ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This book, “Indian Remote Sensing Missions and Payloads - A Glance” is an attempt to provide in one place the information about all Indian Remote Sensing and scientific missions from Aryabhata to RISAT-1 including some of the satellites that are in the realization phase. This document is compiled by IRS Program Management Engineers from the data available at various sources viz., configuration data books, and other archives. These missions are culmination of the efforts put by all scientists, Engineers, and supporting staff across various centres of ISRO. All their works are duly acknowledged Indian Remote Sensing Missions & Payloads A Glance IRS Programme Management Office Prepared By P. Murugan P.V.Ganesh PRKV Raghavamma Reviewed By C.A.Prabhakar D.L.Shirolikar Approved By Dr.M. Annadurai Program Director, IRS & SSS ISRO Satellite Centre Indian Space Research Organisation Bangalore – 560 017 Table of Contents Sl.No Chapter Name Page No Introduction 1 1 Aryabhata 1.1 2 Bhaskara 1 , 2 2.1 3. Rohini Satellites 3.1 4 IRS 1A & 1B 4.1 5 IRS-1E 5.1 6 IRS-P2 6.1 7 IRS-P3 7.1 8 IRS 1C & 1D 8.1 9 IRS-P4 (Oceansat-1) 9.1 10 Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) 10.1 11 IRS-P6 (ResourceSat-1) 11.1 12 IRS-P5 (Cartosat-1) 12.1 13 Cartosat 2,2A,2B 13.1 14 IMS-1(TWSAT) 14.1 15 Chandrayaan-1 15.1 16 Oceansat-2 16.1 17 Resourcesat-2 17.1 18 Youthsat 18.1 19 Megha-Tropiques 19.1 20 RISAT-1 20.1 Glossary References INTRODUCTION The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) planned a long term Satellite Remote Sensing programme in seventies, and started related activities like conducting field & aerial surveys, design of various types of sensors for aircraft surveys and development of number of application/utilization approaches. These were followed by planning, designing, fabrication of experimental remote sensing missions viz., Aryabhata, Bhaskara 1 & II etc. These missions gave experience in developing futuristic remote sensing satellites, setting up of ground-based data reception and processing systems, experience in over-all mission management etc. The launch of IRS-1A satellite on 17th March, 1988 into the orbit is the start of operational remote sensing era of IRS programme. The IRS Satellites are providing imagery data for many projects of national importance and applications. Some of the remote sensing applications being catered are provided below Agriculture and soils Point and non-point sources of Phase level information of soils pollution Improved multiple crop Environmental impact assessment discrimination Geology and Exploration Crop monitoring &condition Rock type mapping assessment Tectonic geo- structure mapping Crop canopy water stress Mining pollution analysis Crop yield estimates Off/on shore seeps analysis Crop management Coal fire analysis Cropping system analysis Mining subsidence analysis Damage assessment Landslide vulnerability / risk Surveillance of pests and diseases Geo-energy Forestry Water cycle study Inventory and updating Ocean application Forest landscape analysis Phytoplankton observation Forest infra-structure mapping Chlorophyll content, Forest encroachment Yellow substance State of forests Suspended sediments Wildlife habitat analysis Sea surface winds, Bio-diversity Sea roughness monitoring Fire damage Sea surface temperature Implementation of forest policies Identifying the potential fishing Environment zones, Hydrologic units Coastal zone management, Land unit maps Ship routing, Soil contamination maps Operations of offshore oil rigs Quarries and waste identification Desertification analysis Oil spills Indian Remote Sensing Missions & Payloads – A glance 1 Meteorology Cartography Water vapour in an atmospheric Updating topo-maps column, Augmenting Databases Cloud formation Image maps as base maps Low pressure zone identification Watershed management Cyclone movement speed & Terrain evaluation City models direction Road and infrastructure maps Weather predictions, Site suitability assessment Infrastructure and Utilities Cadastral map generation Road networks Defence 3D-city models Strategic target monitoring Infrastructure maps Mission planning Siting of hydro-power locations Training Site suitability Treaty verification Rural and urban infrastructure Demining Structural and hydrological Lunar & Stellar Observation inventory Understand the way planets Municipal GIS created Utility corridor mapping Transportation network Stellar movement, Rural road connectivity Celestial body feature study Tracking changes in road Studying radiations coming from Telecom facilities stars Recreation Facilities Different elements available on Tourism Violations stellar objects Damage assessment Above said applications can be categorized in the following way as part of National Natural Resources planning as well as in other areas. Multiple crop production estimates, o Area estimate, crop health estimate Land and Water Resources optimization, Urban planning and management, o Infrastructural plan Coastal zone studies and regulation o Fishing, chlorophyll, phytoplankton etc. Mapping and inventory of forests, wastelands, land use, Lunar & stellar observation missions The aim of this document is to collect the Indian Remote Sensing payload details available at various sources and consolidate to bring them in a single document. This document provides brief, condensed information of various IRS Indian Remote Sensing Missions & Payloads – A glance 2 Missions and payloads. This document will serve the new entrant engineers to understand the evolution of Remote sensing Programme in India. Information provided in this document is collected from various sources like configuration data books, internet sources, Journals and books. The list of references is provided in annexure-1. IRS missions can be classified based on their applications as follows. Land and Water Resource Observation Series Ocean and Atmospheric Observation Series Cartographic Satellite Series Microwave Remote Sensing Series Environmental monitoring series Space Science Series Micro and Nano Satellite Series Land and Water Resource Observation Series These satellites cater to the requirements of following applications: Agriculture, forestry, land use, land cover, soil, geology, terrain, water resources, disaster management like flood, forest fire, drought, land slide, etc. Satellites launched for these applications are IRS-1A, IRS-1B, IRS-1C, IRS- 1D, IRS-P6 (Resourcesat-1), Resourcesat-2, and IMS-1A. Resourcesat-2 satellite with improved performance having three payloads namely, LISS-IV with 5.8m Resolution and 70 km swath in 3 bands, LISS-III with 23.5m Resolution and 140 km swath and AWIFS with 56m Resolution and 740 km swath was launched on 20thApril 2011 and successfully operationalized and is providing data for above said applications. Presently the following IRS Satellites are operational and providing data for above applications IMS-1A Resoucesat-2 Ocean and Atmospheric Observation Series Under Ocean and Atmospheric Observation Series, satellites were launched to meet the needs of potential fishing zone (PFZ) forecasting, sea state forecasting, coastal zone studies and to provide inputs for weather forecasting and for climatic studies: Satellites launched for this application are Oceansat-1, Oceansat-II, and Megha Tropiques Oceansat-2: satellite with Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) payload with 360m spatial resolution and 1420 km swath and Ku-Band pencil beam scatterometer and Indian Remote Sensing Missions & Payloads – A glance 3 Radio Occultation for Sounding of Atmospheric (ROSA) was launched on 23rd September 2009 was successfully operationalized for providing data for the above applications. Megha-Tropiques: Under Ocean and Atmospheric Observation series to study the convective systems that influence the tropical weather and climate. The Megha-Tropiques mission was launched on 12th October 2011. The Megha- Tropiques spacecraft carries 4 payloads namely: MADRAS (A Microwave Imager to study the precipitation and cloud properties). SAPHIR (A Microwave Sounder for the retrieval of water vapour vertical profiles). SCARAB (A Radiometer for the measurement of outgoing radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere) and ROSA (Radio Occultation for Sounding of Atmosphere) to provide vertical profiling of temperature. The Megha-Tropiques mission will provide sampling of water and energy budget of the Tropical Convective Systems in the inter-tropical band. Cartographic Satellite Series In order to meet the large scale and thematic maps for urban & rural infrastructure development & management and to provide National Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for cadastral overlay these satellites were launched. They cater cartographic applications, coastal features mapping, coral reef mapping and for mineral studies also The features of these satellites are : TES with <1 m resolution PAN, Cartosat-1 with 2.5m Resolution PAN and 30km swath with along track stereo imaging capability, Cartosat-2,2A,2B with 0.8m Resolution PAN with 9.6 km swath In order to meet the increased demand for large scale mapping and other cartographic applications for cadastral level and for urban and rural infrastructure development & management Cartosat-2A and Cartosat-2B with 0.8m Resolution PAN with 9.6 km swath were launched for above applications. Technology Experimental satellite (TES) Cartosat-1 (since May 2005) Cartosat-2 (since January 2007) Cartosat-2A (April 2008) Cartosat-2B (since July 2010) Microwave Remote Sensing Satellite Series Indian Remote Sensing