In the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
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Case 2:09-cv-02454-MMB Document 88 Filed 02/05/10 Page 1 of 26 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA GREENKEEPERS OF DELAWARE, LLC : CIVIL ACTION and GREENKEEPERS, INC., : : Plaintiffs, : NO. 07-2419 v. : SOFTSPIKES, LLC, and PRIDE : MANUFACTURING, LLC, : : Defendants. : GREENKEEPERS, INC. and : CIVIL ACTION GREENKEEPERS OF DELAWARE, LLC, : : Plaintiffs, : NO. 09-2454 v. : TAYLOR MADE GOLF COMPANY, INC.,: CALLAWAY GOLF COMPANY, and : ECCO USA, INC., : : Defendants. : MEMORANDUM ON CLAIM CONSTRUCTION Baylson, J. February 5, 2010 I. Introduction Plaintiffs Greenkeepers, Inc. and Greenkeepers of Delaware, LLC (collectively, “Greenkeepers” or “Plaintiffs”), allege, inter alia, that Softspikes, LLC (“Softspikes”), Pride Manufacturing, LLC (“Pride”), Taylor Made Golf Company, Inc. (“Taylor Made”), Callaway Golf Company (“Callaway”), and ECCO USA, Inc. (“ECCO,” collectively with Softspikes, Pride, Taylor Made, and Callaway, “Defendants”) infringed upon Greenkeepers’ U.S. Reissued Patent Number RE40, 047 (filed Mar. 11, 2004) (“‘047 Patent”) on small removable golf cleats by selling golf cleats purportedly covered by the ‘047 Patent. Presently before the Court are the parties’ briefs on claim construction pursuant to Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 Case 2:09-cv-02454-MMB Document 88 Filed 02/05/10 Page 2 of 26 F.3d 967 (Fed. Cir.1995) (en banc), aff'd 517 U.S. 370. On January 21, 2010, the Court heard oral argument on claim construction. II. Legal Standard Generally, a claim term is given its “ordinary and customary meaning,” that being the definition given by “a person of ordinary skill in the art in question at the time of the invention.” Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1313 (Fed. Cir . 2005) (en banc). The Federal Circuit has explained that the claim construction inquiry begins by looking at the intrinsic evidence: the language of the claims, the specification, and the prosecution history. “[T]he claims themselves”—that is “the use of a term within the claim,” “[o]ther claims of the patent in question, both asserted and asserted,” and “[d]ifferences among claims”— “provide substantial guidance as to the meaning of particular claim terms.” Id. at 1314. “[I]t is [also] appropriate for a court . to rely heavily” on the specification, the patentee’s written description, for guiding as to the meaning of the claims.” Id. at 1314. In fact, “the specification ‘is always highly relevant to the claim construction analysis. Usually, it is dispositive; it is the single best guide to the meaning of a disputed term.’” Id. at 1315 (quoting Vitrionics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996)). Additionally, the court “should also consider the patent’s prosecution history, if it is in evidence.” Markman, 52 F.3d at 980. Though “less useful” and “often lack[ing] the clarity of the specification,” “the prosecution history can often inform the meaning of the claim language by demonstrating how the inventor understood the invention and whether the inventor limited the invention in the course of prosecution, making the claim’s scope narrower than it would otherwise be.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317. 2 Case 2:09-cv-02454-MMB Document 88 Filed 02/05/10 Page 3 of 26 Apart from intrinsic evidence, the court is also authorized to rely on extrinsic evidence, that being “‘evidence external to the patent and prosecution history, including expert and inventor testimony, dictionaries, and learned treatises.’” Id. (quoting Markman, 52 F.3d at 980). Such evidence, through “shed[ding] useful light on the relevant art,” is “less significant than the intrinsic record in determining the legally operative meaning of claim language,” and “is unlikely to result in a reliable interpretation of patent claim scope unless considered in the context of the intrinsic evidence.” Id. at 1317, 1319 (internal quotation marks omitted). III. Discussion The parties dispute the construction of several terms: (A) “outwardly angled,” (B) “teeth” and “traction teeth,” (C) “low profile,” (D) “lateral stability and traction through the plane of a golf swing,” (E) “enhanced” or “to enhance” lateral stability and traction, (F) “axis ALT,” and (G)“shoe mounting” or “attachment member.” The Court will address each in turn. A. “Outwardly Angled Traction Surface” Claim Terms Plaintiffs’ Construction Defendants’ Construction “outwardly angled traction “a surface facing away from “a surface facing away from surface” (Claim 7) the axis AL that provides the axis AL that provides traction, having an outward traction, having an outward “outer traction surface having an angle relative to the axis AL angle relative to the axis AL outward angulation” (Claims 9, that is predetermined” that is predetermined, such 19-23) that the angle does not change “outer traction surface extending in use” from said main body in a direction away from and at an angle to said axis AL” (Claims 12-14, 17-18) The ‘047 Patent describes the covered golf cleats as having a traction surface that is “outwardly angled.” ‘047 Patent, col. 5 l.50; see also id. col.5, ll.66-67, col.7, ll.1, 14-15, 30-32, & col. 8, l.1. The parties agree as to the first part of the definition, that being, “a surface facing 3 Case 2:09-cv-02454-MMB Document 88 Filed 02/05/10 Page 4 of 26 away from the axis AL that provides traction, having an outward angle relative to the axis AL,” but disagree as to the second part respecting whether the angle can change in use. 1. The Parties’ Contentions Greenkeepers contend that the ‘047 Patent’s intrinsic evidence indicates that the outward angle “is predetermined,” which means that the angle is settled in advance and “maintain[s] the desired angle . throughout the life of the cleat,” ‘047 Patent, col.2, ll. 12-14, not that the angle will not change in use. (Pls.’ Resp. 2-3, Softspikes, Docket No. 70, Taylor Made, Docket No. 68.) Greenkeepers aver that the claim language and patent specification provide that the cleats are made of “resilient and flexible material,” ‘047 Patent, col.6, l.28; see also id. col.1, ll.56-57, that is, polyurethane material that may have the hardness of a tire and may flex slightly under load. (Pls.’ Opening 8-11, Softspikes, Docket No. 61, Taylor Made, Docket No. 56.) Defendants respond that the patent specification shows that the cleats were designed to not flex. (Defs.’ Opening 11-12, Softspikes, Docket No. 57.)1 According to Defendants, Greenkeepers expressly disavowed claim coverage of flexible cleats during the patent’s prosecution history,2 by characterizing their cleats as having the “hardness of a bowling ball,” and by distinguishing cleats covered by a prior Dassler patent that had outwardly angled teeth, on 1Taylor Made, Callaway, and ECCO joined onto Softspikes’s construction briefs. (Taylor Made, Docket Nos. 54, 67, & 69; see also Oral Arg. Tr. 71:25-72:8, Jan. 21, 2010.) At the January 21, 2010 oral argument, counsel for Defendants confirmed that Pride shares Softspikes’s constructions and supporting arguments. (Oral Arg. Tr. 4:19-23.) 2The “prosecution history” includes the prosecution of United States Patent Number 5,794,367 (filed Feb. 20, 1997), the first of ‘047 Patent inventor Francis C. Carroll’s patent applications for outwardly angled golf cleats, United States Patent Number 6,530,162 (filed Feb. 28, 1998), a continuation-in-part application of the then-pending ‘0367 Patent, and of which the ‘047 Patent is a reissue. Carroll’s prosecution efforts are attributed to Greenkeepers, to whom the patents have been assigned. 4 Case 2:09-cv-02454-MMB Document 88 Filed 02/05/10 Page 5 of 26 the basis that because such the angle of such teeth change under load, the teeth are not suitable for golf cleats because any bending may interfere with a golfer’s swing. (Defs.’ Opening 12-14 (internal quotation marks omitted).) Defendants aver that Greenkeepers have not presented extrinsic evidence showing that virtually all golf cleats bend or flex under load. (Defs.’ Reply 3- 6, Softspikes, Docket No. 77, Taylor Made, Docket No. 79.) Greenkeepers reply that even the hardness of a bowling ball permits some flexing, and that they differentiated Dassler cleats on the basis that such cleats had an angle that changed greatly under load, not that the cleats’ angle changed at all. (Pls.’ Reply 3-6, Softspikes Docket No. 78, Taylor Made, Docket No. 89.) 2. Analysis The primary question for the Court is whether Greenkeepers disclaimed coverage of cleats for which the outward angle changes under load. “The doctrine of prosecution disclaimer is well established in Supreme Court precedent, precluding patentees from recapturing through claim interpretation specific meanings disclaimed during prosecution.” Omega Eng’g, Inc, v. Raytek Corp., 334 F.3d 1314, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2003). “[W]here the patentee has unequivocally disavowed a certain meaning to obtain his patent, the doctrine of prosecution disclaimer attaches and narrows the ordinary meaning of the claim congruent with the scope of the surrender.” Id. at 1325. The Federal Circuit, however, requires statements to be “both so clear as to show reasonable and deliberateness” and “so unmistakable as to be unambiguous evidence of disclaimer” before applying the doctrine. Id. at 1325; see also id. at 1324-25 (describing and comparing cases involving an ambiguous claim disavowal with those involving a clear 5 Case 2:09-cv-02454-MMB Document 88 Filed 02/05/10 Page 6 of 26 disavowal). Such a requirement aims “[t]o balance the importance of public notice with the right of patentees to seek broad patent coverage.” Id. at 1325. The prosecution history indicates that Greenkeepers differentiated prior art Dassler cleats whose angle changed greatly under load: Greenkeepers stated that because the Dassler cleats’ angle “change[s] because of the great flexibility thereof” and “varies on load application,” they are not “adaptable to use in golf cleats,” since bending, “minute that it may be, may interfere with the golfer’s swing.” (Defs.’ Resp., Ex.