Weights and Balances Were Major Contributors to the Human Experience Through out Recorded History
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LCSH Section K
K., Rupert (Fictitious character) Motion of K stars in line of sight Ka-đai language USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) Radial velocity of K stars USE Kadai languages K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) — Orbits Ka’do Herdé language USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) UF Galactic orbits of K stars USE Herdé language K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) K stars—Galactic orbits Ka’do Pévé language UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) BT Orbits USE Pévé language K9 (Fictitious character) — Radial velocity Ka Dwo (Asian people) K 37 (Military aircraft) USE K stars—Motion in line of sight USE Kadu (Asian people) USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) — Spectra Ka-Ga-Nga script (May Subd Geog) K 98 k (Rifle) K Street (Sacramento, Calif.) UF Script, Ka-Ga-Nga USE Mauser K98k rifle This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Inscriptions, Malayan K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 subdivision. Ka-houk (Wash.) USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 BT Streets—California USE Ozette Lake (Wash.) K.A. Lind Honorary Award K-T boundary Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary UF Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) K.A. Linds hederspris K-T Extinction Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction BT National parks and reserves—Hawaii K-ABC (Intelligence test) K-T Mass Extinction Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-B Bridge (Palau) K-TEA (Achievement test) Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-BIT (Intelligence test) K-theory Ka-ju-ken-bo USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test [QA612.33] USE Kajukenbo K. -
University of London Deviant Burials in Viking-Age
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON DEVIANT BURIALS IN VIKING-AGE SCANDINAVIA Ruth Lydia Taylor M. Phil, Institute of Archaeology, University College London UMI Number: U602472 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U602472 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT DEVIANT BURIALS IN VIKING-AGE SCANDINAVIA The thesis brings together information yielded from archaeology and other sources to provide an overall picture of the types of burial practices encountered during the Viking-Age in Scandinavia. From this, an attempt is made to establish deviancy. Comparative evidence, such as literary, runic, legal and folkloric evidence will be used critically to shed perspective on burial practices and the artefacts found within the graves. The thesis will mostly cover burials from the Viking Age (late 8th century to the mid- 11th century), but where the comparative evidence dates from other periods, its validity is discussed accordingly. Two types of deviant burial emerged: the criminal and the victim. A third type, which shows distinctive irregularity yet lacks deviancy, is the healer/witch burial. -
Paviken Research Project 2013-2016 Investigation of a Viking Age Trading and Manufacturing Site on Gotland, Sweden
Gotland Archaeological Field-school Paviken research project 2013-2016 Investigation of a Viking Age trading and manufacturing site on Gotland, Sweden Project plan Project Director Associate Professor Dan Carlsson Arendus Färjeleden 5c, 621 58 Visby Sweden. Tel. +46-498219999 www.gotland-fieldschool.com Email: [email protected] Cover picture: The head of a dress pin in the form of a dragons head. Found at Stånga, Gotland. Photo Dan Carlsson Harbours and trading in the Baltic Sea during the Viking Age - an introduction In our interpretation of prehistory we are highly influenced by the material we see in the landscape or by coincidences found during archaeological surveys, and we forget or neglect to take into account the hidden cultural landscape. This is particularly true when it comes to prehistory in Sweden. As we completely lack written sources before the 12th century (with the exception of runic inscriptions) we have to rely on archaeological field material. An example of this problem is the question of Viking Age trade and its associated port activities. Extensive Viking material from Gotland suggests that the island had a lively exchange with the surrounding regions at that time in its history. This is reflected in the existence of numerous silver hoards; no area in northern Europe has such a con- centration of silver from the Viking Age as Gotland. There are clear signs of an extensive and lively Staraya Sigtuna trade and exchange (or piracy, as Ladoga Birka some would argue), which in turn Kaupang required docking points, ports -
Námořní Obchod Ve Středomoří
NÁMOŘNÍ OBCHOD PODÉL ATLANTICKÉHO POBŘEŽÍ A VE VNITROZEMÍ EVROPY Petra Maříková Vlčková AEB_37 Dálkový obchod raně středověké Evropy 29.11.2015 ADMINISTRATIVA Dnes: náhrada 2. hodiny, tato učebna, po standardní výuce Doplňky k předchozí přednášce – historické dálkové trasy: IS, tento předmět Historické reálie pro dnešní přednášku: tamtéž DÁLKOVÝ OBCHOD PODÉL ATLANTICKÉHO POBŘEŽÍ EVROPY Za Gibraltar: od 5. až do počátku 8. st. poměrně často Alexandrijská loď plující do Anglie a navrátivší se s nákladem cínu – možná reálný základ Trasa: podél galicijského a kantabrijského pobřeží Během cest – návštěva hrobu sv. Martina z Tour Z pobřeží Evropy – od počátku 7. st.: rapidní změna politických a ekonomických poměrů – Merovejci ovládající Neustrii a Austrasii – zakládají na pobřeží emporia: Neustrie (Bretaň – řeka Šelda): Quentovic Austrie (Porýní): Dorestad. SPECIFIKA ATLANTICKÉHO OBCHODU Lodě bez dostatečně pevných stožárů s plachtovím = lidská síla a vesla Početnější posádky – až 250 osob Obchodníci: převážně Frísové – napojení na tzv. severní oblouk Výraznější propojení námořního obchodu a vnitrozemského pohybu zboží a lidí: stratifikace obchodních středisek Fríský obchod směrem na S: kolem Jutského poloostrova (zkrácení přes Jutskou šíji a řeku Treene) – od 9. stol. - Hedeby EMPORIA Anglie, 5.-6.st: hierarchizovaná sídliště; domácí produkce; omezený okruh směny Konec 6.-7.st: EMPORIA TYP A: obchodní místa periodicky využívána, paláce, kostely, stratifikovaná pohřebiště = doklady vzniku nového společenského uspořádání. Změna v řemeslnické produkci a jejím pohybu – včetně luxusních předmětů. Ipswich Konec 7.st: EMPORIA TYP B: proměna v centrum městského charakteru. Pravidelná uliční síť (jedna hlavní). Domy orientované delší stranou do ulice, přístřešky pro zemědělskou produkci Hamwic R. Hodges 1982: Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Town and Trade. -
Årsskrift För Sigtunaforskning Och Historisk Arkeologi 2011 Utgiven Av Sigtuna Museum
situne dei Årsskrift för Sigtunaforskning och historisk arkeologi 2011 Redaktion: Rune Edberg och Anders Wikström Utgiven av Sigtuna Museum SITUNE DEI Eyvind Skáldaspillir’s silver – refining and standards in pre-monetary economies in the light of finds from Sigtuna and Gotland Anders Söderberg t is said that in the first half of the 10th marks. This they sent to Eyvind; but Eyvind Icentury, when the court poet of King had the shoulder-pin broken into pieces and Hakon the Good, Eyvind Finnsson Skál- with the silver he bought a farmstead for daspillir, had composed a poem to the himself.” (Foote 1961:125f) honour of the Icelanders, it was decided to In other translations keypti sér bú með is reward him by making him a cloak-pin. variously translated as “bought cattle with it” or “obliged to…buy food for his house- ”Eyvindr orti drápu um alla Íslendinga, en þeir hold”. The phrase “…at hverr bóndi gaf ho- launuðu svá, at hverr bóndi gaf honum skattpen- num skattpening. Sá stóð þrjá penninga ing. Sá stóð þrjá penninga silfrs vegna ok hvítr silfrs vegna” has also been translated as í skor. En er silfrit kom fram á alþingi, þá réðu “each bonde [farmer] offered a scatt penny menn þat af at fá smiða til at skíra silfrit. Síðan of pure silver equal to three weighed penni- var görr af feldardálkr, en þar af var greitt es” which is supposed to be a reference to smíðarkaupit. Pá stóð dálkrinn fimm tigu mar- imported debased Anglo-Saxon pennies, of ka. Hann sendu þeir Eyvindi, en Eyvindr lét hög- which three were equal to one penny of fine gva í sundr dálkinn ok keypti sér bú með.” silver (Dasent 1861:405). -
A Viking-Age Settlement in the Hinterland of Hedeby Tobias Schade
L. Holmquist, S. Kalmring & C. Hedenstierna-Jonson (eds.), New Aspects on Viking-age Urbanism, c. 750-1100 AD. Proceedings of the International Symposium at the Swedish History Museum, April 17-20th 2013. Theses and Papers in Archaeology B THESES AND PAPERS IN ARCHAEOLOGY B New Aspects on Viking-age Urbanism, c. 750-1100 AD. Proceedings of the International Symposium at the Swedish History Museum, April 17–20th 2013 Lena Holmquist, Sven Kalmring & Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson (eds.) Contents Introduction Sigtuna: royal site and Christian town and the Lena Holmquist, Sven Kalmring & regional perspective, c. 980-1100 Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson.....................................4 Sten Tesch................................................................107 Sigtuna and excavations at the Urmakaren Early northern towns as special economic and Trädgårdsmästaren sites zones Jonas Ros.................................................................133 Sven Kalmring............................................................7 No Kingdom without a town. Anund Olofs- Spaces and places of the urban settlement of son’s policy for national independence and its Birka materiality Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson...................................16 Rune Edberg............................................................145 Birka’s defence works and harbour - linking The Schleswig waterfront - a place of major one recently ended and one newly begun significance for the emergence of the town? research project Felix Rösch..........................................................153 -
On the Metrology of Birka and Early Sigtuna – Tools of Trade in the Viking Age Lake Mälaren Valley (Sweden)
JOAKIM M. SCHULTZÉN ON THE METROLOGY OF BIRKA AND EARLY SIGTUNA – TOOLS OF TRADE IN THE VIKING AGE LAKE MÄLAREN VALLEY (SWEDEN) THE STUDY OF ARCHAEOMETROLOGY Ancient weights represent a twofold source value for archaeological interpretation. On one hand we can draw conclusions based upon morphology; on the other we can retrieve information about the weight system employed at the site of recovery (given that we are able to recreate their original mass), which in turn provides important clues for interpreting trade relations. Because of the distinctively practical purpose of weights as tools in crafts and trade, it is possible to get a glimpse of a more pragmatic side of ancient society than what is commonly possible with other archaeological artefacts. It is hard to conceive of any reason why a choice of weight system should have been based on other than practical and mathematical grounds; the main governing factors being credibility and compatibility. Credibility – since using well-known and widely applied units of measurement provides a familiar nomenclature within which an exchange may be negotiated, reducing the risk of friction through misunderstandings. Compatibility – giving the parties the option to verify that the weights in use are of the correct mass, i. e. reducing the possibility for fraud. Further support for the importance of credibility and compatibility in measuring systems can be found in the need of precise measures in metallurgical crafts. Skewed proportions in an alloy, for instance bronze, might easily lead to a useless product. Weighing is also part of the cupellation process in determining the purity of noble metals. -
Kaupang in Skiringssal
Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series, Volume 1 Norske Oldfunn XXII Kaupang in skiringssal Edited by dagfinn skre Kaupang in Skiringssal Kaupang in Skiringssal Edited by Dagfinn Skre Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series, Volume 1 Norske Oldfunn XXII Kaupang in Skiringssal Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series, Volume 1 Norske Oldfunn XXII © Aarhus University Press & the Kaupang Excavation Project, University of Oslo 2007 Published as part of the series Norske Oldfunn, Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo English translation: John Hines Language revision: Frank Azevedo, John Hines Technical editing:Frank Azevedo, Dagfinn Skre Map production: Julie K. Øhre Askjem, Anne Engesveen Illustration editing: Elise Naumann, Julie K. Øhre Askjem Cover illustration: Johannes Flintoe: “A Duel. Norwegian Depiction” c. 1835. Nasjonalgalleriet, Oslo. Graphic design, typesetting and cover: Jørgen Sparre Type: Minion and Linotype Syntax Paper: PhoeniXmotion Xantur, 135 g Printed by Narayana Press, Denmark Printed in Denmark 2007 ISBN 978-87-7934-966-7 Copyright maps: Contour distances 1 meter: The Muncipality of Larvik Contour distances 5 metres: Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority Scandinavia Europe: ESRI The University of Oslo wishes to thank the financial contributors to the Kaupang Excavation Project: Ministry of the Environment The Anders Jahre Humanitarian Foundation Ministry of Education and Research Vestfold County Council Ministry of Culture and Church Affairs The Municipality of Larvik The Research Council of Norway Arts Council Norway Preface As the work on this first volume from The Kaupang For the excavation period, the project had an Ad- Excavation Project reaches an end, two feelings dom- visory Committee, which advised on excavation inate: gratitude and humility. -
Dorestad and Its Networks
Willemsen & Kik (eds) Kik Willemsen & DORESTAD AND ITS NETWORKS Dorestad was the largest town of the Low Countries in the Carolingian era. As a riverine emporium on the northern edge of the Frankish Empire, it functioned as a European junction, connecting the Viking world with the Continent. In 2019, the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden hosted its NETWORKS AND ITS DORESTAD quinquennial international congress based around Dorestad, located at present-day Wijk bij Duurstede. This third edition, ‘Dorestad and its Networks’, coincided with the fiftieth birthday of finding the famous Dorestad brooch in July 1969, and with what would have been the hundredth birthday of prof.dr. Ina Isings, to whom a special session on early-medieval glass was dedicated. The Third Dorestad Congress brought together scholars from the North Sea area to debate Dorestad and its counterparts in Scandinavia, the British Isles and the Rhineland, as well as the material culture, urbanisation and infrastructure of the Early Middle Ages. The contributions in these proceedings are devoted to new research into the Vikings at Dorestad, assemblages of DORESTAD AND ITS jewellery, playing pieces and weaponry from the town, recent excavations at other Carolingian sites in the Low Countries, and the use and trade of glassware and broadswords in this NETWORKS era. They show the political, economic and cultural networks Communities, Contact and Conflict in Early Medieval of Dorestad, the only town to be called ‘vicus famosus’ in contemporary sources. Europe edited by Annemarieke Willemsen & Hanneke Kik 25 ISBN 978-94-6426-003-8 ISBN: 978-94-6426-003-8 PAPERS ON ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PALMA 25 LEIDEN MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES 9 789464 260038 This is a free offprint – as with all our publications the entire book is freely accessible on our website, and is available in print or as PDF e-book. -
To Valhalla by Horseback?
To Valhalla by Horseback? Horse Burial in Scandinavia during the Viking Age A Master’s Thesis in Nordic Viking and Medieval Culture Peter Shenk The Center for Viking and Medieval Studies The Faculty of Arts University of Oslo Fall 2002 0 Acknowledgments I would like to sincerely thank my two advisors on this project, Christian Keller and Terje Gansum. Christian’s no-nonsense criticism was very helpful in keeping me honest, as much as I wanted to cut corners here and there. Terje was kind enough to step in at the last moment and bring new ideas and research to my attention. I am deeply grateful to my father for his expert proofreading, valuable commentary and overall encouragement. It never hurts to have an English professor in the family. I would also like to express my gratitude to my friends Bernard Vehmeyer and Wouter DeJong for their hospitality and support during my academically-oriented stay in Amsterdam. Peter E. Shenk 11.11.02 1 Table of Contents (adjust by +2) Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...1 Chapter 1: Survey of Past Research………………………………………………………....6 Chapter 2: The Horse Cult………………………………………………………………….11 2.1 The Horse Cult at Skedemosse………………………………………………...12 2.2 Stallions, Hangings, and the Number Nine…………………………………….15 2.3 The Bog Finds………………………………………………………………….18 Chapter 3: Horse & Ship…………………………………………………………………....20 3.1 Ship Graves…………………………………………………………………….20 3.2 The Horse and Ship in the Cult………………………………………………...22 3.3 The Swedish Boat-Graves……………………………………………………...23 3.4 The Norwegian Ship Burials…………………………………………………...29 -
Skiringssal, Kaupang, Tjølling 4 – the Toponymic Evidence
Skiringssal, Kaupang, Tjølling 4 – the Toponymic Evidence stefan brink This article deals with the toponymic evidence – the place-names – in the Tjølling area, and the hist- orical evidence they may reflect. In the settlement district (bygd) of Tjølling we find a few, probably very old, settlement-names, in -vin and -heimr, presumably to be dated to the first half or the middle of the first mil- lennium. These are grouped around a lake whose name is probably to be found as the first element of one of these names, namely Vittersen. This name may be interpreted as denoting a sacral lake, probably of impor- tance in some cultic activity here, containing a word related to the ON noun vítr, véttr, vettr, vættr ‘supernat- ural being, spirit, god’.Other settlement-names portray the settlement district as a large archipelago during the Iron Age, with several large and small islands, the names of some of which have been preserved. Finally the names Huseby (< Skíringssalr), Tjølling (< Qjóealyng) and Kaupang are interpreted and discussed. These names are to be seen as evidence of the socio-economic importance of this district, with an aristocratic chieftain’s or royal farmstead controlling a major harbour/market-place (Kaupangr). The Tjølling settlement district has enjoyed a lot of focus on Kaupang. The shift can in broad outlines attention in archaeological and historical research for also be said to be one from the area being seen as a centuries, for obvious reasons. The toponymic evi- major political site, one of the significant royal dence, which also is very interesting, has not been strongholds important in state-formation in Norway scrutinized and discussed to the same extent, and that (rikssamlingen), to it being regarded as perhaps the is a pity. -
The Nodal Points of Wulfstan's Voyage
This is a repository copy of Routes and long-distance traffic : the nodal points of Wulfstan's voyage. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/11111/ Book Section: Sindbæk, Søren (2008) Routes and long-distance traffic : the nodal points of Wulfstan's voyage. In: Englert, A., Trakadas, A., Englert, A. and Trakadas, A., (eds.) Wulfstan's Voyage. Maritime Culture of the North . The Viking Ship Museum , Roskilde , pp. 72-78. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ promoting access to White Rose research papers Universities of Leeds, Sheffield and York http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Book chapter reproduced with permission from the publisher. White Rose Research Online URL for this chapter: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/11111/ Published chapter Sindbæk, Søren (2009) Routes and long-distance traffic: the nodal points of Wulfstan's voyage. In: Englert, A. & Trakadas, A. (Eds) Wulfstan's Voyage.