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Manual of Non – Wood Forest Produce Plants of Kerala

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Manual of Non – Wood Forest Produce Plants of Kerala KFRI Research Report 185 MANUAL OF NON – WOOD FOREST PRODUCE PLANTS OF KERALA K.K.N. Nair KERALA FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE PEECHI, THRISSUR June 2000 Pages: 449 CONTENTS Page File Products Index 384 r.185.11 Index to Local Names 433 r.185.14 Index to Botanical Names 438 r.185.15 1 Introduction 1 r.185.2 2 Natural Habitats 2 r.185.3 3 Earlier Works 6 r.185.4 4 Data Sources 9 r.185.5 5 Importance of Non-wood Forest Produces 11 r.185.6 6 Conservation Aspects 14 r.185.7 7 Format 17 r.185.8 8 References Cited 21 r.185.9 9 NWFP Plants of Kerala 26 r.185.10 10 Glossary of Medicinal Terms 391 r.185.12 11 Index to Specimens Examined 395 r.185.13 Introduction 1 1. INTRODUCTION Non-Wood or Non-Timber Forest Produces (NWFP or NTFP), earlier known as Minor Forest Produces (MFP), include all forest products, other than timber and firewood which are considered as the major produces. Non-timber forest produces (NWFP) are of both plant and animal origin, occurring naturally or sometimes in cultivation in forested areas. As compared to animal products like ivory, honey, wax, lac, horns, musk, etc. plant products, natural and man-made, are much di- versified depending upon the availability of forest type(s) and species grown in man-made forests and also the extent of forests in a given area or region. Due to the diversity and flexibility in the extraction of products, there can also be no concrete and exhaustive inventory of this resource base, and it may vary over a period of time, depending upon the fluctuations in demand. Plant products of forest origin, other than timber and firewood, include mainly medicine and narcotic, gum and resin, tan and dye, oil and fat, spice and condiment, food and fodder, fibre and floss and bamboos and canes, apart from certain specific products or uses of plants, like pith of Aeschynomene aspera L. used for insulation or hat-making, sisal wax used in the manufacture of carbon paper, leaves used for making platters and cups, plants used in religious contexts, and so on. There are also alternate species used for many of them due to non-availability of the genuine product or plant in a particular region. Several plants belonging to NWFP group are also extracted or used on a large scale like bamboos, canes, medicinal plants, gums, tans, spices, etc. because of their excessive demand or industrial use. Being linked with the life-style and livelihood of the tribal and rural population as gatherers or marketers on one side and the urban population as consumers or manufactures, on the other, this group of products are of much socio-economic importance. They form the economic base of the gatherers and marketers and the resource base for the manufactures and consumers. From a social context, their gathering forms part of the life-style of tribals and other forest dwellers, and therefore, such products are sources of both tangible and non-tangible benefits. Currently, plants which yield NWFP are also being cultivated both in forest and non-forest areas thereby acquiring importance in plantation forestry and agro- forestry contexts. 2 NWFP Plants of Kerala Due to unregulated exploitation of this natural resource base, of late, there has also arisen the need to conserve many of them. Plants yielding NWFP form part of the floral diversity and it is only by conserving the natural flora that protection of NWFP plants can be fully achieved. Taking stock of the present availability and resource status of the plants and products, identification of species which deserve protection and propagation, delimitation of areas of NWFP plant con- centration for overall conservation, formulating non-destructive methods of har- vest and sustainable utilization and evolving methods for their regeneration are certain aspects which deserve immediate attention to ensure the continued avail- ability of products and benefits from this group of plants in future. 2. NATURAL HABITATS Kerala State, situated in the South-western part of India at 8o 18' North latitude and 74o 52' and 77o 22' East longitude covers an area of 38,863 km2. Of this, about 10292 km2 (GOI, 1991) are either natural forests or forest plantations. Physiographically, the State is divisible into four zones (Map l), namely the coastal belt (<8 m above msl), the midlands (8-75 m above msl), hilly uplands and the highlands (>75 m above msl). The major habitat of the NWFP plants of the State is the natural forests, occurring mainly in the hilly uplands and the highlands. This forest zone also in- cludes forest plantations which, to some extent, form the natural abode of several NWFP species, less characteristic and ecologically more plastic. Midlands, which are essentially an agricultural zone also contain few of the NWFP species in the remnants of natural vegetation that flourish in sacred groves, wastelands and homesteads. where, a few of them are also grown for their prod- ucts. In the coastal belt of the State, the once luxuriant mangrove formation was rich in NWFP, for example medicinal plants. But due to intensive agriculture, urbanisation or other developmental activities, coastal belt has now been impoverished to the maximum with regard to native flora and the NWFP plants which they contain. The significance of natural and man-made forests as potential sources of NWFP plants is dealt with here for a better understanding of the habitats and sources of NWFP species of the State. As mentioned earlier, most of the NWFP plants of the State are confined to the natural forests, even though a few of the less characteristic and ecologically plastic ones also occur in forest plantations, mostly in teak grown areas, where the vegetation is fairly undisturbed once the plantations are established for more than thirty to forty years, depending upon site conditions. This is not the case with the short rotation plantations, mainly of pulpwood species like eucalypts, where, the ground flora developed after the plantation establishment, hardly thrives for Naturalllabitat.~ 3 Map I. Physiographic zones of Kerala State 4 NWFP Plants of Kerala more than 10 years or so, when they are much disturbed or practically removed in the process of timber extraction. In other cases like miscellaneous or mixed plantations, where the rotation period is more than 30 years, thinning operation being less frequent and disturbance very little, there is rich growth of plants yielding NWFP. Table 1 gives the extent of natural and man- made forests in Kerala, constituting the natural habitat of NWFP plants in the State. Natural forests Natural forests of Kerala, which form the major habitat of non-timber forest produce plants, are mainly of four major types. They are evergreen, semi- evergreen, moist deciduous and dry deciduous forests, with a maximum area under the moist deciduous type (Table 1). Though many characteristic items of non-tim- ber forest products come from the evergreen and semi-evergreen forest areas, it is the moist deciduous forest tracts which are more rich and diverse in species be- longing to this plant group in general. Cane, reed and bamboo areas are also seen in the broad category of evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, apart from spe- cies like Canarium strictum Roxb., Curcuma aromatica Salisb., Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, Kaempferia galanga L., Myristica malabarica Lamk., Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. et Kurz, Vateria indica L., and so on. Shade- loving tuber and epiphytic plants and species adapted to narrow ecological niche like those growing in Myristica swamps are also confined to mostly semi-ever- green and adjoining forests areas. A recent assessment by Basha (1990) had shown that more than 26% of the medicinal plants of the State are found in the evergreen forests, which contribute to a major share of the non-timber forest resource of the State. In the adjoining semi-evergreen forests, representation of medicinal plants is only about 5-6%, on a rough estimate. Moist deciduous forests of Kerala cover an area of more than 4100 km2. Even though not very compact typologically, they are floristically much diverse, form- ing the habitat of a maximum number of NWFP plants. There is no estimate on the total NWFP species content of this forest type. Basha (1990) has reported that about 44% of the medicinal plant species of the State grow in this forest type. Together with about 17% of ayurvedic drug plants in the dry decidu- ous forests, more than 60% of the medicinal plant component alone of the NWFP plants are found in the deciduous forest areas of the State. Apart from medicinal plants, there are also several other non-timber forest produce yielding plants in the deciduous forest tracts of the State. However, this is the most disturbed and highly vulnerable forest type in Kerala, where, many of the NWFP species have become rare or endangered. The stunted, dry deciduous forests of the rain shadow belt of Marayur in Munnar Division is the only natural Sandal belt of Kerala, which produce the aromatic sandal wood, used mainly in perfume and soap industries. The forests of the region Table 1. Area under different forest types and forest plantations in Kerala SI. No. Natural forests/Plantations Area in km2 1. Natural forests a. Evergreen 2400 b. Semi-evergreen 1080 c. Moist deciduous 4100 d. Dry deciduous 94 e. Temperate forests and grasslands I88 2. Forest Plantations" a. Teak 733.55 b. Eucalypts 372.75 c. Mixed plantations 328.60 d. Miscellaneous 218.50 Total 9515.40 Source: KFD, 1992. Forest Statistics. (* Includes plantations of the KFDC).
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