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The Aryabhata Project THE ARYABHATA PROJECT Edited by U. R, RAO, K. KASTURIRANGAN - ! - .’ j: ||)| if ijj} ' ' fpfjf- INDIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Bangalore 660 006 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Public.Resource.Org https://archive.org/details/aryabhataprojectOOunse THE ARYABHATA PROJECT Edited by U. R. RAO, K. KASTURIRANGAN ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore INDIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Bangalore 560 006 © 1979 by the Indian Academy of Sciences Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section C: Engineering Sciences, Volume 1, pp. 117-343, 1978 Edited by U R Rao, K Kasturirangan and printed for the Indian Academy of Sciences by Macmillan India Press, Madras 600 002, India Foreword Space exploration and space travel have been the dream of mankind since early ages. When the first sputnik was launched into space in 1957 by USSR, the entire world was dramatically ushered into the space age. With the remarkable develop¬ ments that have taken place in space sciences and technology during the last two decades, some of mankind’s wildest dreams and visions—such as men walking on the moon, close-up pictures of Venus, Mars and Jupiter, in-situ exploration of planets, space docking near earth, space shuttle transportation—have all come true. The space era has opened up new windows into the skies, enabling scientists to obtain a view of the universe in X-rays and in ultraviolet, infrared and gamma rays, which had been inaccessible earlier. Developments in space technology now offer unique plat¬ forms to carry out remote sensing of our natural resources and unearth new ones in agriculture, forestry, mineralogy, hydrology, oceanography, geography and even cartography. Mass communication and meteorological observation on a global scale have now become a practical reality with geosynchronous satellites. Thus, space science and technology seem to offer a new hope for improving the quality of life on earth. Based on the firm belief that through purposeful, selective and imaginative utili¬ sation of space technology, it is possible to provide unique inputs into the process of national development, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) entered into an agreement in 1972 with the USSR Academy of Sciences for launching the first Indian Satellite from a Soviet cosmodrome. With the launching of this satellite, the Aryabhata, on 19 April 1975, into a near-earth circular orbit at a height of 600 km, India entered the space age. The primary aim of Aryabhata was to establish the neces¬ sary expertise and infrastructure in satellite technology. Even though the original estimated life of Aryabhata was only 6 months, all the technological systems on the satellite have been functioning satisfactorily for the last three and half years. This volume, comprising two special issues of the Academy’s Proceedings on Arya¬ bhata, contains various articles on the technological design of the spacecraft, and is the outcome of the keen interest taken by the Academy to publish a technical account of the project. In particular, the keen interest taken by Prof. S Dhawan, the President of the Academy, and Prof. R Narasimha, Editor for Engineering Sciences has been an important factor, without which these issues could not have been published. We are thankful to all the authors of various articles who have responded enthusiastically in providing the articles in time. The Editors are grateful to Dr P N Pathak, Mr V Kalayan Raman, Dr V Siddhartha and Dr Esther Ramani who provided very valuable assistance in editing the papers appearing in this special issue. U R RAO K KASTURIRANGAN Editors ' ■ ’ CONTENTS Foreword U R RAO: An overview of the Aryabhata project 1 P S GOEL, P N SRINtVASAN and N K MALIK: The stabilisation system 19 S Y RAMAKRISHNAN, R S MATH U R, M SUBRAMANIAN, T KANTHI- MATH1NATHAN, SUDARSHAN SARPANGAL, S T VENKATA- RAMANAN and N S SAVALGI: The power system 29 H N MURTHY, V K KAILA, V PRASAD, D R BHANDARI, H BHOJA- RAJ and P P GUPTA: The thermal control system 41 G A KASIVISWANATHAN, V P V VARADARAJULU, P R VENKATES- WARAN and T K ALEX: Attitude and temperature sensors 57 D V RAJU, R K RAJANGAM, P S RAJYALAKSHMI, C N VENKATE- SHAIAH, R SESHAIAH, V NALANDA, S R NAGARAJ and R SIVA- SWAMY: The telemetry system 69 M K SAHA, V GOPAL RAO, N MANTHIAH, S KALYANARAMAN, M L N SASTRY, D JOHN and M K NAIR: The communication system 79 R ASHtYA, J P GUPTA, Y K S1NGAL, D VENKATARAMANA, A BHAS- KARANARAYANA, U N DAS and B V SESHADRI: The tele¬ command system 89 S P KOSTA, S PAL, P K REDDY, V K LAKSHMEESHA, K N S RAO, K N SHAMANNA, V MAHADEVAN. V S RAO and L NICHOLAS: Antenna systems for the Aryabhata mission 105 M K SAHA, S KALYANARAMAN, S N PRASAD, R N TYAGI, T K JAYARAMAN, M SAMBASIVA RAO and S G BASU: The tracking system 119 A V PATKI: The structure 135 V A THOMAS, M N SATHYANARAYAN, V R KATTI, A A BOKIL, N R DATHATHRI, G MOH ANAKRISHNAN, K PATTABHIRAMAN, T K GOSWAMI, T L DANABALAN and I SELVARAJ: System integration 151 TARSEM SINGH, A D DHARMA, O P SAPRA. V R PRATAP, K A NARAYANAN, S SUBBIAH, J V INGLE, A S BHAMAVATI and B K SHAMAPRAKASH: The ground checkout system 163 R S BHAT and C K RAJASINGH: Orbit computations 175 P N PATHAK: A statistical analysis of weight and cost parameters of space¬ craft with special reference to Aryabhata 1$7 VI Contents M V K APPA RAO, S V DAMLE, R R DANIEL, G S GOKHALE, GEORGE JOSEPH, R U KUNDAPURKAR and P J LAVAKARE: An experiment to detect energetic neutrons and gamma rays from the sun 197 S PRAKASH, B H SUBBARAYA, V KUMAR, P N PAREEK, J S SHIRKE, R N MISRA, K K GOSWAMI, R S SINGH and A BANERJEE: The aeronomy experiment 205 U R RAO, K KASTURIRANGAN, Y K JAIN, ARUN BATRA, V JAYA- RAMAN, R A GANAGE, D P SHARMA and M S RADHA: The x-ray astronomy experiment 215 Author index 299 Subject index 233 An overview of the 4 Aryabhata ’ project UR RAO ISRO Satellite Centre, Peenya, Bangalore 560 058 MS received 29 October 1977; revised 10 March 1978 Abstract. Aryabhata, India’s first satellite, was successfully launched into a near- earth orbit on 19 April 1975, from a USSR Cosmodrome. The primary objective of Aryabhata was to establish the indigenous capability in satellite technology. Aryabhata, weighing 358 kg, was quasispherical in shape, and had body-mounted solar cells and Ni-Cd chemical batteries as primary power sources. Other features of the spacecraft include power control systems, passive thermal control system, PCM/FM/PM telemetry system transmitting data at 256 bits/s in real time and 2560 bits/s in the stored mode, PDM/AM/AM telecommand system, cold gas spin stabilisation system with nutation damper and a number of sensors. The satellite also included three scientific experiments—one on x-ray astronomy, the second for observing solar neutrons and gamma rays and the third on aeronomy. The present paper gives an overview of the basic features of the satellite, associated ground stations and a brief account of the fabrication, testing and (in-orbit) performance of the satellite. Results of some of the technological experiments carried out in Aryabhata are also briefly described. Keywords. Aryabhata-, satellite technology; satellite design; satellite qualification; satellite performance. 1. Introduction The remarkable advances in space science and technology during the last two decades have unambiguously demonstrated that it is possible to harness this technology for developmental purposes, particularly in developing countries. The direct benefits of space technology in communication, remote sensing, geodesy, navigation, oceano¬ graphy, minerology and even in geography have now been well established. The most remarkable feature of satellite technology is its ability to obtain an instantaneous global view of large continents and land masses. With near-earth, polar-orbiting satellites carrying infrared and visual camera systems, it is possible to obtain high resolution global pictures for surveying natural wealth and resources in agriculture, forestry, hydrology, oceanography and geology so as to facilitate the optimal utili¬ sation of these resources. Geostationary satellites provide a unique means of instan¬ taneous communication and TV transmission throughout the country. For a developing country with a large rural population, this aspect of space technology has, for the first time, provided the capability of utilising the most powerful audiovisual media for educational purposes, for improving agricultural practices and for provid¬ ing information on health, hygiene and family planning. Also from the large global coverage made possible through geostationary satellites, reliable advance weather prediction is now well within the practical reach of nations. The possibility of economically producing exotic materials and medicines in space and even harnessing large scale solar power using this technology seems to be a matter of time. P. (C)—l 1 2 U R Rao Realising the immense potential of this technology for providing a quantum jump in national development, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) initiated research in this area in 1963. What began as a modest rocket sounding programme, for conducting scientific experiments for the study of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, rapidly grew to encompass application areas which could make unique contributions to national development. Commensurate with the long term goals involving the exploitation and diffusion of the potentialities of space research into the mainstream of national development, ISRO has embarked upon a systematic programme for the setting up of a full-fledged indigenous base for the design, fabrication, qualification and in-orbit operation of artificial earth satellites for a variety of scientific and application missions.
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