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Jean Meslier and "The Gentle Inclination of Nature"
Jean Meslier and "The Gentle Inclination of Nature" translated by Marvin Mandell I. Of a Certain Jean Meslier HOW ASTONISHING that the prevailing historiography finds no place for an atheist priest in the reign of Louis XIV. More than that, he was a revolutionary communist and internationalist, an avowed materialist, a convinced hedonist, an authentically passionate and vindictively, anti-Christian prophet, but also, and above all, a philosopher in every sense of the word, a philosopher proposing a vision of the world that is coherent, articulated, and defended step by step before the tribunal of the world, without any obligation to conventional Western reasoning. Jean Meslier under his cassock contained all the dynamite at the core of the 18th century. This priest with no reputation and without any memorial furnishes an ideological arsenal of the thought of the Enlightenment's radical faction, that of the ultras, all of whom, drinking from his fountain, innocently pretend to be ignorant of his very name. A number of his theses earn for his borrowers a reputation only won by usurping his work. Suppressed references prevent the reverence due to him. His work? Just a single book, but what a book! A monster of more than a thousand manuscript pages, written with a goose quill pen under the glimmer of the fireplace and candles in an Ardennes vicarage between the so-called Great Century and the one following, called the Enlightenment, which he endorsed, by frequent use of the word, the sealed fate of the 18th century. A handwritten book, never published during the lifetime of its author, probably read by no one other than by its conceiver. -
After Robespierre
J . After Robespierre THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION Mter Robespierre THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION By ALBERT MATHIEZ Translated from the French by Catherine Alison Phillips The Universal Library GROSSET & DUNLAP NEW YORK COPYRIGHT ©1931 BY ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED AS La Reaction Thermidorienne COPYRIGHT 1929 BY MAX LECLERC ET CIE UNIVERSAL LIBRARY EDITION, 1965 BY ARRANGEMENT WITH ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 65·14385 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE So far as order of time is concerned, M. M athie( s study of the Thermidorian Reaction, of which the present volume is a translation, is a continuation of his history of the French Revolution, of which the English version was published in 1928. In form and character, however, there is a notable difference. In the case of the earlier work the limitations imposed by the publishers excluded all references and foot-notes, and the author had to refer the reader to his other published works for the evidence on which his conclusions were based. In the case of the present book no such limitations have been set, and M. Mathiei: has thus been able not only to state his con clusions, but to give the chain of reasoning by which they have been reached. The Thermidorian Reaction is therefore something more than a sequel to The French Revolution, which M. Mathiei:, with perhaps undue modesty, has described as a precis having no independent authority; it is not only a work of art, but a weighty contribution to historical science. In the preface to his French Revolution M. -
Fair Shares for All
FAIR SHARES FOR ALL JACOBIN EGALITARIANISM IN PRACT ICE JEAN-PIERRE GROSS This study explores the egalitarian policies pursued in the provinces during the radical phase of the French Revolution, but moves away from the habit of looking at such issues in terms of the Terror alone. It challenges revisionist readings of Jacobinism that dwell on its totalitarian potential or portray it as dangerously Utopian. The mainstream Jacobin agenda held out the promise of 'fair shares' and equal opportunities for all in a private-ownership market economy. It sought to achieve social justice without jeopardising human rights and tended thus to complement, rather than undermine, the liberal, individualist programme of the Revolution. The book stresses the relevance of the 'Enlightenment legacy', the close affinities between Girondins and Montagnards, the key role played by many lesser-known figures and the moral ascendancy of Robespierre. It reassesses the basic social and economic issues at stake in the Revolution, which cannot be adequately understood solely in terms of political discourse. Past and Present Publications Fair shares for all Past and Present Publications General Editor: JOANNA INNES, Somerville College, Oxford Past and Present Publications comprise books similar in character to the articles in the journal Past and Present. Whether the volumes in the series are collections of essays - some previously published, others new studies - or mono- graphs, they encompass a wide variety of scholarly and original works primarily concerned with social, economic and cultural changes, and their causes and consequences. They will appeal to both specialists and non-specialists and will endeavour to communicate the results of historical and allied research in readable and lively form. -
Prometheus & Atlas
SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Prometheus & Atlas: An Inquiry into the Spectral Essence of Technoscience A Dissertation Presented by Jason Reza Jorjani to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy Stony Brook University September 2013 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Jason Reza Jorjani We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Edward S. Casey Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Don Ihde Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Megan Craig Associate Professor of Philosophy, Masters Program Director Jeffrey J. Kripal J. Newton Rayzor Chair in Philosophy and Religious Thought Chair of the Department of Religious Studies, Rice University This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Charles Taber Interim Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Prometheus & Atlas by Jason Reza Jorjani Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy Stony Brook University 2013 Technological science has shattered the worldviews of all traditional cultures subjected to it, at times provoking reactionary religious responses that only underscore the traumatic force of this worldwide development. Yet, as I argue, this world-colonizing force is not neutral. The anticipatory projection and world-building characteristic of scientific theorization are grounded in a practical comportment, so that the essence of technology or Craft is ontologically prior to theoretical science. In other words, science is always already Technoscience. -
And Napoleon
The French Revolution and Napoleon “Liberty, equality, fraternity, or death; - the last, much the easiest to bestow, O Guillotine!” —Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities “Impossible is a word to be found only in the dictionary of fools.” —Napoleon Bonaparte Essential Question: How did events in France challenge the existing political and social order and provoke nationalism? The Revolution in France The French Revolution (1789-1799) was a period of dramatic change that posed a fundamental challenge to Europe’s political and social order. Before the Revolution, absolute monarchs ruled France as an extension of their own private property. They answeredto no one, waged warsto increase their power and wealth, and heavily taxed the poorest people. The aristocracy and the Catholic Church hadprivileges and riches unknownto the commonpeople, including exemption from taxation. As Enlightenmentideals (see Chapter 10) took hold in France, support grew for individual rights and a republican form of government. A republic is a state in which the people create the government,give it authority, and elect representatives. The representatives as well as civil servants run the governmentforthe public good—notsimply to build anotherpalacefor a king or paint his walls with gold. France’s revolutionaries found inspiration from the successes of the American Revolution and the United States Constitution. The French Revolution began as a popular uprising against the king and the aristocracy, one that was supposed to bring an end to tyranny. Instead, violence and turmoil led to a period known as the Reign of Terror, when leaders of the revolt crushed resistance to it and executed as many as 40,000 people. -
The French Revolution
The French Revolution ‘This is more than a history of the French Revolution. It covers all Europe during the revolutionary period, though events in France naturally take first place. It is particularly good on the social and intellectual back- ground. Surprisingly enough, considering that Lefebvre was primarily an economic historian, it also breaks new ground in its account of international relations, and sets the wars of intervention in their true light. The French have a taste for what they call works of synthesis, great general summaries of received knowledge. We might call them textbooks, though of the highest level. At any rate, in its class, whether synthesis or textbook, this is one of the best ever produced.’ A. J. P. Taylor Georges Lefebvre The French Revolution From its origins to 1793 Translated by Elizabeth Moss Evanson With a foreword by Paul H. Beik London and New York La Révolution française was first published in 1930 by Presses Universitaires de France. A new, entirely rewritten, version was published in 1951. The present work is a translation of the first three parts of the revised edition of 1957. First published in the United Kingdom 1962 by Routledge and Kegan Paul First published in Routledge Classics 2001 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 1962 Columbia University Press All rights reserved. -
Delnore Allysonjaye 2004.Pdf
Political Convictions: French De(X>rtation Projects in the Age of Revolutions, 1791·1854 Allyson Jaye Delnore Char!olles,·ille. Virginia B.A., Wesuninsler College. 1996 M.A., University ofMass.achusetts, 1998 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor ofPhiJosophy Department of History University of Virginia August 10M © Copyright by Allyson Jaye Delnore All Rights Reserved August 2004 Abstract Political Convictions: French Deportation Projects in the Age of Revolutions, 1791-1854 This work studies the role of deportation in the punishment of political protest and the consolidation of power in France between the French Revolution and the Second Empire. In particular, it traces the development of an official policy of colonizing the overseas empire with French deportees. Approximately 10,000 individuals were deported within the French overseas empire as a result of colonization through deportation efforts during this period. Of these men and women, the vast majority had been implicated in crimes of protest or revolution. In fact, deportation decrees became a common official response to social and political troubles throughout greater France during the Age of Revolutions. Though little known, the history of deportation is the story of various interest groups negotiating within a political culture that valued three different goals, all of which spanned changes in government and governing ideology between the Revolution of 1789 and the Second Empire: (1) cleansing the metropole and colonies of revolutionary elements, (2) improving the economic situation of existing colonies, and (3) finding French men and women to serve as pioneers in new lands. -
Morris Slavin, Historian of the French Revolution
Morris Slavin, Historian of the French Revolution James Friguglietti Montana State University-Billings All historians possess a mind, personality, and outlook that affect their work so that everything they write is to some degree autobiographical. Why Morris Slavin chose to study the French Revolution and how he approached it in his numerous publications is the theme of this appreciation. Slavin's unusual background helped shape his historical outlook. Born in Kiev, Russia, in 1913, he and his family lived through World War I and the Russian Revolutions of 1917. Emigrating to the United States with his parents, brother, and sister, he came of age during the Great Depression and worked at menial jobs to support his family. Despite all obstacles, Slavin was able to complete his education in the Youngstown, Ohio, public schools and at Ohio State University. Hard working and intelligent, Slavin would soon devote himself almost entirely to studying the political and social upheaval that marked the French Revolution. From his earliest work to his final publication Slavin explored with persistence and perception the struggles of the popular classes and their radical leaders. Slavin viewed the French Revolution through the lens of the Russian such that his own political views – he remained a loyal supporter of Leon Trotsky throughout his life – determined his perspective on the people and events that drove the "revolution from below" from 1789 onward. This paper focuses on three aspects of his work on the French Revolution: first, the scope and quality of his research; second, his concentration on economic and social issues; and third, his belief in the Revolution as a positive force in the historical development of humanity. -
Chapter 18: the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789-1815
0544A-0544D C18 TE-Nat/FL©05 3/11/04 1:28 PM Page 544 Chapter 18 Resources Timesaving Tools ™ Use Glencoe’s Presentation Plus! • Interactive Teacher Edition Access your Teacher Wraparound Edition and multimedia teacher your classroom resources with a few easy clicks. tool to easily present dynamic lessons that visually excite your stu- Interactive Lesson Planner Planning has never been easier! Organize your • ® week, month, semester, or year with all the lesson helps you need to make dents. Using Microsoft PowerPoint you can teaching creative, timely, and relevant. customize the presentations to create your own personalized lessons. TEACHING TRANSPARENCIES Graphic Organizer Student Chapter Map Overlay Activity 18 Transparency L2 Transparency 18 L2 Transparency 18 L2 Graphic Organizer 15: Chain-of-Events or Flowchart CHAPTER TRANSPARENCY 18 The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789–1815) “My glory is not to have won France and Europe Map Overlay Transparency 18 forty battles, for Waterloo’s 20°W 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E France, 1789 defeat will destroy the memory SWEDEN North Sea Baltic Sea of as many victories. But what RUSSIA 0 150 300 mi. 50° GREAT N BRITAIN nothing will destroy, what 0150 300 km 40°E r e v i R e will live eternally is my n ATLANTIC i Paris h OCEAN R Civil Code.” N FRANCE W Sea E ck Bla —Napoleon Bonaparte S O 40 TT °N OM AN Corsica GAL E TU M PI RE POR APPLICATION AND ENRICHMENT Primary Source History Simulation Historical Significance Cooperative Learning Enrichment Activity 18 L3 Reading 18 L2 Activity 18 L1 Activity 18 L2 Activity 18 L1/ELL Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class ISTORY ★ Enrichment Activity 18 ★ ★ Historical Significance Activity 18 H IMULATION P RIMARY S OURCE R EADING ! ★ ★ ★ 18 S CTIVITY 18 Cooperative Learning Activity 18 The Levée en Masse A HANDOUT MATERIAL Three Ways Napoleon Changed the World Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Four months after the French revolution- spread of the revolution. -
French Revolution French Revolution French Revolution French
French Revolution Overview His. 102: Intro. to Western • The year 1789 witnessed two far-reaching events: Civilization the ratification of the Constitution of the United French Revolution States of America and the eruption of the French Revolution. Instructor: Michael D. Berdine, Ph.D. • Compared to the American Revolution, the French Pima Community College – West Campus Revolution was more complex, more violent, and TTh, 10:10-11:25am, Tucson H205 Fall 2003 far more radical in its attempt to reconstruct both a http://wc.pima.edu/~mberdine new political and a new social order. French Revolution French Revolution Background Background • The long-range or indirect causes of the • The First Estate consisted of the clergy and French Revolution must first be sought in numbered about 130,000 people who owned the condition of French society. approximately 10% of the land. – Before the Revolution, France was a society – Clergy were exempt from the taille, France’s chief tax. grounded in the inequality of rights or the idea – Clergy were also radically divided: of privilege. • The higher clergy, stemming from aristocratic families, shared – Its population of 27 million was divided, as it the interests of the nobility; • While the parish priests were often poor and from the class of had been since the Middle Ages, into three commoners. orders, or Estates. French Revolution French Revolution Background Background • The Second Estate was the nobility, composed of Second Estate (cont.) about 350,000 people who nevertheless owned about 25 to 30% of the land. – Moreover, the possession of privileges – The nobility had continued to play an important and remained a hallmark of the nobility. -
Chapter 18: the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789-1815
The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789–1815 Key Events As you read this chapter, look for the key events of the French Revolution and French Empire. • The fall of the Bastille marked the beginning of the French Revolution. • The Committee of Public Safety began the Reign of Terror. • Napoleon Bonaparte created the French Empire. • Allied forces defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. • The French Revolution became the model for revolution in the modern world. • The power of nationalism was first experienced during the French Revolution, and it is still powerful in existing nations and emerging nations today. • The French Revolution spread the principles of liberty and equality, which are held dear by many nations and individuals today. World History Video The Chapter 18 video, “Napoleon,” chronicles the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte. Louis XVI 1799 1789 1793 Napoleon participates French King in coup d’état that Revolution Louis XVI topples French begins is executed government 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1791 1792 1795 Olympe de National The Directory Gouges writes Convention is formed declaration establishes of rights French for women Olympe de Gouges Republic 544 Art or Photo here Napoleon Crossing the Great St. Bernard by Jacques-Louis David David was the leading artist of the French Revolution. 1804 1812 HISTORY Napoleon Napoleon Napoleon is crowned invades Emperor Russia Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe World History Web site at 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 wh.glencoe.comtx.wh.glencoe.comandand click click on Chapter 5–Chapter18–Chapter OverviewsOverview toto preview preview chapter information. -
Breaking Habits: Identity and the Dissolution of Convents in France, 1789-1808
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--History History 2020 Breaking Habits: Identity and the Dissolution of Convents in France, 1789-1808 Corinne Gressang Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee.