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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Married Nuns in the French Revolution

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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Married Nuns in the French Revolution UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Married Nuns in the French Revolution: The Sexual Revolution of the 1790s DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History by Kathryn Elizabeth Marsden Dissertation Committee: Professor Timothy Tackett, chair Professor Sarah Farmer Professor Ulrike Strasser 2014 © 2014 Kathryn Elizabeth Marsden DEDICATION To my mother, Debora Marsden, who taught me that I could be whatever I wanted to be, and who has supported me every step of the way. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi CURRICULUM VITAE ix ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION xi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: Nuns in the Old Regime: Facts and Fictions 15 CHAPTER 2: Religieuses into Citoyennes? Negotiating the Revolution, 51 1789 to 1792 CHAPTER 3: Married Nuns: A New Appraisal 90 CHAPTER 4: Married Nuns: In Their Own Words 124 CONCLUSION 146 BIBLIOGRAPHY 155 APPENDIX 164 iii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Le Tiers État marient les Religieux avec les Religieuses (Paris, 1790), 78 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Figure 2: La Discipline Patriotique ou le fanatisme corigé (Paris, 1791), 84 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Figure 3: Map of Marriages by Department 104 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Number of Marriages by Year 100 Table 2: Ages of Married Nuns in 1792 105 Table 3: Married Nuns by Religious Order 108 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Throughout my graduate career I have benefited from the support of an excellent teacher, advisor, and mentor. Thank you, Tim Tackett. Everyday that I have worked with him has been a challenge and a pleasure. My intellectual growth belongs to a scholar who I revere as a friend and professor. In his tradition, I hope to be a kind person, passionate teacher, and a faithful historian. My committee members, Sarah Farmer and Uli Strasser have provided invaluable feedback on how to improve this dissertation. I appreciate their keen eyes and penetrating insights that have been so important in the process of revision. During a directed reading, Jim Given made it his task to make sure that I was well versed in the origins of European monasticism and in the great diversity of women religious. I thank all of my professors at UCI for the great breadth and depth of the courses that I had the pleasure of taking and assistant teaching. I owe a great debt of gratitude to the archivists in the microfilm department of the Archives Nationales in Paris. For years on end, it seemed, I occupied their best seats and monopolized all the lenses. They facilitated my research and smiled when, after weeks or months I returned to them. The unknown lives of nuns was discovered under their watchful and patient eyes. Thank you to the Bibliotheque Nationale, especially to the librarian who taught me to “insiste un peu” to get what I needed. Countless departmental archives have hosted une petite americaine asking difficult questions. Archivists took my requests seriously, even if they rarely had any leads to offer. In particular, the personnel of archives at Moulins deserve to be recognized for making sure I got to my hotel during a blinding snowstorm that canceled all public transportation. vi A Fulbright-Hays scholarship allowed me the time to explore a small part of France’s extensive departmental archives, without which this project would not have been possible. The Fulbright program also helped me forge lasting contacts in France and among American scholars. In, 2009, a small congregation of us looked to the stars from the L’Observatoire in Paris. In 2014, I hope we look toward the future of this excellent program that promotes cultural diversity and offers an opportunity for students to immerse themselves in otherwise inaccessible countries and academic institutions. I am also grateful for the generous support of the Institut Français d’Amérique, UCI’s Graduate Division, as well as the Institute for European Studies at Berkeley. In Poitiers, Gwénaël Murphy presented me with his dissertation and allowed me to copy his unpublished cahiers de recherche. His hospitality and generosity went above and beyond the call of duty. In Georgia, I was lucky enough to work with Laura Mason as my undergraduate advisor. I continue to respect her advice to “be bold.” Pierre Gérard- Marchant spent many an hour helping me figure out exactly what I wanted from my tables and graphs, and then he made it happen. I am grateful his care, precision, and friendship. My friends and colleagues at UCI have helped me develop my ideas and bring them to fruition; thank you, Melissa Bruninga-Matteau, Carl Feibusch, Nick Bravo, Adam Guerin, Preston Bakshi, Tina Shull, and countless others. Thank you to Cynthia Cardona for letting me stay with her in Angers. I’m grateful for the fellowship of dear friends at other institutions: Mary Elizabeth O’Neill, Kristin Doll, and David Romine. My academic brothers Micah Alpaugh and Nicolas Déplanche have always been there to make me think harder and defend those thoughts—en garde and pass the wine. Most of vii this dissertation was written sitting across from Kathryn Wolford at our “dissertation hotel.” She has commented on every single one of my chapters and provided me with fodder for revisions that could well last another eight years. Thank you, Katie, for your scholarship, companionship, and cheese plates. My husband, Saphir Grici, has suffered through this project with me. Despite his frustration, he never ran out of words of encouragement. My mother, Debora Marsden, and my grandfather, the late Robert McLeroy are largely responsible for raising me to be an independent thinker. This dissertation would not have been possible if it weren’t for their support. Finally, I would like to say to my brother, Jared Marsden: yes, I’m done…for now. My work is dedicated to my family, the one I was lucky enough to born into and the once that I have made. They have provided me both moral and material on all my voyages. Most of all, they taught me the various definitions of love. viii CURRICULUM VITAE Education: 2014: University of California at Irvine, History Department, PhD. 2009: University of California at Irvine, History Department, MA. 2005: University of Georgia, Department of History and Department of Religion BA, magna cumme laude with History Honors. Awards and Fellowships: 2009-2010: Fulbright-Hayes Dissertation Fellowship in France. 2010: Institut Français d’Amérique, Harmon Chadbourn Rorison Fellowship 2009: Graduate Division Summer Dissertation Fellowship. 2008: Institute for European Studies at Berkeley Predissertation Fellowship. 2007: Predissertation Grant from Graduate Studies, University of California Irvine. 2006-2009: Institute for European Studies at Berkeley Fellowship. Conference Participation: 2011: Western Society for French History. "The Murder of Anne Durif: The Regional Politics of Religion Under the Directory." 2010: “The Sexual Revolution of 1789: Married Nuns and Dechristianization” University of Portsmouth’s The French Revolution in 2010: the Bicentenary Comes of Age? 2008: “Married Nuns and the French Revolution” University of California, Irvine’s History Working Papers Conference. 2008: Steering Committee “Under Construction:” History Working Paper’s Conference. 2007: Panel Chair, Tenth Annual History and Theory Graduate Conference “History and Its Discontents.” Publications “The Murder of Anne Durif: Local Religious Politics in the French Revolution,” Proceedings of the Western Society for French History 39 (2011): 144–54. “Review: Mary Trouille. Wife-Abuse in Eighteenth-Century France,” Women’s Studies 39, no. 1 (2009): 60–62. Selected Teaching Experience: ix 2012: “World History 1650-1870,” Instructor, University of California Irvine. 2011-2012 “Intermediate French,” Instructor, University of California Irvine. 2009: “History of Paris,” Teaching Assistant, University of California Irvine. 2008: “Old Regime Europe,” Teaching Assistant, University of California Irvine. 2005-2006: English Teaching Assistant, Lycée Beauregard, Montbrison, France. x ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Married Nuns in the French Revolution: The Sexual Revolution of the 1790s By Kathryn Elizabeth Marsden Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Irvine, 2014 Professor Timothy Tackett, Chair The French Revolution was also a cultural revolution that redefined the relationship of the family to the state and precipitated unprecedented religious changes in French society. In the eighteenth century, philosophes attacked religious celibacy, which previously had been viewed as a higher spiritual calling. Defining celibacy as detrimental to society and unpatriotic, reformers instead promoted marriage as a productive institution that severed as the basis of civil society. Almost from the first moments of the Revolution, legislators—concerned that religious vows violated individual rights—considered the dissolution of monasticism. Although women religious hastened to petition the National Assembly in defense of their way of life, the political and religious schism caused by the oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy ended the sympathetic relationship that had developed between nuns and legislators. The dominant image of nuns transformed from victim to fanatic. The perceived counterrevolutionary sentiments of nuns justified the complete suppression of convents in 1792. Revolutionary propaganda and the loss of a secure social status encouraged former nuns to marry. xi Previously historians have believed that nuns’ marriages were motivated
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