Rusia. Teoría Y Praxis Del Imperialismo

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Rusia. Teoría Y Praxis Del Imperialismo Hubeñak, Florencio Rusia. Teoría y praxis del imperialismo Tesis de Doctorado en Historia Universidad Nacional de Cuyo 2001 Este documento está disponible en la Biblioteca Digital de la Universidad Católica Argentina, repositorio institucional desarrollado por la Biblioteca Central “San Benito Abad”. Su objetivo es difundir y preservar la producción intelectual de la Institución. La Biblioteca posee la autorización del autor para su divulgación en línea. Cómo citar el documento: Hubeñak, Florencio. “Rusia. Teoría y praxis del imperialismo” [en línea]. Tesis de Doctorado en Historia. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Argentina, 2011. Disponible en: http://bibliotecadigital.uca.edu.ar/repositorio/contribuciones/rusia-teoria-praxis-imperialismo.pdf [Fecha de consulta: ….] 1 - - TRABAJO DE TESIS DOCTORAL EN HISTORIA Tema: “RUSIA. Teoria y praxis del imperialismo" Doctorando: Prof. Dr. Florencio Francisco Hubeñák Padrino de Tesis: Dra. María Estela Lépori de Pithod Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Año 2001 Introducción: 2 - - Existe un fenómeno que ha llamado la atención en siglos pasados a personalidades tan perspicaces como Napoleón, Tocqueville o Donoso Cortés y no puede menos de interesar a cualquier historiador por el análisis de los procesos histórico-políticos de larga duración: se trata del renacimiento de Rusia. Ya Boris Nolde -casi a principios de siglo -se interrogaba sobre cómo un pequeño estado nórdico de siglo XVI había conseguido en menos de cuatro siglos convertirse en un vasto Imperio que en la actualidad ocupa la mitad del continente europeo y una tercera parte del asiático, o sea una sexta parte del mundo. Si realizamos un análisis estadístico -tan afín a los historiadores tecnificados de nuestros días- comprobaremos sorprendentemente que desde el siglo XV hasta nuestros días Rusia ha anexado territorios en una proporción de aproximadamente 80 kilómetros cuadrados por día, abarcando a la fecha una superficie de alrededor de 17 millones de kilómetros cuadrados. Ese proceso tuvo un avance acelerado en el siglo XX, en que la Unión Soviética llegó entre 1940 y 1950 a anexar en una proporción de 3.000 km2 por día. Es importante señalar que contemporáneamente las naciones colonialistas de Occidente, especialmente Gran Bretaña y Francia, llevaban a cabo el proceso inverso. El interés histórico en este fenómeno se acentúa si comprobamos que existen muchos investigadores que se han dedicado a estudiar detalladamente las causales, mecanismos y consecuencias de los restantes imperios antiguos y fundamentalmente modernos, con una clara noción de continuidad en el análisis del proceso de su desarrollo expansivo y también investigaron las ideas que generaron y maduraron dicho imperialismo. Esto es expresamente manifiesto en cuanto se refiere al imperialismo británico y también al francés, especialmente en el siglo pasado. El ya mencionado Boris Nolde, sin nuestra perspectiva de haber vivido otra etapa del mismo proceso aclaró que “la historia de esta transformación casi milagrosa de pequeño estado nórdico a un inmenso imperio mundial no fue escrita jamás” y añadió que pretendía analizar cómo la “Grande Rusia” erigió un edificio único que constituyó uno de los fenómenos políticos más interesantes y grandiosos de la historia del mundo”. Tampoco él logró completar esta labor, pues le faltó, al menos, una etapa. 3 - - Estas consideraciones preliminares tienen por objeto señalar que se trata de un tema de innegable actualidad que no puede permanecer ajeno a un historiador que considere que su función esencial consiste en “buscar” en los orígenes históricos para obtener una mejor comprensión del mundo que le toca vivir y hacer de algún modo viable la opinión del eminente Tucídides sobre el papel pedagógico que corresponde a la historia, en este caso, fundamentalmente, en el tan controvertido, pero siempre tan subyugante, campo de lo político. Ya señalaba José Luis Romero que es misión de la historia “buscar en el pasado los temas que interesen al hombre de hoy”. La preocupación por esta temática se acrecienta si consideramos que la Rusia soviética cumplió un papel trascendental en la conducción política del siglo pasado y su reciente proceso de desintegración acrecienta el interés por una explicación basada en el pasado y con perspectiva de futuro, a la vez que aumenta nuestro interés por pretender comprender y vislumbrar el mundo que nos toca vivir. En otro aspecto, los estudios históricos contemporáneos se han centrado en la mayoría de los casos, en el tratamiento de temas muy específicos, con un criterio de “especialista” en su sentido reduccionista, que en nuestra opinión plantea el peligro de la atomización de una disciplina que consideramos debe ser fundamentalmente generalista e interpretativa, evitando ante todo la pérdida de enfoques integrales que aporta la falta de una visión de conjunto. Nos viene a la memoria aquel concepto algo irónico que refleja una realidad de nuestro tiempo: “la necesidad de especializarse en generalidades”. Es por ello que hemos elegido un tema “específico” intentando su análisis “especializado” con un criterio “generalista”, indispensable para evitar la pérdida de dicha visión de conjunto, que por otra parte, interrumpe notablemente la intelección del proceso completo y lleva el riesgo, por su limitación temporal, a conclusiones erróneas. En cuanto al tema elegido nos parece conveniente realizar algunas precisiones teóricas que permitan ceñirlo en un contexto racional y coherente, delimitando e l campo de nuestro estudio con claridad y especificando el sentido de los términos fundamentales y de enfoques empleados. 4 - - Para explicar el proceso de expansión rusa a través del tiempo hemos utilizado el gastado concepto de “imperialismo” por considerar que refleja claramente las características que señalaremos a través del trabajo, aclarando que entendemos por éste. “un movimiento de expansión indefinida, de alcance mundial, de carácter político y económico a la vez, acompañado de la creencia mística en una superioridad mundial, que confiere deberes y derechos frente a otros pueblos”. De la bibliografía consultada para precisar el concepto de imperialismo y definir el marco teórico para su uso, comprobamos- una vez más- la cantidad de enfoques incompletos que condicionan la historia a una visión unívoca. En el caso del “imperialismo” la ciencia política y la historiografía reciente han sostenido basándose en Conant, Hobson y Lenin que solamente existe imperialismo en una sociedad capitalista, entendiéndose por éste, la explotación monopólica a través de la exportación de capitales. Sin descartar la importancia del factor económico en la historia, un análisis cuidadoso nos permite apreciar fenómenos imperialistas con anterioridad a la aparición del capitalismo y por otra parte no dudamos de la existencia de imperialismo en las naciones no-capitalistas. Por ello nuestro análisis será básicamente político-ideológico, por otro lado coincidente con el área de nuestra orientación académica. La investigación etimológica nos señala que el concepto proviene del latín imperium y se refiere a la acción de mandar, entendida en un sentido sacral. Varios autores han realizado estudios sobre el “imperialismo en la Antigüedad”, fundamentalmente Jeróme Carcopino y Jean Rémy Palanque, de los cuales surge claramente que dicho imperialismo se relaciona directamente con los conceptos de “poder” y de “extensión”, llegando a considerar el hombre antiguo que era “tanto más imperio, cuanto más extenso “. Por otra parte una característica esencial era la “totalidad del poder en manos del estado”, consecuentemente organizado y autoritario. A ello debemos añadir que implicaba una innegable superioridad técnico-militar y económica, que permitiese dicha expansión. Durante el período feudal la concepción imperil conservó su aspecto místico, pero el concepto de “poder” se federalizó y entendió por Imperio a la cúspide de un grupo de naciones. Con el surgimiento de las "monarquías nacionales" prácticamente se perdió el término -que no aparece en la Encyclopédie- y recién resurgió con ímpetu 5 - - en la tercera década del siglo XIX, utilizado en forma peyorativa para referirse a la expansión napoleónica o a cualquier aspiración estatal de expansión. Sus actuales características “economicistas” adquirieron fuerza en la mitad del siglo XIX y se aplicaron fundamentalmente al estudio del Imperio Británico. Convencidos de la necesidad de un permanente “revisionismo” histórico que nos lleva a las fuentes hemos tratado de rescatar el sentido prístino del término y reimplantarlo en su concepción originaria. En otro aspecto- y pese a no ser el objetivo de este trabajo- creemos que no existe una única causa del imperialismo, ni tampoco un único factor que explique el imperialismo ruso. Percibimos que estas explicaciones deterministas conducen generalmente a interpretaciones erróneas, por incompleta, y en la actividad humana la síntesis quizá surja solamente del análisis de todos los factores que, por otra parte, actúan interrelacionados y no vivisecados. El estudio empírico del expansionismo ruso nos permitirá apreciar, a través de su desarrollo, múltiples factores que interactúan a través del mismo: geográficos, geopolíticos, económicos, de tradición, históricos, religiosos, psicológicos, de estructura social y de consideraciones estratégico-políticos, como también sentimientos tan diversos como el ansia de poder, miedo, orgullo, prestigio, espíritu guerrero o rapacidad. Del mismo modo que en la actualidad nos inunda la bibliografía que considera
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