol lowingfamilies,however,inmostcases,maybesomewhat easilydistinguished: 1. Club-shapedorformingmassesoferectbranchesrisingfromacommon base ; sporesborneontheupperportions.Family3.Clavariaceae.\ Providedwithacap(pileus)andcentralstem,orbracket-like,oren tirelyresupinate; spore-bearingsurfacenormallyunderneath.2. 2.Sporesborneonradiatinglamellae. Family7.." Sporesborneonteeth,tubercles,ortooth-likeplates,*projectingdown wardingrowth. Family4.Hydnaceae.Ar Spores borneontheinteriorofporesortubesorlabyrinthinepassages,f rarelywithmerelyshallowanastomosingfolds. 3. Sporescoveringsmoothormould-likesurfaces,onlyslightlyroughened orwrinkled. 4. 3. Poresmoreorlessreadilyseparatingfromthepileusandfrom each other; substancefleshy; stemcentralorlateral. <\t . .. , Family6. Boletaceae.>r Poresnoteasilyseparatingfromthepileus; substancerarelyfleshy, morecommonlyleathery,corkyorwoody.Family5.. 4.Basidialooselyaggregatedona mould-likeorarachnoidbase,formed from loosefloccosehyphae. Family1. Hypochnaceae. Basidiacloselyaggregated,formingacompactcrust-likelayer; resupi natesometimes or pileate. Family2.Thelephoraceae.^

* SomeformsofPolyporaceaewhenoldhavelaceratedporeswhich areoftenindistinguishablefromflattenedteeth.Thisisespeciallynotice ableinP.pergamenus,oneofourcommonestandmostwidelydistributed species. fnI afewcasesmerelyanastomosinglamellae,thusforminganeasy transitiontocertainAgaricaceae. AGARICALES 99 Oftheabovefamilies,theAgaricaceaecontaintheplantsordi narilyknownastoadstoolsmushrooms or whichareusuallypro videdwithacentralstem; afewgrowingfromthesidesof stumpsorlogsarestemless,thelargerofwhichareoftenknown asoystermushrooms. TheBoletaceaeformcushion-likefleshytoadstoolsprovided withpores; thebeefsteakfunguswithalateralstemalsobelongs withthisfamily. The Polyporaceaeincludethewoody,corkyandleatheryfungi withporeswhichshelveoutfromstandingtreetrunksorfallen logsandarecommonlyknownasbracketfungi.Afewhavea centralstem,moreare dimidiateorsemicircularinoutlineat tachedbytheside,whileothersareresupinate,i. e.,haveno pileus,buttheporesareattacheddirectlytoathincrustlikeex pansionofthegroundworkorcontextofthe fungus. TheHydnaceaeincludeformsoffungiwithspines,flattened teeth,orirregular tubercles.Someformcoral-likemasseshang ingfromthesidesofstumpsortreetrunks,somehavetheforms offleshyagaricswithcentralstems,afewaredimidiate,but thegreaterpartareresupinate,andmanyareinconspicuous. The Thelephoraceaeincludeafewpileateforms,andafew,par ticularlyspeciesofThelephora,areterrestrial; thegreaterpart, however,formresupinatecrustsofvariouscolorsfrombrownto blue,yellowandwhite,growingonthesidesofstandingtrunks,or onsmallbranchesorunderfallenlogs.Thisbringsustothe simplestgroupofall. Family1. Hypochnaceae. Thisfamilyisnotlargelyrepresentedineithergeneraorspecies andseemstoformthenearestapproachofthisordertotheDe- matiaceae(p.76)sincethefoundationforthebasidialmembrane consistsofloosefloccoseorarachnoidhyphaeandthebasidia themselvesarelooselyaggregated.Twoofthesixgeneraare foundwithusandmaybedistinguishedasfollows: Sporesuncolored,smooth; basidiawith2-4(rarely6)slerigmata. HYPOCHNUS. Spores colored,mostlyspiny. Tomentei.la. Two speciesofHypochnusarecommonintheSouthernStates growingontreesandlogs,H.rubro*cinctuswithbrilliantscarlet 1OO BASIDI0MYCETES borders,andH.albo-cinctusglisteningwhite; otherspeciesare lesscommonfarthernorth.ThespeciesofTomcntellaform yellowish-browncrustsonoldstumpsandlogs. Family2. Thelephoraceae. This familycontainsanenormousnumberofspecieswhoserela tionsarenotclearlyknown.Incertaingeneraenlargedcellsknown ascystidiaarefoundamongthebasidiaoftendifficulttomakeout inweatheredspecimens; inothersthesetaketheformofbristles whicharepersistentevenwhenthehymenialsurfaceisold,and canseen be withalensormorereadilyunderalowpowerofthe microscope.Insomegenerathebasidiaareattacheddirectlyto themyceliallayer; inthosemoredifferentiatedanintermediate fibrouslayerisdevelopedbetween.Wehaverepresentativesof thefollowinggenera: 1. Hymeniumwithoutcystidia. 2. Hymeniumroughenedwithbristle-likecystidia. 8. 2.Resupinate,withnointermediatefibrouslayer. 3. Ascending,pileateorstalked(rarelywhollyresupinate). 5. 3.Sporescolorlessthroughout. 4. Sporecontentscolored,membraneuncolored. Aleurodiscus. Sporemembraneyellowish-brown. CONIOPHORA. 4. Sporessessile. Corticiuw. Sporesstalked. MlcHENERA. 5.Contextformedofdifferentlayers,leatheryorwoody; mostly smooth; sporescolorless. Stereum. Contextofsingle a mostlyuniformlayer. 6. 6. Coriaceous,pileateorbranched; hymeniumsmoothorslightlywarty. Thelephora. Fleshy(smoothish); terrestrialorrarelyepixylous,cup-shapedorum brella-shaped,stalked. Craterei.lus. * Membranous,cylindric,tubularorcup-shaped; mostlysmall,epixy lous. 7. 7. Growingsingly,mostlycup-shapedwithflaringsides. Cyphella. Growingindenseclusters,mostlyshorttubular. Solenia.f * Peck(Bull.N.Y.Museum1: 44-48)givesa synopsisanddescrip tionsof thefivespeciesgrowinginNewYork. fSaccardoandothersplacethisgenusamongthePolyporaceae.The speciesexternallyresemblesmallspeciesofPeziza. AGARICALES IO1

8.Cystidiasimple,unbranched. 9- Cystidiabranched,star-shaped. asterostroma. g.Contextuniform,alwaysresupinate. Peniophora. Context formedofdifferentoften layers,pileate.Hymenochaete. Of theabovegeneraAleurodiscusandMicheneraaresmall genera,theformerwithtwocloselyalliedspeciesoften,seenon thebarkofOstryawheretheyformdiscretepatches; thelatter genushasonlysingle a specieswithus. Coniophoraandespe ciallyCorticiumarelargergenera,andourspeciesarepoorly knownandmanyofthemdifficulttoidentify; probablyover onehundrednominalspeciesaredescribedfromtheUnited States. Stereum andHymenochaeterepresentthecommonleatheryor woodygeneragrowingonlogs.Thespeciesofthelattergenus areusuallybrownishincolor,inadditiontothepossessionof cystidiawhichareusuallyeasytodiscover.Stereumversicoloris acommonpileatespeciesandS.frustulosumisaperennialre supinatespecieseverywherecommononoakwhosewoodit rendersveryhardandbrittle.Severalspeciesofeachgenusare commonandwidelydistributed.Oneanomalousspeciesof Hymenochaete(H.agglutinans)oftengrowsonlivingtwigsand stranglesthemtodeath. Thelephoraismorecommonlyterrestrialandpileate,including leatheryspecies.Whilemostof thespeciesresembleStereumin shape,T.Schweinitziiismuchbranchedandisquitefrequently mistakenfora Clavaria; someotherspeciesareevenmore finelylaciniate; T.Willeyiisgoblet-shaped.Oneanomalous species(T. pedicellata)growsaroundthelivingstemsofyoung trees. Craterelluscontainschieflyfleshyspeciesandformsastriking connectinglinktotheAgaricaceaethroughCantharellus; so close istheconnectionthatitisdifficultinthecaseofcertainspecimens todeterminewhethertheplantbelongstoonegenusortheother. Thisisonlyanotherindicationthatthelimitationgroupsweare herediscussingareartificialratherthannatural. Family3. Clavariaceae. Themoreconspicuousmembersofthisfamilyareclub-like andsimpleorformfleshycoral-likemassesofvariousshadesof 102 BASIDIOMYCETES white, yelloworevenbrightercolorslikepinkandviolet.A numberarelessconspicuousandconsequentlylessknown,form ingwaxyorhorny,simpleorbranchedbodies.Inallcasesthe membersofthefamilymaybedistinguishedbyhavingthe hymeniallayernormallyapicalandexposed,ratherthanunder neathandprotectedasinthealliedfamilies.Thegeneramay bedistinguishedasfollows: 1.Plantsmall,simple. 2 Plantmostlylarger,conspicuous,usuallybranched,butoccasionally simple andclublike. 4 2. Plantcapitate,hollow. Physalacria. Plantclavateorfiliform. 3 3. Basidiawithtwosterigmata.- Pistillaria. Basidiawithfoursterigmata. Typhula. 4. Branchesstronglyflattened,leaf-like. . Branchesorclubstereteoronlyslightlycompressed. 5 5.Contextfleshy;simpleorcommonlymuchbranched.Clavaria.* Contextcartilaginous,hornywhendry; mostlyslenderfiliform. Pterula. Context coriaceous; surfacetomentose. Lachnocladium. Sparassiscrispasometimesformsmassesaslargeasone's head; S.Herbstiiisahandsomespeciesrecentlydescribed. In collectingspeciesofClavaria,largest thegenus,amplefield notesshouldbetaken,includingcolor,colorof spores.ftaste, habitatandthecharacteroftheapicesofthebranches.Many ofthelargestspeciesofClavariaandSparassisareedibleand noneareknowntobedeleterious. Family4. Hydnaceae. The membersofthisfamilyareknownasthepricklyfungi sincethemoretypicalformsareprovidedwithteeth.Inthe typicalgenus,Hydnum,theseteetharenormallyterete,butin Irpextheybecomeflattened,andinRadnlumandPhlebiathey *Morgan(Jour.CincinnatiSoc.Nat.Hist.11: 86-90)givesdescriptions oftwentyspeciesgrowingintheOhioValley,andPeck(Reg.Rep.24: 104,105)givessynopsesoftwentyNewYorkspecieswithoutdescriptions. f Easilyobtainedbylayingtheplantunderatumblerorbell-jaronpaper, preferablycolored. AGARICALES 103 becomereducedtomeretuberclesorirregularridges.The generamaybedistinguishedbythe followingsynopsis: 1.Plantconsistingofteethonlywithnobasalmembraneorcontext. MUcRONF.LLA Plantconsistingofteethattachedtoabasalmembraneortoapileus2. 2. Hymeniumcoveringneedle-likespines. 3 Hymeniumcoveringlamella-liketeeth. 4 Resupinate,thehymeniumwithwarts,wrinklesorsimplebristles.5 3. Spinesirregular,thickandblunt. Radulum Spinesawl-shaped,usuallyregular. Hydnum. 4. Contextcoriaceous,pileateorresupinate; epixylous. Irpex Contextfleshyormembranous,pileate; terrestrial.Sistotrema 5. Hymenialsurfacewithsimplebristles. Pycnodon.* Hymenialsurfacewithlowcrestedwrinkles. -Phlebia. Hymenialsurfacewarty. 6. 6.Wartshemispheric,smooth. Grandinia. Wartscrested,papillose. Odontium. OftheabovegeneraHydnumistheonlylargegenusandis composedofnumerousgroupsofdiversehabit.Someofthese aresodistinctthattheyhavebeensetapartasgenera,someof whichwilldoubtlessberegardedvalid.Severalofthespeciesof Hydnumareedible.Amongthemarethefollowing: 1.Specieswithacentralstem. H.repandumhasayellowishorslightlyreddishpileuswithan irregularmargin,iscompactbutbrittle,withadry,whitishcon text;thepileusisonetofourincheswideandthestemisoneto threeinchesinlength. H. imbricatumisalargerspecies,oftensixinchesormorein diameterwithabrownishpileuscoveredmoreorlesscloselywith irregularscalesofadarkercolor; thecentreissometimesde pressedso thatthefungusappearsfunnel-shaped. 2.Speciesgrowinginbranchedmasseswithnodistinctpileus. H.coralloidesisapurewhitefungusofcoral-likecharacter, often composedofmanyspreadingandofteninterlacingbranches coveredwithshortspinesscarcelyathirdofaninchinlength. Itisabeautifulspeciesmostcommonontrunksofbeech wood. *ThisistheKneiffiaofFries,anamewhichispreoccupied.Cf.Bull. TorreyBot.Club,25:630,631.1898. io4 BASIDI0MYCETES H.echinaceusiswhite,becomingyellowishintheformofa tubercularmassoftensixtoeightinchesbroadwithstraightequal spineswhicharesometimesnearlytwoincheslong. H. caput-medusaeisalsotubercular,butchangesfromwhiteto asmokyorashytintandisusuallycontractedintoa stalkbe hind; ithasshortdistortedteethaboveandlonguniformones below. A largenumberofthespeciesofHydriumareresupinate,some ofthemgrowingintheformofthinlayersofmyceliumexpanded intoamembraneonwhichafewspinesareborne; othersform largerareasseveralfeetinextent,growingunderneathfallenlogs.*

Family5. Polyporaceae. This familycontainsthepore-bearingformswhoseporesare usuallypermanentlyunitedtothecontextyandtoeachother. Afewofthemembersofthefamilyarefleshy,some,indeed, beingedible,butbyfarthegreaterpartareleathery,corky,mem branousorwoody.Theyformthemoreconspicuousbracket- fungishelvingfromdeadordyingtrunksandlogs,someofthem attainingaverylargesize; othersgrowinginsimilarsituations areverysmallorevenminute.Nearlysixhundredspecieshave beenreportedfromAmerica. Thegeneracandistinguished be asfollows: z. Poresminuteandroundor largerandangular. 2. Poresforminglabrinthinepassagesorbecominglamella-likeplates.8. Poresreducedtoshallowpitsseparatedbynarrowridges,foldsor reticulations; morecommonlyresupinate. Merulius. *Friesusedthefollowingsubdivisionsformanyofhisgeneraofwhich Hydnumpossessescommonexamplesofall. Astatementoftheir characterswillshowthediversityofthegenusasherelimited: I.Mesopus: withacentralstemsupportingapileus. IL Pleuropus: withalateraloreccentricstemsupportingapileus. IILMerisma: compoundormultipleformsunitedtoonebase. IV. Apus: pileate,semicircular,sessile. V.Resupinati: withouta pileus,theslendermembranousbase attachedflatlytothehymenium. fnI Gloeoporusthelayerofporessometimespeelsofffromthecontext whenratheryoungandmoist. AGARICALES 2. Normallypileate,onlyaccidentallyresupinate. 3. Normallyresupinate. 6. 3.Poresusuallysmallormediumsize,roundorangular. 4. Poreslarge,hexagonalorlamelliform. 7. 4. Hymeniumwaxy,separatinglikea membranefromthecontextwhen , wet. Gloeoporus. Hymeniumnotwaxy; notseparablefromthecontext. 5. 5. Trama(ie.,thesubstanceofthepileus)descendingbetweenthe pores.* . Tramanotdescending; substancebetweentheporesdifferentfromthat of thepileus. .f 6.Poresparallel,seatedonamembranousormoreorlessfleshybase. Poria.J Poresn i thesummitsofsmallpapillae,fixedtoamembranousbase. POROTHELIUM. 7.Stemslateral; poreslonghexagonal. Favolus. Sessileorresupinate; poresregularhexagons. Hexagonia. 8. Lamellaeconcentric: stemcentralornearlyso. Cyclomyces. Lamellaeradial; sessileoraccidentallyresupinate.LENZITES.\ Lamellaesinuousandlabyrinthine; normallysessile. Daedalea. fSeveralo theabovespecieshavefewrepresentativesinour flora.Gloeoporushasonlyone,G.conchoides,whichiscompara tivelycommon; Favolushasonespecieseverywherecommonon beechandhickoryandtwoorthreelesscommon; Cyelomyces hasasingleextremelyrarespecies; Hexagoniahasonlyoneor twospeciesfoundonlysouthward; Porotheliumhasonlyone speciesthatisanywherecommon.LenzitesandDaedalea have eachadozenormorespeciesofquitediversehabit,andMe- *Thisdistinctionisoftenverypoorlydefinedinmanyspeciesandshows anartificialseparationofgenera. fSaccardoandothersseparatefromthisgenus1.Fornes,woody specieswithmostlystratosepores,and2.Polystictuswithleatherycontext, leavingthemoreorlessfleshyspeciesinPolyporus.Thesedistinctionsat bestareartificial; Karstenhasdistinguishedseveralgenera. JAlmostanyspeciesofPolyporusmaybecomeresupinateandthisgenus doubtlesscontainsseveraldescribedspeciesthatarenormallypileate. \yB manythisgenushasbeenplacedamongtheAgaricaceaebecause ofitslamellaewhichonlyoccasionallyanastomose.Itshabitplacesithere anditreallyformsaconnectinglinkbetweenthetwofamilies. BASIDIOMYCETES. rulins andTramctcshavethirtyorfortyspecieseach; M.tremel- losusisasemi-fleshyspecieswhichiscommonunderoldlogsin thelatterpartoftheseason; Trametessuaveolensisawhite speciescommononwillows;T.cinnabarinaisbrightred,growing commonlyorbirchandcherry,whileT.pintisabrownishspecies growingpines onandotherconiferoustrees. The genusPolyporus,initswidestsenseincludingPorta,con tainsnearlyfivehundredAmericanspeciesmanyofwhichare poorlyknownanddefined.Severalattemptshave beenmadeto separatetheenormousgenusintonaturalgroupsorgenerasome ofwhicharereallywelldefined,butuntilarevisionof theentire genuscanbemadeitisaswelltoallowthespeciestorestunder asinglename.Manyofthegenerawhichhave beenproposed haveresultedinassociatingtogetherveryunlikeplants.* A fewofthefleshyspeciesareedible.Notableamongthemis P.sulfurcus,whichoftengrowsinprodigiousmassesofoverlap pingpilei; itispinkishyellowaboveandtheporesareabright sulphuryellowbeneath.Ofcourse,itisedibleonlywhenyoung, aboutthetimethattheporescommencetodevelop,sincethe planttoughenswithage.CertainspeciesofPolyporusappearto beconfinedtocertaintreeswhileothersseemtobeindependent oftheirsubstratumandarelikelytoappearonanyoldlog. Someofthefleshyorsemi-fleshyspeciessoondecaywhilesome ofthestratosespecieslivemanyyearsforminglayerafterlayer ofpores. Family6. Boletaceae. This familyincludesbyfarthegreaternumberofperishable fleshyfungiwithpores,comprisingthoseinwhichtheporesquite easilyseparatefromthepileusandfromeachother.Inone genus,Strobilomyces,thisislessmarked,andthisgenusformsa rathernaturaltransitiontosomeofthefleshyspeciesofPolyporus. Ontheotherhand,Boletinus,inwhichsomeofthespecieshave theporesarrangedinradiatinglines,formsasomewhateasy transitiontoPaxillusamongtheagarics. *E.g.,Mucronoporus,whichhasbeenproposedtoincludethosespecies inwhichspines(cystidia)arescatteredamongthebasidialiningthepores. Myriadoporusisprobablyfoundedona deformedspeciesofPolyporus adustus. AGARICALES 107 Therearefour*generainthiscountrydistinguishedasfollows: 1 . Stemstrictlylateral; poresintheformoftubeswhosemouthsaresepa rated fromeachother. Fistulina. Stemcentralorrarelysomewhateccentric. 2. 2. Poresreadilyseparatingfromthepileus; sporesbrownishorwhitish. Boletus. Poresseparatingwithdifficultyfromthepileus. 3. 3. Fleshy;poresinmoreorlessradiatingrows; sporesbrownoryellowish. Boletinus. Tough; poresuniform; pileusfloccose; sporesblackish Stromlomychs. Strobilomyceshasasinglespecieseverywherecommonwhich isgrayishorblackishandeasilyrecognizedbyitsfloccosepileus; it isediblewhenyoung,butsoonbecomestough; a second speciesisimperfectlyknown.Boletinushasafewspeciesoneof which,B.porosus,isreadilyrecognizedbyitseccentricstemand -likeradiatingpores; B.pictusisapinkishspecieswith aconspicuousmembranousveil.Fistulinahepaticaisknownas vegetablebeefsteakfromtheflesh-likefibreandcolorofthefresh specimen; itiscomparativelycommoninautumnonchestnut stumpsandtrunks,sometimesalsogrowingonoak; itismuch valuedasadelicacy. ThespeciesofBoletusarequitediverseandwehaveoverhun a dredofthem.f AnentiregroupknownastheLuridifromthe redmouthsof theporesaresuspectedofbeingpoisonousand shouldbeavoided.Veryrecentlyacaseofpoisoninghasbeen reportedfromspecies a outsideofthisgroup.J Beyondthese *Hennings(DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1**: 188-196)separates fromBoletustwoadditionalgenerawhicharealsorepresentedin this country. fFortunatelydescriptionsofthegreaternumberofthespeciesofthisgenus areeasilyaccessibleinEnglish.Cf.Peck,BoletioftheUnitedStates. Bull.N.Y.StateMus.,No.8,1888.Thiscanbeobtainedatasmall priceoftheStateLibrarianatAlbany,N.Y. Quiteanumberofspecies have beendescribedsincethispublicationwasissued,particularlyfromthe South. \ Boletus miniato-olivaceussensibilU,Cf.F.S.CollinsinRhodora,1: 21-23.1899.ThisisthespecieserroneouslyfiguredinPalmer'sMush roomsofAmericaasB.subtomentosusandedible. io8 BASIDIOMYCETES nonef o thespeciesareknowntobeinjuriousexceptB.felleus,a commonspecieswithbrownpileus,reticulatedstem,andflesh- coloredpores,whosebittertastewouldpreventitfrombeingused asfood.Inthisgenusaseverywhereamongthefungi,unknown speciesshouldbetestedwithcautionandspecialcareshouldbe takentoavoidspecimensthatarenotstrictlyfreshandyoung. Amongtheediblespecieswemaymentionthe followingas wellrecommended: 1. Boletiwithaviscidpileus. B. granulatusisusuallygrayishyellowwith paleyellowpores andwhiteflesh; themouthsofthetubesaredottedwithminute brownishgranulesfromwhichthespecificnameisderived. B. luteushasa yellowish-brownpileus,withminuteyellow poresandwhitishorslightlyyellowishflesh;thestemhasanan- nulusabovewhichitisyellowishwithsmallbrowndots.Itis notacommonspecies.Thepileusisfrom twotofiveinches acrossandthestemisscarcelytwoincheslong. B.subluteushasdingy a yellowish-brownpileusandwitha whitishordingyyellowishstemwhichismarkedbybrowndots bothaboveandbelowtheannulus.Itisslightlysmallerthan thelast-namedspeciesandhasmore a slenderstem. 2.Boletiwithadrypileus. B. scaberiseasilyrecognizedbyitswhitishporesanditslong stemwhichisroughenedbysmallbrownishorblackishscales. Thepileusisvariableincolor,rangingfromnearlywhiteto almostblack,andisfromtwotofiveinchesacrosswithastem fromthreetosixincheslong.Itisaverycommonspecies. B.edulishasagrayishredorbrownishpileus,anditswhitish fleshistingedwithreddishjustbeneaththecuticle;theporesare whitishatfirstandbecomegreenishwith yellowage.Thepileus isfourtosixinchesacrossandthestemisfromto two sixinches long,andismarkedbyanetworkofraisedlinesjustbeneaththe layerofpores. B. castaneushasdull a reddishorcinnamon-coloredpileus, < shallowporeswhicharewhitishatfirstandthenyellowish,anda hollowstemincolornotunlikethepileus. B.versipellishasa yellowish-redpileustwotosixinches across,longsmall poreswhicharegrayish-whitebecomingdingy withage; itsveilfrequentlyclingsintornfragmentstothemar AGARIC ALES 109 ginsf o thepileus;thestemissolidandofawhitishcolorandis markedsomewhatlikethatofB.scaber.SeveralspeciesofBo letusarecannedinGermanyandsoldunderthenameofStein- fiilse. Somef o thespeciesofBoletusareverybeautiful.Avery commonyellowspecies(B.ornatipes)hasthestemelegantly reticulated.B.Ravenelii,morecommonintheSouthernStates, isabrilliantyellowandisdustedoverwithyellowpowder.B. Frostii,ofthesectionLuridihasanelegantredandyellowmot tledpileusandthetubeshavethecharacteristicbrightredmouths ofthesection.It isacommonspeciesof easternNewYorkand NewEngland,andprobablyhaswide a distribution.B.auri- porushasapileusandbrilliantgoldenyellowports.Manyof thespecieschangethecolorofthefleshtoabrilliantblueonex posuretotheair; whilethisisnota suresignofaninjurious species,itistobelookeduponasasuspiciouscharacter. The speciesofBoletusaremost abundantduringthemoist rainsoflatesummerandearlyautumn,rangingintheNorthern StatesfromJulytoOctoberandintheSouthernStatesappearing somewhatearlierifthereissufficientsoilmoisture,aswellas somewhatlaterthanfarthernorthward.

Family7. Agaricaceae. Thisfamilyisthelargestandmostwidelydistributedofallthe families,containingsomefivethousanddescribedspecies.Over twelvehundredareknownfromGreatBritainalone,andaboutas manyhavebeenreportedfromtheUnitedStates,wherecareful, exhaustiveresearchhasbeenmadeonlyinafewlimitedareas andbyaveryfewindividuals. Thecommonediblemushroomofthefieldsandmarkets, Agaricuscampestris,isatypeofthisfamilyandasomewhatde tailedaccountofitscharactermaybegivenwithsidereferences tostructuresillustratedbyspeciesofalliedgenera.Thegrowing orvegetativeportionofthefungusconsistsofwidespreading hyphaeformingatangledmyceliumwhichpermeatesthesoilin searchofdecomposingorganicmatterwhichservesasfoodtothe plant.Thismycelium,grownincompostanddried,formsthe so-calledspawnoftheseeddealersfromwhichtheordinarycul no BASIDIOMYCETES tivated mushroomsarepropagated.*Fromthismyceliumthe youngmushroomsformasmereroundedmasses,latertakingon theformofthebuttonsthatarefamiliartousintheordinary Frenchcannedmushrooms; astheycontinuetoemergeabove thesurfaceofthesoilthey takeontheumbrella-likeformso familiartous,thesporesmatureonthehymenialsurfacewhich coversthelamellaeorso-calledgills,soonafterwhichthemush roomdecays,thelatterprocesstoofrequentlyhastenedthrough theagencyoflarvae,whichoftenattackcertainspeciesofmush roomsbeforetheyaremature.Anordinarymushroomconsists oftwoparts,thepileusorcapandthestalkorstipe(PL8.f.i). Insomegeneraaveilispresentwhichintheyoungstageextends acrossfromthestipetothemarginofthepileus; asthepileus expands,theveilrupturesandeitherremainsasacollarorring (annulus)aboutthestipe(PL8.f.1,a)orhangsintattersasa fringeatthemarginofthepileus.InthegenusCortinarius, theveilisarachnoidlikeadelicatecobweband,astheexpansion ofthepileustakesplace,collapsesandleaveslittletraceofits existence.Inanumberofgenerathereisalsoa volvaoruniversal veilwhichisattachedatthebaseofthestipeandenve'opesthe entiremushroomwhenyoung(PL8.f.2.)Asthemushroom expands,thisvolvarupturesandiseithercarriedupinaseries offlocculentscalesonthepileusasintheflyagaric(Amanita muscarid)orapartorallofitremainsasapermanentcupatthe baseofthestipeasinthedeadlyAmanitaphalloides(PL8.f.i,b). Thecharactersonwhichgeneraandspeciesarebasedinaddition tocolorandhabitare thecolorofthespores,tasteandodor,the positionofthelamellae,theirshapeandtheircharacter,thenature ofthestemanditsrelationtothecontextorfleshofthepileusand variousother charactersthatwillbenotedunderthesynopsisof genera. Thecolorofthesporesiseasilydeterminedbycuttingapileus * Theliteraturedevotedtothecultivationofmushroomsisquiteexten sive.Amongthebestworkstreatingofthesubjectare: Falconer.Mushrooms; howtogrowthem.1896. Robinson.MushroomCulture;itsExtensionandImprovement.1870. Onef o theFarmer'sBulletins(No.53),publishedforgratuitousdis tributionbytheDepartmentofAgricultureatWashington,givesample directionsforordinarycultivation. AGARICALES III from thestemandplacingitwiththelamellaedownwardona sheetofpaperunderabelljarortumbler.Infromtwotosix hours,accordingtothematurityof thespecimen,the sporeswill fallinradiatinglinesfromthelamellaeandproduceasporeprint.* Ifamicroscopeisathandtheformandsizesofthe sporesshould alsobenoted. Thetasteandodorofmanyspeciesarepeculiar.Certainspe cieshaveanuttyormealyflavor,somearebitteranddisagree able,somehaveabitingpepperytaste.Itisperfectlysafeto sampleanyspeciesbydirectlytastingasmallfragment,theonly discomfortthatcanarisebeingalingeringtastesimilartothat comingfromredpepperwhichisfoundina fewspecies. Thelamellaemaybefreefromthestem(PL7./.3)orattached, inwhichcasetheymaybemerelyadnate(PL7./. orsinuate (PL/.f.2),ordecurrent(PL7./.4). Itshouldalsobenoted whetherthelamellaeareuniformoralternatewithaseriesof shorterones(heterophyllous); inafewcasesthelamellaearecon nectedbycrossveinsorsepta. The pileusitselfvariesinshapefromovalandnarrowlyconic towidelyconicandumbrella-like,orinsomecasestheedgesturn upwardsatmaturitylikeanumbrellaturnedinsideout.The surfacemaybedry,watery(hygrophanous),orviscidandeither smooth,scaly,mealyorotherwiseornamented.Thediscorcen tralpartofthepileusoftenpresentsspecialcharacters; besides beingsometimesofadifferentcolorthantherestofthepileus,it issometimesdepressed(umbilicate)(PL7.f.5),orevenfunnel like(infundibuliform)(PL7.f.6),orraisedintoaroundedpromi nence(umbonate)(PL7./.4). Thestipemaybefleshyandcontinuouswith thecontextofthe pileusormaybecartilaginous.Theinteriormaybehollow (PL7./.2),solid,orfilledwithaloosemassofhyphae(stuffed). Thegeneraofthefamilyarequitenumerousexcept andina fewabnormalcasesofvariationmaybedistinguishedasfollows: 1. Plantfleshy,soonputrescent. 2. Planttough,leatheryorwoody,revivingorpersistent. 13. * Thesesporeprintsmaybemadepermanentspraying bythemfrom anatomizerasolution withofwhiteshellacinalcohol.Asaturatedsolu tionshouldbemadeandthendilutedfiftypercent,withalcohol.Ifthe sporesarewhitetheprintshouldbetakenoncoloredpaper. II2 BASIDIOMYCETES 2.Juicemilky,whiteorcolored. Lactarius. Juicewatery. 3- 3. Stemlateral,eccentricorwanting. 4- Stemcentral,ornearlyso. 5. 4.Sporeswhite(violettintedinonespecies). Pleurotus. Sporesrosysalmon-colored. or Claudopus. Spores yellowishbrown. Crepidotus. 5. Sporeswhite(greeninLepiotaMorgani). 6. Sporesrosyorsalmoncolored. 16. Sporesyellowishbrownorrustybrown. 19- Sporesdarkbrownorpurplishbrown. 24- Sporesblack. 28. (White-sporedSeries.) 6. Withavolva*andannulus. Amanita. Withavolvabutnoannulus. Amanitopsis. Volvawanting; annuluspresent. 7. Bothvolvaandannuluswanting. 8. 7.Lamellaefreefromthestem; annulusoftenmoveable; pileususually scaly,sometimesdenselyso. Lepiota. Lamellaeunitedwiththestem; pileususuallysmooth(oftensomewhat scalyinA.mellea,acommonspecies). Armillaria. 8. Lamellaethin,theiredgesacute. 9. Lamellaeintheformofshallowfolds,theiredgesobtuse. 12. 9.Lamellaedecurrentonthestem; stemfleshy,f Clitocybe. — stemwithcartilaginousrind. Omphalia. Lamellaeadnate; stemwithacartilaginousrind. Collybia. —stemfleshy; pileusoftenbrightcolored.10. Lamellaesinuate; stemfleshy. Triciioi.oma. —stemwithacartilaginousrind. 11. 10. Plantrigid,thelamellaeusuallybrittle. Russula. Plantwithwaxylamellae. Hygrophokus. 11. Pileusmembranous,moreorlessstriate. Mycena. Pileusverythin,withoutpellicle. Hiatula. *Thevolvawillappeareitherasacupatthebaseofthestem,or as separablefloccosescalesonthepileus. fyB cuttingthepileuslongitudinallythroughthecentreofthestem thisfeaturewillbeapparent; inspecieswithfleshy a stemthefleshis continuouswiththecontextthe ofpileus. AGAR1CALES "3 12.Lamellaedecurrent; plantterrestrial, Cantharellus. Lamellaeadnate; plantparasiticonotherAgarics, Nyctalis. 13. Lamellaenormallytoothedontheiredges; stemcentral,eccentricor lateral. Lentinus.* Lamellae entire; stemscentral. 14- — stemslateralorwanting. 15- 14. Lamellaesimple; pileusfirmanddry. Marasmius. — pileussomewhatgelatinous. Heliomyces. Lamellaebranched. Xerotus. 15. Lamellaesimple; plantleathery. Panus. * Lamellaedeeplysplitting,villous. schizophyllum. Lamellaechanneledorcrisped,smooth. Trogia. (Pink-sporedSeries.) 16. Volvapresent; annuluswanting. Volvaria. Volvawanting; annuluspresent. Annularia. Withneithervolvanorannulus. 17. 17. Lamellaefreefromthestem. Pluteus. Lamellaeadnateorsinuate; stemfleshy. . ■ —stemwithacartilaginousrind. 18. Lamellaedecurrentonthestem; stemfleshy. CLITOPILUS. — stemwithacartilaginousrind.Eccilia. 18. Pileustornintoscales. . Pileuspapillose,subcampanulate. . (Rusty-sporedSeries.) 19. Annuluscontinuous Piioliota. Annulusarachnoid,filamentousorevanescent,oftennotapparentin olderspecimens. 20. Annuluswanting. 21. Lamellaeadnate; plantsterrestrial. cortinarius. Lamellaedecurrent; plantsmostlyepipyhytal. flammula. Lamellaedeliquescent,almostseparatefromthestem. bolbitius. Lamellaedecurrent,easilyseparating; stemfleshy. Paxillus. — stemwithacartilaginousrind. TUBARIA. Lamellaenotdecurrent; stemfleshy. 22. —stemwithacartilaginousrind. 23- * SomespeciesofLentinuswithentiregillscanscarcelybedistinguished fromPanus; someofthemorefleshyformsofthelatterarequite closeto someformsofPleurotus; PanusandLentinusaresometimesunitedin onegenus, 114 BASIDIOMYCETES 22. Pileustibrilloseorsilky. Inocybe. Pileussmoothandviscid. Hebeloma. 23. Marginofpileusincurvedwhenyoung. Naucoria. Marginofpileusstraight; pileusviscid; lamellaefree.Pluteolus. —pileusnotviscid; lamellaeattached.Galera.

(Brown-sporedSeries.) 24. Withavolvaatthebase. Chitonia. Withoutavolva. 25. 25.Veilremainingonthestemasanannulus. 26. Veilremainingattachedtothemarginofthepileus,oftennotapparent in veryoldspecimens. Hypholoma. Veil inconspicuousorwanting; lamellaefree. Pilosace. — lamellaedecurrent.Deconica. — lamellaeadnateorsinuate. 27. 26. Lamellaetreefromthestem. Agaricus. Lamellaeunitedwiththestem. Stropharia. 27. Marginofpileusincurvedwhenyoung. Psii.ocybe. Marginofpileusalwaysstraight. Psathyra.

(Black-sporedSeries.) 28. Stemdilatedaboveintoadiscwhichbearstheradiatinglamellae. MONTAgNITES. fPileuso thenormalform,leatheryorhorny.Anthracophyllum. — fleshy,membranousordeliquescent.29. 29. Lamellaedeliquescent,meltingtoan inkyfluid. Coprinus. Lamellaenotdeliquescent; annuluspresent. Anei.laria. — annuluswanting. 30. 30. Lamellaedecurrent waxy,; sporesfusiform. Gomphidius. Lamellaenotwaxynordecurrent; sporesglobose-ovoid.31. 31.Pileusstriate; stemwithacartilaginousrind. Psathyrella. Pileusnotstriate; stemfleshy. Panaeolus. Theabovearrangementofthegenera,likeeveryotherwhichis basedonsinglecharacters,isclearlyartificial.Hennings*has givenarecentattemptata naturalarrangement,andwhilewe cannotagreewithhiscombinationsofgeneranorwithhisshift ingofseveralgenericnames,wepresentanoutlineofhismain groupsforthediscussionofindividualgenera. *DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1**: 198-276.1898. AGARICALES "5 1. Specieswithobtuse fold-likelamellae(Cantharelleae). Trogiahasa singlesmallcoriaceousspecieswithbrownish pileus andwhitehymeniumgrowingcommonlyonfallenbranches ofalder. Cantharelluscontainsthefleshyspecesofthisgroup,ofwhich theegg-yellowC.cantharellusisthebestknown.Itisverycom monintheforestsofGermanyandotherpartsofEuropewhence itiscommonlycarriedtothemarkets,as wellasinAmerica. cinnabarinusisasmallerbrightorangereddishspecies.* TothissectionthespeciesofCraterellus(p.100)willbeadded whenweattaintoanaturalclassificationoftheseplants. 2.Fleshyspecieswithanastomosinglamellae(Paxilleae). Paxillusistheonlygenusofthissection.Ofourtenspecies P. involutuswithaslightlytomentosepileusofagrayish-brown colorwhosemarginisinvolute,isregardedasedible.f 3. specieswithadeliquescentpileus(Coprineae). TheprincipalgenusofthisgroupisCoprinus,somespeciesof whichareeverywherecommon.Theymaybereadilyrecognized fromthefactthatthepileusmeltstoa blackfluid inkysoonafter thematurityofthespores;forthisreasontheyareoftenknownas ink-caps.Allof thelargerspeciesandsomeof thesmallerones areedible.TheprincipalediblespeciesareC.comatus,threeto nineincheshigh; easilyrecognizedbyitscylindricformandits shaggypileuswhichisformedofyellowish-brownscalesona whitishfoundation; youngplantshaveannulus an ; it often growsingreatabundancewherewastematerialandrubbishhave beendumped.C.atramentariusgrowsinclustersoftenofmany individuals;ithasagrayish-brownpileusandverywidecrowded lamellae.Liketheprecedingitismorecommoninautumn. C. micaceusisasmallerspeciesandisoneof theearliestspring mushrooms.Ithasathinpileusandnarrowlamellae,thepileus beingpalebufforyellowishoftenwithshiningparticlesoverthe surfaceandmarkedwithradiatingstriations.Itgrows,oftenin prodigiousquantitiesaboutthebasesof oldstumpsandiscom- *Peck (Bull.N. Y.StateMus.Nat.Hist.2:34-43)givesdescrip tionsofthetenspeciesgrowingin-NewYork. fPeck(Bull.N.Y.StateMus.Nat.Hist.2:29-33)describesthe fivespeciesofPaxillusgrowinginNewYork. n6 BASIDIOM1XETES monevenonthestreetsofourlargercities.*Itiscommonly eatenrawinsalads. Montagnitesisarareform,knownonlyfromTexasandNew Mexicoinwhichthepileusisreducedtoasimple,disclikeex pansionof theendofthestipe.Itisinterestingonlyfromits relationtocertainpuff-balls.Bolbitiusdiffersfromboththe othergenerainhavingrustybrownspores.ThefiveAmerican speciesaremostlysmallandinconspicuous. 4.Specieswithwaxylamellae(HyGROPHOREAE). Three generafmakeupthisgroup.OftheseGomphidius has blacksporesanddecurrentlamellae.Nyctaliscontainsonly asinglespecies,peculiarinitsparasitichabit; itgrowsusually ontheuppersurfaceofthepileusoflargespeciesofLactarius. ByfarthegreaternumberofthespeciesbelongtoHygrophorus, aboutthirtyspeciesbeingreportedfromthiscountry.Someof thespeciesarehighlycolored,H.miniatusbeingabrightred, andH.psittacinushavingagreenpileusandyellowstem.\ 5. Generaeitherwithamilkyjuice,orwithbrittleadnatelam ellaeandafleshystem.(Lactarieae.) Accordingto Henningsthreegenera§belonghere,butthey haveusuallybeenconsideredasformingonlytwo,anditisper hapsbesttoletthemremainsoforthepresent. Russulais socalledfromthepredominanceofspecieswitha redpileusandcanbeusuallyrecognizedbyitsbrittlecharacter, addedtoitsfleshystemandusuallyadnatelamellae.Alarge numberofspeciesaredescribedfromAmerica,|| butthelimita- * Morgan(Jour.CincinnatiSoc.Nat.Hist.6:173-177)describes thirteenspeciesofCoprinusoccurringinOhio; andMassee(Annalsof Botany,10: 123-184.pi.10,11.1896)hasgivenamonographofthe entiregenus. f Hennings(toe.cit.) alsoseparatesthespeciesofHygrophorus,which haveaslimyveilasadistinctgenus,Limacium. \ Peck(Reg.Rep.23:112-114)describessevenofthespeciesthen knowntooccurinNewYork,butmanyspecieshavesincebeenreported. \Loc.cit.213-221;heseparatesthegenusRussidinafromRussula basedonthespecieswiththesporestingedwithochraceous. || Probablythirtyspecieshave beendescribedandthereareothers. Macadam(Jour.Mycol.5: 58-64,135-141)attemptedasynopsisofour species,buttheworkwasdiscontinuedafterabouttwenty-fivehadbeen described. AG 4RICALES 117 tionsf o thespecieshavenotbeenwelldefined.Someofthe morecommonspeciesmaybedistinguishedfollows: as

A. Specieswitharedpileus. R. emeticavaryingincolorfrompinktoscarlet,withbroad mostlycontinuouslamellaeandastrongpepperytaste.Itsname indicatesitseffectanditistoberegardedamongthepoisonous species. R.lepida,brightordullred,lamellaesomewhatcrowded,often forked; stemwhiteorstreakedwithpink; tastemild; edible. R. rubra,cinnabarredorvermilion,becomingpalerwithage; lamellaecrowded,forkedandwithshorteronesintermixed; taste acrid; poisonous. R.alutacea,frombrighttodeepred,withbuff-yellowlamellae andnuttytaste; edible.

B.Specieswithagreenishpileus. R. virescens,anediblespecieswiththegrayish-greenpileus adornedwithsmall, flocculentscales,andlamellaenarrowedas theyapproachthe stem, occasionallywithafewshortonesinter mixed; edible. R. heterophylla,greenishorpinkishgray,withmilk-white crowdedlamellae,oftenforked,withshortonesintermixed; edible. Besidesthese thereareotherswithapileusofthesamecolors andsomeinwhichthepileusisaclearwhite.Tasteisofspecial importanceinseparatingthespeciesofthisgenus; thosewitha distinctpepperytasteshouldnotbeusedforfood. The speciesofLactariusareveryeasilyrecognizedbytheirmilk, whichexudesfromthe plantsateverypointwhenbrokenorin jured.Nearlyfiftyspeciesarealreadyknownfromthiscountry.* Someofthemorecommonspeciesare thefollowing:

A.Specieswithwhitemilk,whichdoesnotchangecolor. L. piperatusiswhiteandsmoothwithadepressedorfunnel- shapedpileus,withnarrowcrowdedlamellaeandasolidstem; *Peck (Reg.Rep.38:111-133),givesa synopsisoffortyofthese foundinNewYorkwithratherfulldescriptionsandnotes. u8 BASIDIOMYCETES thepileusvariesuptofourincheswideandthestemisshort, varyingfromahalfaninchtotwoincheslong; tastepeppery. L. volemusisanediblespecieswithareddish-brownpileustwo tofiveinchesacrossandastemonetofourincheslongofnearly thesamecolorasthepileus; itiscommonlygregarious.L. rufus,asmallerbrighterredspecieswithanacridpepperytaste, issaidtobepoisonous. B.Specieswithorange-coloredmilk. L.deliciosus,asitsnamewouldimply,isanediblespecieseasily recognizedbyitsusuallydepressedgrayish-orangepileuswhichis markedwithbrighterzones; thelamellaehavenearlysame the color; whenfounditisusuallygregarious.L.Chelidoniumhas ayellowmilknearlythecolorofthatflowingfromcelandine. C.Specieswithbluemilk. L.Indigoisouronlyspecieswhichischaracterizedbyitscolor, whichisalmostprussianbluewithinandawhitishbluewithout. 6.Generawithaleatherypileusandgroovedorsplittingvil louslamellae.(Schizophylleae.) SchizophyllumistheonlygenusofwhichS.communeisevery wherecommononstandingsaplingsoronfallenbranches,vary ingfroma halfaninchtotwoinchesacross.Asecondspecies hasbeenreportedfromNewMexico. 7. Generawithatough,leathery,thinmembranous,orrarely somewhatfleshy,pileus,whichrevivesafterdryingatthereturn ofmoisture.,(Marasmieae.) ThistribeismadeupchieflyofthegenusMarasmius,ofwhich wehavenumerous,*mostlysmallspecies.Alargerediblespe cies,M.oreades,iscommonlyknownas thefairy-ring,because ofitshabitofgrowthincircles; itisverycommoninpastures. Besidesthisgenuswehaveasinglerepresentativeofthetropical genusAnthracophylluminSouthCarolina,asinglespeciesof HeliomycesinAlabama,twospeciesofXerotusalsosouthern, *Somesixtyspeciesaredescribedfromthiscountry.Morgan(Jour. CincinnatiSoc.Nat.Hist.6: 189-194),describesseventeenspeciesoc curringinOhio,andPeck(Reg.Rep.23: 124-126),describesseven occurringinNewYork,butmanyhavesincebeenreported. AGARICALES 119 and severalspecieseachofPanus*andLentinus.\Ofthe formergenusasmallphosphorescentspecies,P.stypticus,ahalf inchormorebroad,isverycommononrottenwood.Ofthe latter,L.lepideusiscommononrailroadties,L.tigrinusinwet, openswampyplaces,andL.strigosusonoldstumps. 8 . Generawithafleshypileus,usuallydecayingrapidlyafterthe maturityofthespores.(Agakiceae.) This tribecontainsalltheremaininggeneraandisbyfarthe largestof thetribes.Forconveniencethegeneramaybedivided intoseveralsmallergroups.Amongthesethemostmarkedare thosepossessingavolvainwhichtheyoungmushroomiscom pletelyenvelopedandwhichremainseitherintheformofaperma nentcupatthebaseofthestemor asaseriesoffloccoseseparable scalesonthesurfaceofthepileus,accordingasthevolvaistough ortender.ThisgroupissometimesknownastheVolvatae\and containssomeofthemostdeadlyaswellassomeofthefinest ediblespecies.Thespeciesareverycommonandasingleoneis probablyresponsibleformostofthefatalcasesofmushroompoi soningthathaveoccurredinthiscountry;thatitmaybemoreeasily detectedandavoidedweillustrateit(Pi.S.f1,2.).It isknown asAmanitaphalloides; thepileusissmooth,white,greenishor brown,andfromthreetofiveinchesbroad; thelamellaeremain white,thebaseisbulbousandislooselymarginedbythevolva; itgrowsinwoods,inopenplacesorintheshadeofbushesin pasturesfromJulytoOctober.A.vernahaspracticallythesame poisonouscharacterandissometimesregardedas thesame; it differsmainlyinitscloserinvestingvolva.Itswhitelamellae, whitespores,andbulbousvolvatebasewillreadilyenableanyone toavoidit. Amanitamuscariaisequallypoisonous,butlackstrim the *HenningsunitesthisgenuswithLentinus.Forster(Jour.Mycol.4: 21-26),describesthefourteenspeciesofPanusfoundinthiscountry. f Twenty-sevenAmericanspecieshavebeendescribed; Morgan(Jour. CincinnatiSoc.Nat.Hist.6: 194-196),describestenofthesewhichgrow inOhio.HehaslaterestablishedthegenusLentodiumonwhathadbeen regardedasadiseasedstateofLentinustigrinus,whichwillprobably proveawell-foundedgenus; itdeservesfurtherstudy. J Ausefulcompilationofdescriptionsofspeciesinthisgrouphasbeen madebyMr.C.G.Lloyd,ofCincinnati(separatelypublished). 120 BASIDIOMYCETES sleeknessofA.phalloides; itisknownastheflyagaricbecause ofitseffectinpoisoningfliesforwhichitissometimesusedinthe country.Thepileusisusuallyayellowrangingfromorangered topaleyellow,theyoungerspecimensbeingusuallybrighter; the lamellaeandstemarewhiteandthelatterisbulbousatthebase. Thevolvaisratherthinandusuallyleavesonlyscalymarginsat itsbase,whilethegreaterpartiscarriedupandremainsinthe formofscatteredfloccosescalesonthepileus.Thedecoctionof thisplantisusedbytheRussiansinSiberiaforproducinghilar iousintoxication.WehaveanalliedthosmallerspeciesinD. FrostianawhichhasdoubtlessoftenbeenconfusedwithA.mus- caria;thelatterfrequentlyhaspileus a sevenoreightinchesin diameterwhiletheformerrarelyreachesmorethantwo. Fromthesenoxiousformsweturntoathirdmemberofthegroup whichhaslongbeenesteemedasanarticleoffoodinSouthern Europe,whereitisveryabundant.IntheItaliancitiesoneoften seesthepeasantwomenbringingittothestreetmarketsinpro digiousquantities.Ithasbeenusedforfoodsincethetimeofthe oldRomansandisknownasAmanitacaesarca.It isequally commoninourSouthernStatesandisoccasionallyfoundasfar northasNewYorkandMassachusetts.Itcan beeasilyrecog nizedbyitsbrightorange-redpileus,bythegills,veil(whichhangs aboutthestemlikeaskirt)andstem,allofwhichareyellow,and bythepersistentcupleftbytheburstvolva.Anotherspecies, A.rubescens,isregardedasedible,butouradvicewouldbeto avoidallvolvatespeciesunless,likeA.caesarea,themarksare absolutelycertain. Asecondwhite-sporedgenuswitha volvaisAmanitopsis, whichdiffersfromAmanitainlackingaveil.A.vaginata,with athin,usuallygrayishpile'is,whichisdistinctlystriateonthe margin,isregardedas edible.* Other generaofvolvateagaricsare: Volvaria,withsalmon coloredspores,ofwhichwehavesevenspecies,andChitonia, withdark-brownspores,ofwhichwehaveasinglespeciesre portedfromNebraska.f *Morgan(Jour.Mycol.3: 25-33)givesdescriptionsofnineteen speciesofAmanitaandnineAmanitopsis. of Peck(RegRep.33: 38-49)givesdescriptionsoffourteenNewYorkspecies.Thespeciesare speciallyabundantintheSouth. IUnderthenameClarkeindeplana. AGARICALES 121 A secondgroupoftheagaricsisknownastheAnnulatae. Theselackthevolvaofthelastgroupbutareprovidedwithaveil whichbecomesanannulusas thepileusexpands.Amongthe white-sporedformswehavethegeneraLepiotaandArmillaria. Thefirstiswellrepresentedwithusbynearlythirtyspecies,* mostlycharacterizedbyascalypileus,freelamellaeandacon spicuous,oftenmovable,annulus.Thespeciesareoftenknown asparasols; thefollowinglargerspeciesarecommonlyeaten: L.procerahasabrownishorreddish-brownpileusthreetofive inchesacrossanda verylong hollowstem, frequentlyreaching teninchesandbulbousatthebase.L.rhacodesresemblesit closelybuthassmallerspores; itisalsoedible. L.naucinoidesdiffersfrommostofthespeciesofthegenusinpos sessinga smoothpileus; itiswhitethroughoutwitha slightly bulbousbasetothestem; thepileusisfromtwotofourinches wideandthestemisfromtwotofourincheslong.-j-Itgrowscom monlyingrassyplacesfromAugusttoNovemberandoccasion allycultivated in fields. L.Morganiisahandsomespeciesreadilycharacterizedbyits greenspores; whilesomepeopleregarditasedible,ithasfre quentlycausedsickness,andistoberegardedasasuspiciousplant. ArmiHariacontainsfewerspecies,\butoneofthem,A.mellea,is verycommon,growinginlargemassesatthebaseofoldstumps; unlikemostof thegenusithasa somewhatscalypileus.The pileusvariesfromwhitishtoreddishbrown,thobrownish-yellow isprobablythemostcommoncolor; thelamellaethowhiteatfirst, finallybecomestainedwithreddishbrown; theveilvariesfrom cottonytomembranous,sometimesdisappearinginolderplants. Whilethisspeciesisregardedasedible,itisnotregardedas speciallyfinegrainedorfineflavored. Amongthepink-sporedspecies,Annulariahasnotbeenfound withus; amongthosewithrustybrownsporeswehavePholiota •Peck (Reg.Rep.35:160-164)hasdescribedtheeighteenspecies growinginNewYork. tProfessorAtkinsonfiguresthisasL.naucina,aEuropeanspecies withwhichoursmaybeidentical. \ Peck(Reg.Rep.43: 40-45) givesasynopsisofthesixAmerican specieswithratherfulldescriptionsofthespeciesandtheirvariationsfound inNewYork. 122 BASIDIOMYCETES withabouttwentyspecies,ofwhichsomeareregardedasedible*; whileamongtheblack-sporedtypeswehaveasinglespeciesof Anellaria. It is,however,amongthespecieswithdarkbrownsporesthat wehavethelargestnumberofannulatespecies; thesearemem bersofthegenusAgaricus\initsrestrictedsensewhichcontains amongothersthecommonfieldmushroomAgaricuscampestris, whichisalsothecommonmushroomofcultivation.Thereare severalalliedspecies,almostanyofwhichareedible.\ Agaricuscampestrisiseasilyrecognizedbyacombinationof charactersallofwhicharetobefoundinthesameindividual. Besidestheveilwhichbecomesanannulus,andfreelamellae,the plantmusthavepinklamellaewhenyoungchangingtodark brownornearlyblackatthematurityofthespores,andastuffed stem,i.e.,softerintheinterior.A.Rodmanigrowsinsimilar places,buthasthelamellaewhiteatfirstandnarrowerthanthe thicknessofthepileus,andasolidstem.A.arvensisandA.sub- rufescensgrowinsimilarlocalities,buthavehollowstems; the formerhasanannulusformedoftwolayersthelowerofwhichis splitintobroadyellowishrays; thelatterhastheannulusfloccose onitslowersurface.A,hemorrhoidariusgrowsinwoodsandmay berecognizedbyitsfleshchangingtoadullredwhenwounded, whileA.placomycesandA.silvaticusgrowinginsimilarsitua tionshavewhiteflesh; theformerhasthepileuscoveredwith persistentbrownscales,whilethelatteriswithoutscalesorhas onlyevanescentones.A.maritimus,recentlydescribed,grows alongthecoastofMassachusetts; itsfleshshowsapinkishorred dishcolorwhencutorwoundedandithasashortsolidstem. BesidesAgaricuswithfreelamellae,Strophariahasadnatela mellae,butwhilesomespeciesarecommon,scarcelyanyareof economicimportance.J ♦Morgan(Jour.CincinnatiNat. Soc.Hist.6:101-104)describes elevenoftheseoccurringinOhio. I Hennings,hecit., forsomeunexplainedreasonabandonsthe usual practiceofassigningthegenericnameAgaricustothisgroupandtransfers toagroupofwhite-sporedspecies. \ SomethirteenspeciesarefoundinAmerica.Peck(Reg.Rep.36: 41-49,and48: 133-143)describesthesevenmostcommonspecies. \ SevenspeciesarerecordedfromAmerica.Morgan(JourCincin natiSoc.Nat.Hist.6:112,113)describesthreeoftheseoccurringin AGARICALES 123 The groupVelataeincludesthosespeciesinwhichthereisa veilintheyoungstage,whichdoesnotremainasanannulus.In somegeneratheveilseparatesentirelyfromthestemandremains attachedtothemarginofthepileuslikeafringe; inothersthe veilislikeaspider'swebandbecomesevanescentasthepileus expands.HypholomaisacommonexampleofthefirstandCor- tinariusofthesecond. Hypholomahaspurplishbrownsporesandincludesanumberof speciesrepresentingtwoverydifferenttypes.*OfonetypeH. incertumisacommonexample,withathin,light-coloredpileus, oftengrowinggregariouslyinlawns.Asecondgroupincludes mushroomsknownasbrick-tops,fwhichgrowuntillateinthe seasoninimmenseclustersaboutthebasesof oldstumps.One ofthesewithabittertaste,H.sublateritium,isreputedpoisonous, whileH.perplexum,withnounpleasanttaste,isregardedas edible. Cortinarius,witharachnoidevanescentveilandrustybrown spores,isoneofourlargestandmostdifficultgenera.% Manyof thespeciesappearonlylateintheseason.Instudyingthespe ciesthecolorof theyoungplantcomparedwiththeold,the viscidity,hygrophaneity,ordrynessof thepileus,thetaste,and themarkingsleftonthestembytheretreatingveilshouldallbe carefullynoted.Probablymanyofthespeciesareedible,and nonearereputedpoisonous.Amongtheediblespeciesare: C.violaceuswitha drydark-violetpileus,twotofourincheswide, markedwithpersistenthairyscales,andabulboussolidstemthree tofiveincheslong. C. cinnamomeushasadryfibrilloseyellowishcinnamon- or brownpileus,withaslenderstuffedorhollowstem,onetothree Ohio. Hennings,/.c,joinsthisgenuswiththelastandgivesthecombi nationthenamePsalliota. *EighteenspeciesofHypholomaarereportedfromAmerica.Morgan (Jour.CincinnatiSoc.Nat.Hist.6: 113-115),describesthesevenspecise occurringinOhio fPeck (Reg.Rep.49: 61,62)givesa synopsissix ofallied thespecies. \Somesixtyspecieshave beenreportedfromthiscountry,butnoconsid erablenumberofthemhaseverbeendescribedinasingleEnglishpub lication.Peck(Reg.Rep.23: 105-112)describestwenty-oneNevf Yorkspecies. 124 BASIDIOMYCETES inches long.Thelamellaeareusuallyyellow,butinthe variety scmi-sanguineustheyarebloodred. C.collinitushasglutinous, a yellowish-tawnyoryellowpileustwo tothreeincheswide,withsolid a stemtwotofourincheslong, whichoftencrackstransversely. Flammulaalsobelongstothisgroupandcanbeeasilyrecog nizedbyitsdecurrentlamellaeanditshabitofgrowingonwood. IthasadozenormoreAmericanspecies.Alliedtothisgenus,but withscarcelyapparentveils,are thegeneraNaucoria*InocybeA Tubaria\andHebeloma.\ TheremaininggeneraconstitutetheEvelatae,possessing neithervolvanorannulus,thepileusnotbeingboundtothestipe withveil a ofanykind.InthisgroupHennings(Joc.cit.)plays havocwiththegeneraasusuallyunderstood.|| Wetreatthem hereastheyhavebeentreatedbyFries,althoughitismorethan likelythatsomechangesinnomenclaturewillbenecessaryonac countofsomenameshavingpreviouslybeenusedforotherplants. Exceptforasinglescarcelynaturalsub-divisionbasedonthe positionofthestem,thegeneraaremostsimplygroupedbythe sporecharacters. i. Withlateralstemsornostemswhatever. Theoystermushrooms,belongingtothegenusPleurotus,are easilyrecognizedbytheirwhiteorwhitishspores.Someofthem *NineteenspecimensofNaucoriaarereportedfromtheUnitedStates; ofthesePeck(Reg.Rep.23: 91-93)describessevenNewYorkspecies. f EightspeciesofInocybeareAmerican;Morgan(Jour.Cincinnati SocNat.Hist.6: 104-106)describesallthesespeciessincetheyoccur inOhio. \TwospeciesonlyarereportedfromAmericaCf.Morgan,JourCin cinnatiSoc.NatHist.6:109, 110. \ EighteenspeciesofHebelomaareAmerican.Peck(Reg.Rep23: 95,96),describesthesixNewYorkspeciesthenreported. || Hennings,loc.a't.,230-268,combinesPsathyrellaandPanaeolusun derthegenusCoprinarius; Agaricas(intheusualsense),andStropharia underthegenusPsalliota;Crepiilotw,PluteolusandGaleraunderDer- minus; allthepink-sporedgeneraunderHyporhodius; andfinallycom binesPleurotus,Omphalic!,Mycena,Collybia, ClitocybeandTricholoma underAgaricus!! AGARICALES maye b foundatallseasonsof theyear,fromlatespringto late autumn,oftengrowinginclustersfromsomeoldstumporlogor evenonthestandingtrunkofsometree; someofthespecies areverysmall.Oftheediblespecies(andnoneareknowntobe injurious)thefollowingarebestknown: * P.sapidus,easilydistinguishedbythepalelilac-tinttoits spores,whichismorepronouncedwheretheyfallinconsiderable quantity.Thepileusisofapale-brownishorash-graycolorand measuresfromthreetosixoreightinchesinwidth. P.ostreatuscloselyresemblesthelast,buthaswhitespores andfrequentlyhasnostematall.appears It inautumnorlate summer. P. ulmariushaswhitesporesandusuallyaneccentricstem; it isusuallyofafirmconsistencyandfrequentlycracksarefound inthepileus.Itcommonlygrowsonelmtrees,whenceitsname, andappearsratherlateautumn. in Claudopus\hassalmon-coloredspores.C.nidulansgrowsin clustersontheundersideoflogsandisahandsomespecies,with tomentosepileusandyellowishlamellae. Crepidotus\hasrusty-brownsporesandismostlymadeupof smallinconspicuousspeciesgrowingfrequentlyonmuchde cayedlogs. 2. Withacentralstem. A. Withblackspores. The formswithblacksporesaremostlysmallmushrodmsgrow ingontheearthinpasturesoroccasionallyonmanure.Psathy- rella\hasastriatepileusandacartilaginousstem,andPanaeolus|| hasafleshystemandasmoothishpileus. *Sometwenty-threespeciesarereportedfromthiscountry.Peck (Reg.Rep.39: 58-67)describestheseventeenspeciesfoundinNewYork. f Fivespeciesonlyarerecordedfromthiscountry.Reck(Reg.Rep. 39: 67-69)includesdescriptionsofallofthese. \Aboutfifteenspeciesarefoundwithus.Peck(Reg.Rep.: 3969-73) describestheelevenspeciesgrowinginNewYork. \Somesevenspeciesoccurin thiscountry.Peck(Reg.Rep.23: 102,103)describesthreespeciesgrowinginNewYork. ||Six ormorespeciesgrowinthiscountry.Peck(Reg.Rep23: 100-102)describesfiveofthese. 126 BASWIOMYCETES B. With darkbrownspores. Severalgeneraoccurhere,thoughmostofthemareincon spicuousandunimportantfromeconomic an standpoint.De- conicamayberecognizedbyitsdecurrentlamellae; wehave onlyonespecies.Psathyra,withtwospecies,andPsilocybe,with eleven,canbedistinguishedintheirearlystagesbytheincurving ofthepileusinthelattergenus,whileitisstraightfromthe firstintheformer.Pilosace,withlamellaefreefromthestem, containsasyetonlysingle a Americanrepresentative. C.Withrusty-brownspores. In thissectionwehaveonlyPluteolus*andGalera,\distin guishedfromeachotherbythefactthatthepileusisviscidand thelamellaefreeornearlysointheformergenus,andthepileus ishygrophanousormoistandthelamellaeattachedinthelatter. D.Withpinkorsalmon-coloredspores. Several generaoccurinthisgroup; amongthemPluteuscan bereadilydistinguishedbyitslamellaebeingseparatefromthe stemwhereitjoinsthepileus; elevenspeciesareknownfromthe UnitedStates.P.cervinusisoneofthecommonestspecies, oftenappearingearlyintheseason,usuallygrowingfromstumps oroldlogs; thepileusisgrayish-brownwithwhitishlamellae changingtoflesh-colorasthesporesmature; thestemisthreeto sixincheslong,nearlyequalandsolid. OftheremaininggeneraClitopilusandEcciliahavedecurrent lamellae.Thelatter,withthreespecies,hasacartilaginousstem, whiletheformer,withfourteenAmericanspecies,\hasfleshy a stem. At leasttwo.ofourspeciesofClitopilusareedible: C. orcella,sometimesknownasthesweetbreadmushroom, growsn i pasturesandopenplacesandhasaslightlyviscidpileus andasoftcontext. *fO theeightspeciesof PluteolusfiveareknownfromAmericaand theyaredescribedbyPeck(Reg.Rep.: 4658-61). f GaleraisalargergenusPeck(RegRep.46: 61-69)describes ourtwelvespecies J AllofthesespeciesofClitopilusaredescribedbyPeck(Reg.Rep. 42: 39-46). AGARICALES 127 C.prunulusismorecompact,withadry,pruinatepileusand isslightlylargerthantheprecedingspecies. The remaininggenera,Entoloma,NolaneaandLeptonia,have adnateorsinuatelamellae; likethespeciesofEcciliatheyhave angularspores.Entoloma,withtwelvespecies,hasafleshystem whilethatintheothertwogeneraiscartilaginous.Nolanea, withsevenspecies,ischaracterizedbyitsbell-shaped,smoothor papillosepileusandstraightmargin,whileLeptonia,withsix Americanspecies,hasalow archedscalypileuswith themargin atfirstincurved.Noneofthesegenerapossessspeciesofeco nomicinterestandingeneralitmaybesaidthatthepink-spored agaricsare theleastimportantofany,thoughthosewithrusty brownsporesfollowcloselybehind. E. Withwhitespores. The white-sporedmembersoftheEvelataeareverynumerous andvarygreatlyinsizeandhabit.Twogenera,Omphalia*and Clitocybe,fhavedecurrentlamellaeandcanthusbeeasilyrecog nized.Theformera hascartilaginousstem,whileinClitocybe thestemisfleshyandcontinuouswiththesubstanceofthepileus. SomeofthespeciesofClitocybeareedible,themostcommon ofwhichare thefollowing: C.infundibuliformis,withafunnel-shapedpileustwoorthree inchesacross. C. nebularisandC.media,thickandfleshy,theformergrayish withcloselamellaeandthelatterbrownwithlamellaedistant. C. elavipesistop-shapedwithabrownishpileusoftenslightly umbonate. C.laccataispinkish,withmoreorlesswaxylamellae.Some areinclinedtoregardthisspeciesanditscongenersasforminga distinctgenus. InthesamegenusisthegorgeousC.illudens,alargegolden- yellowspecies,oftengrowinginimmenseclustersatthebaseof *Omphaliacontainstwenty-fiveormoreAmericanspecies.Peck (Reg. Rep.: 32-42) 45describestwenty-oneofthesewhichoccurin NewYork. f ClitocybecontainsaboutfortyAmericanspecies.Morgan(JourCin cinnatiSocNat.Hist.5: 66-70)describesthirteenspecies; nocomplete synopsisoftheAmericanspecieshasyetappeared. 128 BASIDIOMYCETES oldstumps; someofthepileiarenearlyeightinchesindiameter; thespeciesisunwholesomeifnotpoisonous. Tricholoma*withadnateormorecommonlysinuatelamellaeis theonlyothermemberofthisgroupwithafleshystem,conse quentlyaconsiderablenumberofspeciesare classededible. as Amongthemare: T. eguestrewithaviscidyellowpileustwotofourincheswide andbrightsulphuryellowlamellae; itcommonlygrowsinpine groves.T.sulfureumresemblesthisincolor,butthepileusis notviscid; itisregardedasasuspiciousspecies. T. transmutanshasviscid a tawnyredorreddishbrownpileus aboutthesamesizeasthelast; thestemistwotofourinches longandholloworstuffed. T. imbricatumresemblesthelastinsizeandcolor,butisdis tinguishedbyitspileusnotbeingviscidandbyitssolidstem; the pileusoftenappearsscalyfromtherupturingof theepidermis. T.personatumisoftenabundant.Thewholemushroom,pileus, lamellaeandstemareusuallyapalevioletlilaccolorwhenyoung, fadingsomewhatwithage. Hiatula withadelicateplicatepileusisrepresentedbyasingle speciesinNorthCarolina; mostof thespeciesaretropicalintheir distribution.Thetworemainingwith generasinuateoradnate lamellaeareMycenafandCollybia\;theformerwiththemargin ofthepileusstraightis reputedtocontainediblespecies, butnoneareofmuchprominence.Thelattercontainsseveral verycommonspecies,someofwhicharesaidtobeinjuri ous; othersarecommonlyregardededible.Amongthecom monestspeciesis C.vehitipes,readilyrecognizedbygrow. *Thisgenusislargelyrepresentedinthiscountrybyaboutfiftyspe cies.Peck(Reg.Rep.44: 38-64)hasgivenavaluablesynopsiswith fulldescriptionsoftheforty-sixspeciesoccurringinNewYork. fMycenacontainsaboutfifty-twoAmericanspecies; nofullsynopsis haseverbeenattempted.Peck(Reg.Rep.23: 80-84)describestwelve of thespeciesoccurringinNewYorkState,butmanymorehavebeen sincereported. \ Collybiacontainsfifty-fourAmericanspeciesMorgan(Jour.Cin cinnatiSoc.Nat.Hist.6: 173-177)describesthirteenspeciesoccurring inOhio,andPeck(Reg.Rep.49: 32-55)describesthirty-fourspecies knownfromNewYork, AGARICALES 129 ingn i clusters,oftencloselypacked,fromstumpsandtrunks commonlyofelmtrees,andbyitsyellow-brownpileusandits stem,whichisdarkerandvelvetyatthebase. C. radicataisalsoverycommonandmaybeeasilyrecognized byitsdistantlamellaeandbyitstwistedstemendinginaroot likebasewhichdescendsfrombulbous a orfusiformenlargement. Bothspeciesareclassedasedible. ** The variousgeneraof theorderAgaricalesasconstitutedat presentshowremarkableseriesofconnectingformscombining thevariousfamiliesasnowrecognizedinaninterminablenetwork. Notonlyarethethreerepresentativegeneraof thefamiliesThele- phoraceae,PolyporaceaeandAgaricaceaeconnectedbytheinter- gradingspeciesofintermediategenera,buteachofthethree familiesissimilarlyconnectedwithotherrepresentativegeneraof alltheotherfamiliesof theorder,andoutliersconnectwith variousmembersofthe followingorders. A partofthedifficultyinvolvedappearstobeduetothepartial failuretobasegeneraonnaturalcharacters,toomuchusehaving beenmadeofartificialcharacterssuperficial orresemblances.A partofthedifficultyhoweverisduetothefactthatwehavehere anextensiveevolutionofcomparativelyrecentorigininwhich verymanyof thestepsoftheprogressionarestillinexistence. Afewofthedetailsofthisseriesofinterrelationscanex be pressedbythefollowingschedule: 9 1o3 BASIDIOMYCETES

Lycoperdon

\ Secotium Podaxon Boletus

Agaricus—Lentinus—Lenzites—Daedalea—Polyporus

Thelephora

Corticium

Tomentella AGARICALES

LITERATURE.* Peck. ReportsoftheStateBotanistofNewYork,intheRe gent'sReportsontheStateMuseumofNaturalHistory,22-50: Manyof thesearedifficulttoobtainbutcontainvaluablesyn opsesof variousgeneraofAgaricaceae. Morgan.TheMycologicFloraof theMiamiValley.Jour. CincinnatiSoc.Nat.Hist.6:54-81.PL2-j;97-117;173-199. PL8,g.1883; 7: 5-10.PL1884; 8: 91-110.PL1; 168-174. 1885;9:1-8.1886;10:7-18;188-202.1887;11:86-95. 1888.Containsvaluabledescriptionsandnotes. Fries. HymenomycetesEuropaei.8vo.Upsaliae.1874. Icones selectaeHymenomycetumnondumdelineatorum. 2 vols,folio.Holmiae.1867-1884.Includestwohundredof thefinestplatesofmushroomsyetpublished. Illustrationsof BritishFungi(Hymenomycetes).8 vols. 8vo.PL1-1198.London.1881-1891. Gillet.LesChampignonsdelaFrance.Hymenomycetes, 8vo.PL1-133.Alencon,1878; Planchessupplementaires.PL 1-384.Alencon,1878-1890;Planchessupplementaires,suites. PL1-168.Alencon,1890-1895. Totheseshouldbeaddedtheolderclassicworksof Schaeffer.FungorumBavariaeetPalatinatusicones.5vols., 4to.PL1-330.Ratisbon,1780-1800. Bulliard.HerbierdelaFrance: HistoiredesChampignons delaFrance.7vols.,4to.PL1-612.Paris,1784-1812. Sowerby.ColoredFiguresofEnglishFungiorMushrooms. 3 vols,folio.PL1-400.1797-1803.Supplement.PL1-30. Theselastcontainmanyillustrationsofspeciesbelongingto othergroupsbesidestheAgaricales. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,5: 1-1146(Agaricaceae); 6: 1-760,817-928(Index); 9: 1-257; 11: 1-142. Hennings.DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,i1**:105-276. Massee.AMonographoftheThelephoreae.Jour.Linn. Soc.Botany,25: 107-155.PL45-47.1889;27:95-205.PL 5-7.1890. *Muchf o thedescriptiveliteraturehasalreadybeencitedunderthe variousgeneratowhichitpertains.Someofitisagainsummarizedhere togetherwithothermoregeneralworks; otherliteraturewillbefoundina latersectiononediblefungi. BASIDIOMYCETES

Brefeld.UntersuchungenausdemGesammtgebietederMy- kologie,3:1-226.PL1-lT.1887;8:1-305.PL1-12.1889. .Order8 PHALLALES. This ordercontainsaseriesofmostinterestingfungifromthe standpointofthebotanist,buttomostpeopletheypresentonly theirdisgustingsideandareregardedwithaversion.Theorder includesvariousspeciesknownasstink-hornsandtheirunpleas antodormeritsforthemthename.Manyhouseholdershave soughtinvainfortheremainsofsomedeadanimalontheir premisesandhavefoundthatthecauseoftheirdiscomfortwas oneofthesefungigrowingunobservedfromsomeburiedorganic mattersomewhereontheirlawn.Werethesenseofsmellwant ingorparalyzed,manyof thespeciesofthisorderwouldbere gardedasbeautifulobjectsinnature,buttheirintolerableodor spoilsmost forpeopleanynaturalbeautytheypossess. Likemanyothergroupsoffleshyfungitheyattaintheirhigh estdevelopmentinwarmerlatitudes.Thetwofamilies,however, arebothrepresentedinthiscountryandmaybedistinguishedas follows: Receptaclelatticedorirregularlybranched,sessileor stalked; glebaen closedbythereceptacle. Fam1.Clathraceae. Receptacletubularorcylindric,capitate,withtheglebaexternal. Fam.. 2 . The Clathraceaeareusuallyrareinthenorthernstates,butin theSouth,especiallyinFlorida,speciesofClathrusarecommon, andtheirdisgustingodorwillfrequentlydisclosetheirpresenceat longdistances.ThegeneraknowninAmericaareasfollows: 1.Receptaclesessile,latticed,withcolumnarorobliquelyanastomosing bars. .* Receptacleovateorpyriform,nearlysessile; glebaattachedtotheinner peridiumwhichrupturesirregularly. Phallogaster. Receptaclewithatubularstalk. 2. 2. Receptaclelatticed,withthemeshesofaboutequaldiametereitherway. Simblum. Receptacleendinginfreearmswhichenclosetheglebawhenyoung,but afterwardsdiverge. . * Thespecieswithcolumnarbarshavesometimesbeenseparatedasthe genusLaternea; theseare thecommonspeciesofthegulfregion. PHALLALES 133 Of Clathrus,threespecieshavebeenreportedfromourcountry; C.cancellatusistheonlyspecieswithobliquelatticeworkandis asrareit asisbeautifulanddisagreeable. Phallogastersaccatus(PLg.f.2-4)isarareaberrant showingrelationstotheLycoperdales; itprobablyhasawidedis tributionbutsofarhasbeencollectedbutafewtimes. SimblumrubescenswasoriginallydescribedfromLongIsland andhassincebeenfoundinNebraska.(PL9.f.1.)Anthurus borealisisoursinglespeciesfromNewYorkandMassachusetts; botharerarespecies.AspeciesofLysuruswaspartiallyde scribedbyEllis* fromTexasbutnothingfurtherisknownofit. TheregionoftheSouthwestislikelytogiveusseveraladditions tothisgroupwhenproperlyexplored.Theephemeralnatureof theseplantsissuchthatthesespeciesarelikelytoappearinother localitiesandwillbecollectedassoonascarefulfieldworkersare developed,anditisprobablethatotherspecieswillbefound whenmoreextendedexplorationismade. Thegenuinestink-hornsbelongtothefamilyPhallaceae.Like themembersoftheprecedingfamilytheyoriginateintheform ofeggswhichrisefrommycelialstrandsconnectedwithalarge systemofhyphaedrawingtheirnourishmentfromdecayingvege tation.Wehaveseentheseinterlacingstrandsextendingalong anolddecayinglogfortenfeetormore,producingaseriesofeggs invariousstagesofdevelopment.Thegeneraofthiscountry maybedistinguishedasfollows: 1. Glebaborneontheupperportionofthestipe. . Glebaborneonthesurfaceofa pileuswhichjoinsthestipeatthe apex. 2 2. Withamoreorlessdevelopedveilhanginglikeamembranefromthe fapexo thestipeunderneaththepileus. Dictyophora. Veil entirelywanting. . Of Mutinuswehavetwoorthreespeciesfairlywelldistributed overthe easternandmiddlestates; theyhaveaboutthediameter ofone'sfingerbutaresometimeslonger.TwospeciesofPhallusf * Bull.TorreyBot.Club,7: 31.1880. fyB somethisgenericnamehasbeenabandoned; itoriginatedwith Micheliin1729,and wasusedbyLinnaeuswithhisusualignoranceofaf finitiestoincludethemorelandthesinglestink-hornknowntohim; there isnogoodreasonforsubstitutingtherecentnameIthyphallusforaname longestablished,asFischerandothershavedone. 134 BASIDIOMYCETES occur,. P impudicuswidelydistributedandP.rubicunduswhich isimperfectlyknown.WehaveatleasttwospeciesofDicty- ophora,D.Raveneliiwiththestemtaperingateachendandwith ashortveil,andD.duplicatawithanelegantlatticedveiloften hanginglikeabell-shapedskirtthreeor fourincheswide.Thein dicationsarethatotherspecieswillbefound; a secondspecies witharudimentaryveiloccursinthesouth. Thephalloidshaveusuallybeenheldtobepoisonous,butno onewith theordinarypowersof smellwouldthinkofusingthem asfood.Theodorinmostcasesisusefulforthedissemination ofthesporessincefliesareattractedtotheglebaandsomeofthe deliquescentmassadherestotheirfeetandiscarriedaway. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,7: 1-27; 469,470; 9: 262- 265; 11: 152-156.ThePhalloidsaretreatedbyE.Fischer. Morgan.NorthAmericanFungi.Jour.CincinnatiSoc.Nat. Hist.11:141-149.PI.3. 1889. DescriptionofanewPhalloid.Jour.CincinnatiSoc. Nat. Hist.15:171,172.PL2. 1892. Fischer.VersucheinesystematischenUebersichttiberdie bisherbekanntenPhalloiden.Jahrb.bot.GartenszuBerlin,4: 1-92.PL1. 1886. UntersuchungenzurvergleichendenEntwicklungs- geschichteundSystematikderPhalloideen.Denkschr.Schw. naturf.Gesellsch.32;—(1-103).PL1-6.1890. NeueUntersuchungenzurvergleichendenEntwicke- lungsgeschichteundSystematikderPhalloideen.Denkschr. Schw.naturf.Gesellsch.33:—(1-51).PL1-3.1893. Thaxter.NoteonPhallogastersaccatus.Bot.Gaz.18: 117- 120.PL9. 1893. Burt.ANorthAmericanAnthurus,itsStructureandDevelop ment.Mem.BostonSoc.Nat.Hist.3: 487-505.PL49,30. 1894. The PhalloideaeoftheUnitedStates.I—III.Bot. Gaz.22:273-292.PL11,12;379-391.1896;24:73-92. 1897. Gerard.AnewFungus.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,7:8-11. PL1,2. 1880. HYMENOGASTRALES135 Additionsto theU.S.Phalloidei.Bull.TorreyBot. Club,7: 29,30.1880.

Order. 9 HYMENOGASTRALES. Thisordercontainsafewsubterraneangenera,mostofwhich areCalifornianandnoneofwhicharecommoneastwardexcept asinglespeciesofRhizopogonwhichisabundantinsomeplaces inthesouthernstates.Theplantsaretuberousandgrowjustbe neaththesurfaceofthesoil,ofteninsandyplaceswheretheyare frequentlyexposedbyrainerosion. The generaof thesinglefamilyHymenogastraceaewhichare foundintheUnitedStates,maybeknownasfollows: 1 . Peridiumwantingorobsolete; sporeslongitudinallystriate.Gautieria. Peridiumdistinct. 2 2. Peridiumeasilyseparable. 3 Peridiumnoteasilyseparable. 4 3. Sporesellipticorlanceolate,smooth. Hysterangium. Sporesglobose,echinateatmaturity. Octaviana. 4. Peridiumsurroundedbycreepingthreadsofmycelium. 5. Peridiumthin,silkyvillous,withlittlemyceliumornone; sporesovate orfusiform. Hymenogaster. Peridiumwoolly,fleshy,compact;sporessphe.ical,rough. SCLEROgASTER. 5. Peridiumthick,somewhatleathery; sporeselliptic,hyaline. Rhizopogon. Peridiumthick,tow-like; sporesovateorelliptic,coloredatma turity. Melanogaster. Very fewof thespeciesarecommonlyknownandof thedozen speciesreportedfromCaliforniamanyifnotmostareknownim perfectlyfroma singlecollection.GautieriaandSclerogaster haveeachsingle a Californianspecies; OctavianaandHymeno gasterhaveeachtworepresentativesinCalifornia,andthere maininggenerahaveeachthreespecies,allCalifornianexcept twospeciesofRhizopogonandasinglespeciesofMelanogaster fromSouthCarolina.Onaccountof thesubterraneanhabito thespeciestheyarenoteasytodiscoverandmanyotherforms arelikelybe tofound.Itisprobablethatthereissomerelation betweentheclimateandtheirdistributionandtheyaretobe 136 BASIDI0MYCETES lookedforespeciallyonthePacificCoastandintheSouthwest. Inadditiontothegeneraincludedinthesynopsis,aspeciesof PlilyctosporahasbeendescribedfromNebraskabutlittleisknown eitherofthespeciesorthegenustowhichitissaidtobelong. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,7: 154-180,491,492;9:280, 281; 11: 168-173. Hesse. DieHypogaeenDeutschlands.2vols.,4to'.PL1-22. Halle,1891-1894. Tulasne.FungiHypogaei.Folio.PL1-21.Paris,1851.

Order 10. LYCOPERDALES. Theordinarypuff-ballsformthefamilyLycoperdaceae*which makesupthepresentorder.Invariouspartsofthecountrythey takethenamesofsmoke-ballsordevils'snuff-boxes.Thedustof Bovistapilaissometimesusedinthecountryforstanchingthe flowofblood.their Inearlystagesmostofthelargerspeciesand someof thesmallerareusedforfood.CalvatiaBovista,the giantpuff-ball,sometimesreachesanenormoussizevaryingfrom thesizeofaman'sheadtothatofahalfbushelbasket,thelatter sizeonlyrarelyreached.Suchspeciesdeveloponlywherethereare burieddecayingrootswhosesubstanceiswidelypermeatedbythe mycelium.Asintheprecedingorderthehyphaeareoftencom binedintomycelialstrandsandoftenformanextensivenet-work, especiallyinthosespecieswhichgrowin clustersalongthebases ofveryrottenstumpsoronlogsthathavealmostfallento pieceswithdecay.Theyoungpuff-ballsappearfirstasminute balls,andgraduallyenlargeuntilthenormalsizeforthespecies isattainedwhenthefleshyinteriorwhichuntilnowappeared whiteandcheesy,on takesa yellowishorpinkishcolorand graduallydarkensuntileitherthewholemass,orallexceptamore orlessenlargedbasalportion,becomesfilledwithdust-likespores. Thesporesusually are eitheryellowisholive-brownorpurplish t*I ismorethanlikelythatwhenthecomparativemorphologyofthis orderhasbeencarefullystudied,itwillbefound1"-.ntainseveralfamily typesamongitsdiverseandpeculiarforms.Suchadivisionshouldrest onamorecarefulcomparativeresearchthanthisgrouphasyet received. L YCOPERDALES 137 in thevariousspecies.Thespore-massisoftencommingled withthread-likebodieseithersimpleorintricatelybranched, knownas thecapillitium; thisiscommonlyattachedtothe columellaorwalls,butinsomegeneraitisfree.Theouterpor tionsoftenseparateintotwoorthreelayersandcollectivelyare knownastheperidia.Theouterperidiumintheordinarypuff- ballseparatesinsmallflakesfromtheinnerandfallsawayator beforethematurityofthespores.Intheearth-starsitsplitsinto aseriesofteethandbecomesflattenedormorecommonlyre- flexed.Insomeformsbothlayersof theperidiumbreakupinto aseriesoffragmentsandthe sporesbecomescatteredeitherby thewindormorerapidlybytheaccidentaltreadingofsomeani mal.Inothersinner theperidiumopensbyanapicalmouth andwhencompressedbelchesforthapuffofsmoke-likespores. ThegenusCatastoma(PL9.f.j-7)presentsacuriousanomaly insporedispersionwhichwaslongmisunderstooduntilitstrue methodwasbroughtto lightbyMr.Morgan.Theouterperidium rupturesinacircumscissilemannerabouttheequatorofthepuff- ballitsupperportionremainingattachedtotheapicalhalfthe of ball,whiletheballitselfbecomesseparatedfromthelowerpor tionwhichremainsinthegroundasacup.Theballthenbe comingoverturned,openswithamouthonitsoriginalunder surfaceorbasalportion,andlikethespeciesofsomeothergenera becomesfreebe torolledaboutbythewind,andthusscattersits sporesoverwider a area.Myriostoma(PL7.f.7),ararebut interestingspecies,*opensbyaseriesofperforationssothatthe topresemblesthatofapepper-box.Somespecieshaveacolu mellaformedofaportionofthestemextendingupintothe spore- chamber; inafewgenerathiscolumellaextendsthroughtothe apexoftheperidium; inrarecasesthesporecavitiesaresepa ratedbyradiatinglamellaeandthusaseriesofapparentcon nectinglinksunitethepuff-ballstotheagarics.Thusfaranum berofpeculiaroruniqueformshaveappearedonthePacific coastandinthesemi-aridregionsofNewMexicoandArizona, butlittleisyetknownexceptofthemereexistenceofthese genera.Theknowledgeofthedevelopment,affinitiesanddis- *Thishasbeen':reportedfromonlythreestationswidelyseparated,in Colorado,FloridaandOntario.Cf.Morgan,Am.Nat.26:341,342, 1892; andCook,Bot.Gaz.23: 43,44,1897. BSAIDIOMYCETES tributionofthespeciesinthegeneraBatarrea,Polyplociumand Podaxonawaitsthecarefulfieldworkof residentbotanistsinthese regionssofertileinstrangefungousproductions. ThegeneraoftheLycoperdaceaecanbedistinguishedas follows: 1.Outerperidiumremaininglikeavolvaatthebaseofthestem. 2. Outerperidiumsplittingintostar-likereflexedpersistentsegments(earth stars). 3. Outer peridiumbecominggelatinousandlaterdisappearing; root-like baseinterlaced of fibers; liningofinnerperidiumreddish,appear ingatthestarlikemouth. Calostoma. Outer peridiumfragile,moreorlessdeciduous,oftencoveredwith warts,spinesorscales. 5. 2.Innerperidiumintheformofapileus,splittingbeneathintothickpro cesses. Polyplocium. Innerperidiumcircumscissile,theupperpartseparatinglikealid. Batarrea. 3.Innerperidiumopeningbyasinglemouth. 4. Innerperidiumopeningbyseveralmouths. Myriostoma. 4.Columellapresent; threadsofcapillitiumsimple,taperingtoeach end. Geaster. Columellawanting; threadsofcapillitiumlong,muchbranched,inter woven. Astraeus. 5. Peridiumwithadistinctstalk; columellaifpresentnotextendingtothe apex. 6. Peridiumsessileorshortstalkedwitha columellaextendingtothe apex. 7- Peridiumsessilewithamoreorlessthickenedsterilebase. 8. Peridiumsessilewithoutsterilebase,spore-bearingthroughout; threads of capillitiumfree. 10. 6. Peridiumcloselyattachedtothestalk,openingbyanapicalmouth. Tyi.ostoma. Peridiumreadilyseparatingfromthestalk,openingirregularly. Queletia. 7.Capillitiumwanting; sporesborneonmoreorlesslamellarfolds. Secotium.* * Curiousformswithmoredistinctlamellae,growinginLowerCalifornia, NewMexicoandWesternTexas,havebeenvariouslyreferredtothegenus ,agenusoriginallyfoundedonanAlgerianspecies.The speciesare,asyet,tooimperfectlyknowntoreferdefinitelytothisorany othergenus.Here,again,isanopportunityforlocalbotaniststomakea genuinecontributiontoscience. L YCOPERDALES 139 Capillitiumfloccose; columellarigidlikea stalk,theperidiumopen ingaboutitsinsertion. Podaxon. Capillitiumfloccose; peridiumsplittinglaterally; columellafloccose Cauloglossum. 8.Peridiumgraduallybreakingintofragmentsfromabovedownwards. C'ALVATIA. Peridiumopeningbyasingleapicalmouth. 9. 9.Capillitiumrisingfromtheinnersurfaceoftheperidium,long,slender, simpler o branched. Lycoperdon. Capillitiumfree,short,severaltimesdichotomouslybranched. Bovistella. 10. Peridiumopeningbyabasalmouth,thelowerpartoftheouterperidium remainingattachedtothesoil,thepuff-ballbecomingoverturnedand free; threadsofcapillitiumshort,simpleorscarcelybranched. Catastoma. Peridiumopeningbyanapicalmouth; threadsofcapillitiumshort, severaltimesdichotomouslybranched. BoviSTA. Peridiumopeningbythebreakingoftheupperportionintofragments; threadsofcapillitiumshortwithfewbranchesandscatteredprickles. Mycenastrum. Calostoma*is representedbythreeknownAmericanspecies. Theearlierstagesareunknown,buttheorangeredperidiacan commonlybeseennestlinginatranslucentreminding covering, oneof theyolksofeggslyingintheirwhitesastheyarebroken intothefryingpan.Thisgelatinouscoveringdisappearslater andtheroot-likebaseformedofinterlacingmycelialfiberssup portstheperidiumwhoseliningvariesfromcinnabarredtoa brilliantscarlet,thecolorshowingitselfatthestarlikemouth whosebeautygivesname the Calostomatothegenus.The speciesoccurfromNewEnglandtoAlabama. PolyplociumhastwospeciesgrowinginsandysoilinCalifornia, butneitheriswellknown.Batarreaisaverypeculiargenus, onespeciesfromNewMexicohavingastoutstemasthickasa man'sthumb,afootlong,withapersistentscalyvolva; the plant formsdeepintheground,itsperidiumappearingasacushion likemassabovethesurface,itsconvexportionseparatingfrom theflattenedbasalportionlikealidandexposingthesporesand capillitium; thesameoranalliedspeciesfromCaliforniahasbeen * UntilrecentlybetterknownunderthelaternameofMitremyces. 140 BASIDIOMYCETES referredtothelittleknownEuropean/?.phalloides,andstillan otherspecieshasrecentlybeendescribedfromNevada.* Theearth-starsformanexceedinglyinterestinggroupoforgan ismsandarerepresentedwithusbythreewell-markedgenera. OftheseAstraeusisthemostcommon,beingfoundeverywhere insandysoil; itsouterperidiumwhichintheearlystagescovers theinnerandformsacompactball,splitsintoseveralrigidstar liketeethwhichspreadoutwhenmoistandcontractwhendryso astoagainfoldovertheinnerperidium; thispeculiarsensitive nesstomoisturehas giventheplantthespecificname,hygro- metricus.Whendryitisrolledaboutbythewind,asitsevered itsmycelialconnectionsthatproduceditassoonasitsspores weremature,andasitistumbledalongitscattersitssporesover awideextentofterritory; whenrainor thedewynightovertakes it,itabsorbsthemoistureandspreadsitselfout,totakeupitsend lessmarchassunandwindagainappeartoreduceitoncemore toaballandsetitrolling. ThetrueearthstarsbelongtoGeasterwhichisrepresentedin thiscountrybynearlytwentyspecies; someoftheseformstars threeinchesacrosswhilethesmallestareoftenlessthananinch; some,likeG.triplex,showthreelayerstotheperidium; G. fornicatusandsomeothersbecomearchedup ontheirstartipsso astobeabletosiftouttheirsporesmorereadily.Myriostoma, asnotedabove,containsasinglerarespecieswhichhasprobably beenoverlooked,andwilllikelybefoundtohaveawidedistribu tion.Tylostomahasaslenderstalkusuallylessthanone-fourth ofaninchindiameter; ahalfdozenspeciesoccurwithus,of whichT.mammosumismostwidelydistributed.Queletia,an otherstalkedgenus,hasthickerstems,andopensirregularlyin steadofapicallyasinthelastnamedgenus; itssinglespeciesis veryrare,havingbeenreportedfar thusfromasinglestationonly.f SecotiumandPodaxonareusuallyrare,thoughtheformeris sometimesfoundabundantlyincultivatedfieldsandpastures; withGyrophragmiumitformsanapparentpassagetotheagarics andforthisreasoncareful a morphologicalstudyof theseforms isadesideratum.Cauloglossumcontainsoneimperfectlyknown southernspecies. *BatarreaattenuataPeck,Bull.TorreyBot.Club,22:208.1895. fTrexlertown,Pennsylvania. NIDULARIALES 141 Calvatiacontainsourlargestpuff-balls; besidesC.Bovistaal readynoted,C.cyathiformiswithpurplishspores,andC.cranii- forinisandC.caelatawitholivaceousspores,areratherwidely distributedsometimesgrowinginhorsepasturesinearlyautumn inprodigiousquantities; alltheformsareediblebeforeflesh the haschangedfromitsfreshwhitecolor. Lycoperdondiffersinhavinganapicalmouth,andcontains mostlysmallspeciesrangingfromhalf ainchtotwoinchesin di ameter; somehavetheouterperidiumbeautifullysculpturedinto spinesandotherprojectionsoftenarrangedinpatterns; thisisthe largestgenus,containingoverthirtyAmericanspecies.Bovistella, withonespecies,B.Ohiensis,differsinitsfreecapillitiumandis veryabundantintheSouthernStates; itshemisphericsterile basesarefrequentlylongpersistent. Catastomaisrepresentedbythreespecies,andBovistabyfive; amongtheseB.plumbea,aninchor soindiameter,isregarded asadelicacywhenyoung.FinallyMycenastrumhasasingle speciesdistributedfromWisconsintoNewMexico. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,7:48-133,470-488;9:266- 278; 11: 157-167. Morgan.NorthAmericanFungi.Jour.CincinnatiSoc.Nat. Hist.12:8-22.PI.1,2.1889;163-172.PL16.1890;13:5- 21.PL1,2. 1891; 14: 141-148.PL5. 1892. Amostvaluablemonographincludingdescriptionsofour species. Peck. UnitedStatesSpeciesofLycoperdon.Trans.Albany Inst.9: 285-318.1879.(Separatepp.34.) Trelease.TheMorelsandPuff-ballsofMadison.Trans. Wis.Acad.Sci.7: 105-120.PL7-p.1889. Massee.AMonographof theGenusCalostomaDesv.Ann. Bot.: 25-45. 2 PL3. 1888. Burnap.NotesontheGenusCalostoma.Bot.Gaz.23:180- 192.PLi9.1897. Webster.NotesonCalostoma.Rhodora,1 : 30-33.1899. Order 11. NIDULARIALES. Thisorder,witha singlefamilyNidulariaceae,includesthe bird'snestfungi,aseriesofsmallcuriousfungialliedtothepuff ■

142 BASIDIOMYCETES nballsi whichthecellularcavitiesbearingthesporespersist are entandremainassporangioleswithintheperidium.Thespecies areinconspicuousbutrathercommon.Cyathusvernicosus,with ash-coloredtrumpet-shapedperidiaisfoundincultivatedground, eachperidiumcontainingafewflattenedsporangioleswithin; C. striates,withbrownishperidia,ismorecommonlyfoundondried dung.Crucibulumvulgare,withyellowishis bowls,foundattached totwigsorbitsofwoodoreventodecayingbitsofmattinginrub bishpiles; thisbearsa morestrikingresemblancetoabird's nestafteritsmembranousoperculumseparatesfromthemouthof theperidiumandexposesitsegg-like sporangioles.Sphaerobolus hasasinglesphericalsporangiolewhichisforciblydischarged, probablybytheaccumulationof thegasesofdecompositionunder neathitsviscoussphere.Thegeneramaybedistinguishedas follows: 1.Peridiumdouble,stellately laciniate,theinnercontainingasinglevis cous sporangioleforciblydischargedatmaturity.Sphaerobolus. Peridiumsingle. 2. 2.Peridiumcontainingasinglesporangiole,setuloseatbase.Thelebolus Severalsporangiolesineachperidium. 3. 3.Peridiumfurnishedwithadeciduousoperculum. 4. Peridiumopeningbyalaceratemouth. NlDULARlA. 4. Peridiumtubular-trumpet-shapedofthreeadnatelayers; sporesmixed with filaments. . Peridiumbowl-shapedofonecottonylayer; nofilamentsamongthe spores. . The speciesare notnumerousandthosedescribedfromthis countryhaveneverbeencomparativelystudied; someofthe speciesearlydescribedbySchweinitzhaveneverbeenidentified.

LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,7: 28-47I 9: 265,266; 11: I56.157- Tulasne.Recherchessur1'organizationetlemodedefructifi cationdeschampignonsdelatribudesNidulariees,suiviesd'un essaimonographique.Ann.Sci.Nat.III.1: 41-107.PL3-8. 1844. SCLERODERMATALES143

Order12. SCLERODERMATALES. Thethick-skinnedpuff-ballsofwhichthecommonScleroderma vulgareisthetype,belongtotheSclerodermataceae.Thespecies arenotnumerous,butsomeofthemarequitewidelydistributed andabundant.Ourcommonspeciesgrowsaboutoldstumpsand buriedrootsandiseasilyrecognizedbyitsroughwartyexterior andsolidstructurewhich,beforematurity,isabluishleadcolor within;lateritrupturesirregularlytoscatteritsspores. SclerodermaJlavidumisveryabundantsouthward,oftengrow inginclustersalongwalksandinpartlycultivatedground.S. Geasteropensbyirregularstar-liketeeth.Thespeciesof Poly- saccumcontainsporangiolessocloselypackedtogetherthatthey oftenbecomeangular; onespeciesinthesouthfrequentlybe comesaslargeas thedoublefists.TheAmericanspecieshave neverbeencomparativelystudied.Thegenerareportedwithus areasfollows:* 1. Enclosingsporangiolesatmaturity. 2. Nosporangiolesatmaturity. 3- 2.Wallofperidiumsingle. polysaccum. Wallofperidiumdouble,thin. Arachnion. 3.Peridiumdistinctlystalked. PHELLORINA.f Peridiumsessileorwitharoot-likebase. Scleroderma. The lastgenusistheonlyonewhichisinanywaycommon. TwoorthreespeciesoccurintheNorthernStatesandasmany moreintheSouth. LITERATURE. Saccardo.SyllogeFungorum,7: 133-154,489-491; 9: 278- 280; 11: 167,168. Thisgroupas wellasthatofthethreeprecedingorderswas elaboratedbyDr.J.B.DeToniforSaccardo'sSylloge.

*ThegenusCenococcumhitherto referredherehasveryuncertainrela tionsandmaynotbelongtothisorderorevenclass.Massee(Jour. Mycol.5: 184.1889)hasoriginateda genusStellawithadoublepe ridium,the outerstar-like,foundedonaSouthCarolinaspecies,butnoth ingisknownofsucha plantonthissideoftheAtlantic. f Thisgenusisnotwellknown.AsinglespeciesfromCaliforniawas describedby Peck(Reg.Rep.43:35). 144 BASIDIOMYCETES EdibleFungi. Intheprecedingpagesallusionhasfrequentlybeenmadeto certainfungusspeciesasedible.Somespecieswereusedbythe Romansasafoodandhavecontinuedinusetothepresentday; alloverthecontinentofEuropemanyspeciesarecommonly seeninthemarketsandareusedbyallclassesofpeople.Dur ingtheseasonwhenAgaricuscampestrisappearsinabundance inEnglishpastures,specialmushroomtrainsbringthecroptothe Londonmarkets.Inthiscountrylessattentionhasbeengivento themushroomasanarticleoffoodandexceptincertainquarters onlycultivatedformsofAgaricuscampestrishaveappearedin themarkets,thoinsomepartsofthecentralWestthemorel iscommonlyeatenasthespringmushroom.Withtheestablish mentofmycologicalclubsthroughoutthecountry,theknowledge oftheediblespecieswillextendandwemayexpectinafew yearstofindthemmoregenerallyemployedasfood.Mean whilethechemistsandphysiologistsareconsideringtheirnutritive qualitiesandatpresenttheindicationsarethattheywilldiscover thefungimuchlessnutritivethantheyhavebeensupposedtobe.* Notwithstandingallthistheywillcontinuetoberegardedas delicacies,whichtheyreallyare,andanincreasedknowledgeof theirvaluewillverywidelyextendtheiruse. Withtheiruseasfoodhascomeaspecialliteraturebearingon theformsdesirabletobeusedforthatpurpose.Thebestofthis isasfollows: Fries.SverigesatligaochgiftigaSvampar.Folio,92plates. Stockholm,1861. Vittadini.DescrizionedeiFunghimangerecci.4to,44plates. Milano,1835. Gibson.OuredibleToadstoolsandMushrooms.8vo,j8 plates.NewYork,1895. Cooke.EdibleandpoisonousMushrooms.8vo,18plates. London,1894. Peck.AnnualReportoftheStateBotanistoftheStateofNew York.4to,44plates.Albany,1896. *Onthissubjectcf.Mendel.ThechemicalCompositionandnu tritiveValueofsomeedibleAmericanFungi.Amer.Jour.Physiology, 1: 225-238.1898. EDIBLE FUNGI 145 MushroomsandtheirUses.Pamphlet,pp.35.Cam bridge,1897. Thebestsimpledescriptiveworkonediblespecies. Atkinson.StudiesandIllustrationsofMushrooms,I.,II.Bull. CornellUniv.Exp.Station.138: 337-366./.87-112.1897; 168: 491-516./.83-97.1899. Michael.FiihrerfurPilzfreunde.i2mo,jjplates.Zwickau, 1897. The bestlow-pricedworkwithcoloredplates. Hay.AnelementaryText-bookofBritishFungi.8vo. London,1887. Speciallyvaluableforitsrecipes. 10 CHAPTERIX

FUNGUSALLIESTHEMYXOMYcETES

(Slime Moulds,Mycetozod) For manyyearsthegroupoforganismsknownunderthe variousnamesofMyxomycetes,Myxogasters,Mycetozoa,orslime- mouldswereassociatedwiththefungiandcuriouslyenoughwere classedwithpuff-balls the becauseoftheirsuperficialresemblances. Insteadofhavingrelationswiththishighestorderoffungithey standatthebottomroundof plantlife,if,indeed,theyareplants atall,forsomebotanistseveninsistthattheyarenotplants. Thezoologists,however,rarelyclaimthemandtheseexquisiteor ganismsarelikelytobeneglectedfrombothsidesofthebiological household. Aslime-mouldisanorganismvaryinginsizefromdime a toa dinnerplate,consistinginthegrowingstageofanaked massof yellowishorwhitishslimyprotoplasmcalledaplasmodium,pos sessingacreepingmotion,lovingdarknessratherthanlight,and livinginoldrottinglogsorstumps,oroccasionallyonspenttan- bark,oramongtherubbishofoldchipyards.Afteraperiodof feedingonthejuicesofdecayresultinginagrowthwhichextends throughalongerorshorterperiod,itrollsitselfupintoaball,or inmostcasesaseriesofsmallballs,formsathickenedwallabout itssubstanceanddividesintoamultitudeofmicroscopicdust-like spores. Tounderstanditslifehistorymoreindetail,wemaycom mencewithasinglesporeandfollowitscourseupwarduntilit resultsinreproducingitselfinsporesagain.Thesporeonfind ingitselfinasuitableconditionofwarmthandmoisturecom mencestoabsorbwater, swellsupandfinallyburstsitssoftened shellandemergesasamerenakedbitofjelly.Itthenforms fromstreamingportionsofitselfdelicatecilia,bythelashingof whichitmanagestowriggleitswayabouttobetterfeeding groundsthanithappenedtobeleftinasa spore.Besides 146 MYXOGASTRALES147 nfeedingo bacteriait absorbsliquidnutrimentrapidly,and soondividesitselfintotwoorganismssimilartoitself,thisdivision« continuingwithgreaterorlessrapidityuntilalargenumber, usuallyaswarm,ofthesebodiesaredeveloped,eachcontinuing tofeedonitssupplyofnutrimentandincreasingtoacertainsize. beforedivision.Whenacertainstageofthismultiplicationhas beenreached,theswarmcommencesareverseprocess,bya unionintoamasswhichultimatelygathersallintoitstrain,add ingtoitselfanystragglersthatmaybepickedupalongitslineof march.Whentheindividualsarethusabsorbedintotheplas modiumtheylosetheirciliaandthewholeplasmodiumprogresses fromplacetoplacebyaseeminglycreepingmotionwhichis reallytheresultofastreamingprocessthatoccurswithinpro the toplasm,alternatelyproducinga forwardandbackwardflow. Manyspeciesformtongue-likeinterlacingmasses,inwhichthe alternatingcurrents,strongerorweaker,determinethedirection ofmotionofthemass.Bycultivatingtheplasmodiuminamoist chamberonwetdecayingwood,itisaneasymattertomakea demonstrationofthisstreamingmotiononglassso thatthemove mentmaybemadethedirectobjectofmicroscopicexamination. Atalmostanytimeduringsummerandautumnmassesofthis networkofyellowishprotoplasmmaybefoundbytearingopen soggydecayinglogsintheforest. When theplasmodiumhasreachedacertainsizeitcreepsup toaconvenientmoreorlessexposedpositiononalogorstump orspreadsitselfovervioletleaves,orcreepsupthestemsof grasses,orclambersoverbedsofmossorevenclimbstrees,in ordertosecureafavorablepositioninwhichtoproduceitsspores wheretheymaybemoreeffectivelydisseminated.Ina few casesthewholemasssurroundsitselfwithamoreorlesstoughwall andtheinteriorportionthendividesitselfintoinnumerabledust likesporeseachoneofwhichisitselfsurroundedbyathinbut imperviouswallsoastomaintainitscontentsfromcompletely drying up.*Inagreaternumberofspeciestheplasmodium *Threemethodsofproducingsporesresultinbodieswhichreceive specialnames: 1. Stalkedorsessilesporangiaareproducedaboutcentersintheplas modiumastheprotoplasmassumesanupwarddirection.Thesesporangia areofadefiniteshapeforeachspeciesandusuallyquiteuniforminsize. 148 MYXOMYCETES breaksp u intoalargenumberof separatebodieseachofwhich formsitsowncoveringanddevelopsindependentlyitsown spores.Ina fewcases thesesporesareproducedthe from wholemassoftheplasmodiumwithinthewall; inmostcases, however,theplasmodiumformsbothsporesandthread-like bodies,knownascapillitium,whichareoftenofexquisitede signsandaremarkedinelegantpatterns.Thisservesinvar iouswaysthepurposeofburstingthewallofthespore-caseand moregraduallyscatteringthespores.Thesesporesmayinsome casesgerminateatonceortheymayremainforalongperiod beforegermination.Specimenshavebeenkeptfornearlyfour yearswithoutlosingtheirpowerofgermination,anditisquite possiblethey thatwouldremainalongertimeifkeptunderfav orableconditions. Under certainconditionstheplasmodiummaytakeuponit selfamoresolidformresultinginpartfromtheexclusionof itswaterandcompactitselfintoahardenedcheesymasswhich willremainina dormantconditionforagreaterorlesstime, sometimesforyears,beforeitisawakenedintolifebythena turalrecurrenceoffavorableconditions.In thesevariousways theformsofslimemouldshavemaintainedthemselvesasadis tinctgroupandhavebecomewidelydistributedoverthefaceof theearth. The timerequiredforthegerminationofthesporesafterbeing placedinwaterdependsonvariouscausesandmayoccurinas shorta spaceasahalfhourormayrequirenearlyaday.The timenecessaryforaplasmodiumtotransformitselffromacreamy massof slimetofullyformedsporangiawillalsovaryindifferent speciesbutinthecaseof Stemonitiswehaveknownthewhole transformationtotakeplaceinthehoursbetweentenatnightand fivethefollowingmorning. The footof thestalkissometimesexpandedintoahypothallusandthisin turnfuseswithsimilarexpansionsfromotherstalkssoastoformacon tinuousmembrane. 2.Aplasmodiocarpelongate,irregular,andoftenbranchedorreticulate isformedflatonthesubstratumfromthetransformationoftheplasmodium. 3.nA aethalliumconsistingofamassformedbythefusionofmany sporangiaorplasmodiocarpseitherregularlyormoreoftenirregularly. Thisissometimescoveredwithacortexsecretedfromtheprotoplasm. MYXOGASTRALES149 TheorganismsbelongingtotheclassMyxomycetes*maybe separatedintothreeordersfollows as : Saprophytic; notunitingintodefiniteplasmodia;nocommonsporangial wall. Acrasiales. Parasiticinlivingplant-cells,formingatrueplasmodium. Plasmodiophorales. Saprophytic; formingatrueplasmodiumfromwhichsporesaredeveloped, usuallyinsporangia. Myxogastrales. The firstordercontainsafewlittle-knownorganismsthatare foundmostlyinmanure; theAmericanformshaveneverbeen speciallystudied. ThePlasmodiophoralescontainaseriesofparasitesmostlyat tackingtherootsofvariousplants,producingroottubercles. FrankiaalniquitecommonlyproducesroottuberclesonAlnus, andF. ceanothiisequallycommonontherootsofCeanothus Americanus.Plasmodiophorabrassicaecausestheso-calledclub footfofcabbage,turnipsandotherplantsof themustardfamily, bothwildandcultivated; it frequentlycausesconsiderable damage. Thetrueslime-mouldsbelongtotheMyxogastrales.Notwo writersagreeonthedivisionintofamilies,genera,orspecies,but thefollowingartificialsynopsiswillprobablybeusefulinenabling astudenttorecognizethegenerafoundinthiscountry: 1. Sporeswhite,developedontheoutsideoftheplasmodium. Ceratiomyxa. Sporesdevelopedwithinsporangia,plasmodiocarpsoraethallia.2. 2.Sporesbrownishorbrownishviolet. 3. Sporesnevervioletthousuallybrightcolored. 20. 3.Capillitiumpresentamongthespores. 4. Capillitiumwanting. Protodermium. 4. Sporangiawithdepositsof limeontheoutersurface. 5. Sporangiawithoutdepositsoflimeonthe outersurface. 13. 5.Sporangiasimple. 6. Sporangiaunitedinanaethallium. 12. *sA statedonp.19,itwouldseembesttoregardtheMycetozoaascon stitutingaphylumorprimarydivisionoftheplantworld.Thephylum thenwillcontainthesingleclassMyxomycetes. f ThisisnottobeconfusedwithsimilarswellingsproducedintheSouth andelsewhereonmanycultivatedplantsby nematodeworms... > MYXOMYCETES 6. Tubulesofthecapillitiumfilledwithlimethroughout. 7. Tubulesofthecapillitiumwithdepositsoflimeattheknots,within terveningvacantspaces. 8. Tubulesf o thecapillitiumwithoutlime. 11. 7. Stipeprolongedintothesporangiumasacolumella.Scyphium. Stipenotenteringthesporangium. Badhamia. 8. Stipeprolongedasacolumella. 9. Stipenotenteringthesporangium. 10. 9. Sporangiumoblong,withare-entrantapex. Physarella. Sporangiumglobose,withaconvexapex. Cytidium. 10. Sporangiaopeningwithanoperculum. Craterium. Sporangiaopeningirregularly. Physarum.* 11. Wallofsporangiumwiththeoutercalcareouslayerusuallycompacted into asmoothcontinuouscrust. Chondrioderma.f Wallofsporangiumbearingminutestellatelimecrystals.Didymium. Wallofsporangiumwithanouterlayeroflargescalesoflime. Lepidoderma. 12. Aethalliaformedofconfluentsporangiawithcolumellae,whitish; limen o thesurfaceintheformofstellatecrystals.Spumaria. Aethalliacompact,withoutcolumellae,yellowishorbrownish; lime onthewallsintheformofroundedgranules. Fuligo. 13.Plasmodiumformingsimplesporangia. 14. Plasmodiumforminglarge aroundishaethallium.Amaurochaete. Plasmodiumformingelongateirregularplasmodiocarps.19. 14. Capillitiumsuspendedfromthediscoidenlargementofthe topofthe columella,nearlysimple. Enerthenema. Capillitiumgrowingfromamoreorlesselongatecolumella.15. Columellawanting; sporangiaovoid,polished. Leocarpus. 15.Columellaextendingnearlytotheapexofthesporangium.18. Columellascarcelyextendingtothecenteroftheglobosesporangia.16. 16.Stipeandcolumellafilledwithlime,whitishyellowish. or Diachaea. Stipeandcolumellabrownishorblack. 17. 17. Threadsofcapillitiumseveraltimesforked,notformingnet-work. a Clastoderma. Threadsofcapillitiumanastomosingtoformanet-work. Lamproderma.

* Tilmadocheisseparatedfromthisgenusbysome. fMorganadoptsthegenericnameDidermaforthis,butitisuntenable, sinceitwasoriginallyfoundedbyPersoonforasinglespecies,notnow regardedasbelongingtothisgenus. MYXOGASTRALES 18.Capillitiumforminganinteriornet-workoflargermeshesandasuper ficialnet-workofsmallerones. Stemonitis. Capillitiumformingonlyaninteriornet-work,andreachingthewallof thesporangiumwithnumerousfreeextremities.Comatricha. 19. Plasmodioc'arplaterallycompressed,splittingintotwovalves. . Angioridium. Plasmodiocarpterete,elongate,openingirregularly.Cienkowskia. 20.Capillitiumwanting. 21. Capillitiumpresent. 25. 21. Wallofsporangiumofuniformtexture,orwantingentirely. 22. Wallofsporangiumwithnet-likethickeningsontheinsideforminga sieve-likeapparatusbythefallingawayoftheouterlayer. 24. 22. Sporangiajoinedintoa flataethallium,theirwallsreducedtotri angularthreadsatthesixanglesoftheunitedsporangia. Clathroptychium. Sporangiaeithergrowingsingly,usuallyirregularinshape,orcrowded together,but]Jnotforminganaethallium. 23. 23. Sporangiagrowntogethernearlytheirentirelength,usuallyraisedon astronglydevelopedstem-likehypothallus. Tubulina. Sporangiausuallyofirregularshape,orregular,singleorclustered. Licea. 24.Thickeningsofparallelribsconnectedbymuchmoreslendertrans versebranches. Dictydium. Thickeningsofnet-workthinfiberswithenlargedknots.Cribraria. 25. Sporangiaoraethalliawithcolumellae. 26. Sporangiaoraethalliawithoutcolumellae. 27. 26. Sporangiacrowdedonawell-developedhypothallus.Siphoptychium. Sporangiaforminganaethalliumwithathickbark.Reticularia. 27. Capillitiumwithirregularorindefinitemarkings; sporangiasessile with thickbrownwalls. 28. Capillitiumwithregularanddefinitethickeningsintheformofwarts, spines, ringsorreticulations. 29. Capillitiumwithregularanddefinitethickeningsintheformofspirals turningo t theright. 32. 28.Plasmodiumformingroundishorhexagonalsporangia,openingina circumscissilemanner. Perichaena. Plasmodiumformingamoreorlesselongate,bentandflexuousplas modiocarpwhichisirregularlydehiscent. Ophiotheca. 29.Sporangiaenlarged(0.5-2cm.indiameter),resemblingsmallpuff- balls,withacortexofcoloredcells. Lycogala. Sporangiasimple,small. 30. MYXOMYCETES 30.Capillitiumgrowingfromnumerouspointsinthesporangialwall. Lachnobolis. Capillitiumissuingfromtheinteriorofthestipe. 31. 31.Capillitiumformingadensenet-work,withoutfreeextremities. Arcyria. Capillitium.forminga net-workbearingnumerousshortacutefree branches. Heterotrichia. 32. Capillitiumarisingfromthebaseofthesporangiumortheinteriorof thestipe. 33. Capillitiumfreewithinthesporangia,formingelaters. 34. 33. Spiralmarkingsofcapillitiumparallelandconspicuous. Hemiarcyria. Surfacef o capillitiummarkedbyasystemofbranchingveinswhich appearattheapicesasirregularspirals. Calonema. 34.piral S markingsofcapillitiumparallelandconspicuous.Trichia. Surfaceofcapillitiummarkedwithirregularspirals.Oligonema. Theslime-mouldsareastrictlyintermediategroupoforganisms. Intheirspore-producingstagetheyresemblethefungi,butthey arenottruefungi.Intheirvegetativeorgrowingstagetheyre semblecertainofthe protozoans,buttheyarenottrueanimals. Its iinterestingtonote,however,thatthereareseveralseries offormsoflivingthingsconnectingtheslime-mouldswithvarious otherlowgroupsofplantsandanimals.Connectinglinksmul tiplythemselvesaswecontinuetoinvestigatethesimplestforms oflife.Wehaveaseriesofformswhichhavebeenbroughtto lightbyanAmericanbotanistwhichseemtoconnectthe slime mouldswithcertainofthebacteria,andaneworderoforganisms hasbeenfoundedastheresultoftheseinvestigations.*Theslime moulds,too,showaffinitiestosomeofthe Chytridialesparasiticon variousdiatomsandvariousfilamentousalgae.Itisclaimedby onewhohasbeenadiligentstudentoftheslime-moulds,thatin certainspecieshehasseendefiniteattemptsattheformation ofmycelium,andheregardsthemasshowingsomedistant affinitiestothetruemoulds.Ontheanimalsidewehavea seriesofformsthatintergradealmostasperfectlytowarddistinct iveanimaltypes.One,whichHaeckeldescribedasProtomyxa, * Cf.Thaxter,OntheMyxobacteriaceae,aneworderofSchizomycetes. Bot.Gaz.17: 389-406.PI.22-25.1892.Also18: 29, 30.1893,and 23= 395-4H-PI.jo,31.1897. MYXOGASTRALES 153 passes througha verysimilarseriesofstagesinitslifehistory fromtheformationoftheciliatedswarmsporesandthedevelop mentofplasmodiumtotheformationofreproductivebodies. Protomyxa,however,liveswater in andneverleavesit. By someithasbeencalledanaquaticslime-mouldandsurelyshows anaffinitywithsomeof theprotozoansofwhichthecommon amoebaisthetype.Awidefieldisopenforsearchingoutaffin itiesamongtheselowlyorganismsthroughcytologicalstudy; at leastthepresentindicationsleadonetoexpectconsiderablelight fromthiskindofinvestigation. LITERATURE. DsBary.DieMycetozoen(Schleimpilze),einBeitragzur KenntnissderniederstenOrganismen.Leipzig.1864.(Seealso ComparativeMorphologyandBiologyoftheFungi,Mycetozoa andBacteria,pp.421-453). Rostafinski.Sluzowce(Mycetozoa).4to,PL1-13.Paris.1875. ThisworkisunfortunatelylockedupinthePolishlanguage. Cooke. TheMyxomycetesofGreatBritain.i2mo,London. 1877. Atranslationof thelastnamedworksofarasrelatestoBritish species. TheMyxomycetesoftheUnitedStatesarrangedac cordingtothemethodofRostafinski.Ann.NY.Lyc. Nat.Hist, n:378-409.1877. . Massee.AMonographof theMyxogasters.8vo.PL1-12. London.1892. Lister.AMonographoftheMycetozoa.8vo.PI.1-78. London,1894. Morgan. TheMyxomycetesoftheMiamiValley,Ohio.Jour. CincinnatiSoc.Nat.Hist.15:127-143.PL3. 1893; 16:13-36. PL1.1893;16:127-156.PL11,12. 1894;19:1-44.PL 1-3.1896. Macbride.TheMyxomycetesofEasternIowa.Bull.Lab. Nat.Hist.StateUniv.Iowa.2:99-162.PL1-10.1892; 384-389.PL11.1893. Schroeter.DienatiirlichenPflanzenfamilien,i':i-41. 1889. Atkinson.TheGenusFrankiaintheUnitedStates.Bull. TorreyBot.Club,19: 171-177.PL128.1892. 154 SCHIZOMYCETES

The SchizomycetesorBacteriamayalsobeconsideredas fungusallies(Cf.p.19).Theirimportanceintheworldoflife oughttobepopularlybetterknown,bothasagentsofcontagious diseases,andasagentsoffermentationanddecay,inwhichthey playamorewholesomepart.Theyaretooexclusivelystudied frompathogenic a standpoint,andtheirbiologicalandscientific sideisunfortunatelyalmostwhollyneglectedin thiscountry. Thespecialliteratureonthesubjectbelongstothespecialized scienceofBacteriologybutforarecentsystematicaccountoffamil iesandgeneraonemayconsult Migula.Schizomycetes,inDienaturlichenPflanzenfamilien 11a:1-44. 1896. CHAPTERX

THESTUDYOFMYcOLOGYINGENERALANDITSSTUDY INAMERIcAINPARTIcULAR Whileseveralformsoffungiwereknowntothe ancientsand someofthemwereusedasfoodinRomantimes,amongthe earliestwriterstodistinguishthembydefinitecharacterswasa FlorentinebythenameofMicheli.In1729hepublishedawork infolio*whichmaybesaidtohavelaidthefoundationofour knowledgeoffungusgeneraaswellasthatother of cryptogams. Thisworkcontainednumerousillustrationsoffungiandmyxo- mycetes,togetherwithcharactersvarious ofgenera. IntheSpeciesPlantarumof1753Linnaeuscharacterizedten generaoffungi,besidesTremellawhichheplacedamongthe algae.Thesegeneraaremostlycomposites,asmaybeseenfrom thefollowinglist: f 1. Agaricus,includingspeciesinCantharellus,Tricholoma,Amanita, LactariusandothergeneraofAgaricaceae,besidesDaedaleaand Lenziles.(27species.) 2. Boletus,aboutequallydividedbetweenPolyporusandBoletusas now understood.(12species.) 3. Hvdnum,allstillincludedinthegenus.(4species.) 4. Phallus,containingMorchellaesculentaandPhallusimpudicus.(2 species.) 5.Clathrus.(3species.) 6. Elvela.(2species.) 7.Peziza,includingvariousPezizales.(8species.) 8.Clavaria,includingalsospeciesnowinCordycepsandXylaria.(8 species.) * Novaplantarumgenera.Florentiae,1729.Tournefortin1700(In- stitutionesReiHerbariae),however,hadrecognizedtheso-calledgenera Fungus,Fungoides,Boletus,Agaricus,Lycoperdon,CoralloidesandTubera. fPracticallythesamegeneraappearedinhisGeneraPlantarum,1737. 155 STUDYF O MYCOLOGY 9. Lycoperdon,includingtruffles,myxomycetesandanaecidium,in additiontopuff-balls.(9species.) 10. Mucor,includingErysibe,Penicilliumandvariousmyxomycetes (11species.) 11. Tremeli.a,placedundertheAlgae,includinganAuricularia(?) andaGymnosporangium(?).(2species.) These eighty-eightspeciesareeachcharacterizedbyasingle sentence,andwereitnotforcitationsof olderandbetterde scriptionsandfigurestheywouldbealmostwhollyunintelligible. Suchwasthefirstsummaryof thescientificknowledgeof fungi lessthan150yearsago. Followingthisperiodmanyspecieswerefiguredbyvariousau thorswhich,intheabsenceoftypespecimens,havebecomethe originalsofmanyofthespeciesoffungi,particularlythoseofa fleshycharacter.Amongthemoreprominentof theseearly writerswereSchaeffer(1718-1790)whoillustratedthefungus floraofBavariaandthePalatinate,withnearlyfourhundred plates(1762-1774),Bulliard(1742-1793)whopicturedthefungi ofFrancewithevengreaterdisplay(1784-1795),andSowerby (1757-1822)whoaccomplishedasimilarworkforGreatBritain (1797-1803).Allofthesewritersgavethemostoftheiratten tiontothefleshyforms,theagaricscominginforalion'sshare, butsomeof thelessconspicuousmouldsandparasiticformswere included,particularlyinthefiguresanddescriptionsofSowerby. ItwasCorda(1809-1849),however,whofirstgaveseriousatten tiontothedescriptionanddelineationofthemicroscropiccharac tersofthesimplerfungi,andhismemoryneedsnofurthermonu mentthanthesixfoliosofIconesFungorum(1837—1854),thelast publishedafterhisuntimelydeath.Thesystematicstudypro gressedlessrapidly.Persoon(1755-1837)in1801published hisSynopsismethodicaFungorum*inwhichthe followinggenera *Besidesthiswork,Persoon'schiefcontributionstomycologywere: TentamendispositiomethodusFungorum.PI.1—4.Lipsiae,1797. DeFungisclavaeformibus.PL1-4.Lipsiae,1797. IconesetdescriptionesFungorumminuscognitorum.4to.PI.1-14. Lipsiae,1798. IconespictaerariorumFungorum.4to.PI.1-24.Paris,1803-1806. TraitesurlesChampignonscomestibles.PI.1-4.Paris,1818. MycologiaEuropaea.3vols.PL1-30.Erlangen,1822-1828. W GENERAL 157 were recognized: Sphaeria,Stilbospora,Hysterium,Xyloma, Naemospora,Vermicularia, Tubercularia,Sphaerobolus,Theleb- olus,Pilobolus,Sclerotium,Tuber,Batarrea,Geastrum,Bovista, Ttclostoma,Lycoperdon,Scleroderma,Lycogala,Fuligo,Spuma- ria,Diderma,Physarum,Trichia,Arcyria,Stemonitis,Cribraria, Licea,Tubulina,Mucor,Onygena,Aecidium,Uredo, Puccinia, Trichoderma,Conoplea,Pyrenium,Cyathus,Clathrus,Phallus, Amanita,Agaricus,Daedalea,Boletus,Sistotrema,Hydnum, Thelephora,Merisma,Clavaria,Geoglossum,Spathularia, Leotia,Helvetia,Morchella,Tremella,Peziza,Ascobolus,Helo- tium,Stilbum,Aegerita,Ascophora,Periconia,Isaria,Botrytis, Monilia,Dematium,Erineum,Pacodium,Himantia,Rhizomor- pha,andMesenterica,inallseventy-onegenerawhichrepresentthe secondsummaryofourknowledgeoffungi,nownearlyone hundredyearsago.Therealfoundationofsystematicstudy, however,datesfromthepublicationofFries'SystemaMyco- logicumin1821-32,andonthisfirstextensivesummaryofour knowledgeof fungithefuturegrowthof thesystemhasbeenbuilt. Inthestudyoffungiduringthepresentcenturythreenames willeverstandprominent,andtoeachisduethedevelopmentof aspecialdivisionofthesubject.Elias Fries(1794-1878)laidthe foundationsfortheBasidiomycetes; the brothersTulasne(Louis Rene,1815-1885; Charles,1816-1884),accomplishedasimilar workfortheAscomycetes; andAntonDeBary(1831-1888) establishedfoundations the ofcomparativemorphologyand biologyamongthefungi,investigatingthequestionsoftheir sexualityandrelationshipstootherthallophytes. Frieswasattractedtothestudyof fungiwhenamerechildby seeingthemagnificentspecimensofHydnum,whichhisnative forestsofSwedenproduced.Attheageoftwenty-onehepub lishedhisfirstmycologicalpaper,andforsixtyyearshe gavehis attentionespeciallytothestudyoftheBasidiomycetes.Asstated above,hisfirstworkofimportancewastheSystema(1821-1832), inwhichalltheknownfungiweremarshalledinorder.Tothis hepublishedanappendix—ElenchusFungorum(1828),four yearsbeforethefinalvolumeof theoriginalworkappeared—after whichhenarrowedtherangeofhisstudiesandin1836-1838 publishedhisEpicrisisinwhichtheknownHymenomycetesof theworld werebroughtuptodate.AfinalrevisionoftheEuro STUDYF O MYCOLOGY peanspeciesappearedin1874inhisHymenomycetesEuropaei theprefaceofwhichwasdatedonhiseighty-firstbirthday.Be sidestheseworksbearingonthemycologicalsystemhepublished numerousshortpapersandseveralelaboratelyillustratedfolios.* ThebrothersTulasne,aftervariouspublicationsonthetremel- lines,Cordyceps,Claviceps,,andsubterraneanfungi, towhichcitationshavealreadybeenmadeundertheirproper orders,producedtheirclassicworkontheAscomycetes,Selecta FungorumCarpologia,inthreefoliovolumes(1861-1865)inwhich thefundamentalcharactersoftheAscomycetesaredelineatedina sumptuousformthathasbeenthedespairoflatercontributorsto thesubject. DeBaryafterasplendidfoundationinhisresearchesamong theloweralgaetookupthespecialstudyof themorphologyand sexualcharactersofthelowerfungi.Hiswritings,eitheralone orassociatedwithWoronin,arenumerousandwidelyscattered, butasummaryofhisconclusions(fortunatelytranslatedintoEng lish)appearsinhisComparativeMorphologyandBiologyofthe Fungi,BacteriaandMycetozoa,ftowhichtheadvancedstudent ofmycologymustconstantlyreferashisguide. In he tlastgenerationmanyimportantcontributionshaveap peared,twoofwhichdeservespecialnotice.Thefirstistheex tensivecompilationofSaccardo(1845-),SyllogeFungorum,which involvedthetranscribingofdescriptionsofoverfortythousand speciesculledfromalllanguages,theirtranslationintoLatin, andtheirarrangementinanattemptedsystematicorder.% While *Thetwomostimportantofthesearecitedonp.131andp.144respec tively. ftI istoberegrettedthatsomemycologistshaverecommendedthis worktopersonswho"desiredtoleamsomethingaboutfungi." This classichasitsproperuse,butunlessthepurposewastodiscouragethose whowishedtolearnsomethingofthesubject,itshouldnotberecommended toimmaturestudentsofanyage.Abeginnerwell cannotlearnLatinwith onlyacopyofLivyinhand,andwithoutabroadpreliminaryacquaintance withthesubject.DeBaryisequallyunsuitedforanoviceinmycology. \ Thisworkisnowbecomingrareandexpensive.Theelevenvolumes werepublishedasfollows:1:1882;2:1883(Pyrenomycetes); 3: 1884(Sphaeropsideae,Melanconieae); 4:1886(Hyphomycetes); 5: 1887(Agaricaceae); 6: 1888(Hymenomycetes); 7: 1888(Gastromy- cetes,Uredineae,Ustilagineae,Phycomycetes);8: 1889(Discomycetes); 9:1891; 10:1892;11: 1895(supplements). IN GENERAL *59 thisworknecessarilycontainsmanyimperfectionsandcannotbe consideredinanysenseasarevision,astoomanyhaveregarded it,ithasmadeaccessibletoworkersthroughouttheworldthe greaterpartofthetechnicaldescriptiveliteratureof thesubject andhasmadepossiblethe recentextensiveadvancesinthedefi niteknowledgeofspecies.* The otherworkisthatofBrefeld,whichisofanentirelydif ferentcharacter.Hisstudieshavechieflyappearedinthetwelve quartoheften,BotanischeUntersuchungeniiberSchimmelpilze, I.-IV.1872-1881; BotanischeUntersuchungeniiberHefenpilze, V.1883; UntersuchungenausdemGesammtgebietederMy- kologie,VI.-XII.1884-1897,andinvolveamostelaborateac countofthedevelopmentoffungifromartificialculturesand thestudyoftheircomparativemorphology.Whilemanynew linesofrelationshiphavethusbeenworkedout,Brefeld'ssweep ingconclusionsregardingtheoriginof thehigherfungifromthe lowerarenotbeing,borneoutbytheworkofotherinvestigators, andwearestillinthedarkinregardtotheoriginofthehigher and morespecializedgroups.\ Avaluablesummaryofourknowledgeofthephysiologyof thefungi,thonotincludingthemostrecentadditions,maybe foundinZopf,DiePilze.\Ludwig'sLehrbuchderniederen Kryptogamen(1892),and TubeufandSmith'sDiseasesofPlants inducedbyCryptogamicParasites(1897),arevaluableforstu dentsof plantdiseases,asarethemoreelaboratetreatisesof Soraurer§andFrank.|| Avaluableseriesoffungiexsiccati parasiticoncultivatedplantshasbeenissuedbySeymourand EarleunderthetitleEconomicFungi; elevenfascicles(550 species)haveappearedalready. *ThreeannualsupplementstotheSyllogehaveappearedasBeiblStter toHedwigia,1896,1897and1898,givingaclassifiedindextospeciesof fungidescribedduringtheprecedingyearsasfollows: 1895—1252species; 1896—1313species; 1897—1476species.Surelytheendisnotyet! f AsomewhatcompactsummaryofBrefeld'ssystembeen hasmadeby hisassistant,VonTafel.VergleichendeMorphologiederPilze,Jena,1892. \nI Schenk,HandbuchderBotanik,4: 271-781.1890.Alsosepa ratelypaged. \ Soraurer.HandbuchderPflanzenkrankheiten. ZweiteAuflage.2 vols.Berlin,1886. ||Frank.DieKrankheitenderPflanzen.ZweiteAuflage.3 vcls- Breslau,1895. i6o STUDYOFMYCOLOGY From thisverybriefsurveyofthedevelopmentofthescience ofmycologyingeneral,weturntothestudyof thesubjectin Americainthefieldandlaboratory.Thishasbeenavariedhis toryoffieldworkersexploringthevariedfungusfloraopento themintheirimmediatevicinity,theattemptedcorrelationof AmericanspecieswiththeirOldWorldcongeners,andlaterthe extendeddescriptionofspeciessupposedtobe new.Thislast, untilveryrecently,hasfortunatelybeenlargelyconfinedtoahalf dozenworkers,sothatthetypesare,forthemostpart,notvery widelyseparated. Among thefirstcollectorsoffungiintheUnitedStateswas LouisBosc(i759—1828),whocollectedafewspeciesmainlyfrom SouthCarolina; hedescribedfifteenspeciesandpublishedfigures offourteenofthemin1811.*Itistrue thattheerraticRafin- esque,threeyearspreviously,commencedthepublicationofa workonthe"fungusesormushroomtribesofAmerica,"but,for tunately,thiswasdiscontinuedbeforemuchharmhadbeenac complished.-)-In1813healsopublisheda shortpaperinDes- vaux'sJournaldeBotanique. The firstextensivestudyofourfungiwascommencedbyLewis DaviddeSchweinitz(1780-1834)whopublishedtwoprincipal papersbasedonhiscollectionsnearSalem,N.C,andBethle hem,Pa.,wherehehadservedinthecapacityofaclergymanof theLutheranchurch.Hiscollectionsweresomewhataugmented bycontributionsfromDr.Torrey,ofNewYork.Hiscollection is nowownedbythePhiladelphiaAcademyofSciences,and thoughsomewhattheworsefortheravagesoftime,stillpossesses muchofvalueforthestudyofhistypespecies.J Histwoprinci palpaperswere: Synopsis fungorumCarolinaesuperiorissecundumobserva- tionesLudoviciDavidisdeSchweinitz.EditaaD.F.Schwaeg- richen.Schr.dernaturf.Gesell.Leipzig,20-131. i: PI.1, 2. 1822.and * Gesell.naturf.FreundeMag.Berlin,5: 83-89.PI.4-6. f MedicalRepository,5: 350-356; 356-363.1808. \nI additiontotheSchweinitzcollection,theAcademyatPhiladelphia possessesthemycologicalcollectionofDr.GeorgeMartin(1827-1886), ofWestChester,Pennsylvania; thisisspeciallyfullincertainofthegroups ofSphaeropsidales,togetherwithsomeforeignexsiccati,amongwhichis oneof thefewsetsofRehm'sAscomycetesfoundinAmerica. IN AMERICA 161 SynopsisFungoruminAmericaBorealimediadegentium. Trans.Am.Phil.Soc.4:141-317.PL19.1834.Thiswork notices3098speciesofAmericanFungi. The nextAmericancollectorofnotewas anEpiscopalian clergyman,MosesA.Curtis(1808-1872),whowasa nativeof Massachusetts,butwhosemycologicalworkwaslargelyaccom plishedinNorthCarolina,whereheservedhischurchonSun daysandspenttheweekdaysdrivingoverthecountryinsearch offungiandotherplants.Hedividedhisextensivecollections withRev.M.J.Berkeley,ofEngland,bywhomtheyweremostly namedandpublishedinvariouspapers,mainlyinthefirstfour volumesofGrevillea(1872-1876),undertheirjointnames.These speciesusually arereferredtoasthe"B.&C.species,"and havebeena sourceofverymuchuncertaintytolaterworkers becauseofthebriefimperfectdescriptions,rarelyextendingbe yondtwoshortlinesofLatin.Thedifficultyisgreatlyincreased bythefactthatthetypespecimensareinBerkeley'scollectionat theRoyalBotanicGardensatKew,*andmanyofthemare smallandscrappy. Curtisreceivednumerousspecimensfromvariousothercollec torsinvariouspartsof thecountry,whooccasionallypickedup specimensofthemoreconspicuousfungiinconnectionwiththe fieldstudyof thehigherplantswhichmainlyabsorbedtheirinterest. Amongthesewere:BeaumontandPeters(1810-1888)inAlabama, Lapham(1811-1875)inWisconsin,CharlesWright(1811-1885) inConnecticut,whoafterwardscollectedextensivelythefungiof Cuba, Sprague(1823-)inMassachusetts,Olney(1812-1878) inRhodeIsland,Michener(1794-1887)inPennsylvaniaand Ravenel(1814-1887)inSouthCarolina.Thelastnamedbotan istdeservesamoreextendednotice.Duringtheperiod1852- 1860,hedistributedinfivefasciclesthefirstseriesofcxsiccatior driedspecimensoffungiissuedinthiscountryunderthetitle FungiCarolinianiExsiccati.Thesearemuchmorevaluable thantheserieslaterissuedjointlywithM.C.Cooke,underthe * Curtis'owncollectionispreservedintheCryptogamiclaboratoryof HarvardUniversity,wheretheduplicatesaresomewhatmoreaccessiblethan theoriginalsatKew.TheHarvardcollectionalsoincludestheextensive herbariumofProfessorW.G.Farlow,containingoneofthelargestseries ofEuropeanexsiccataetobefoundinthiscountry. 1I 162 STUDYOFMYCOLOGY title FungiAmericaniExsiccati,1878-1882,whoseeighthundred specimensshowtheeffectsofwhatmaybecalledacommercial influence.* The nextprominentAmericanmycologistbringsusintothe domainofthepresentgeneration.ForoverthirtyyearsCharles H.Peck(1833-)hasbeenstatebotanistofNewYorkand whileby nomeansneglectingthebetterknownhigherflorahas devotedhimselftothecollection,studyanddescriptionofthe fungiofagreatstatewhosefungusfloraisconsequentlybetter knownthanthatofanyotherstateoftheUnion.In additionhe hasdescribedspeciesoffungifromotherpartsofthecountryso thathiscollectioncontainsalargenumberoftypespecies,fper hapssecondinnumbertoanycollectionofAmericanspecies. Peck'sannualreportsarefoundintheReportsof theRegentsof theStateMuseum,thosecontainingfungicommencingwiththe 22dissuedin1869andcontinuingtothe51stissuedin1898. Theycontainmanydescriptionsofspeciesand numerousrevisions andsynopsesparticularlyoftheagaricgenerarepresentedinNew Yorkstate.Someofthereportsareveryrare,andveryfew completesetsareinexistence.Besidesthesereportshehascon tributednumerouspapersparticularlytotheBulletinoftheTorrey BotanicalClub. AlittlelaterJ.B.Ellis(1829-)commencedhisworkatNew- field,NewJersey,hisfirstpaperbeingpublishedin1874.Since *Ravenel'sowncollection,whichfortunatelycontainsfewtypes,un fortunatelyafterhisdeath,wassoldtotheBritishMuseum,socanonlybe consultedacrossthewater.ItistheshameofAmericanbotanythat so much-ofitscryptogamicmaterialhasbeensentacrossthe Atlantictobe named,ortobeabsorbedinbulkbyEuropeanmuseumswhereitcannot beeasilyconsultedbyfutureAmericanstudents.Itisjustasreprehensi bletoproveatraitortothebotanicalinterestsofone'scountryasotherwise, andtrueAmericanswillseetoitthatboththesepracticesarediscontinued inthefuture. fThesecollectionsaredepositedintheStateCapitolatAlbanyto and thedisgraceofNewYork'spoliticiansbeitsaidthattheyarenotdecently caredfor.Onlythestatecollectioncan beconsultedatallandthatonly atgreatdiscomfort.ThetypesofcollectionsfromoutsideNewYorkare packedawayinatticsofNewYork'sstupendouspileatAlbany.Itis hopedthatthoseinauthoritywillcorrectthisdistressingconditionbefore thecollectionssufferirreparablelossfromtheravagesofinsects. IN AMERICA 163 thattimehehaspublishedanenormousnumberofdescriptions ofnewfungi,eitheraloneorassociatedwithCooke,Martin,Ever- hart,Kellerman,Holway,Harkness,Dearness,orBartholomew. HisearliercollectionsweresenttoM.C.CookeinEngland,and asaresultofcarelessdeterminations,numerouserrorshavecrept intoourconceptionsofmanyspecieswhichwillneedcorrection byfuturemonographerswhocometostudyEllis'enormouscol lection.*Thiscontainsbyfarthelargestnumberoftypesofany collectionofAmericanfungiinexistence. The workofMr.Ellis,whileextendingovertheentirerangeof thefungi,hasbeenmostextensiveamongtheSphaerialesandthe fungiimperfecti.Intheformergrouphehaspublishedtheonly manualthathasyetappearedinAmericaattemptingtocover descriptionsofspeciesofanyconsiderablegroup,\ In additiontothisMr.Ellishasdistributedsetsoffungiexsic- catiunderthetitleofNorthAmericanFungi,ofwhichthirty-six centurieshaveappeared(3600specimens).Asthiswaspublished inaneditionofsomefiftytosixtysets,someideacanformed be oftheenormouslaborconnectedwithitsissue.Asecondedition underthetitleofFungiColumbianihasalsobeenissuedtothe numberof fourteencenturies. The workof otherbotanistswhohavegivenattentiontomy cology,likeBessey,Trelease,Morgan,Farlow,Atkinson,Burrill,

* ThroughtheliberalityofsomeofthemanagersoftheNewYorkBo tanicalGarden,,theentireElliscollectionhasbeensecuredforthis institu tion,whereitisavailableforstudentsproperlypreparedforwork.Inad ditiontothetypes,thecollectioncontainsextensiveseriesofspecimens sentbycollectorsandcorrespondentsthroughoutthecountry,withdupli catesofmanyofthespeciesdescribedbyothermycologists,andextensive seriessentinexchangeforeign bybotanists.Addedtothisisoneofthe mostcompleteseriesofforeignexsiccatiinthiscountry.Housedasit is inconnectionwithaverycompletebotanicallibraryandthepresenceof otherextensivecollections,itformsthemostaccessiblecenterofresearch workinmycologythatthecountryaffords.Thecollectionsbelongingto ColumbiaUniversityandtothewriterarealsodepositedwiththoseof theNewYorkBotanicalGarden. fEllis&Everhart.TheNorthAmericanPyrenomycetes,pp.793. PI.1-41.1892.ThisincludestheordersPerisporiales,Hypocreales, Dothideales,Sphaeriales,AspergillalesandHysterialesasheretreated. STUDYF O MYCOLOGY

Earle, Tracyandotherswillbenotedunderthestatesinwhich theirworkhasbeenlargelyconfined.Weshallattemptinthe followingchaptertooutlinebrieflythefieldworkthathasbeen accomplishedinthevariousstatesoftheUnion. CHAPTERXI

THE GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTIONOFAMERICANFUNGI Aswillbeseeninthesummarygivenbelow,toolittleisknown ofthedistributionofourfungitobaseeventhemostsimplecon clusions.Oftheeightthousandormorespeciesreportedfrom America,probablyone-halfareknownfromasinglecollectionor fromthesinglestationinwhichtheywerefirstdiscovered.Except inpartsofNewEngland,NewYork,NewJersey,Nebraska,and Kansas.noportionsofthecountryhave beensystematicallystudied withaviewofdeterminingthe extentoftheirfungusflora.Our knowledgeofdistributionisthereforebasedlargelyonthework oflocal collectorswhohavemadetheirobservationsforthemost partintheimmediatevicinityoftheirhomes,andweshalltryto indicateundertheseparatestatesthenatureandextentofthe collectionsthathavethusbeenmadeandthepublishedlocallists thathavebeenpreparedbytheseveralworkers.Inorderto facilitatereference,thestatesandterritoriesarearrangedalpha betically,andafterwardsabriefaccountof thefungusfloraofthe remainingportionsofNorthAmericaisadded,sinceourgeo graphicboundariesbynomeanslimitfloralorfungalareas. Whilethestudyof thefungiofthiscountrycommencedinthe Carolinas,floraof thetheSouth,outsideofthosetwostatesand Alabama,islessgenerallyknownthanthatoftheNorth,*while the regionof theRockyMountains,theGreatBasin,andthe greatSouthwestisknownleastofall. Alabama. EarlycollectionsinthisstateweremadebyBeaumontand Peters.Someofthe materialcollectedbythelatterwasdistrib utedbyRavenelinhisFungiCarolinianiexsiccatiandPeters' owncollectionisattheUniversityofAlabamaatTuscaloosa. LatercollectionsweremadebyAtkinson,B.M.Duggar,Earle, * Cf.anarticlebythewriterinGardenandForest,9: 263,264. 1896. 16? GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION. andthewriterinwhosepersonalcollectionsmostof thematerial iscontained.Duplicatesofaconsiderablepartall ofthesecol lectionsarealsotobefoundintheherbariumoftheAlabamaPoly technicInstituteatAuburn,whosemycologicalcollectionand libraryisthelargestintheentireSouth.Thelocalliststhusfar publishedareasfollows: Underwood&Earle.ApreliminaryListofAlabamaFungi. Bull.Ala.Agric.Exp.Sta.80:113-283,i-xvn.1897. fListo 1 110species.Includesalsoasummaryofpaperstreat ingofAlabamafungi; theseomitted are here,andthefollowing haveappearedsincethisenumerationwaspublished: Atkinson.SomeFungifromAlabama.Bull.CornellUniv. 3: 1-50.1897. Includes644specieswithnumerousnewspecies; ahundred ormorearenotincludedinthepreviouslist. Earle.NewornoteworthyAlabamaFungi.Bull.Torrey Bot.Club,25: 359-368.1898. Descriptionsoftwelvespecies. Peck. NewSpeciesofAlabamaFungi.Bull.TorreyBot. Club,: 368-372. 25 1898. Descriptionsofelevenspecies. Alaska. So farasknowntousnotasinglespecieshasbeenreported fromthisremotepartofourcountry,norhasasinglefungusbeen collected.Fromtheanalogiesofhighlatitudesfarlessfavorably situated,alargeandinterestingfungusfloramaybeexpected whencollectingbotanistsceasetolookuponfloweringplantsas constitutingthewholeofthevegetationofaprovince. Arkansas. ExceptforafewfungicollectedbyF.L.Harveywhenhewas connectedwiththeArkansasIndustrialUniversityatFayetteville, weknowalmostnothingofthefungusfloraofthisstate.Noth inghasbeenpublishedexceptafewnotesonparasiticforms. Arizona. Excepta fewspeciesoffungiincidentallycollectedbytraveling botanists,almostnothingisknownofthisregionwhichlikethe adjoiningregionsNew ofMexicoandTexasdoubtless possesses CALIFORNIA 167 an interestingfungusfloracorrelatedwithitsunusualclimatic conditions. California. CommencingintheseventiesDr.H.W.Harknessandhisas sistantscollectedextensivelyinthevicinityofSanFranciscoand intheSierras.Theearliercollectionswerenamedbyvarious Englishmycologists,Cooke,Phillips,PlowrightandVize,sothat manyofthetypesareinEngland; thoseofCookeareatKew. Duplicatesofthese,togetherwithtypesoflaterspecies,areinthe CaliforniaAcademyofSciences.ManyduplicatesfromHarkness areintheElliscollection.Latercollectionshavebeenmadeby Farlow,Holway,Howe,Blasdale,McClatchie,Purpus,bythewri ter,andperhapsotherswhohaveeitherresidedortraveledinthe state.Manyof theselatercollectionshavefoundtheirwayin duplicatetotheEllisherbarium.Afew,particularlyfleshyforms havebeendescribedbyPeck,somebyMorgan,andafewofthe UredinalesbyDietel.Probablynotlessthanfifteenhundred specieshave beenreportedfromtheStatealready,probablynot one-thirdthenumber of thatwilleventuallybefoundtomake upitsflora.ThelocalliteraturebearingonCalifornian fungiiscorrespondinglyextensive; theprincipalpapersarethe following,but verymanydescriptionsarescatteredthroughother publicationswithlessrestrictedtitles: Cooke.CalifornianFungi.Grevillea,: 1-4. 71878; 101, 102.1879. Listf o fifty-sevenspecies,includingdescriptions. Cooke&Harkness.CalifornianFungi.Grevillea,9: 6-9. 1880;81-87.1881; 12:83,84;92-97.1884;13:16-21. 1884;1 1[-114.1885;14:8-10.1885. Enumerationofnumerousspeciesofwhichnearlytwohun dredaredescribedasnew. nFungio Eucalyptus.Grevillea,9: 127-130.1881. Notesn o forty-twospecies,ofwhicheighteenaredescribedas new. Fungiof thePacificCoast.Bull.Cal.Acad.Sci.1 : 13-20.1884. Listf o ninety-onespecies. Dietel. DreineueUredineenausCalifornien.Hedwigia,32: 29,30. 1893. GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION

New CalifornianUredineae.Erythea,i: 247-252. :1893;2 127-129.1894. DescriptionsofnineteenspeciesbyDietelandHolway. - - NewNorthAmericanUredineae.Erythea,3: 77-92. 1895. Descriptionsoffourteenspecies,sevenfromCalifornia. Ellis&Everhart.NewCalifornianFungi.Erythea,1 : 145- 147.1893. Descriptionsofsixspecies. New WestAmericanFungi.Erythea,1 : 197-206. 1893. Descriptionsoftwenty-ninespeciespartlyfromCalifornia. Farlow.NotesonsomeinjuriousFungiofCalifornia.Bot. Gaz.10:346-348.1885. Harkness.NewSpeciesofCalifornianFungi.Bull.Cal.Acad. Sci.1 : 29-47.1884. Descriptionsofseventy-onenewspecies. Fungi of thePacificCoast.Bull.Cal.Acad.Sci.1 : 159-176.L P 1. 256-271.1885. Enumerationof363speciesincludingdescriptionsofeleven newspecies. Harkness&Moore.Catalogueof thePacificCoastFungi. Pp.46.1880. Enumerationof842speciesfromCalifornia. Hennings.FungiAmericani-boreales.Hedwigia,37: 266- 276.1898. Seventeen newspecies,includingninefromCalifornia.Col lectedbyPurpus,andfourfromMexico. Holway.AnewCalifornianRust.Erythea,5: 31. 1897. McClatchie.FloraofPasadenaandVicinity.Reid'sHistory ofPasadena,605-649.1895. Includes312speciesoffungi. SeedlessPlantsofSouthernCalifornia.Proc.So. Cal.Acad.Sci.1 : 337-398.1897. Includes630speciesoffungi. Peck.NewSpeciesofFungi.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,22: 198-211.1895. Includes amongnumerousspecies,eighteenfromCalifornia. Phillips.DiscomycetesfromCalifornia.Grevillea,5: 35, 36.1876. COLORADO 169 fListo twenty-twospecies. Fungif o CaliforniaandtheSierraNevadaMountains. Grevillea,5: 113-118.PI.87-89.1877. Listf o sixty-sixspecieswithdescriptionsoffourteennewones. fFungio California.Grevillea,7: 20-23.1878. Listf o fiftyspecieswithdescriptionstennew ofspecies. On anewSpeciesofHelvella.Trans.Linn.Soc.II. 1 : 423.PL48.1880. Phillips&Harkness.FungiofCalifornia.Bull.Cal.Acad. Sci.1 : 21-25.1884. Descriptionsoftwentynewspecies. Discomycetesof California.Grevillea,13: 22,23. 1884. Descriptionsof tennewspecies. Plowright.CalifornianFungi.Grevillea,5:74.1876. Includestwonewspeciesamongtwenty-fourspeciesmen tioned. CaliforniaSphaeriae.Grevillea,7: 71'-74. 1878. Includestennewspeciesamongthirty-ninespeciesmentioned. Plowright&Harkness.NewspeciesofCalifornianFungi. Bull.Cal.Acad.Sci.1 : 26. 1884. Describestwonewspecies. Vize. CalifornianFungi.Grevillea,5:109-111.1877;7 : 11-13.1878. Includes twenty-onenewspeciesamongsixty-sixmentioned. Colorado. Comparativelylittlesystematicworkhasbeendoneamongthe fungiintheRockyMountainregiongenerally.Somelocalwork hasbeen donebyCockerellandBaker,moreperhapsbyvisiting botanists,Bessey,Earle,andTracy,whohavespentportionsof summersinthemountains; itisdoubtful,however,ifmorethan threeor fourhundredspecieshavebeendefinitelyreportedfrom thestate.Thepapersrelatingtothelocalfloraare: Cockerell.SomeFungiofCustercounty,Colo.Jour.Mycol. 5:84,85.1889. Ellis&Everhart.NewWestAmericanFungi.Erythea,i: 197-206.1893. IncludesseveralspeciesfromColorado. 170 GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION Macbride.AnewPhysarumfromColorado.Bull.Lab.Nat. Hist.StateUniv.Iowa3: 390.1893. Peck. ColoradoFungi.Bot.Gaz.3: 34, 35.1878. Descriptionsofelevenspecies. Porter&Coulter.SynopsisoftheFloraofColorado.Misc. Pub.U.S.Geol.Surv.oftheTerritories,4: 1-180.1874. IncludeslistofeightfungibyC.H.Peck,withdescriptionsof twonewspecies. Connecticut. Some materialwasearlycollectedbyCharlesWrightandlater collectionshavebeenmadebyThaxter,Setchell,Sturgis,andby thewriter,whohasspentseveralsummersinthenorthwestern portionofthestate.Exceptforthepublicationsof thestateex perimentstation,which,inthemain,relatetospecies injurious tocultivatedplants,scarcelyanythinghasbeenpublishedonthe localfungusflora. Delaware. The floraofthisStatehasbeenextensivelycollectedbyA.Com mons,whohasinmanuscriptalonglistofDelawarespecies,and aconsiderableamounthasbeenissuedbyProfessorChesterin the publicationsoftheexperimentstation,relatingespeciallyto thespeciesinjurioustofruittrees.DuplicatesofmostofCom mons'collectionsareintheEllisherbarium. Florida. Collectionsin thisStatehave beenmadebyMartin,Ravenel, Calkins,Webber,Swingle,Nash,Rolfs,andthewriter.The collectionsofWebberandSwinglearemainlyinthecollectionof the DivisionofVegetablePathologyatWashington.*Theothers, eitherintheoriginalsorduplicates,aremainlyinthecollections oftheNewYorkBotanicalGarden.Severalpapersbeardirectly ontheFloridafloraandnumerousspeciesappearsinglyinsepa ratepublications: Calkins.NotesonFloridaFungi.Jour.Mycol.a:6,7,42, 53,54,70, 80,81,89-91,104-106,126-128.1886. *Thiscollectionshouldbementionedamongtheprominentherbaria ofthecountry.Itcontainsmanyforeignexsiccatiandisparticularlyfull inspeciesofparasiticfungi. ILLINOIS 171 Includesa listofsomethreehundredspeciesofthelarger fungi,collectedintheState. Ellis&Martin.SomenewSpeciesofSphaeriaceousFungi. Am.Nat.16:809, 810.1882. Includesdescriptionsof fourFloridaspecies. New SpeciesofNorthAmericanFungi.Am.Nat.16: 1001-1004.1882;18:1147,1148, 1264.1884;19:76,77. 1885. Descriptionsofforty-onespecies,mostlyfromFlorida. New FloridaFungi.Am.Nat.17: 1283-1285.1883; 18:69,70,188-190.1884.. Descriptionsoftwenty-twospecies. New FloridaFungi.Jour.Mycol.1:97-101.1885. Descriptionsoffifteenspecies,partlyfromFlorida. Georgia. RavenelcollectedinthevicinityofAugustaandsomeofthese collectionsappearinhisexsiccati; asidefromthisweknowofno fieldworkhavingbeendoneinthestate; wenoteasinglepaper: Cooke.NorthAmericanFungi.Grevillea,11: -106-111. 1883. Describestwenty-sevenspeciespartlyfromGeorgia. Idaho. So farasweknow,nothinghasbeendoneinthisstatetoward makingknownitsfungusflora. Illinois. Exceptamongtheparasiticforms,comparativelylittlehasbeen doneinthiscentralstate.Asomewhatthoroughexplorationfor theparasiticformswasorganizedduringtheeightiesbytheState LaboratoryofNaturalHistoryandextensivecollectionswere mademainlybyA.B.Seymour.UnderthedirectionofPro fessorBurrill,theUredinalesweremonographedbySeymour andtheErysibaceaebyEarle; otherpartswerepreparedbut unfortunatelyhaveneverbeenpublished,sincethosethatdid appearhavebeenexceedinglyusefulfarbeyondthestate.Pro fessorEarlealsomadecollectionsthesouthern in partthe of state,andotherstudentsandassistantsofProfessorBurrill,M.B. 172 GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION Waite,. G P.Clintonandothers,havemademoreorlessexten sivecollections.Aconsiderableamountofthismaterialispre servedin theherbariumoftheIllinoisStateUniversityat Champaign,whichistheonlycollectioninthestate.Besidesa fewpublicationsfromtheexperimentstationandinhorticultural reportsoneconomicspecies,thepublicationsrelatingtothestate floraare notextensive: Brendel.FloraPeoriana.TermeszetrajziFuzetek,5: 299- 405.1882.(Separate,pp.107.) Includeslistofthirty-ninespeciesoffungi. Burrill. TheUredineaeofIllinois.Alistofthespecies. Proc.Am.Soc.Micros.8:93-102.1885.(Separate,pp.10.) AlistofspeciesofIllinoisrusts. Burrill&Earle.ParasiticFungiofIllinois,PartII. Bull. IllinoisStateLab.Nat.Hist.2: 387-432.1887. Burrill& [ Seymour].ParasiticFungiofIllinois,PartI. Uredineae.Bull.IllinoisStateLab.Nat.Hist.2: 141-255. 1885. DescriptionoftheIllinoisrusts. New SpeciesofUredineae.Bot.Gaz.9:187-191. 1884. DescriptionsofthirteenIllinoisspecies. Pammel. SomeMildewsofIllinois.Jour.Mycol.4: 36-38 1888. Indiana. Comparativelylittle,also,isknownof thefungusfloraofthis state.Dr.J.N.Rosemadeastudyofsomeofthemildewsin 1886,andseveralstudiesonvariousparasiticformsweremadeby H.L.Bolley,whocollectedinthevicinityofLafayette.In 1893 a statebiologicalsurveywasorganizedandthepresentwritermade tworeportswhileconnectedwiththesurvey. Thematerialcollectedinthisperiodisinpartintheherbarium ofthewriter,andinpartinthecollectionoftheDivisionofVeg etablePathologyatWashington,whichhad employedE.M.Fisher tocollectparasiticfungiinIndiana.Othercollectionshave beenmadebyE.W.Olive,MissLillianSnyder,andbyDr.J. C.Arthur,whohashadchargeof thecryptogamicportionofthe surveysince1895.Perhaps600specieshave beenreportedfrom IOWA 173 the state.AsidefromProfessorArthur'scollection,whichis speciallyrichintheUredinales,thereisnootherimportance of inthestate.Thelocalliterature*isnotextensive: Arthur.AdditionstotheCryptogamicFloraofIndiana. Proc.IndianaAcad.Sci.1896:214-216.1897. Rose. MildewsofIndiana.Bot.Gaz.n: 60-63.1886. Includesnotesontwelvespecies. Olive.AlistoftheMycetozoacollectednearCrawfordsville, Indiana.Proc.IndianaAcad.Sci.1897: 148-150.1898. Listofforty-threespecies. Snyder.TheUredineaeofTippecanoecounty,Ind.Proc. IndianaAcad.Sci.1896:216-224.1897. Underwood.ReportoftheBotanicalDivisionoftheIndiana StateBiologicalSurvey.Proc.IndianaAcad.Sci.1893:13- 67.1894. Includes 482fungi,twospeciesnew,inthelistofCryptogams ofthestate. Reportof theBotanicalDivisionoftheIndianaState BiologicalSurveyfor1894.Proc.IndianaAcad.Sci.1894: 144-156.1895. Includes107speciesoffungiadditionaltoprecedinglist. AdditionstothepublishedListsofIndianaCryptogams. Proc. IndianaAcad.Sci.1896:171, 172.1897.

Iowa. ThisStatehasbeenmorefortunatethanmanyinhavingatits StateAgriculturalCollegea successionofbotanists,whohave beenabletoseethatthevegetationoftheearthisnotex clusivelymadeupofseed-producingplants.Thestudyofthe lowerplantswascommencedbyProfessorBesseyandhisstudents, andhasbeencontinuedbyhissuccessors,ProfessorsHalstedand Pammel.ProfessorMacbride,oftheStateUniversity,hasalso publishedconsiderablyontheMyxomycetesandAgaricales,and othercollectionshave beenmadebyJ.C.ArthurandA.S.Hitch cock.OneofthemostenthusiasticcollectorsisE.W.Holway,of Decorah,whoseprivatecollectionandlibraryareveryexten- *AbibliographyofIndianabotanywaspreparedbythewriterin1893. Cf.Proc.IndianaAcad.Sci.1893: 20-30.1894. 174 GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION sive. PubliccollectionsmaybefoundattheStateUniversityat IowaCity,andtheAgriculturalCollegeatAmes. Besidesthefollowingpapers,referencestoIowafungiexistin manyscatteredgeneralpapers,besidespublicationsoneconomic speciespublishedbytheexperimentstation: Arthur.DescriptionsofIowaUromyces.Bull.Minnesota Acad.Nat.Sci.2: 13-37.1883. Descriptionsoftwelvespecies. PreliminaryListofIowaUredineae.Bull.IowaAgric. Coll. 151-171-1885. Listof134species. MemorandumofIowaUstilagineae.Bull.IowaAgric. Coll.172-174.1885. Includestwenty-fivespecies. Bessey.BulletinoftheIowaAgriculturalCollegeissuedby theDepartmentofBotany,109-174.1885. Includesalistofovertwohundredfungi,pp.134-148. Ellis.NewSpeciesofNorthAmericanFungi.Am.Nat.17: 192-196,316-319.1883. Describesthirty-fivefungipartlyfromIowa. Ellis&Halsted.NewIowaFungi.Jour.Mycol.4:7,8. 1888. Descriptionsofsevenspecies. Ellis &Holway.NewFungi fromIowa.Jour.Mycol.1 : 4-6.1885. Descriptionsoffifteenspecies. New IowaFungi.Bull.Lab.Nat.Hist.StateLTniv 3Iowa,3 : 41-43-1895. Descriptionsoffourspecies. Halsted.IowaPeronosporeaeanda drySeason.Bot.Gaz. 13: 52-59.1888. Notesn o twenty-fivespecies. Macbride.ThesaprophyticFungiofEasternIowa.The GenusAgaricus,SeriesI.II. Bull.Lab.Nat.Hist.State Univ. Iowa,1 : 30-44.1888. The saprophyticFungiofEasternIowa.Agaricus.Series, V.III.I V.andtheGenusCoprinus.Bull.Lab.Nat.Hist.State Univ.Iowa,1 : 181—195.1890. CommonSpeciesof edibleFungi.Bull.Lab.Nat. Hist. StateUniv.Iowa,1 : 196-199.1890. KANSAS

TheMyxomycetesofEasternIowa.Bull.Lab.Nat. Hist. StateUniv.Iowa,2:99-162.PL1-10.1892;384-389. PL11.1893. ThesaprophyticFungiofEasternIowa.ThePoly- poreae.Bull.Lab.Nat.Hist.StateUniv.Iowa,33: 1-30. 1895. Macbride&Allin.ThesaprophyticFungiofEasternIowa. ThePuff-balls.Bull.Lab.Nat.Hist.StateUniv. Iowa,4: 33- 66.1896. Macbride&Hitchcock.ThePeronosporeaeofIowa.Bull. Lab.Nat.Hist.StateUniv.Iowa,1 : 45-52.1888. Pammel. NewfungousDiseasesofIowa.Jour.Mycol.7: 95-103.1892. Kansas. The earliestreportsonthefungusfloraofKansaswerepub lishedbyProfessorCraginofWashburnCollege,whocommenced abiologicalsurveyof thestateearlyintheeightieswhichwas soondiscontinued.LatercollectionshavebeenmadebyKeller- man,Swingle,Carleton,Norton,Hitchcock,andBartholomew. ManyduplicatesoftheseareintheEllisherbarium.Keller- man&Swinglecommencedthedistributionofaseriesofexsic- cati,butitwasdiscontinuedaftertwodecadeshadbeenissued. Probablytwelvehundredspeciesormorehave beenreportedfrom thestate.Besidesthepresentlistoflocalliteraturedescriptions ofmanyspeciesarescatteredthroughvariouspapersofEllis: Cragin.FirstContributiontotheCatalogueoftheHymeno- mycetesandGasteromycetesofKansas.Bull.WashburnColl. Lab.Nat.Hist.1 : 19-28.1884;33-42.PL1. 1885. fListo 188speciesoffungi,withdescriptionsofelevennew species. SecondContributiontotheCatalogueoftheHymeno- mycetes andGasteromycetesofKansas.Bull.WashburnColl. Lab.Nat.Hist.1 : 65-67.1885. fListo twentyspecies. A ContributiontotheKnowledgeofthelowerFungiof Kansas.Bull.WashburnColl.Lab.Nat.Hist.1 : 67-72.1885. Listofsixty-ninespecies. AnewGenusandSpeciesofTremellineFungus.Bull. WashburnColl.Lab.Nat.Hist.1 : 82. 1885. DescribesCeraceafromKansas. 176 GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION Ellis&Bartholomew.NewKansasFungi.Erythea,4: i- 4,23-29.1896. Descriptionsofthirty-sixspecies. New speciesofKansasFungi.Erythea,4: 79-83. 1896; 5: 47-51-ig97. Descriptionsofthirty-threespecies. Ellis &Everhart.NewWestAmericanFungi.Erythea,2: 17-27.1894. Descriptionsoftwenty-ninespecies,twentyfromKansas. Ellis&Kellerman.KansasFungi.Bull.TorreyBot.Club, i1:114-116, 121-123.1884. Descriptionsoftwenty-sixspecies. NewKansasFungi.Jour.Mycol.1: 2-4.1885; 2: .3,4 1886. New SpeciesofKansasFungi.Jour.Mycol.5: 142- 144. 1889. Descriptionsofelevenspecies. Kellerman.ApartialListoftheKansasparasiticFungi,to getherwiththeirHostPlants.Bull.WashburnColl.Lab.Nat. Hist.1 : 72-81.1885; alsoTrans.KansasAcad.Sci.9:79- 86. 1885. Listf o 181speciesfromKansas. Kellerman&Swingle.NewSpeciesofKansasFungi.Jour. Mycol.4:93-95.1888; 5:11-14.PI.1. 1889. Descriptionsoftenspecies. New SpeciesofFungi.Jour.Mycol.5:72-78.1889. DescriptionsofeightKansasspecies. Norton.AStudyoftheKansasUstilagineae,especiallywith RegardtotheirGermination.Trans.St.LouisAcad.Sci.7: 229- 241.PL2j-29.1896. Notesn o thirty-threespecies. Peck.NewSpeciesofFungi.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,22: 485-493.1895. IncludesfifteenspeciesfromKansas. Smyth.AdditionstotheFloraofKansas.Trans.Kansas Acad.Sci.15:60-73.1898. Includeslistof169fungi. Swingle.AListoftheKansasSpeciesofPeronosporaceae. Trans.KansasAcad.Sci.11: 63-87.1889. LOUISIANA 177 Walters.ErysipheaeofRileyCounty,Kansas.Trans.Kan sasAcad.Sci.14:200-204.PI.1, 2.1896. Notesonsixteenspecies.

Kentucky. Verylittleisknownof thefungusfloraofthisStateandprob ablynotmorethanonehundredspecieshave beenreported. Mr.MorganmadeasinglevisittothesouthernpartoftheState andreportedaseriesofinterestingforms.MissS.F.Pricehas alsocollectedafewspecies.Thelocalliterature,exceptinci dentalreferencestoparasiticspeciesissuedfromtheexperiment station,isconfinedtothetwofollowingpapers: Ellis. NewFungi.Am.Nat.16: 810,1. 811882. DescribessevenspeciesfromKentucky. Morgan.entucky KFungi.Bot.Gaz.8:156,157.1883. Listoftwenty-sevenspeciesoffungi.

Louisiana. With theexceptionofafewspeciescollectedbyHalemen tionedinBerkeley'sNoticesofNorthAmericanFungi,andafew reportedintheearlyseventiesbyFeatherman,thegreaterpartof thefungiknownfromthisstatearethosecollectedbyFather Langlois.Thesearemainlyrepresentedbyduplicatesinthe EllisHerbarium.Theswampsofthestateoughttofurnisha richfieldforfungiof thelargersorts,andthediversefloralcover ingthehostsforanextensiveparasiticseries. Ellis &Everhart.NewSpeciesofFungifromvariousLocali ties.Jour.Mycol.2: 37-42,87-89,99-104.1886. Descriptionsoffifty-fourspeciesmostlyfromLouisiana. Ellis &Langlois.NewSpeciesofLouisianaFungi.Jour. Mycol.6:35-37.1890. Descriptionsofeighteenspecies. Featherman.ReportofBotanicalSurveyofSouthernand CentralLouisiana,1871. Containsamongotherplants,alistoftwenty-onespeciesof fungi. ThirdannualReportoftheBotanicalSurveyofSouth westLouisiana,1872. 12 I

i78 GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION

Containsamongotherplants,alistofsixty-eightspeciesof fungi. Langlois.CatalogueprovisoiredesPlantesPhanerogameset CryptogamesdelaBasseLouisiane.1887. Alistofsome644fungicollectedinthestate. Maine. A fewfungiwerecollectedearlybyRev.JosephBlakeandE. C.Bolles; mostofthelatercollectionshave beenmadebyPro fessorF.L.Harveyandhisstudents.Theunexploredportions ofMainelargelycoveredwithforestsoughttoyieldarichharvest whenproperlyexplored. Cooke. DecadesofMaineFungi.Proc.PortlandSoc. Nat. Hist.1: 179-185.f.9. 1862. Harvey.ContributiontothePyrenomycetesofMaine,—I. Bull.TorreyBot.Club,23:50-58.1896. Listf o 122species. Contributionto aKnowledgeof theMyxomycetesof Maine.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,23:307-314.1896;24:65- 71. 1897;26:320-324.1899. Notesn o 132speciesfoundinthestate. Contributionto theGastromycetesofMaine.Bull. TorreyBot.Club,24:71-74.1897. Notesontwenty-ninespecies. Harvey"&Knight.CryptogamscollectednearJackman,Maine, August,1895.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,24:340-342.1897. Includeslistoffifty-onefungi. Maryland. Except afewnotesoneconomicspeciesandmiscellaneouscol lectionsmadebytheWashingtonbotanistsinthevicinityofthat city,theprincipalknowledgeofthefungiofthisStateisdueto theworkofMissBanning,whohaspaintedalargeseriesand presentedthemtotheNewYorkstatecollectionatAlbany. Banning.NotesontheFungiofMaryland.Fieldand Forest,3:42-47,59-63.1877. nNoteso Fungi.Bot.Gaz.5:5-10,23. 1880. New SpeciesofFungifoundinMaryland.Bot.Gaz. 6: 165, 166.1881. MASSACHUSETTS 179 Charactersoffourspecies. MarylandFungi.Bot.Gaz.6:200-202,210-213. 1881. Peck.FungiofMaryland.Reg.Rep.44:64-75.1891. ListofMarylandspeciesincludedinMissBanning's folioof paintingspresentedtotheNewYorkStateMuseum,andinclud ingsixteennewspecies. Massachusetts. EarlycollectionsweremadeinMassachusettsbySprague,by HitchcockandbyC.L.Andrews,whopublishedabriefaccount ofsomefungicollectedbyhimin1856.Laterextensivecollec tionshavebeenmadebyProfessorsFarlowandThaxter,A.B. Seymour,andvariousinstructorsandstudentsinbotanyin HarvardUniversity,byMissCoraClarkeandothers.Theflora oftheeasternpartofthestateoughttobewellknownbutcom parativelylittlerecentlocalliteraturehasappeared.Thegreater partofthesecollectionsarenaturallyatHarvard,butnotafewof theduplicateshavefoundtheirwaytotheElliscollection. ManyofthefungiofthelistpublishedbyTuckerman&Frost belongtotheVermontportionoftheterritorycovered,where Frostdidthemostofhiswork.Besidesthefollowing,numerous papersoneconomicspecieshaveappearedfromtheAgricultural ExperimentStationatAmherst: Andrews.ContributiontotheMycologyofMassachusetts, Proc.BostonSoc.Nat.Hist.5: 321-323.1856. Listofthirty-sixspecies. Cobb.AListofPlantsgrowingwildwithinthirtyMilesof Amherst,pp.51.Northampton,1887. IncludesessentiallythesamespeciesasinTuckermanand Frost'searlierpublishedlist. Farlow.ListofFungifoundintheVicinityofBoston.Bull. BusseyInst.1 : 430-439.1876;2:224-252.1878. Hitchcock.CatalogueofthePlantsgrowingwithoutCulti vationintheVicinityofAmherstCollege,pp.64.Amherst, 1829. Alistof170species. CataloguesoftheAnimalsandPlantsofMassachusetts, i8o GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION nRep.o Geol.Min.Bot.andZool.Mass.525-652.1835.(Also separate,pp.142.Amherst,1835.) Alistof176speciesonpp.645-649(125-149). Sprague.ContributionstoNewEnglandMycology,Proc. BostonSoc.Nat.Hist.5:325-331.1856;6:315-321.1859. Alistof682speciesmainlyfromMassachusetts. AsupplementwasmadebyFrosttenyearslater.(Seeunder Vermont.) TuckermanandFrost.ACatalogueofPlantsgrowingwith outCultivationwithinthirtyMilesofAmherstCollege,pp.vi, 98.Amherst,1875. Alistofover1100species.

Michigan. In thisstatenolocalpublicationsasidefromsomenoticesof a feweconomicspecieshave beenissued,althocollectionshave beenmadebyProfessorsWheelerandSpalding,Mr.G.H.Hicks andothers.Itisdoubtfulifthereareonehundredspeciesall toldrecordedinanypublicationasfoundinthestate.

Minnesota. During theearlierhistoryofthisstateDr.A.E.Johnsonmade aseriesofcollectionsofthemoreconspicuousfungiof thestate, butsofarasknownnospecimensexistassponsorstohislist whichwaspublishedinthefirstvolumeoftheBulletinof theState AcademyofScience.Besidesthisasingleexpeditionwasmade in1886totheminingregionnorthofLakeSuperiorinwhich ArthurandHolwaycollectedfungiofallsorts.Afewothermis cellaneouscollectionshavebeenmadebyArthur,Macmillanand othersbutoftherichfloraasawholescarcelyabeginninghas beenmade. Johnson. TheMycologicalFloraofMinnesota.Bull.Minne sotaAcad.Nat.Sci.1:203-302.1877;325-344.1878. Listof642speciesfoundinthestate. Arthur&Holway.ReportonBotanicalWorkinMinnesota fortheyear1886.Bull.No.3,Geol.andNat.Hist.Surveyof Minnesota.Pp.56.1887. Listf o 233speciesoffungi,includingtennewspecies, MISSOURI 181 Mississippi. AllthatisknownofMississippifungiisduetoProfessorsTracy andEarlewhohavecollectedextensivelytheparasiticspeciesin variouspartsofthestate,notablytheregionofthegulf.Thein terestingformsofthehigherfungieverywhereabundanthave scarcelybeentouched.Thefollowingpaperscomprisesomeof theresultsoftheworkalreadyaccomplished. TracyandEarle.NewSpeciesofParasiticFungi.Bull.Tor- reyBot.Club,22:174-179.1895. Includestwenty-oneMississippispecies. NewSpeciesofFungifromMississippi.Bull.Torrey Bot.Club,23:205-211.1896. Descriptionsoftwentyspecies. —: MississippiFungi.Bull.Miss.Agric.Exper.Sta.34: 1895. Listof353species,largelyparasitic. MississippiFungi.Bull.Miss.Agric.Exper.Sta.38: 1896. Anadditionallistofeighty-fivespecies. Missouri. OurknowledgeofthefungiofthisstateisduepartlytoPro fessorTracy,whoheldapositionforatimeintheStateUniver sity,tohisstudent,B.T.Galloway,nowChiefoftheDivisionof VegetablePathologyatWashington,andRev.C.H.Demetrio, whocollectedintheeightiesforDr.WinterandlaterforMr.Ellis. Onlyafewpapershaveappeared,theotherMissourispeciesbeing describedinscatteredplaces.Latercollectionshavebeenmade bytheworkersattheMissouriBotanicGardenatSt.Louis.* Winter.FunginoviMissourienses.Jour.Mycol.1 : 121-126. 1885. Descriptionsoftwenty-fivenewspecies. Winter&Demetrio.BeitragezurPilzfloravonMissouri. Hedwigia,24:177-214.1885.(Separate,pp.37.) Galloway.ParasiticFungiofMissouri.Bot.Gaz.13: 213. 1888. Summaryof362speciescollected. *Theherbariumofthisinstitutioncontainsthefunguscollectionofits director,Dr.Trelease,andaconsiderablenumberofexsiccati. l82 GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION Montana. TheearlierexplorationofthisstatewasmadebyF.W.An dersonandRev.F.D.Kelsey,duplicatesofwhosecollectionsare intheElliscollection.*A.B.Seymourmadeacollectingtour alongtheNorthernPacificRailroadin1884,extendingasfar westasWashington,butalargepartofhisworkwasconfinedto Montana.LaterRydberg,Griffiths,andWilliamshavecollected aconsiderablenumberofparasiticspecieschiefly,butnothoro systematicefforthaseverbeenmadetoexplorethestateex haustively.Comparedwithmanyof the olderstatesthelocal literatureisconsiderable: Anderson.SupplementaryNotes.Jour.Mycol.5: 82-84. 1889. Listf o fifty-threespeciesadditionaltothoseoflastpaper. ApreliminaryListoftheErysipheaeofMontana. Jour. Mycol.5:188-194.1889. Notesontwelvespecies. Brief Notesona fewcommonFungiofMontana. Jour. Mycol.5:30-32.1889. Ellis&Anderson.NewSpeciesofMontanaFungi.Bot.Gaz. 16:45-49.PL7;85,86.PL1o.1891. Descriptionsoftwelvespecies. Ellis &Everhart.NotesonaspeciesofCoprinusfromMon tana.TheMicroscope,10:129-131.PL4. 1890. Ellis&Galloway.NewWesternFungi.Jour.Mycol.5:65- 68. 1889. DescriptionsofthirteenspeciesofwhichtwelvearefromMon tana. Griffiths. SomeNorthwesternErysiphaceae.Bull.Torrey Bot.Club,a6:138-144.1899. IncludesnumerousreferencestoMontanastations. Kelsey. NotesontheFungiofHelena,Mont.Jour.Mycol. 5:80-82.1889. fListo seventy-fourspecies. fStudyo MontanaErysipheae.Bot.Gaz.13:285- 288. 1889. nNoteso ninespecies. * TheoriginalcollectionofF.W.AndersonwaspresentedtoColumbia Universityafterhisdeath. NEBRASKA 183 Seymour.ListofFungicollectedin1884alongtheNorthern PacificRailroad.Proc.BostonSoc.Nat.Hist.24:182-191. 1889. IncludesnotesonnumerousMontanaspecies. Nebraska. In nearlyeverystatethesystematiceffortinthedirectionof mycologicalexplorationtracesitsorigintoaoneortwomen;inno stateisthismoremarkedthaninNebraskawherethestimulushas comefromProfessorBessey.Throughhim andhisstudentsof theBotanicalSeminarof theStateUniversityofNebraskaasys tematicexplorationoftheentireplantlifeof thestatehasbeen undertakenandthepublicationofanelaboratestateflorahasbeen commenced.Theresulthasbeenthatwhilein1884scarcely anythingwasknownofthemycologicalfloraof thestate,to-day itisthebestknownofanywiththeexceptionofNewYorkand NewJersey.Messrs.Webber,Williams,Woods,Shear,J.G. Smith,Bell,Pound,andClementshavebeentheassistantswho havecontributedchieflytothisresultfromthemycologicalside. TheextensivecollectionsarelargelyintheUniversityofNebraska atLincolnwhereavaluableseriesofexsiccatimayalsobefound. Besidesconsiderableliteratureoneconomicspecies,thefollow inglocalliteraturemaybecited: BotanicalSurveyofNebraska.ReportsonCollectionsmade in1892, 1893,1894-5,1893-1896. Includenumerousadditionstothefungusflora. Pound.NotesontheFungiofeconomicInterestobservedin LancasterCounty,Nebraska,duringtheSummerof1889.Bull. Neb.Agric.Exp.Sta.11:83-91.1889. Notesn o seventy-fivespecies. Saunders.Protophyta-Phycophyta.FloraofNebraska,Part I. 1894. IncludesthePhycomycetes,pp.35,48-53,and55-60byPound andClements. Webber.ApreliminaryEnumerationof theRustsandSmuts ofNebraska.Bull.Neb.Agric.Exp.Sta.11:37-82.1889. Noteson140species. Catalogueof theFloraofNebraska.Rep.Neb.State Board Agric. 1889:37-162.1890. GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION

Includesa veryfulllistofthefungi. Appendixto theCatalogueof theFloraofNebraska. Trans.St.LouisAcad.Sci.6:1-47.1892. Includesnumerousspeciesoffungi.

Nevada. ExceptafewspeciescollectedbyH.W.HarknessinhisCali- fornianworkweknowofnocollectionsoffungihavingbeenmade inNevada.Itisthereforepracticallyaterraincognita,sofaras fungiareconcerned. New Hampshire. ProfessorFarlowhasspentmanysummersintheWhiteMoun tainregionandnumerousotherbotanistshavemadelongeror shortervisitstothesameregion,butwhilemanyspecieshave beenpublishedfromthisregioninourscatteredliterature,and abundanceofmaterialexistsinmanycollections,wecanreferto onlyasinglepaperbearingspecificallyonthefloraofthestate. Farlow.NotesontheCryptogamicFloraoftheWhiteMoun tains.Appalachia,3:232-251.1884.

NewJersey. The studyofNewJerseyfungiwascommencedbyMr.Ellis intheseventies,andmostthathasbeenaccomplishedhasbeen duetohislabors.ThePhiladelphiabotanists,W.C.Stevenson, Rex,andothershavecollectedinthevicinityofthatcity; the NewYorkcitybotanists,notablyGerard,havecollectedoverthe areasadjacenttotheHudsonriver,andthebotanistthestate of ExperimentStation,Dr.Halsted,hascollectedlargely,especially amongparasiticspecies,inwhichhewasatonetimeassistedby F. L.Stevens.Butthegreaterpartthe ofexplorationhasbeen madebyJ.B.Ellis,andinadditiontothefollowingspeciallocal literature,numerousspeciesarescatteredthroughMr.Ellis' writings,andmanyspeciesdistributedinhisNorthAmerican fungiwerecollectedinthevicinityofhishome.Probablytwo thousandormorespeciesareknownfromthestate. Britton.CatalogueofPlantsfoundinNewJersey.Reportof StateGeologist,a:27-642.1889. NEW JERSEY

Includeslistof a1705fungi,preparedbyJ.B.Ellisand W.R.Gerard. Cooke&Ellis.NewJerseyFungi.Grevillea,4:178-180. PL68.1876;5:30-35.PL7j; 49-55.PI.80,81.1876; 89-95.1877:6:1-18.PL95,96.1877;81-96.PL99, 100.1878;7:4-10;37-42.1878;8:11-16.1879;9: 103.1881. Includesmanyspeciesenumeratedbesidesabout300described asnew. Ellis.NewSpeciesofFungifoundatNewfield,N.J. Bull. TorreyBot.Club,5:45, 46.1874; 6:75-77.1876. Describessixteenspecies. South JerseyFungi.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,6: 106- 109. 1876; 133-135.1877. Describestwenty-ninespecies. NewSpeciesofNorthAmericanFungi.Bull.Torrey Bot.Club,8: 64-66,73-75,89-91.1881; 9:18-20,73,74, 98,99,in,112,133, 134.1882;10:52-54.1883. Describesninety-twospecieslargelyfromNewJersey. New SpeciesofNorthAmericanFungi.Am.Nat.17: 192-196,16-319. 3 1883. Describesthirty-fivespeciespartlyfromNewJersey. New NorthAmericanFungi.Bull.TorreyBot.Club, 11:17, 18,41, 42,73-75.1884. Describestwenty-fourspeciespartlyfromNewJersey. New SpeciesofFungi.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,10: 76,77, 89,97, 90,98,117,118.1883. Describeswenty-nine t speciespartlyfromNewJersey. Halsted.NotesuponPeronosporeaefor1890.Bot.Gaz.15: 320-324.1890. Remarksn o fifteenspecies. Some NotesuponeconomicPeronosporeaefor1889in New Jersey.Jour.Mycol.5: 201-203.1889. fReportso theBotanicalDepartmentoftheNewJer seyAgriculturalCollegeExperimentStationfor1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896,1897,1898.* *nA indexbyhoststotheseandthebulletinsissuedbytheNewJer seyExperimentStationbearingonfungousdiseaseshasbeenpreparedby F.L.Stevens.Cf.Proc.Columbus[Ohio]Hort.Soc.11: 136-147. 1896. GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION

Include numerousnotesonfungousparasitespreyingonuseful plants. Peck. TwonewFungifromNewJersey.Bull.TorreyBot. Club,5: 2, 3.1874. NewFungifromNewJersey.Bull.TorreyBot.Club, 6: 13, 14.1875. New Mexico. A fewscatteringspecieswereearlycollectedbyDr.H.H. RusbyandMarcusE.JoneswhichweredescribedbyGerardand Peck.Afewparasiticspecieshave beencollectedbyProfessors EarleandTracy,andincidentallybyotherswhohavetraveled acrossthestate.ProfessorsWootonandCockerellhavecollected a fewformsinthevicinityofLasCruces,includinganinteresting seriesofLycoperdaceaenowinourhandsforexamination.A fewscatteringdescriptionsappearinvariouspapers,so thatper hapsahundredspecieshavebeendefinitelyreportedfromthe state,whichisonlythebeginningforwhatpromisestobeamost interestingregion. We canciteonlytwopapersbearingdirectlyonthelocalflora: Gerard.SomeFungifromNewMexico.Bull.TorreyBot. Club,8:34.1881. Peck.NewSpeciesofFungi.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,12:33- 36.PL49.1885. DescribeselevenspeciespartlyfromNewMexico. New York. TheEmpirestateprovesitselftheonemostcarefullysurveyed ofanyforitsfungusflora.Asalreadystatedthisislargelydueto the laborsofitsstatebotanist,CharlesH.Peck,whohassolong studieditsfungiparticularly.Numerousotherbotanistshave contributedto thisendamongwhomwereDr.E.C.Howe,W. R.Gerard,JudgeG.W.Clinton,Dr.C.E.Fairman,Professors Dudley,Atkinson,Durand,andDuggarofCornellUniversity,Dr. J.C.ArthurandMr.F.C.Stewart,atdifferenttimesbotanistsat thestateexperimentstationatGeneva,C.L.Shear,whohas issuedthreecenturiesofNewYorkfungi,O.F.Cook,andthe presentwriterwhocollectedlargelyinthecentralportionofthe state,andothers.Mr.J.B.Ellis,whosehomewasoriginallyin NEW YORK i87 St. Lawrencecounty,alsocollectedextensivelyinthatregion,and numerousvisitorsintheAdirondackandCatskillmountainshave madeincidentalgatheringsinthoseregions.Asmightbesup posedthelocalliteratureisextensive;nearly3000speciesarein cludedinPeck'sreportsalone: Cooke. NewYorkFungi.Grevillea,8:117-119.1880. Day.Acatalogueof thenativeandnaturalizedPlantsofthe cityofBuffaloanditsVicinity.Bull.BuffaloSoc.Nat.Hist.4: 65-152.1882;153-290.1883.(Reprint,pp.215.) Enumerates869speciesoffungimostlycollectedbyJudge Clinton. Fairman.NotesonneworrareFungifromwesternNewYork. Jour.Mycol.5:78-80.1889. Contributionsto theMycologyofwesternNewYork. Proc.RochesterAcad.Sci.i:43-53.PL3,4. 1890. Hymenomyceteaeof OrleansCounty,N.Y. Proc. RochesterAcad.Sci. 2:154-167.1893. nNoteso 167species. Gerard. NewspeciesofFungi.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,4: 47,48:64.1873;—5:26,27,39,40.18741—6:31.32.1875; 77,78.1876. Descriptionsofforty-eightnewspecies. Peck. ReportsofStateBotanistinRegent'sReportsonthe ConditionoftheStateMuseumofNaturalHistory,22:25-106. 1869;23:27-135.PL1-6. 1872;24:41-108.PL1-4.1872; 25:57-123.PL1,2:1873;26:35-91.1874;27:73-"6.PL 1, 2.1875;28:31-88.PL1, 2.1876;29:29-82.PL1, 2. 1878;30:23-78.PL1,2.1878;31:19-60. 1879;32:17-723 1879;*33=n-49.Pl-J.2- 1883;34:24-58.PL1-4.1883; 35:125-164.1885;36:29-49.1885;37:63-6841885; 38; 77-138.PL1-3. 1885;39:30-73.PL1, 2.1887;40:39-77- 1887;41:51-122.1888;42:1-48.PL1,2.1889;43:1-54. PI.1-4.1890;44:1-75.PL1-4.1891; 45:1-42. 1893. 46:1-69.1893;47:1-48.1894;48:1-241,PLA,1-43.1897; 49:1-69.PL44-49.1897;50:7S-I59-1898;51:267-321. PLA,B,j0-j6.1898. * Issuedonlyasapublicdocument. f Theprincipalpartofthisreportwasafterwardspublishedin Bull.N.Y. StateMus.12: 1-66.PI.1, 2.1887. i88 GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION Synopsisof NewYorkUncinulae.Trans.Albany Inst.: 7 213-217.PL 1872. DescriptionsofnewSpeciesofFungi.Bull.Buffalo Soc. Nat.Hist,i:41-72.1873. Descriptionsof142species.

North Carolina. Asalreadynotedlarge aamountoftheearlystudyofAmerican fungiwasundertakeninthisstatebySchweinitzandCurtis. Somespecieshave beencollectedmorerecentlybyProfessorG.F. AtkinsonandGeraldMcCarthy,butbeyondCurtis'longlistof nearlytwenty-fivehundredspecies,weknowcomparativelylittle ofthefungusfloraof thestate.Withthediversityofelevation, floralcoveringandclimatepossessedbythestatecarefulexplo rationoughttoincreasethislistgreatly. Curtis.GeologicalandNaturalHistorySurveyofNorth Caro lina.Part3,Botany.Pp.156,Raleigh,1867. Containslistof a2392fungigrowinginthestate,pp.83-154. Schweinitz.SynopsisfungorumCarolinaeSuperioris.Schrif- tendernaturf. Gesell.Leipzig,1: 20-131.PL1,2. 1822. (Alsoseparate,pp.105.) Enumerationof 1373species,manyofthemnew. Synopsis fungoruminAmericaBorealimediadegen- tium.Trans.Am.Phil.Soc.4:141-316.PLig. 1834. Includes 3098speciesoffungi,manyfromNorthCarolina,in cludingmanydescribedasnew. NorthDakota. Beyondsomeworkchieflyonspeciesofeconomicimportance byProfessorBolleyatthestateexperimentstationatFargo, comparativelylittlefieldworkhasbeendoneinthestate.A.B. Seymourcollectedanumberofspeciesonhisjourneyin1884 andhispaperwhichbelongsequallytoMontanaistheonlyone wecanciteasrelating speciallytothelocalflora: Seymour.ListofFungicollectedin1884alongtheNorthern PacificRailroad.Proc.BostonSoc.Nat.Hist.24:182-191. 1889. IncludesnotesonnumerousNorthDakotaspecies. OHIO 189 Ohio. .ThomasG Lea wasoneof thefirsttostudythefungiofOhio commencingintheearlythirties,andhislistpublishedin1849 laidthefoundationforsubsequentworkcarriedon byMr.Mor ganandothers.ManyofLea'sspecimensweresentdirectto Berkeleyandthetypesofseveralnewspeciestogetherwithother materialarepreservedatKew.Sullivantalsocollectedsome materialinthecentralportionof thestateandsomeofthiswas describedbyMontagne,whosetypesaretobesoughtatParis. LaterMr.Morganhasgivenextensiveattentiontothevarious groupsof thehigherfungiaswellastotheMyxomycetes,and hispublicationsincludemanynewspeciesaswellcareful as de scriptionsofhundredsofoldonesmostofwhichhavebeenpub lishedintheJournaloftheCincinnatiSocietyofNaturalHistory. Inthecaseof themorefleshyfungiitisMr.Morgan'sprac ticetopreserveonlyapainting.Hiscollectioncontainsmany hundredsoftheseallmadebythehandofMrs.Morganwho hasaidedinbringingtogetheramostvaluablecollection.Mr. Morgan'swork,whichhascoverednearlyeverygroupexcept parasiticforms,hasbeenablysupplementedontheparasiticside byProfessorKellermanwhohascollectedmoreextensivelyin thesegroups.Othercollections,particularlyofparasiticspecies, havebeenmadeinthestatebyA.D.Selby,F.L.Stevens,Miss Detmers,J.F.Jamesandothers.MorerecentlyMr.C.G.Lloyd, ofCincinnati,hasestablishedaveryextensiveprivatecollection andlibraryandhasdevotedalargeamountoftimetothepro ductionofphotogravuresandphotographsofthelargerfungi,and tothepublicationof notesonvariousspeciesandcompiledde scriptionswhichhehasdistributedwidelyandwithagenerous hand.Besidesthesepublicationswhichcontainasmuchofgen eralaslocalvalue,andvariouspublicationsbearingoneconomic speciesemanatingfromtheexperimentstation,thefollowing papersrelatetoOhiofungidirectly: Detmers.ApreliminaryListoftheRustsofOhio.Bull. OhioAgric.Exp.Sta.,5:133-140.1892. Additionsto thepreliminaryListoftheUredineaeof Ohio. Bull.OhioAgric.ExpSta(Tech.Ser.),i:171-180. 1893. 190 GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION Ellis &Kellerman.NewSpeciesofNorthAmericanFungi. Am.Nat.17:1164-1166.1883. DescribesfourteenspecieschieflyfromOhio. James. CatalogueoftheFloweringPlants,FernsandFungi growingintheVicinityofCincinnati.Jour.CincinnatiSoc. Nat.Hist.2:42-68.1879.(Separate,pp.27.) fListo 319fungifromLea'searliercatalogue. Kellerman&Werner.CatalogueofOhioPlants.Geologyof Ohio,72:56-406.1895. Includesa listofsome1080speciesknownfromthestate. IncludesalsoabibliographyofOhiobotany. Lea.CatalogueofPlants,nativeandnaturalized,collected intheVicinityofCincinnatiDuringtheYears1834-1844. Pp. 17. Philadelphia,1849. fListo 319speciesoffungiwithdescriptionsfifty-three ofnew speciesbyBerkeley. Morgan.TheMycologicFloraoftheMiamiValley.O. Jour.CincinnatiSoc.Nat.Hist.6:54-81.PI.2,j;97-117; 173-199.PL8,9. 1883;—7:5-10.PL1. 1884:—8: 91-u1. PLT;168-174.1885;9:1-8.1886; —10:7-18; 188-202.1887;—11: 86-95.l888- Descriptionsofthehymenomycetousfungioftheregion. The MyxomycetesoftheMiamiValley.OhioJour. CincinnatiSoc.Nat.Hist.15:127-143.PL3. 1893;16: 13-36.PL1. 1893;127-156.PL11,12.1894;19:1-44. PL1-3.1896. Selby. TheOhioErysipheae.Bull.OhioAgric.Exp.Sta. (Tech.Ser.),1 : 213-224.1893. Stevens.ParasiticFungion OhioWeeds.Jour.Columbus Hort.Soc.n:120-126.1896. (Separate,pp.1-7.) Oklahoma. Scarcelyanythingisknownofthefungiofthisterritory,which isdoubtlesscloselyalliedtothatoftheadjoiningstateofKansas, whichisknowntoberichparticularlyinparasiticspecies. Oregon. Variousincidentalcollectionshave beenmadeinthisstateby W.M.Carpenter,W.C.CusickandProfessorF.E.Lloyd,most RHODE ISLAND 191 ofwhicharerepresentedbyduplicatesintheElliscollection, but,exceptforafewstationbulletinson economicspecies,there isnolocalliteraturebearingonthefungiofthestate. Pennsylvania. Muhlenbergincludeda listofovertwohundredspeciesas earlyas1813,andlaterSchweinitzcollectedextensivelynear Bethlehemandreportedmanyfungitherefrominhislaterwork. MicheneralsocollectedandexchangedwithCurtisandmany ofhisspecimensthusfoundtheirwaytotheBerkeleycollection nowatKew.LatercollectionshavebeenmadebyDr.Martin, B.M.Everhart,Haines,GentryandStevenson,mostofwhich arerepresentedbyduplicatesintheEllisherbarium.Dr.George A.Rex,ofPhiladelphia,alsocollectedmanyfungiandgave particularattentiontothemyxomycetes,whichhe onpublished severalvaluablepapers.Hisvoluminouscorrespondencewith Mr.Morgancontainsamineof themostvaluablenotesonthis group,oftenaccompaniedbyexquisitedrawings.Hisuntimely deathwasagreatlosstoAmericanmycology.HaroldWingate alsocollected,inthisgroup,largelyaboutPhiladelphia.While descriptionsofmanyspeciesfromPennsylvaniamaybefound inwidelyscatteredpublications,thenumberofpapersrelating primarilyormainlytoPennsylvaniaspeciesisverysmall: Ellis.NewSpeciesofFungi.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,10: 76,77,89, 90,98, 97,117,118.1883. Describestwenty-ninespeciespartlyfromPennsylvania. Muhlenberg.CatalogusPlantarumAmericaeSeptentrionales. Pp.112.Lancaster,Pa.,1813. 2ded.,1818. Listof201fungimostlyfromPennsylvania. Schweinitz.SynopsisFungoruminAmericaeBorealimedia digentium.Trans.Am.Phil.Soc.4: 141-316.PLig.1834. 3098speciesincluded,partlyfromPennsylvania. Rhode Island. ThefungiofRhodeIslandwereearlycollectedbyJ.L.Ben nettandS.T.OlneyandwerelargelysenttoCurtisandBerke leyfordetermination;asummaryofsome580specieshasbeen publishedwhichincludespracticallyallthathasbeendoneasyet l92 GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION in thestate.Thelistcouldeasilybetrebledbycarefulsystematic work. Bennett.PlantsofRhodeIsland,pp.128.Providence,1888. SouthCarolina. Asbeforenoteditwasinthisstatethattheearliestworkon Americanfungiwasdone.LaterworkRavenel by hasalsobeen noted;besidesthefollowingpapers,verymanyofthe fungiof Ravenel'stwoseriesofexsiccatiwerecollectedfromthevicinity ofAiken: Cooke.NorthAmericanFungi.Grevillea,n:106-111.1883. Describestwenty-sevenspeciespartlyfromSouthCarolina. Ravenel.ContributionstotheCryptogamicBotanyofSouth Carolina.CharlestonMed.Jour,andRev.6: 190-199.1851. Listof169hymenomycetousFungi. A listof themorecommonnativeplantsofSouthCaro lina.SouthCarolina,ResourcesandPopulation,etc.312-359. ■883 Alistofthirty-fivespeciesoffungi,pp.353-356. Thumen.FungorumAmericanorum,trigintaspeciesnovae. Flora,61:177-184.1878. Twenty-fivenewspeciesfromSouthCarolina. South Dakota. ExtensivecollectionshavebeenmadebyProfessorT.A. Williams,DavidGriffiths,andvariousstudentsoftheAgricultural College,notablyamongparasiticspeciesbutcomparativelylittle publicationhasbeenmaderegardinglocaldistribution: Williams.NotesonparasiticFungiobservedatBrookings duringtheSummerof1891.Bull.S.D.Exper.Sta.29:29-52. 1891. nNoteso ninety-twospecies. Griffiths. SomeNorthwesternErysiphaceae.Bull.Torrey Bot.Club,26:138-144.1899. Tennessee. Weknowpracticallynothingofthefungusfloraofthisstate, sinceneithermycologistnorcollectorhas everinterestedhimselfin UTAH 103 fungi.Itistobe doubtedifreferencestoascoreofspeciesoccur ringinthestatecouldbefoundinthewholerangeofourlitera ture. Texas. When areaisconsidered,probablythisstatepresentsthebest exampleofa regionpracticallyunknowntothemycologist. Ravenelcollecteda numberoffungiinthestateduringa singletourofexploration; someoftheseweredescribedby Cooke,butmanymore,ofwhichduplicatesareintheElliscollec tion,haveneverbeenreported.Inadditiontothisthereport of a singleseriesofparasiticspeciesfromtheexperimentstation constitutesourentireknowledgeof thefungiofoneofthemost interestingregionsintheentirecountry. Cooke.TheFungiofTexas.Jour.Linn.Soc.17:141-144. 1880. Descriptionsoftwenty-fivespecies. The FungiofTexas.Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci.1:177 187. 1878. Alistof149species. Jennings.SomeparasiticFungiofTexas.Bull.TexasAgric. Exper.Sta.23-29. 9: 1890. fListo ninety-fivespeciesfromthestate. Ravenel.ReportontheFungiofTexas.Rep.Comm.Agric. onDiseaseofCattleinUnitedStates,171-174.1871. Generalaccountoffungiof thestate. Utah. Sporadiccollectionschieflyofparasiticspecieshavebeenmade byMarcusE.JonesandS.J.Harknessofwhich mosthave been senttoMr.Ellis.AfewhaverecentlybeendescribedbyEuro peanbotanists.Thefield,however,ispracticallyavirginone likethegreaterportionoftheRockyMountainarea.Thefol lowing paperscontaindescriptionsUtahspecies, of andafew othersarescatteredthroughourliterature: Ellis.NewspeciesofNorthAmericanFungi.Bull.Torrey Bot.Club,8:64-66,73-75,89-91.1881; 9:18-20,73, 74,98, 99,III,112, 133,1882; 134.10:52-54,1883. IncludestenspeciesfromUtahamongmanyothers. 13 194 GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION NewAscomycetousFungi.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,8: 123-125.1881. Descriptionsofthirteenspecies. Peck. NewspeciesofFungi.Bull.TorreyBot.Club,11:49, 50. 1884. DescriptionsofninespeciespartlyfromUtah. Vermont. fMucho theearlyworkonVermontcryptogamswasdoneby C. C. Frost(1805-1880),"theBrattleboroshoemaker,"andin 1875hejoinedProfessorHitchcockofAmherstinthepublication ofalistofplantsgrowingwithinthirtymilesofAmherstCollege, thelimitbeingthustakentoincludeFrost'strampinggroundsinthe southeastcornerofVermont.Manyofthe plantsofthatlist,par ticularlythecryptogams,belongtoVermontinsteadofMassachu setts,thomostaredoubtlesscommontobothstates.Frost'scol lection,presentedtothe Brattleborolibrary,isnotaccessibleat present.LatterlyalargeamountofworkonVermontfungihas beendonebyProfessorBurt,andProfessorL.R.Joneshasre centlyorganizedasystematicsurveytoinvestigatethecryptogamic floraofthestate.Thefollowingpaperspertaintothelocalflora: Burt.AListoftheVermontHelvelleaewithdescriptiveNotes. Rhodora,1:59-67.PL4. 1899. Frost. FurtherEnumerationofNewEnglandFungi.Proc. BostonSoc.Nat.Hist.12:77-81.1869. AcontinuationofSprague'slistgiving263species.(Seeunder Massachusetts.) CatalogueofBoletiofNewEngland,withDescriptions of newSpecies.Bull.BuffaloSoc.Nat.Hist.2:100-105.1874. Jones &Orton.ApartialListoftheparasiticFungiofVer mont.Rep.Vt.Agric.Exper.Sta.n:201-219.1898. Listof139Vermontspecies. Peck.NewSpeciesofFungi.Bot.Gaz.5:33-36.1880. IncludestenspeciesfromVermont. Virginia. ExceptsomecollectionsmadeinthevicinityofWashingtonby themycologistsoftheDivisionofVegetablePathologyandsome WISCONSIN 195 papersn o variousinjuriousfungiissuedfromtheexperimentsta tionlittleisknownofthefungusfloraofthisstate.Incidental speciesfromthestatemaybefoundscatteredinourliteraturebut nopapersbearingonthelocalflorahaveappeared. Washington. A considerablenumberofspecieshavebeencollectedbyPro fessorPiper,byW.N.SuksdorfandMissAdellaM.Parker; mostof thesearerepresentedbyduplicatesintheEllisher barium.Anumberofnewspeciesfromthisstatehavebeen describedbyMr.Ellisinhisvariouspapers,butonlythefollow ingpapersbearing whollyorinthemainonWashingtonspecies haveappeared: Ellis&Everhart.NewSpeciesofFungifromWashington TerritorybyW.N.SuksdorfduringtheSummerandFallof1883. BullWashburnColl.Lab.Nat.Hist.1:3-6.1884. Descriptionsofsixteenspecies. NewWestAmericanFungi.Erythea,1: 197-206 1893. IncludesseveralspeciesfromWashington. WestVirginia. Mostf o ourknowledgeofWestVirginiafungiisduetothe workofMr.L.W.Nuttall,althosomespecieshave beencol lectedthroughthestateExperimentStation.Probablyupwards ofathousandspeciesareknownfromthestate,andmuchofthe richestforestregioniswhollyunexplored.Asummaryupto 1896appearsasfollows: Millspaugh&Nuttall.FloraofWestVirginia.FieldColum bianMuseum,Bot.Series,1:69-276.1896. Includes980speciesoffungi.Thisisasecondedition,the firstappearingasBulletin24,WestVirginiaExperimentStation. Wisconsin. Laphamcollectedafewspecieswhich weresenttoCurtisfor identification.Later,in1883,W.F.Bundypublishedalistcon tainingprincipallyfleshyandwoodyconspicuousspecies,but unfortunatelythereisnothingtostandsponsorforthiscollection 196 GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION which rendersitpracticallyworthless.LaterProfessorTrelease publishedalistofparasiticspeciesandcollectedlargelyinother groups.ThesecollectionsareattheMissouriBotanicGardens. LatercollectionsweremadebyA.B.Seymour,L.S.Cheney,and particularlyDr.J. J.Davis,ofRacine,whohaspublisheda supplementallistofparasiticspeciesbringingthenumberupto fivehundred.Specialpapersbearingonthisfloraareasfollows: Bundy.ApartialListoftheFungiofWisconsinwithDescrip tionsofnewSpecies.GeologyofWisconsin,1:396-401.1883. Includesalistofoverthreehundredspecies,withtwonew species. Davis. TwoWisconsinFungi.Bot.Gaz.i9:414,415.1894. A graminicolousDoassansia.Bot.Gaz.25:353,354 1898. A supplementaryListofparasiticFungiofWisconsin. Trans.Wis.Acad.Sci.9:153-188.1892. Includes233speciesadditionaltoTrelease'slistwithnotes. Trelease.PreliminaryListoftheparasiticFungiofWiscon sin.Trans.Wis.Acad.Sci.6:106-144.1886.(Separate, pp.40.) Includes271speciesanddescriptionsofsixteennewspecies. TheMorelsandPufifballsofMadison.Trans.Wis. Acad. Sci.7:105-120.PLj-g.1889. Wyoming. Comparativelylittlehasbeendoneinthedirectionoflocal studyoffungiinthisstate.ProfessorAvenNelsonhascollected a fewspeciesinconnectionwithhisworkonthehigherfloraof thestate,andProfessorT.A.WilliamsandDavidGriffithshave collectedlargelytheparasiticfungiinconnectionwithotherwork. Mostofthesecollectionsareasyetunstudied.Theonlypaper bearingonthelocalflorapertainsequallywelltothefloraofthe statesofMontanaandSouthDakota. Griffiths.SomeNorthwesternErysiphaceae.Bull.Torrey Bot.Club,26:138-144.1899. *** In ordertosupplementtheforegoing,sinceoursouthernflora partakesinpartofadjoininglandsandournorthernfloraisnot limitedbytheartificialboundariesoflakesandriversandparal GREENLAND 197 lelsf o latitude,weincludeabriefstatementofourknowledgeof thefungiof otherportionsofNorthAmericabeyondthelimitsof theUnitedStates. Canada. Afewof theearlynorthwestpassageexplorerscollectedfungi fromtheArcticregionsandcarriedthemtoEngland.Someof themfoundtheirwaytoHooker'scollection(nowatKew)and weredescribedbyBerkeley.Latercollectionshave beenmade byJohnMacoun,theDominionbotanist,byJohnDearness,of Ontario,andRev.A.E.Waghorne,ofNewfoundland.Mostof thesehavebeensenttoMr.Ellisfordeterminationsothatduplicates ateinhisherbarium.Fewpapershaveyetappearedbearingon the fungitheDominion, of butmanyspeciesexistincollections andsomedescriptionsarescatteredwidelythroughourliterature. ThefollowingbeardirectlyontheCanadianflora: Berkeley.DescriptionsofexoticFungiintheCollectionSir of W.J.Hooker,etc.Ann.Nat.Hist.3:375-401.1839I 7: 451-454-1841. EnumerationoftheFungicollectedduringtheArctic Expedition,1875-76.Jour.Linn.Soc.17:13-17.1880. Ellis&Everhart.CanadianFungi.Jour.Mycol.1: 85-87. 1885. » Listf o thirty-fourspecieswithdescriptionsfivenew ofspecies. Ellis &Dearness.NewSpeciesofCanadianFungi.Can.Rec ordSci.—: 267-272.1893. Descriptionsoftwenty-onespecies. Macoun.ListofPlantscollectedontheCoastsofLabrador, Hudson'sStraitandBay,byRobertBellin1884.Rep.Geol. Nat.Hist.Survey,Canada,1882-1884.App.DD.38-47.1885. Listf o tenfungi. Thumen.Contributionalafloremycologiquedelaprovince de Quebec.Nat.Canadien,10:8-10.1878. Greenland. NaturallytheinvestigationofthefungiofthisDanishpossession shouldbelookedforinDanishpublications.Asummaryof the knowledgeofGreenlandfungiappearsinthefollowingpaper: Rostrup.FungiGroenlandiae: OversigtoverGronlands Svampe.MeddelelseromGronland,3:517-590.1888. Notesn o 290speciesincludingseveralnewspecies. GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION Mexico. OurknowledgeofthefungiofMexicoisverylimited.Sev eralpapersappearedearlybearingonthefungiofthisregion obtainedfromvariouscollectors.Morerecentlycollectionshave beenmadebyT.S.Brandegee,andE.W.Holway;thelatterhas madeseveraltripsseekingespeciallyUredinales.Asinallthe countriesofSpanishsettlement,theworkofcollectinganddescrib ingthelowerplantsofMexicowilldevolveontheAnglo-Amer icans,andlongbeforethemycologicalfloraoftheUnitedStatesis thorolyknown,thatofthetropicalregionstothesouthward willbecollectedby Americanbotanistsandtheprogressinour knowledgeofallNorthAmericawillbecomemoreandmoreuni form.Wecanrefertothefollowingpapersbearingonthemy cologicalfloraofMexico: nBerkeley.O somenewFungifromMexico.Jour.Linn.Soc. 9:423-425.PL12.1867. Describessixspecies. Ellis&Everhart.NewWestAmericanFungi.Erythea,5: 5-7.1897. Descriptionsofeightspecies,sixfromlowerCalifornia. Fries.Novaesymbolaemycologicaeinperegrinisterrisabot- aniciDaniciscollectae.NovaActaSci.Upsal.1 : 17-136.1851. — Novarumsymbolarunimycologicarummantissa.Nova Acta Sci.Upsal.1 : 225-231.1851. Includes anumberofspeciesfromMexico. Holway.MexicanFungi.Bot.Gaz.24: 23-38.1897. Forty-sevennewspeciesmostlyUredinales. CentralAmerica. Mostf o ourknowledgeof thefungiofCentralAmericahas beenderivedfromtheexplorationsofasingleexpeditionfitted outfromtheIowaStateUniversity; theresultshavenotallbeen publishedbutthefollowinghaveappeared; duplicatesacon of siderablepartofthiscollectionareintheEllisherbarium: Ellis&Everhart.NewSpeciesoftropicalFungi.Bull.Lab. Nat.Hist.StateUniv.Iowa,4: 67-72.1896. DescriptionsofelevenNicaraguanandtwoMexicanspecies. Macbride.NicaraguanMyxomycetes.Bull.Lab.Nat.Hist. StateUniv.Iowa,3: 377-383.PL10.1893. WEST INDIES. 199 AninterestingNicaraguanPuff-Bali.Bull.Lab.Nat. Hist.StateUniv.Iowa,3':216, 217.1895. Macbride&Smith.TheNicaraguanMyxomyceteswithNotes oncertainMexicanSpecies.Bull.Lab.Nat.Hist.StateUniv. Iowa,4:73-75.1896. Smith.SomeCentralAmericanPyrenomycetes.Bull.Lab. Nat.Hist.StateUniv.Iowa,3:394-415.1893. Notesn o sixty-onespeciesofwhichonethirdormorearenew.

WestIndies. AfewspecieswereearlycollectedinJamaica,andSwartz(1806) referstosomenineteenspeciesknowntohim.Botanistsofvarious countriesowningpossessionsinthevariousislandshavecollected afewspecieshereandthere.CharlesWrightinhisexpedition toeasternCubamadethemostextensivecollectionthathasever beenmade; otherslessextensivearenotedintheliteraturebelow. Themostrecentcollectionshave beenmadeinPortoRicobyMr. A.A.Hellersentunder outtheauspicesoftheNewYorkBotanical Garden;hiscollectionshavenotyetbeenstudied.Thefollowing literaturebearsonvariousportionsofthearchipelago: Berkeley.NoticesofFungiintheHerbariumof theBritish Museum.Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist.10:369-385.PLg-12.1843. IncludesspeciesfromJamaica. EnumerationofsomeFungifromSt.Domingo.Ann. Mag. Nat.Hist.II.,9:192-203.PL8. 1852. Listf o sixty-sevenspeciesincludingdescriptionsoftwentynew species. Berkeley&Curtis.FungiCubenses.Jour.Linn.Soc.10: 280-341,341, 392.1869. fListo numerousspeciesfromCubawithdescriptionsofmany newspecies. Bresadola,Hennings,&Magnus.DievonHerrnP.Sintenis auf derInselPortoRico1884-1887gesammeltenPilze.Engler's Jahrb.489-501. 17: PL12.1893. nNoteso sixty-fourspeciesincludingsixnewspecies. Cockerell.NotesonsomeFungicollectedinJamaica.Bull. TorreyBot.Club,20:295-297.1893. Notesn o twenty-fourspecies. 200 GROGRAPillCDISTRIBUTION Cooke. SomeexoticFungi.Grevillea,17: 59-60.1889. Descriptionsoffivenewspecies. EllisS < Kelsey.NewWestIndianFungi.Bull.TorreyBot. Club,24: 207-209.1897. DescriptionsofsixspeciesfromSt.Croix. Hennings.Fungijamaicenses.Hedwigia,37:277-282.1898. Thirty-threespecies,twelvenew. Hitchcock.ListofCryptogamscollectedintheBahamas, JamaicaandGrandCayman.Rep.Mo.Bot.Gard.9:m-120. 1898. Thirty-onespeciesmentioned,ninenew. Massee. SomeWestIndianFungi.Jour.Bot.30:161-164, 196-198.PL321-323,32j.1892. Listf o ninety-onespeciesincludingeighteenspeciesnew. Montagne.TroisicmecenturiedePlantescellulairesexotiques nouvelles.FungiCubensis,I. Ann.Sc.Nat.II.17:119-128. 1842. Forty newspeciesfromCuba. Rostiup.In liorgesenogPaulsen: OmVegetationpaade danskvestindiskeOer.Bot.Tidsskr.22:110-112.1898. Listf o thirty-onespeciesfromtheDanishWestIndies. Roussel.EnumerationdesChampignonsr6colt6sparM.T. HusnotauxAntillesfrancaisesen1868.Bull.Soc.Linn.Norm. Caen.II.4:217-225.1868-9. Sagra.Icor.esplantaruminFloraCubana.Folio,Paris,1863. fListo 116speciesoffungi;pp.47,48andplates11-17illustrate Cubanspecies. Swartz.FloraIndiaeOccidentalis.3: 1920-1939.1806. Includes nineteenspeciesoffungifromJamaica.

Itwillbeapparenttothosewhoconsidercarefullythe extensive areasofourowncountrywheremycologicalexplorationhas scarcelybeenmade,thatatthethresholdofthetwentiethcentury, wehavereallymadeonlyabeginninginthestudyof theextent anddistributionofthefungusfloraofNorthAmerica. CHAPTERXII

METHODSF O cOLLEcTIONANDPRESERVATIONOFFUNGI HINTSFORFURTHERSTUDY

The collectionandpreservationof materialisanimportantfac torconnectedwiththestudyoffungias ofotherplants.Speci mensare ofvalueasapermanentrecordofthenatureanddis tributionofa speciesaccordingastheyare(i)Collectedin abundanceinamature and condition,(2)Carefullypreserved, and(3)Accessibleforreferenceinapubliccollection,oronethat canbereadilyconsulted.Themerestatementthatthisorthat fungusgrowsinacertainpartofthecountryisofvalueonlyas onehasconfidenceintheabilityofthepersonmakingthestate ment,toproperlyidentifythespeciesinquestion; awellpreserved andaccessiblespecimenstandsasapermanentvoucherforthe statementandinadditionshowsthe characterofthespecies.It isdesirable,therefore,thatmaterial(1)Becollectedwithcareand suchfieldnotesbetakenaswillsupplementitscharacters,(2)Be preservedinsuchawaythattheessentialcharacterswillsuffer theleastpossibleinjury,and(3)Bedepositedinapubliccollec tionwhereitwillbeproperlycaredforandbeaccessibletowork erswhoarestudyingthecharacteranddistributionof thespecies towhichitbelongs.Thecurseofmuchoftheearlysystematic studyofAmericanfungiisfoundinthemiserablespecimens,defec tivebothinthequantityofmaterialpreservedandinitsproper maturity,thatintoomanycaseshaveservedas thetypesof describedspecies.Thedetrimenttomuchof therecentsyste maticstudyistheinroadsonthetimeofmonographerswhoare besiegedtonamethisorthatlotofspecies,foranxiouscollectors. Theformsoffungiaresodiversethatnogeneraldirections forcollectionandpreservationcangiven be thatwillapplyinall cases.Somecanbebestpreserveddry,somepressedasherbar iumspecimens,someinfluid,andsomeasmicroscopicprepara tions,thepurposebeingtoretaininthepreservedspecimenjust 201 202 METHODSOFCOLLECTION as manyoftheessentialcharactersofthefreshmaterialaspos sible. Parasiticspeciesonleavesorstemsaresimplypreservedby ordinarypressure.Incollectingthese,asallfungigrowingon plantslivingordead,thegreatestcareshouldbetakentodeter minethe hostonwhichthefungusgrows.Ifnotalreadya familiarplant,thebuds,flowers,fruitorsuchotheravailable evi denceshouldbecollectedtogetherthe withleaves,aswillenable someonetorecognizethehostspecifically.Inthecaseoffungi growingonstumps,fallenlogsorondeadbranchesthisisnot alwayssoeasy,yetbark,orotheraccessarydatacanoftenbe obtainedbythefieldcollectorthatwillrenderreasonablycertain thegenus,ifnot thespecies,ofthetreeonwhichthefungusgrew.* Thisinvolves,onthepartof thecollector,aknowledgeofthe higherplants,andforonetobereallysuccessful,thewiderthis acquaintancethebetter.Areallygoodspecimenofa leaf-in habitingfungusoughttoconsistofatleastadozenwell-affected leaves.Aspecimenofafleshy,woodyorleatheryfungusought tocontainfromahalfdozentoadozenindividuals,ifpossible, indifferentstatesofdevelopment; inmanycasesalargerquan tityofmaterialisdesirable,andanysamplecanfarbetterpossess toomanyindividualsthantoofew. Fleshyascomycetousfungi(Helvellales,Pezizales,etc.)canoften bebestpreservedinalcohol,thomanyofthemwithproper carecandried be soastobequitesatisfactory. Agarics andBoleticanbest bepreservedbydryinginacur renthot ofairsuspendedinawiretrayoveragasburneroreven overanoillamp.Incollectingforms, fleshyabasketcanwellbe usedforcarryingspecimens,buteach formshouldbecarefully wrappedintissuepapersoastopreventbreaking,marring,orsoil ingfromcontactother withspecimens.!Carefulfieldnotesshould

n*I reportinghoststheLatinnameratherthantheEnglish shouldbe given.Tosay,forexample,thatafungusgrowsapoplar, on isindefinite, sinceapoplarintheEastisof thegenusPopuluswhileinthecentralWest itisaLiriodendron,awhollydifferenttree. fAveryvaluablepaperhasbeenpreparedbyProfessorBurtonmeth odsofcollectingfleshyfungi.Cf.Burt,OnCollectingandPreparing fleshyFungifortheHerbarium.Bot.Gaz.: 25172-186.PI.14.1898. AND PRESERVATION203 be taken,thenatureofwhichwillvarysomewhatinthevarious groupsrepresented. In collectinganyfleshyfungi,careshouldbetakentoobtainall thefleshystructure,becausesomeveryimportantcharactersare derivedfromthebasalparts.Theyshouldneverbegatheredfor scientificpurposesbybreakingthemoffabovetheground.The entirebasalportionshouldberemovedwithaknifeorsmall trowel.Ofcoursethedateofcollectingandthelocalitywillbe addedtothespecimenbyanyintelligentcollector,butitisalways desirabletoaddthelocalenvironment,of thespecimenbystating inwhatsoilitgrows—-sand,clayorleaf-mold—andwhetherthe plantgrowsinopenpastures,marsh,grassywoods,ordeepforest; sometimesthecharacterofthetimber,especiallypinelandisto benoted,alsowhetherthefungusgrowssinglyorinclusters.But aboveallthesemattersofenvironment,certaindataconcerning thephysicalpropertiesof thefreshplantabsolutely are essential toacorrectunderstandingofthespecies.Driedspecimensof fleshyfungiwithoutnotesoften areworsethanuselessforthey suggestmanytimeshighlyinterestingandoftenundescribedspecies withoutsufficientdatatoenableonetocharacterizethemproperly, and,ordinarily,thespeciesoffleshyfungihadbetterbeleftun describedthanbenamedexclusivelyfromthedriedplant.The summaryof characterstobenotedintheAgaricaceaemaybe tabulatedasfollows: 1.Taste.—Bitter,acrid,peppery,mealy,nutty? (One need feelnofearintastinganyofthefleshyfungifortheyarecleanly, andtheonlyinconvenienceeverexperiencedisthepepperytaste ofcertainspeciesofLactariusandRussulawhichistemporarily aboutasunpleasantastastingaparticleofredpepper,butother wiseharmless.) 2. SurfaceofPileus.—Dry,hygrophanousorviscid? Smooth,granular,scaly,shining,striate,unbonate,umbilicate? Colorandsize? 3. Lamellae.—Colorwhenyoung,andwhenmature? Close ordistant? Narroworwide? Entire,heterophyllous,oranas tomosing? Decurrentonthestem,adnate,sinuate,orfree? 4.Spores.—(Bestcollectedbyremovingthepileusandplac ingitlamellaedownwardonpaperorglassunderatumbleror belljar.Ifamicroscopeisathandtoexaminethesporesthey canbebestcollectedonaslide.)Color,shapeandsize? 204 METHODSF O COLLECTION 5.Stem.—Fleshythroughoutorwitha cartilaginousrind? Hollow,solid,orstuffed? Size,includinglengthandthickness? Shape; cylindric,tapering,radicate,orbulbous? 6.Volvaandveilifpresent> characterandposition? To thesenotesasimplesketchof thefullyexpandedplant, togetherwithearlierstages,preferablyincolors,willbea very valuableaddition. The specimensshouldbedriedquickly as aspossibleafter beingcollected,astheyare thefavoritefoodofcertaininsect larvae,andifleftovernightwilloftenbefoundtohavechanged intodisgustingheapsofcorruptionbymorning. In he tBoletaceaethecolorofthe sporesshouldbedetermined inthemannerindicatedfortheagarics,andthetasteof thefresh specimenisalsoessential.Inaddition,thecolorsof thepileus, flesh,andporesshouldbenoted,andifthereisanydifferencein colorbetweentheyoungporesandthoseofthematureplant,this factshouldbenotedalso.Incertainspeciesthefleshorporesor both,willchangecolorrapidlyorslowlywhenwounded;insome instanceschange theistoabrightblue; thischangingcondi tionshouldbenotedinanygivenspecies.Anypeculiarityof shapeofstemormarkingsonthestemlikeveining,reticulation, orglandulardotsshouldbecarefullynoted.Ifaveilispresent, itscharacterwillbeimportant,as wellas therelationof thepores themselvestothestem,whetheradnate,free,ormerelydepressed aroundit. Finallythecharacterofthepileusshouldbenoted, whetherviscidordry.Specimensneedtobedriedrapidly,and afterthedryinghasoncecommenced,itshouldbecarriedtothe endwithoutstopping. IntheClavariaceaethecolorofthespores,taste,odor,and colorofthefreshplantshouldbecarefullynoted,aswellasthe charactersofthetipsofthebranches. Allmembersof theorderPhallalesshouldbepreservedinal cohol(60-70%);itisespeciallydesirablethattheearlieststages uptotheso-calledeggs—shouldbepreservedwhenpossible,in ordertomakepossiblea morecompletestudyoftheirdevelop ment. TheLycoperdaceaeandotherpuff-ballsshouldbepreserved dry;ifpossiblethespecimensshouldretaintheirouterperidia, andyoungformsshouldnotbeneglected;theyshouldinvariably bepreservedinboxeswithoutpressure. AND PRESERVATION205 The specimenswhichareflatandnotlikelytobeinjured byrubbing,mayeitherbepasteddirectlytoherbariumsheets*or preservedinpocketsorenvelopsofwhichseveralsortsaretobe hadofdealersinbotanicalsupplies,oronecaneasilyfoldthem. Thebestformostformsofplantsarethosewhichfoldunderat leastthreequartersofaninchateachendsincetheysecurelyhold thespecimeninplacewhenattachedtotheherbariumsheetbya dropofglue.Bulkyspecimenslikemostagarics,fwoodyand fleshyfungilikePolyporusandBoletus,puff-balls,morels,many formsofHypoxylon,Xylaria,Thelephoraceae,andthelike,can bebestpreservedinboxes.\ Myxomycetesandsomeof thecollapsiblemoulds(Moniliales, etc.)requiretobeglueddirecttotheboxcoversothattheywill notbeinjuredbyhandling.§ Toomuchcarecanhardlybegiventoallthesedetails,fora t*I isusuallybetter,however,topastefirsttoasmallsheetwhichmay laterbeattachedtotheherbariumsheetandthuspreventitswrinkling. f Someprefertopresstheselightly.Thiscaneasilybedoneinthe smallerandthinnerspecies.Aftertheyareoncefullydrywrapforalew momentsinamoistclothwhentheywillbecomepliable.Onlyalight pressureshouldbeapplied. \Thewriterhasfoundconvenientaseriesofmultiplesizesofpaste boardboxes,andthesameformshavebeenadoptedbytheNewYorkBo tanicalGarden.Themostusefulsizesareasfollows: Length. Width. Depth. 1 *x 2 2 4 3 4 *x 4 5# 4 5 SX 4 6 8' 5'A By usingthesemultiplesizesacloser packingispossible.The multiples arethemselvesfractionsofastandardherbariumsheetsoastorenderpos sibleanarrangementinsequenceinaherbariumifdesired. \ Formaterialofthissortthewriterusesaspecialformofbox^inch deepwithcover4X1^inches.Bygluingthespecimentothecoverit cannotbecomeseparatedfromthelabelwhichismostconvenientlywritten onthecoveritself,andthespecimencanbeeasilyexaminedinsituunder adissectingglassorevenunderthelowerpowersofa compoundmicro scope. 206 HINTSFORFURTHERSTUDY

well-preservedcollection,ifproperlypreparedinthefirstplace, andproperlycaredforinthesecond,willoutlastseveralgenera tionsofbotanicalworkers. #** Afterastudenthasbecomefamiliarwitha seriesoftypical fungi,*theprecedingpagesshouldenablehimtolocatethespeci mensof themoreconspicuoussaprophytesandparasiteshemay collect,asfarasthegenus,andinthecaseofordinaryedibleforms asfarasthespecies.Buttheambitiousstudentwillnotstophere; forthisreasontheleadingsystematicpapers,manyofwhichcan beconsultedonlyinthelargerlibrariesorbotanicallaboratories, havebeenfreelyreferredtointhetext.Itwillprobablybesome yearsbeforewewillhavedescriptivemanualsforourfungiasfor ourhigherplants,andtheirvaluewhenpreparedwilldependinno smalldegreeonthecarefulnotestakenbytheindividualworkers alloverthecountry,providedtheresultsoftheirworkareproperly vouchedforbycarefullypreservedmaterialdepositedinoneor moreofthegreatbotanicalcenterswherefuturesystematicstudies willbelargelycarriedon.Untilwecanhavemanualsofour ownwemustdependforthedeterminationofspeciesf onSac- cardo'sSyllogeFungorumandthereferencesinitssuccessive supplements.ForthosewhoreadGerman,theportionsofRaben- horst'sKryptogamen-FloravonUeutschland,Oesterreich,undder Schweiz,relatingtoDiePilze,willbevaluableparticularlyforthe PhycomycetesandAscomycetes; Massee'sBritishFungusFlora (4vols.)andStevenson'sBritishFungi(2vols.)willbeusefulfor manyoftheBasidiomycetesespecially.InalltheseEuropean manuals, however,itmustberememberedthatonlyaportionof ourfloraisincommonwiththatofnorthernEuropeandmany ofourspecieshaveplace noatallintheEuropeanmanuals. Butthenameof thefungusanditspositioninthesystemare onlymeanstoafurtherend.Whileafamiliaritywithplantsis * Thisseriesoughtatleasttoincludethecommonblackandgreen moulds,apowderymildewlikethatonthelilacorwillow,arust,amush room,apuff-ball,acup-fungus,andaXylariaorotheroftheSphaeriales. fThestudentparasitic of fungiwillfindthefollowingworkvaluable: Farlow&Seymour,AprovisionalHostIndexof theFungiof theUnited States.Pp.218.Cambridge, 1888-1891. HINTSOR F FURTHER STUDY207 onef o themostimportantqualificationsofabotanist,andonetoo oftenneglectedintheselaterdays,itisafoundationmerelyto somethingbetter.Aftersomethingofafamiliaritywithfungiis gained,DeBary'sMorphologyoftheFungi,whichtoanovice wouldbedryandunintelligible,willbecomeinterestingandval uable,andshouldservea asworkofconstantreference.Ac cordingtothetasteoftheindividual,studiesmaybeprosecuted inthelifehistoryofcertainspecies,thedevelopment in andrela tionsofthevariousstagespolymorphic of species,*inpurecul turesofisolatedimperfectformsor ofmycelianow knownonly inasterilecondition,inthephysiologyofgrowthornutrition,in theecologicrelationsoffungi,inthestudyofcertainspeciesin jurioustovegetation,orinfurthersystematicrevision,a field whichsadlyneedsthemostefficientworkers,whocancombine withthestudyofherbariumspecimensandliterature,extensive fieldstudy,andlongcontinuedcultivationinthefungusgarden andthePetridish.Thebesttaxonomicworkofthefuturemust involvebothmorphologicalandphysiologicalstudytogether with extendedcultures; afewfieldshavebeencomparativelywell workedover,butthemanyawaitthefuturemonographer. *Bearingonthesubjectofculturemediaandculturemethodsastudent canprofitablyread,Smith.HintsontheStudyofFungi.AsaGrayBull. 4:25-28; 37-43.1896.Thiswaspreparedbyoneofourmostcareful experimentalinvestigatorsandcontainsvaluablesuggestionsforoneform ofmycologicalinvestigation.Asasuggestiontoabeginner,however,it isaneducationalcuriosity,andwouldinnowayserveasahelptothe honestseekerafteralittletruth. ADDITIONSND A CORRECTIONS Page 15,line19; forf,3,readf.6, Page23,line26; forPI.2,readPI.3. 7line2 ; forPI.2,readPI.3. Page27,line7frombottom: insert4: before1881. Page38; dele line7frombottom. Page63,line10frombottom; forare,readis. Page78,line16; forfrom,readform. Page85,line18; for11and12: 1895read,5: 1-220.PI.1-13. 1883; 11: 1-98.PI.i-j.1895; 12: 99-236.PI.6-12.1895. Page92,line4; dele*afterPhragmidium. Page93.Totheliteratureshouldbeadded: Carleton.StudiesintheBiologyof theUredineae.I.NotesonGer mination.Hot.Gaz.18:447-457.PI-37-39.1893. Page106,line5; foror,readon. Page109; insertthewordsreddish-brownbeforepileus(line13). Page122,line5fromthebottomshouldcommencewiththewordit. Page124,firstlineoffirstfootnote; forspecimens,readspecies. Page131.Totheliteratureadd: Cooke.IllustrationsofBritishFungi,8vols.PI.1-1198.London, 1881-1891. Page 159,line12;for1897,read1895. Page 197.TotheliteraturebearingonGreenlandadd: Rostrup.TillaegtilGronlandsSvampe(1888).Meddelelserom Gionland,3: 591-643.1891. IncreasestheGreenlandlistto532species.

( 208) INDEXES.

I. IndextoLatinNames

Note. —GenericnamesareinRoman,familiesinSMALLcAPITALS,or dersinboldface,classesandhigher groupsinCAPITALS,synonymsor obsoletenamesinitalics.Familiesandorderscanalsoberecognizedby theirterminations. Abrothallus,6l Arcyria,152,157 Absidia,26 Aregma,91 Acetabula,56 Armillaria,112,121 Acrasiales,149 Arrhytidia,96 AcROSPERMAcEAE,52 Artotrogus,29 Actinonema,69,70 AScOHolAcEAE,55,56 Aecidium,86,92,157 Ascobolus,57,157 Agaricaceae,98,99,105, 109,203Ascochyta,69,70 Agaricales,80,95,96,97,129 Ascocorticiaceae,38 Agariceae,119 Ascocorticium,38 Agaricus,19,98,109,114,122,ASCOMYCEIES,18,34 130,44, 1155,157 Ascophanus,57 Agyrium,60 Aspergii.laceae,40 Albuginaceae,32 Aspergillales,36,39 Albugo,32 Asterostroma,101 Aleuria,56 Astraeus,138,140 Aleurodiscus,100,101 ,94,156 Alternaria,77 Auriculariaceae,94 Amanita,19,11O, 112,119,120,Auriculariales,80, 81,94 155, 157 Amanitopsis,112,120 Bactrospora,61 Amaurochaete,150 Badhamia,150 Ampelomyces,69 Baggea,61 Amphisphaeriaceae,48 Balsamiaceae,51,52 Anellaria,114,122 BAS1DIOMYCETES,18,80 Angioridium,151 Basidiophora,32 Annularia,113,121 Batarrea,138, 139,140,157 Annulatae,121 Belonidium,60 Anthracoidea,83 Beloniella,59 Anthracophyllum,114,118 Belonioscypha,58 Anthurus,132,133 Belonium,58 Arachnion,143 Belonopsis,60 Arachnopeziza,58 Biatorella,61 ARCHEGONIATA,8,9 Bolbitius,113,116 Archimycetes,22 Boletaceae,98,99,106,204 14 : INDEXO T LATINNAMES

Boletinus,106,107,130 Chytridiales,22,23,152 Boletus,98,107, 108,130, 109,8Ciboria,5 155, 157.2°5 Cidaris,65 liostrichonema,76 Cienkowskia,151 Botrylis,75,76,157 Cintractia,83 Boudiera.57 Cladosporium,75.7& Bovista, 136,141 139, ClarkeinJe,120 Bovistella,139,141 Clasterosporium,77 Bremia,32,33 Clastoderma,150 Bulgaria,62 Clathraceae,132 Bulgariella,62 Clathroptychium,151 Clathrus,132, 133,155,157 2Caeoma,9 Claudopus,112,125 Caldesia,60 Clavaria,96, 98,102,130,155, Caeomurus,91 157 Calloria,60 Cl.AVARIAcEAE,63, 98,1o1,204 Calocera,96 Claviceps,43,158 Calonema,152 Clitocybe,112,124 Calostoma.138, 139,141 Clitopilus,113, 126,127 Calvatia,136, 139,141 Clypeosphaeriaceae,48 Calyptospora,90 Coleosporium,89,90 Camarosporium,70 Colletotrichum,73 Campsotrichum,76 Collybia,17,112, 124,128 Cantharelleac,115 Collyria,96 Cantharellus,101,113,115,130,Comatricha,151 155 Conida,60 Capnodium,77 Coniophora,1OO,1o1 Caryospora,47 Coniothyrium,70 Catastoma,137, 139,141 Coniosporium, 76 Cauloglossum,139,140 Coprinarius,124 Celidiaceae,55,60 Ccprineae,115 Celidium,60 Coprinus,114, 115,130 116, Cenangiaceae,55,61 CORDIERITIDAcEAE,55 Cenangiella,61 Cordieritis,55 Cenangium,61 Cordyceps,39,44.78, 155.15§ Cenococcum,143 Cornuella,84 Ceracea,96 Corticium,loo,130 Ceratiomyxa,149 Cortinarius,no,113,123 Ceratophorum,77 Coryne,59 Ceratostomaceae,48 CoRYNFI.IAcF.AE,48 Cercospora,74, 77,7**,79 Coryneum,73 Cercosporella,76 Craterellus,100, 1o1,115,130 Chaetocladium,25,27 Craterium,150 Chaetomiaceae,48 Crepidotus,112,124,125 Chaetomella,70 Cribraria,151 Chitonia,114,120 Cronartium,89,90 Chlorosplenium,57,58 Crucibulum,142 Choanophora,27 Crumenula,61 Choanophoraceae,27 Cryptosporium,73 Chondrioderma,150 Cryptostictis,70 Chrysomyxa,89,90 Cul>onia,56 INDEXO T LATINNAMES 211 CUCUEBITARIACRAE,48 Enerthenema,150 Cudonia,64 Entoloma,113,127 Cudoniella,64 Entomophthora,28 Cyathicula,58 Entomophthorales,22,23,28 Cyathus,142,157 Entomosporium,20,71,72 Cyclomyces,105 Entyloma,84 Cylindrosporium,73 Epichloe,44 Cyphella,100 Erinella,58 Cystopus,32 Eriopeziza,58 Cytidium,150 Erysibaceae,42,69,76. Cyttariaceae,54 Erysibe,42,156 Dacryomyces,96 Erysiphe,42 Dacryomycetales,80,96 Excipula,72 Dacryopsis,96 Excipulaceae,69,72 Daedalea,105,130, 155,*57 Exidia,95 Daldinia,49 Exoascaceae,38 Darluca,70 Exoascales,35,37 Dasyscypha,58,59 Exoascus,38,97 Deconica,114,125 Exobasidiaceae,97 Demat'aceae,75,76 Exobasidiales,80,97 Dermatea,62 Exobasidium,18,97 Derminus,124 Evdatae,124,127 Desmazierella,58 Diachaea,150 Fabraea,9 5 Diatrypaceae,49 Favolus.105 Dicaeoma,91 Flammula,113,124 Dichaenaceae,52 Fames,105 Dicranophora,26 Frankia,149,153 Dictydium,151 Fuligo,150,157 Dictyophora,133,134 Fumago,77 Diderma,150,157 Fusarium,75,78 Didymaria, 76 Fusicladium,75,76 Didymium,150 Dinemosporium,72 Galactinia,56 Diplodia,69 Galera,114,124,126 Discina,56 Ga$teromy

Rhyparobius,57 Sphaeropsis,69,70 Roestelia,18,92 Sphaerospora,56 Russula,112,116,117,203 Sphaerotheca,42 Russulina,116 Sporodinia,25,26 Rutstroemla,58 Spumaria,150,157 Stagnospora,70 Saccardia,42 Stammaria,59 Saccharomvcetaceae,37 Starbaeckia,60 Saccharomycetales,35,36 Stemonitis,148,151,157 Sacidium,71 Stella,143 Saprolegniales,22,23,29 Stereum,98,100,101 Sarcobolus,57 Stictidaceae,53 Sarcomyces,62 Stigmina,77 Sarcoscypha,9,57 Stilbaceae,75,78 Sarcosphaera,56 Streptotheca,57 Sarcosoma,62 Streptothrix,77 SCHIZOMYCETES,19,152,154Strobilomyces,106, 107,130 Schizophylleae,118 Stropharia,114, 122,124 Schizophyllum,113,118 Syncephalis,27 SCHIZOPHYTA,19 Syncephalastrum,27 Schizonella,82,83 Synchytrium,11,17,23,24 Schweinitzia,61 Scleroderma,143,157 Tapesia,9 5 SCLERODERMATACEAE,T43 Taphria,38 Sclerodermatales,81,143 Taphrina,38 Sclerogaster,135 Tazetta,56 Sclerospora,32 Terfeziaceae,40 Sclerotinia,58 TIIALLOPHYTA,8, 9,19 Scolecotrichum,76 Thamnidium,26,27 1Scutula,6 Thecaphora,83 Scutularia,61 Thelebolus,142,157 Scyphium,150 Thelephora,99,1oo,101,130,157 Sebacina,95 Thelephoraceae,98, 99,100,205 Secotium,130,138,140 Tilletia,83,84 Septogloeum,73 Tilletiaceae,82,83 Septoria,69,70 Tilmadoche,150 Simblum,132,133 Tolyposporella,83 Siphoptychium,151 Tolyposporium,83 Sistotrema,103,157 Tomentella,99,1oo,130 Solenia, 100 Torula,76 SORDARIACEAE,48 Trametes,105,106 Sorokina,62 Tremella,95,155,156,157 Sorosporium,83 Tremei.laceae,95 Sparassis,102 Tremellales,62, 80,81,95 Spathularia,64 Tremellodon,95 SPERMAPHYTA,8,9 Trichia,152,157 Sphaeriaceae,8 4 Trichobelonium,59 Sphaeriales,17,36,46,67,69,70 Trichocomaceae,40 Sphaerobolus,142,157 Tricholoma,112,124,128,155 Sphaeropsiuaceae,69,71 Triphragmium,91,92 Sphaeropsidales,68,69 Trochila,53 ixdeXo t hostplants

Trogia, 113,115 Uropyxis,91,92 Trym.idiaceae,53 UsTILAGINAcEAE,82 Tryblidiella,62 Ustilaginales,24,80,81 Tubaria,113,124 Ustilago,83,84 Tuber,52,155,157 Ustulina,49 TUBERAceAK,51,52 Tuberales,35,51 Valsaceae,49 Tubercinia,84 Velatae,3 12 Tubercularia,78,157 Velutaria,61 TUHERcULARIAcEAE,75,78 Vermicularia,69,157 Tuberculina,78 Verpa,65 Tubulina,151,157 Vibrissea,64 Tylostoma,138,140,157 Volvaria,113,120 Tympanis,62 Volvatae,119 Typhula,102 Ulocolla,95 Xerotus,113,118 Uncinula,42 Xylaria,49,205 Underwoodia,65 Xylariaceae,49 Uredinales,80,81,85 Uredinopsis,89,90 Zukalina,57 Uredo, 86,92,157 Zygomycetes,22 Urocystis,83,84 Zythia,71 Uromyces,18,87,88, 90,91,92 Zythiaceae,69,71

II.IndextoHostPlantsofFungi Note. —Hostsarehereindexedas theyappearinthetext; crossrefer- encesaregivenincasea hostisreerredtobybothitsEnglishandLatin nameatdifferentpages. Abies,0 9 basswood,41,77 agarics,5 9 ,41,103; seealsoFagus Agrimonia,90 bean, 32,73,90 Alisma,5 8 beets, 75,90 Alnus, 62,149 Berberis,6 8 Amarantus,32 Betula,8 3 Amorpha,92 birch, 90,106 Andromeda,53 blackberry,73,92 Anemone,11,23 5Boletus,2 apple,, 1 8,69,73, 75,85,87 bramble,18; seealsoRubus. 2Aralia,9 Arundinaria,44 Cabbage,149 ash,2 7 ; seealsoFraxinus Campanula,90 Asparagus,90 Carex,83 Aster,2 3 carnation,69, 85,90 Carpinus,94 Barberry,86,87 Cassandra,97 barley,81 Catalpa,69 INDEXO T HOSTPLANTS 217 celery,9 6 hackberry,41 Chamaecyparis,91 haw,41 cherry, 7,38, 341,45, 75,96 hawthorn,18 chestnut,73,107 ,47 Chrysopogon,83 hemlock,95 clover, 59,76,90 Hepatica,84 clover weevil,28 Hicoria,94,97 cockle-bur,42 holly,S3 Comandra,90 hollyhock,73,90 Compositae,32,33,90 hop,41 convolvulaceae,32 horseradish,69 Convolvulus,83 huckleberry,41; seealsoGaylus corn, 81,83,90 sacia Cornus,73,75 cotton,73,78 Impatiens,33 cowpeas,78 insects,44 cranberries,97 0Croton,9 7Juglans,9 Cruciferae,30,32,149 Juncus,83 cucumber,73 Juniperus,18,87,91 Cucurbitaceae,33 Cupressus,18 Lactarius,44,116 currant,69,73 Leguminosae,18,92 Lemna,84 Dandelion,42 lettuce,33,69 desmids,23 lichens,60,78 Dianthus,83 lilac,41 diatoms,23 Linum, 90 Elm, 41,72,125,129 Magnolia,77 Ericaceae,18,90,97 mandrake,88 Erigeron,32 maple,41,53.°9 Erysibaceae,69 mayapple,88 Euphorbia,90 melon,73 Menispermum,84 4Fagus,9 ; seealsobeech. Myosotis,84 Falcata,23 ferns,89 Nyctaginaceae,32 fig,75.92 fish,29 Oak, 41,97,107; seealsoQuercus ,28,29 oats, 81,83,85 Fraxinus,94; seealsoash Oenothera,23 onion,4 8 Gaylussacia,97; seealsohuckleOstrya, 78,101 berry Oxalis, 82,83 geranium,32 Glyceria,83,85 Peach, 37,73, 75,90 gooseberry,41 pears,75 72, grape,22, 30,41 31, pepper,73 grass,32,41, 43,81, 44,83,84 persimmon,73 grasshoppers,28 Physalis,84 2SI INDEXOFAVTIIORS ,S, i 90 salmon,9 2 2pinks,8 salsify,2 3 plum,37, 38,41,45, 75,90 Sambucus,4 9 Podophyllum,88 Saponaria,83 0poplar,9 Sedum,9 8 Populus,38 Sempervivum,89 Potamogeton,85 shepherd'spurse,30 potato,22, 30,31,32,75 Solidago,32 Potentilla,18,38,92 spinach,73,75 protozoans,23 Sporobolus,74 purslane,32 8spruce,1 Pyrola,90 sunflower,90 sweetclover,53 Quack grass,84 sweet potato,32,69 Quercus,38,42,90; seealsooak thistle,2 3 quince, 72,85 tomato,73,75 Trientalis,84 Ranunculaceae,33 truffles,1 5 Ranunculus,84 turnip, 149 raspberry,69, 73,92 8Rhus,3 Uredinales,70,78 Ribes,90 Rosa,2 9 Rosaceae,92 Vaccinium,90,97 rose,18,69,73,85 violets,69 Rubus,91,92 Virginiacreeper,41 5Russula,4 rye,43,84 Watermelon,73,78 wheat, 41,81,83,84,85 Sagittaria,85 willow, 41, 53,106. 90,

Ill,IndexofAuthorsandCollectors Allescher,72 Berlese,0 5 Anderson,182 Bessey, 169, 173,174,183 Andrews,179 Blake, 178 Arthur, 172,173,174,180,186 Blasdale,167 Arthur&Holway,93,180 Bolles, 178 Atkinson,30, 39,79,121, 145,153,Bolley, 172,188 165,166, 186,188 Bosc, 160 Brandegee,198 Banning,178,179 Brefeld,27,29, 85,94,96,97,132, Baker,169 159 Bay,37 Brendel,172 Bartholomew,175 Bresadola,Hennings,& Magnus, Beaumont,161,165 199 Bennett,191,192 Britton,184 Berkeley,161,197,198,199 Bulliard,131,156 Berkeley&Curtis,161,199 Bundy,195,196 AND COLLECTORS 219 Burnap,141 Ellis &Galloway,182 Burrill, 170,172 Ellis&Halsted,174 Burrill&Earle,43,171,172 Ellis&Holway,174 Burrill& [ Seymour],93,171,172,Ellis&Kellerman,176,190 Burt, 66,134, 194,202 Ellis&Kelsey,182,200 Ellis&Langlois,177 Calkins, 170 Ellis&Martin,171 Carpenter,190 Everhart,191.SeealsoEllis& Carleton,175,208 Everhart. Chatin,52 Chester,170 Fairman,186,187 Cheney,196 Falconer,110 Clements,183 Farlow,24,33, 46,84, 93,167, Clinton,G.P.172 168, 179,184 Clinton,G.W.186 Farlow&Seymour,206 Cobb, 179 Featherman,177 Cockerell,169, 186,199 Fischer,A.24, 27, 29,40 33, Collins,107 Fischer,E.52,134 Commons,170 Fisher,172 Cook,M.T.137 Frank,159 Cook,O.F.186 Fries, 104, 131,144,157,198 Cooke, 62, 66,144, 153,162,163,Frost,180,194 167,171,181,192,193,200,208 Cooke&Ellis,185 Galloway,181 Cooke&Harkness, 167 Gentry,191 Corda,78,156 Gerard,134,135,184, 185,186, Cragin,175 187 Curtis,M.A.161,188 Gibson,144 Cusick,190 Gillet,62,63,131 Golden,37 Davis, 196 Griffiths,69,182,192,196 Dearness,97,158,207 DeBary,153,157,207 Haines, 91 1 Demetrio,181 Hale,177 Detmers,189 Halsted,173,174,184,185 DeToni,143 Harkness,H.W.167,168,184 Dietel,85,93,167,168 Harkness,S.J.193. Duby,S3 Harkness&Moore,168 Dudley,186 Harper,43 Duggar,165,186 Harvey,166,178 Durand,186 Harvey&Knight,178 Hay,145 Earle, 165,166, 169,186 Heller,199 Ellis, 162,163, 174,177,184,185,Hennings,96,97,107,114,116 186, 191,193 119, 122,124,131,168,200 Ellis &Anderson,182 Hesse,136 Ellis &Bartholomew,176 Hicks,180 Ellis &Dearness,197 Hitchcock,A.S.173,175,200 Ellis&Everhart,40, 43,46, 45,50, Hitchcock,E.179 53.73.78,163,168,169,176,Holway,167, 168,173,198 177,182, 195,198 197, Howe,E.C.186 220 INDEXOFAUTHORS Howe,. M A.167 Nash, 170 Humphrey,29 Nelson,196 Norton,175,176 James,189 Nuttall,L.W.195 Jennings,193 Johnson,180 Olive,172,173 Jones,M.E.186,193 Olney,161,191 Jones,L.R.194 Pammel,172,183 Jones&Orton,194 Parker,195 Pasteur,37 Kellerman,175, 176,189,190 Patterson,39 Kellerman&Swingle,175,176 Peck,100, 115,116, 117,118,119, Kellerman&Werner,J90 121,122, 123,124,125,126,127, Kelsey,182 128, 131,141,144,162, 166,168, 170, 179,186,187 Langlois,177,178 Persoon, 156 Lapham,161,195 Peters,161,165 Lea,189,190 Pettit,9 7 I-eville,43 Phillips,63,168 Linnaeus,155 Phillips&Harkness,169 Lindau,43, 45,50, 46,53,54, 62,Piper, 195 694,9 Plowright,85,93,169 Lister,153 Plowright&Harkness,169 .Lloyd,C G.119,189 Porter&Coulter,170 Lloyd,F.E.190 Pound,28,183 Lodeman,21 Pound&Clements,79 Ludwig,159 Purpus,167,168 Macadam,116 Rafinesque,160 Macbride,153,170,173,174,195 Ravenel,161,162,170,171,192, Macbride&Allin,173 193 Macbride&Hitchcock,175 Rehm,53,54,62,66 Macbride&Smith,198 Rex,184,191 MacMillan,180 Richards,97 Macoun,170,191,197 Robinson,B.L.39 Martin,40,43,72,153,160,200Robinson,W.no 206 Rolfs,170 Massee,45, 66,116, 131,141 Rose,172 McCarthy,188 Rostafinski,153 McClatchie,167,168 Rostrup,197,200,208 Michael,145 Roussel,200 Micheli,155 Rusby, 186 Michener,161 Rydberg,182 Migula,154 Millspaugh&Nuttall,195 Saccardo,14, 15,24,27,28,29, Montagne,200 33, 37,40, 38,43,45,46,5°, Morgan,79,102,116,118,119, 52,53,54,62,66, 72,78, 73, 120,122, 123,124,127,128,131, 85,93,94,95, 96,105, 97,107, 134,137.141. 153.177, 189,190 13",134,136, 142,143,158- Muhlenberg,191,192 Sadebeck,39 GENERAL INDEX 221 Sagra, 200 Tracy, 169, 181,186 Saunders,183 Tracy&Earle,181 Schaeffer,131,156 Trelease,141,196 Schroeter,24,27,28, 29,37, 33,Tubeuf&Smith,159 39, 66,153 Tuckerman&Frost,180 Schweinitz,160,188,191 Tulasne,43,45,50,94, 96,97,136, Selby,189,190 142, 157.158 Setchell,85,170 Seymour,171,182,183,188,196Underwood,66,166,170,172, 173, Seymour&Earle,159 186 Shear,183,186 Underwood&Earle,90,91,166 .Smith,C L.,199 .Smith,E F.,207 Vittadini,144 Smith,. J G.,183 Van Tieghem,27,28 Smyth, 176 Van Tieghem&Monnier,27 Snyder,172,173 Vize,169 Soraurer,159 Von Tafel,159 Sowerby,131,156 Spalding,180 Waghorne,197 Sprague,161,180 Waite,172 Stevens,184, 185,189,190 Walters,177 Stevenson,J. 206. Webber,170,183,184 Stevenson,. W C. 184,191 Webster,141 Stewart,186 Wheeler,180 Stoneman,75 Williams,182,183,192,196 Sturgis,1,170 2 Wingate,191 Suksdorf,195 Winter,46,85,93,181 Sullivant,189 Winter&Demetrio,181 Swartz, 199,200 Winter &Rehm,50 Swingle,33,170,175,176 Woods, 183 Wooton, 186 Thaxter,29,51,79,93,134,152Wright,C. 161,170,199 Thiimen,de,192,197 Toumefort,155 Zopf,16,37,159

IV. GeneralIndexofSubjectsandExplanation OF TEcHNIcALTERMS Acervuli,tuftsofmyceliumbearingspores adnate,squarelyattachedtothestem(PI.7.f.1) aecidiospores,thesporesproducedinclustercups aethallium,148 Alabama,explorationforfungiin,165 Alaska,explorationforfungiin,166 allantoid,curvedlikeacrescentwithroundedends(PLi.f.6) anastomosing,unitingtogethertoformanetwork animalsdistinguishedfromgreenplants,5,6; comparedwithgreenplants, 9,10;comparedwithfungi,7 222 GENERALINDEX annulus,Ho;theringformedonthestemincertainmushroomsbythe veil separatingfromthemarginofthepileus antherid,themalereproductiveapparatusinthelowerplants anthracnose,73; adiseasecausedbyparasiticspeciesofMelanconiales apothecium,34; theascomaoflichens arachnoid,cobwebby Arizona,explorationforfungiin,166 Arkansas,explorationforfungiin,166 asci, 14,18,34; membranoussacscontainingspores(PI.1.f.17) ascocarp,34; acollectivetermforthebodycontainingasci ascoma,34; thedisc-likebodybearingtheasciinthe Pezizalesandtheir allies Iiacteria, 154 basidia,14,18;enlargedcellsbearingsporesintheBasidiomycetes(PI.1. f.18,19) bird'snestfungi,141, 81,142 blackknot,45; adiseaseofcherryandplumcausedbyPlowrightia Bladder plums,38 Bordeauxmixture,20 bracketfungi,80,99 lirefeld,contributiontomycologyby,159 bricktops,123 California,Explorationforfungiin,167 campanulate,bell-shaped Canada, explorationforfungiin,197 capillitium,simpleorbranchedthreadsmixedwithspores cedar-apple,87,91 CentralAmerica,explorationforfungiin,198 chanterelle,115 chlamydospores,82; thereproductivebodiesofsmut circumscissile,breakingapartalongtheequatorialline club-footofcabbage,149; adiseasecausedbyPlasmodiophora cluster-cups,86; thefirststageofmanyrusts collectingfungi,methodsof,201-203 Colorado,explorationsforfungiin,169 columella,theextensionofthestalkintothesporangiumorperidium conidia,34; dust-likesporesusuallyproduceddirectlyfromthehyphae .(PI.j f.9.10) conidiophores,enlargedendsofhyphaebearingconidia conjugation,14;reproductionbyequalgametes Connecticut,explorationforfungiin,170 copperacetateasafungicide,20 coppercarbonateasafungicide,20 coppersulphateas afungicide,20 coral-fungi,io1,103 corrosivesublimateasafungicide,21 cup-fungi,36,54 Curtis,contributiontoAmericanmycologyby,1O1 GENERAL INDEX 223 Dampingoff,29 DeBary,contributiontomycologyby,158 decurrent,extendingdownthestem(PI.7.f.4,6) Delaware,explorationforfungiin,170 determinationofspecies,206 devil'ssnuffboxes,136 diatoms,9 dictyoid,thesameasmuriform,q. v. didymoid,twin; composedoftwocells(PI.I.f.7-9) Discomycetes,35; anobsoletegroupnameforthe Pezizalesandtheirallies downymildews,29; agroupoffungibelongingtothePeronosporales Earth-stars,137,140 eccentric,attachedatonesideofthecentre ediblefungi,144 Ellis, contributiontoAmericanmycologyby,162,163 endospore,theinnerwallofaspore, epixylous,growingonwood ergot,43,44; adiseaseof ryecausedbyClaviceps erumpent,breakingthroughthebarkorepidermis Fairy- ring,118 ferns,, 8 9 field ,122 field notes,203,204 fissionn i fungi,13 Florida, explorationforfungiin,170 -agaric,119,120 Fries,contributiontomycologyby,157 fungi,chemistryof,15,16;conditionsofgrowth,16;classesof,18,19; speciesamong,19; germinationof,20; originof,12; relationtoalgae, 11,12,67;distinguishedfromgreenplants,6,7;comparedwith animals,7; numberof,10; reproductionin,13 fungicides,20,21 Fungi exsiccati,ofArthurandHolway,93; ofEllis,163; ofKellerman andSwingle,175; ofRavenel,161; ofSeymourandEarle,159;of Shear,186 fungiimperfecti,35,68 fungousdiseases,20, 21,22 fungus cellulose,13 Gemmation,13,36; reproductionby budding Georgia,explorationforfungiin,171 , thegelatinousspore-massinthePhallales grape mildew,30,31 Greenland,explorationforfungiin,197 greenplants distinguishedfromanimals,5,6; fromfungi,6,7; com paredwithanimals,9,10 Haustorium,13; aprojectingportionofhypha a whichpenetratesacellot ahostenablingthefungustoobtainitssupplyoffood; sometimesthe hyphamerelyformsadisconthesurfaceofthecell 224 GENERALINDEX heteroecism,the habitoflivingonmorethanonehost-plantduringdiffer entperiodslife ofhistory the ofaparasiticspecies host,aplantoranimalsupportingaparasite hostindexoffungi,206(seealsoIndexII) hotwaterasafungicide,21 hygrophanous,wateryinappearanceasthosaturated hymenium,themembraneinwhichthebasidiaofmushroomsandtheirallies areborne 3hypha,1 ; thethread-likevegetativepartofafungus Hyphomycetes,74;acollectivetermfortheMoniliales; in certainrecent text-booksimproperlyusedforallfungi hypothallus,membranous a orfleshybasetowhichperitheciasporangia or areattached hypothecium,54; theupperstratumof theascomacontainingtheasci hysterioid,elongateboat-shapedlikeoneoftheHysteriaceae Idaho,Explorationforfungiin,171 Illinois,explorationforfungiin,171 Indiana,explorationforfungiin,172 infundibuliform,funnel-shaped ink-caps,115;speciesofCoprinus intermediateformsoffungi,130 Iowa,explorationforfungiin,173 Jew's ear,94; speciesofAuricularia Kansas, Explorationforfungiin,175 Kentucky,explorationforfungiin,177 Leaf-blight,74 leaf-spot,69 lenticular,lens-shaped lichens,67 Linnaeus,contributiontomycologyby,155 Louisiana,explorationforfungiin,177 liverworts,9 Maine,Explorationforfungiin,178 Maryland,explorationforfungiin,178 Massachusetts,explorationforfungiin,179 Mexico,explorationforfungiin,198 Micheli,contributiontomycologyby,155 Michigan,explorationforfungiin,180 mildews,downy,29; powdery,40 milk-fungi,117,118 Minnesota,explorationforfungiin,180 Mississippi,explorationforfungiin,181 Missouri,explorationforfungiin,181 Montana,explorationforfungiin,182 morcheln,66 morel,36,65, 66,144(seealsofrontispiece) GENERAL INDEX 225 mosses,8,9 moulds,24,25,26 muriform,ithsepta wextendinginmorethanoneplanesoastogivetheap pearanceinopticalsectionofawallofmasonry(PI.1.f.ij) mushrooms,99,109; cultivationof,110 mycelium,13; acollectivetermforhypha;growingininterlacingmasses mycologicalcollectionattheNewYorkBotanicalGarden,163; atHar vardUniversity,161; atNewYorkStateMuseum,162; atDepartment ofAgriculture,Washington,170; atAlabamaPolytechnicInstitute,166; attheMissouriBotanicGarden,182; atCaliforniaAcademyofSciences, 167; atPhiladelphiaAcademyofScience,160; atUniversityofNe braska,183;atCincinnati(C.G.Lloyd's),189 mycology,historyof,15S-1S9;inAmerica,160-164 Nebraska,Explorationforfungiin,183 Nevada,explorationforfungiin,184 NewHampshire,explorationforfungiin,184 NewJersey,explorationforfungiin,184 NewMexico,explorationforfungiin,186 NewYork,explorationforfungiin,186 NorthCarolina,explorationforfungiin,188 NorthDakota,explorationforfungiin,188 Ohio, Explorationforfungiin,189 Oklahoma,explorationforfungiin,189 oospore, 14;therestingsporeresultingfromthefertilizationofanegg by an antheridorspermcell Oregon,explorationforfungiin,189 oystermushrooms,124,125 Paraphyses,34; sterile,simpleorbranchedbodiesinterspersedwiththeasci parasite,anorganismlivingattheexpenseofanother parasol-fungi,121;speciesofLepiota parenchymatous,formedofthin-walledcellsofnearlyequaldiameterin everydirection patelliform,havingtheshapeoftheknee-cap(patella) peach-curl,31,38 Peck,contributiontoAmericanmycologyby,162 Pennsylvania,explorationforfungiin,191 peridium,54; amoreorlessthickenedcoveringtoapuff-ball perithecium,34; arounded,oval,pyriformorbeakedstructureinwhich theasciaredeveloped(PI.4,f.5,16,77) Persoon,contributiontomycologyby,156,157 phragmoid,dividedbytwoormoreseptaatright]anglestothelongaxis pileate, withacaporpileuslikethatofamushroomortoadstool plantdiseases,bureauof,21 plasmodiocarp,148 Plasmodium,146 poison-cup,119(PL8) poisonousfungi,119,120 pond-scums,8,9 226 GENERALINDEX potassiumsulphideasafungicide,21 potatorot,31 powdery mildews,18,40; parasiticfungibelongingtothePerisporiales preservationoffungi, methodsof,202-206 promycelium,theearlyhyphaproducedbyagerminatingspore pseudoperidium,amembraneouscoveringtocertainaecidialspores puff-balls,81,136,137,141; subterranean,135J;thick-skinned,143 pycnidia,68; perithecia-likecavitiesproducingsporesfromtheinner fsurfaceo theirwalls Pyrenomycetes,36; anobsoletegroupnamefortheSphaerialesandtheir allies pyriform,pear-shaped Receptacle,34 respirationinplantsandanimals,9 resupinate,withoutapileus RhodeIsland,explorationforfungiin,191 riperot.73 rusts,0 8 ; parasiticfungibelongingtotheUredinales S accardo, Contributiontomycologyby,158 salmondisease,22,29 saprophyte,afungusgrowingdead onorganicmatter scab,75 Schweinitz,contributiontoAmericanmycologyby,160 sclerotia,43; hardbodieswhichserveasreceptaclesofreservefoodma terial sealettuce,9 seaweeds,8,9 seedplants,8,9 septa,3 1 ; partitionsextendingacrossthetubeofhypha a oraspore sinuate,withanotchnearthejunctionwiththestem(PI.7.f.2) slime-moulds,146,149; relationtoprotozoans,152; relationbacteria, to 152; relationtomoulds,152 smoke-balls,136 smutingrain,21 20, smuts,0 8 ; parasiticfungibelongingtotheUstilaginale sorus,amassof sporesbreakingthroughtheepidermisofahostplant SouthCarolina,explorationforfungiin',192 SouthDakota,explorationforfungiin,192 spermatia,88; spore-likebodiesproducedfromspermogonia spermogones,thesameasspermogonia,q.v. spermogonia,88; aformofreproductionamongtheUredinaleswhosere lationsareimperfectlyknown sporangia,147; sporecases sporangioles; sporereceptacleswithpersistentwalls,foundintheNidula- rialesandtheirallies spores,colorof,15;shapeof,15 spore-prints,ill springmushroom,144(seealsomorel) sterigmata,14; slenderprojectionsfromthebasidiawhichbearspores GENERAL INDEX 227 stinkhorns,81,132,133,134 stroma,acompactsubstanceformedofmyceliumunitingtheperithecia, orn i whichtheperitheciaareimbedded sweetbread-mushroom,126 Teleutospore,thewinterorrestingsporeoftherusts(Uredinales) Tennessee,explorationforfungiin,192 terminologyofgroups,19,20 Texas, explorationforfungiin,193 toadstools,99 truffles,5 3 Tulasne,contributiontomycologyby,158 Umbilicate,providedwithadepressionlikethenavel(PI.7.f,j) umbonate,providedasmall withraisedprominence(PI.7.f.4) uredospores,thethin-walledsummersporesofrust a Utah,explorationforfungiin,193 Vermont,Explorationforfungiin,194 Virginia,explorationforfungiin,194 volva, 110; acoveringoruniversalveilofcertainmushroomswhichin theexpandedformappearseither as floccosescalesonthepileus,orasa cupatthebaseof the stem,orboth(cf.PI.S) Washington,Explorationforfungiin,195 WestIndies,explorationforfungiin,199 WestVirginia,explorationforfungiin,195 wilt,78; adiseasecausedbyspeciesofFusarium Wisconsin,explorationforfungiin,195 Wyoming,explorationforfungiin,196 Yeast,5 3 Zoospore,areproductivebodyprovidedwithciliaandcapableofmotion zygospore,; theresting 14 sporeresultingfromtheunionoftwolike gametesorsexualcells(PI.2,f.4) S, EXPLANATIONOFPLATE Formsf o Spores Fig.. 1 Sphericalspore. Fig.. 2 Ovalhyalinespore. Fig.. 3 Ovalbiguttulatespore. .Fig.4 Ovalbiguttulatemuricatespore. Fig.. 5 Lemon-shapedguttulatespore. Fig.. 6 Allantoidspore. Fig.. 7 Didymoid(2-celled)spore; thecellsunequal. Fig.8. Didymoid(2-celled)symmetricalspore. Fig.9. Didymoid(2-celled)appendagedspore. Figs.10,11,12.Varioustypesofphragmoidspores. Fig.13.Filiformseptatespore. Fig.14. Filiformnon-septatespore. Fig15.Dictyoid(muriform)spore. Fig.16. SporeofPezizaaurantiashowingsurfacereticulations. Fig.17.Ascuscontainingspores. Fig.18.Basidiumwithsterigmata. Fig.19.Basidiosporesonthesterigmata. All thefiguresaregreatlymagnifiedandwereredrawnforthemost partfromvarioussources. (228)

THE HELIOTVPtPRINTINGCO.,BOSTON. 1 EXPLANATIONOFPLATEII Phycomycetes .Fig.1 Septoca'rpuscorynephorus(Chytridiales)parasiticon diatom.X500.(RedrawnfromZopf.) .Fig.2 MucorMucedo(Mucorales)showingroot-likehyphaeand sporangiaborneonaerialhyphae.X17.(RedrawnfromKemer.) .Fig.3 Mucorstolonifer(Mucorales).Earlystagesofconjugation: A. Twohyphalbranchesapproaching; B. Thesamestillfartherad vanced; C. Suspensorscutapartfromthegametesbysepta.X60. (RedrawnfromDeBary.) Fig.. 4 MucorMucedo(Mucorales).Maturezygosporeshowingthe suspensorsaboveandbelow.X100.(RedrawnfromBrefeld.) .Fig.5 PiptocephalisFreseniana(Mucorales).ConidiaX 200. (RedrawnfromBrefeld.) Fig.. 6 PiptocephalisFreseniana(Mucorales).Haustoriaattached tothehyphaofMucor(shownbythetwoparallellinesattheleft).X 400.(RedrawnfromBrefeld.) Fig.. 7 PiptocephalisFreseniana(Mucorales).Sexualreproduc tion,showingenlargedsuspensorsandspinulosezygospore.X300.(Re drawnfromBrefeld.) Fig.. 8 PilobolusKleinii(Mucorales).Sporangialstage.X150. (RedrawnfromBrefeld.) Fig.. 9 Piloboluscrystallinus(Mucorales).Sexualreproduction showingsuspensorsandzygospore.X65.(RedrawnfromZopf.) (229) EXPLANATIONOFPLATEIII Phycomycetes Fig.. 1 Synchytriummercurialis(Chytridiales).Producingalarge gallontheepidermisofMercurialisperennis.Therestingsporeappears inthelargecentralcellof thehost.X90.(RedrawnfromWoronin.) Pig.. 2 Synchytriummyosotidis(Chytridiales).Producinga smallergallinasingleepidermalcellofMyosotisstricta,whichencloses anovalrestingspore.X110. (RedrawnfromSchroeter.) Fig.. 3 Plasmoparaviticola(Peronosporales).Haustoriapene tratingacellofthehost; thehyphaofthefungusappearsonthelower sideofthecellandisshaded. Fig.. 4 Peronospora(Peronosporales).Conidiophorebearingsoli taryconidiaissuingfromastomaontheundersurfaceofa leaf;Fig.5. Sexualreproductionshowingantheridfertilizingtheegg. Fig.. 6 AlbugoCandida(Peronosporales).Conidiaborneinchain likerows.X220.(RedrawnfromDeBary.) Fig.. 7 Empusa(Entomophthorales)onthelarvaofclover-weevil (Phytonomus)whichhascrawledtothetipof abladeofgrassto die.X 5. (RedrawnfromArthur.) (230) PL.. 3

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PL.- 4

THE MELIOTYPEPRINTINGCO.,BOSTON. EXPLANATIONOFPLATEIV AScOMYCETES .Fig.1 YeastcellsofSaccharomycescerevisiae(Saccharomycetales) normallybudding.X550.(RedrawnfromReess.) Flg.. 2 Penicilliumcrustaceum(Aspergillales).Conidialstage seeninordinarygreenmould.X160.(RedrawnfromBrefeld.) .Fig.3 Penicilliumcrustaceum(Aspergillales).Ascosporicstage, theasciproducedinskeins.X500.(RedrawnfromBrefeld.) Fig.. 4 Uncinulanecator(Perisporiales).Conidiafromthe powderymildewofthe grape.X130.(RedrawnfromScribner.) Fig.. 5 Uncinulanecator(Perisporiales).Peritheciumshowing hookedappendagesandasciprotrudingfromthecrushed body.X40. (RedrawnfromScribner.) Figs. 6, 7, 8.SuccessivestagesinthesexualreproductionofSphaero- thecaCastagnei(Perisporiales).Greatlymagnified.(Redrawnfrom Harper.) .Fig.9 Pezizamacropus(Pezizales).Naturalsize.(Redrawn fromLindau.);Fig.10.Paraphyses,asci,andspores.X200.(Re drawnfromRehm.) Fig.11. Xylariapolymorpha(Sphaeriales),habit; showingFig. 1 2,sectionacrossthestromashowingperithecia; bothnaturalsize. Fig.13. Mitrulaphalloides(Helvellales); naturalsize. Fig. 14. Pezizaaurantia(Pezizales); naturalsize. Fig. 15. Insideof halfapeachpitshowingperitheciaofCaryospora putaminum(Sphaeriales); naturalsize. Fig.16. Caryosporaputaminum(Sphaeriales); sideviewofperi theciumshowingtheostiolum.X15. (RedrawnfromWinter.) Fig.17-. Ceratostomellapilifera(Sphaeriales).Threeperitheciaon afragmentofwood,showingthelongbeak-likeostiola.X30; Fig.18, ascuscontainingallantoidspores.Stronglymagnified.(Redrawnfrom Lindau.) (231) EXPLANATIONOFPLATE V Fungi imperfecta Fig.. 1 Septoriapirina(Sphaeropsidales).Pearleafshowingleaf- spots.Thepycnidiaappearasminutedotsoneormoreoneachspot. Naturalsize; drawnfromlife.Fig.2. Sectionthroughapycnidium onthepearleafshowingtheattachmentofthespores.Greatlymag nified.(RedrawnfromDuggar.) Fig.. 3 PycnidiumofAmpelomycesquisqualis(Sphaeropsidales), insidetheconidiophoreofErysibe.X200.DrawnfromnaturebyD. Griffiths. .Fig.4 Entomosporium(Sphaeropsidales);sporesfromtheleaf- blightof thepear.Greatlymagnified.(RedrawnfromDuggar.) Fig.. 5 Dinemosporium(Sphaeropsidales).Septateappendaged spore.Greatlymagnified. Fig.. 6 Colletotrichnm(Mei.anconiales); beanpodaffectedwith anthracnosecausedbythefungus.y2naturalsize.(Redrawnfrom Cowing);Fig.7,sporesofsame,greatlymagnified.(Redrawnfrom Southworth.) .Fig.8 Pestalozzia(Melanconiales).Sporesshowingappendages andhyalineend-cells.X400.(RedrawnfromDesmazieres.) .Fig.9 Moniliafructigena(Moniliales),hyphaformingcatenulate spores.Greatlymagnified. Fig. 10. Botrytisvulgaris(Moniliales).Endofspore-bearing hyphawithclustersofspores. Fig. 11. Ramularia(Moniliales).Didymoidsporegreatlymagni fied. Fig.12. AcervulusofCercosporagossypina(Moniliales)issuing fromtheepidermisofcottonleaf; Fig.13,sporessame. of Bothgreatly magnified.(RedrawnfromSouthworth.) Fig. 14. Ceratophorum(Moniliales).Sporebearingappendages ateitherend.Greatlymagnified. (232) Pi.- 5

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THE HELIOTVPEPRINTINGCO.,BOSTON. EXPLANATIONOFPLATEVI Basidiomycetes Figs, i, 2.Ustilagoavenae(Ustilaginales).Germinatingchlamyd- osporesproducingsporeslaterallyandterminally.X350.(Redrawn fromBrefeld.) .Fig.3 Tilletiazonata(Ustilaginales).Germinatingchlamyd- osporeproducinga clusterofsporesatthe apex.X300.(Redrawn fromBrefeld.) Fig.. 4 Urocystisviolae(Ustilaginales).Germinationofachlamyd- ospore.X180.(RedrawnfromBrefeld.) Fig.. 5 Pucciniagraminis(Uredinales).Uredosporewithsepar ablepedicel.X200.(RedrawnfromSachs.) Fig.. 6 Pucciniagraminis(Uredinales).Teleutospore.X330. RedrawnfromPeck). Fig.- 7 Pucciniaanemones(Uredinales).Teleutospore.X300. (RedrawnfromPeck.) .Fig.8 Pucciniapodophylli(Uredinales).Teleutospore.X300. (RedrawnfromPeck.) .Fig9 Pucciniagraminis(Uredinales). Germinatingteleutospore producingthe basidiosporesfromtheupperpartofthepromycelium.X 330.(RedrawnfromSachs.) Fig. 10. Uromycestrifolii(Uredinales).Teleutospore.X375. (RedrawnfromDietel.) Figs,ii,12.Raveneliaraj«V«/o(UREDiNALEs).Compoundteleuto- sporeswith longandshortpedicelsrespectively.X200.(Redrawnfrom Dietel.) Fig. 13. Triphragmiumulmariae(Uredinales).Teleutospore.X 250.(RedrawnfromDietel.) Fig. 14. Phragmidiummucronatum(Uredinales).Teleutospore. X200.(RedrawnfromScribner.) Fig. 15. Pucciniagraminella(Uredinales). Sectionacrossagrass leafshowingaclustercup(withthetwocutportionsofitspseudoperidium projectingupwards)containingaecidiospores,togetherwithteleutospores (two-celled)risingfromthesamemycelium.X150.(Redrawnfrom Dietel.) Fig. 16. NormalleafofHepaticaacuta.Fig.17,leaffromthesame plantdistortedbyAecidiumhepaticatum(Uredinales).Bothone-half naturalsize.Fig.18,portion a oftheundersurfaceoftheleafFig. in 17showingthecrater-likecluster-cupswithspermogoniascatteredamong them.X5. (233) EXPLANATIONOFPLATEVII Basidiomycetes Fig.. 1 Sectionofanagaricshowingsolidfleshystemandadnate lamellae. .Fig.2 Sectionanagaric of showinghollowstemandsinuatelamellae. .Fig.3 Sectionofanagaricshowinghollowstemandfreelamellae. .Fig.4 Sectionofanagaricshowinganumbonatetop-shapedpileus, solid fleshystem,anddecurrentlamellae. .Fig.5 CHtocybefragrans(Agaricales.) Showingumbilicatepileus, anddecurrentlamellae.(RedrawnfromCooke.) Fig.. 6 Clitocybecyathiformis(Agaricales.) Showinginfundibuliform pileus,anddecurrentheterophyllouslamellae.(RedrawnfromCooke.) Fig.. 7 Myriostomacoliforme(Lycoperdales).Naturalsize.(Re drawnmainlyMorgan. from) ( 234) PL.. 7

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THEHELIOTYPEPRINTINGCO.,B05TON. EXPLANATIONOFPLATEVIII Basidiomycetes Fig.. 1 Poisoncup,Amanitaphalloides(Agaricales).Two-thirds naturalsize.Thisisthemostdangerousofthespeciesofpoisonousfungi. Itcanberecognizedbyitswhitelamellae,itsskirt-likeannulus(A),and itsvolva(B)atthebaseofthestem.Apartofthevolvawasalsocarried upwiththeexpandingpileusandappearsonthesurfaceasaseriesof floccoseseparablescales. Fig.. 2 Thesameinanearlyconditionshowingthevolvacompletely investingthepileuswhichisnotyetexpanded. ( 235) EXPLANATIONOFPLATEIX Basidiomycetes Fig.. 1 Simblumrubescens(Phallales).Expandedformshowing thecup-likeperidiumatthebase,andthelatticedreceptacleatthesummit. One-halfnaturalsize.(RedrawnfromGerard.) Fig.. 2 Phallogastersaccatus(Phallales),justbeforetheruptureof theperidium.Fig.3. Thesameruptured,exposingthegleba(thedark shadedportions)withintheperidium.Bothsomewhatenlarged.Fig.4. Aclusterofbasidia,someofthembearingspores.X800.(Allre drawnfromThaxter.) ,Figs.5 6,7. Catastomacircumscissum(Lycoperdales).Natural size.Fig.5 showstheouterperidiumrupturingattheequator; Fig.6 showstheupperpartremovedwiththeinnerperidiumwhichopensat apointoriginallyatthebottomofthelatterwithasinglecrater; Fig.7 showsthecupleftinthegroundafterthepartshowninFig.6became free.(RedrawnfromMorgan.) (236) Pl.. 9

THE HELIOTYPEPRINTINGCO.,BOSTON.